Findlay v Commonwealth of Australia

Adjournment application 13 At the commencement of the hearing of the appeal counsel for the appellant applied for the hearing of the appeal to be adjourned to a date to be fixed. We refused that application and said that we would give our reasons later. These are those reasons. 14 The principal ground of the application was that through the failure of the respondent to comply with directions, the appellant had been put in a position where he was not able to present his case and that a refusal to allow an adjournment would result in a serious injustice to the appellant. 15 In our opinion, although there was some non-compliance with directions by the respondent, that non-compliance was minor and was not of such a nature that the appellant was not able to present his case. Although it was submitted on behalf of the appellant that he was not in a position to assist the Court with reference to the material to be the subject of the Court's consideration, in our opinion, to the extent to which cross-references were not available, that did not have the consequence that the appellant was not able to present his case. The material that was missing, in a particular form, at the commencement of the three-day appeal was available early in the course of the hearing of the appeal and we do not accept that the appellant was denied the reasonable opportunity to prepare the case to present to the Court with respect to that material. 16 We take into account that the appellant had limited resources but we also take into account that it was on 22 January 2016 that directions were made with a view to the appeal being set down for hearing beginning on 13 April 2016, that hearing date was confirmed by letter sent on 1 February 2016, and the appellant's submissions were then directed to be filed and served by 16 March 2016. This period for the appellant's submissions was extended on 26 February 2016 to 23 March 2016. We also take into account that the appellant knew the reasons for judgment of the primary judge; he knew his own material; he knew his own case; he knew the respondent's submissions; and he had replied to those submissions in writing. 17 We have taken into account the material in the affidavits sworn by Ms Keith on 7 April 2016 and 12 April 2016 but there is nothing in those affidavits that persuades us that the appellant was prejudiced in the presentation of the appeal. 18 The appellant relied on Shannon v Commonwealth [2014] FCAFC 108; 318 ALR 420. In our opinion, the principles are not in doubt but each exercise of discretion to grant or refuse an adjournment must depend on the particular circumstances of the case.

The primary judge's reasons for judgment summarised 19 The judgment of the primary judge has the citation Commonwealth of Australia (as represented by the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development) v Findlay [2015] FCCA 3261 (Findlay). 20 Mr Findlay raised many of the constitutional and jurisdictional issues which were also raised by other appellants. The primary judge's reasons for dismissing those claims are dealt with below. 21 The primary judge's reasons for rejecting Mr Findlay's other claims may be summarised as follows. First, on the issue of the proper construction and application of s 94 of the 2010 RTA, the primary judge adopted and applied the approach in Commonwealth of Australia (as represented by the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development) v Rigney (No 3) [2015] FCCA 3133 (Rigney). 22 In Rigney at [118], the primary judge described as, at first glance, "odd" that, under s 94, the power to terminate a lease was at the discretion of the court. He described this power as "a large qualification to the ordinary right of a landowner, under common law, to the reversionary interest in the land as well as the contractual rights that ordinarily flow from leases of land". The primary judge explained the power as part of a relevantly recent legislative response to "the imbalance in power between landlords and tenants and the changing need for rental accommodation throughout Australia … ". His Honour confirmed that the power to make a termination under s 94 was discretionary, but was subject to the following three conditions: (a) that the tenant had been in continual possession of the same residential premises for a period of 20 years or more; (b) that if the tenant occupied the premises under a fixed term agreement, the fixed term of the original agreement had expired; and (c) that the Court was satisfied that it was appropriate to do so in the circumstances of the case. 23 The primary judge contrasted the discretion under s 94 of the 2010 RTA with s 64 of the Residential Tenancies Act 1987 (NSW) (the 1987 RTA), which obliged the New South Wales Civil and Administrative Tribunal (the State Tribunal) to make an order terminating a residential tenancy agreement if certain conditions were met. 24 The primary judge referred, in Rigney at [121], to the judgment in Swain v Residential Tenancies Tribunal of New South Wales (Supreme Court of New South Wales, Rolfe J, unreported, 22 March 1995) (Swain). That decision related to the 1987 RTA and the State Tribunal's duty to terminate an agreement under s 64(2)(c) (which provided for such an order to be made where "having considered the circumstances of the case, it is appropriate to do so"). Justice Rolfe described the possible "circumstances" which may have to be taken into account under that provision as: … the time the tenant has occupied the premises, the age and state of health of the tenant, the necessity for any number of reasons for the tenant to live in a particular area, and the inability of the tenant to obtain other suitable accommodation in which, of course, I include accommodation in an area suitable for matters such as proximity to family, facilities or employment. 25 The primary judge noted, in Rigney at [122] that Rolfe J's decision was upheld on appeal in Roads and Traffic Authority v Swain (1997) 41 NSWLR 452 (Swain on appeal) where Meagher JA (with whom Priestley and Cole JJA agreed) held that the "circumstances referred to in s 64 were the particular case before the Tribunal" and the 1987 RTA "was intended to balance the rights of the landlords and tenants". The primary judge also referred to another decision of the New South Wales Court of Appeal in Scicluna v New South Wales Land and Housing Corporation [2008] NSWCA 277; (72 NSWLR 674 (Scicluna), where the Court found that the power conferred on the State Tribunal under s 64(2) was not a discretionary power, but rather a matter of statutory obligation once an evaluative opinion had been formed. The primary judge, in Rigney at [124] described this conclusion as "clearly correct" in light of the terms of the chapeau to s 64 (i.e. that the State Tribunal "is to make an order terminating the agreements if it is satisfied … "). The primary judge added, at [124] in Rigney, in respect of s 64 that: The evaluative opinion referred to in the decision arises from the condition of the power that the Tribunal be satisfied, "having considered the circumstances of the case, it is appropriate to do so". (Emphasis in original.) 26 The primary judge then identified, in Rigney at [126], the following differences between the 2010 RTA and the 1987 RTA: (a) the power to terminate a periodic tenancy under s 85 of the 2010 RTA (other than where the tenant has been in occupation for 20 years or more) was not discretionary; (b) the evaluative opinion referred to in Scicluna was no longer a condition of the power to terminate under the 2010 RTA; and (c) the power to terminate was different depending on whether the tenant had been in occupation of the premises for 20 years or less. Where that occupation was greater than 20 years, the only power to terminate was under s 94. 27 The primary judge also considered, Rigney at [127]-[132], the New South Wales Court of Appeal's decision in Cain v New South Wales Land and Housing Corporation [2014] NSWCA 28; 86 NSWLR 1 (Cain), where it was held that the power under s 91 of the 2010 RTA to make a termination order was discretionary and, as part of the reasoning of Leeming JA, that the word "may" in s 94(1) conferred a discretion on the State Tribunal. The primary judge, Rigney at [132], described this view as "clearly correct" and, Rigney at [132]-[138], as consistent with legislative reforms which were intended to address "the basic inequality of bargaining power between landlord and tenant". The primary judge said, Rigney at [138], that the reforms introduced by the 1987 RTA and the 2010 RTA were "aimed at achieving a balance between the interests of the landlord and the tenant" and, in that context, it was not as surprising as it first appeared that there remained a discretion whether to make a termination order in respect of long term tenants. 28 The primary judge's approach in determining whether or not to make a termination order under s 94 was reflected in [139] and [140] of his reasons for judgment in Rigney: The approach to this case must then be to first determine whether the power to make a termination order arises. That requires consideration of whether the three conditions set out in s.94 exist on the facts of the case. Those include whether "in the circumstances" the Court considers that a termination order is appropriate: sub-s.94(1)(c). Those circumstances are, as explained in Swain, all of the matters that arise on the material before the Court including the availability of suitable alternative accommodation. Once that is considered, the second step is to consider the exercise of the discretion. As Leeming JA said in Cain, this may be surplus and may be no more than an affirmation of the consideration under sub-s.94(1)(c). Although there is a real discretion, it is difficult to imagine the circumstances in which it would be appropriate to make a termination order and then exercise the discretion not to make such an order. Once the Court decides to make a termination order it must also make an order for possession of the residential premises specifying the day on which the orders takes or took effect: s.83(1). As the minimum 90 day period specified in s.94(4) does not apply to these proceedings, there is no explicit guidance in the Tenancies Act as to the date on which possession should be ordered. In light of that, the contextual matters considered above must also be involved in the determination of the date of possession. Essentially, the determination involves a balancing of the interests of the landlord and the tenant in the circumstances of each case with some regard to the length of the tenant's possession of the land. 29 Applying that approach from Rigney to Mr Findlay's circumstances, the primary judge found that he had been in continual possession of the premises for a period of more than 20 years and that the fixed term of that original agreement had expired on 28 February 2005. 30 The primary judge then turned his attention to whether he was satisfied that it was appropriate to make a termination order in the circumstances of the case, as required by s 94(1)(c) of the 2010 RTA. In Rigney, at [147], the primary judge described this issue as requiring "consideration of the interests of each of the parties that appear from the material before the Court". 31 The primary judge then considered the circumstances of the Commonwealth and stated that, because the evidence of those circumstances was the same as in Rigney, he could make the same findings of fact. 32 The primary judge outlined the history of various proposals to build Sydney's second airport at Badgerys Creek. This history was given by Mr Peter Robertson, a general manager at the Commonwealth Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. Mr Robertson was described as one of 3 senior executive service staff members managing the proposed Badgerys Creek airport project. Mr Robertson had responsibility for management of policy development for the project and project timeframes. 33 The primary judge, at [22], described the following four aspects of Mr Robertson's evidence concerning the "substantial urgency" of vacating the site: (a) obtaining vacant possession in accordance with the project timetable; (b) the incompatibility of continued residential accommodation and the ongoing investigation and demolition works, both in terms of cost and delay, which impacted work at the site and residential amenity and safety; (c) the balance to be struck between the interests of the tenants and the high costs of them remaining on the site; and (d) the importance of treating tenants equitably. 34 The primary judge summarised Mr Robertson's evidence regarding planning for the airport and the need for substantial on-site technical work, including extensive investigations to support environmental assessment and geotechnical work by engineers and other consultants. This work was expected to continue throughout 2015, although at the time of Mr Robertson's affidavit dated 11 March 2015, geotechnical drilling work was being undertaken on a limited scale due to the presence of occupants at the site, which gave rise to safety concerns. The primary judge noted that Mr Robertson's evidence did not deal directly with the part of the site on which Mr Findlay's premises were located. His evidence was that the planning, assessment, site management and preparation activities for the airport site were being undertaken on a "whole of site" basis for all of the land to be included in the airport site. 35 The primary judge, at [26], referred to Mr Robertson's evidence regarding the further work which was required at the site in general, which would be directed to obtaining further geotechnical and contamination information across the whole site. This information would provide inputs into the government's consideration of the land use arrangements for the site and the associated costings. Mr Robertson described this information as being "urgently required". The primary judge noted that Mr Robertson did not really explain the basis for that urgency other than saying that a delay in obtaining the information "risks delaying the proposal overall". 36 The primary judge summarised Mr Robertson's evidence concerning the process for assessing individual residential tenant blocks, which Mr Robertson described as being "administratively onerous" and taking up considerable resources. 37 The primary judge also summarised Mr Robertson's evidence in his subsequent affidavits dated 30 March 2015 and 21 May 2015 respectively. These affidavits contained further evidence regarding the timeframe for clearing the site and demolition activities which were being carried out. 38 The primary judge summarised counsel for Mr Findlay's cross-examination of Mr Robertson. He described the cross-examination as mainly being directed to establishing that there were other people in the Department with more knowledge of, and responsibility for, particular decisions with respect to the development of the site for an airport. The primary judge observed at [34] of his reasons for judgment that this line of questioning "did not assist the proceedings in any way". His Honour said that the fact that someone else was responsible for decision-making or any other matter was irrelevant to the facts in issue. The primary judge concluded that Mr Robertson had given his evidence truthfully and he accepted that evidence. 39 The primary judge outlined the details of the "Right of First Refusal" under the Sydney Airport Group sale agreement in 2002. Mr Robertson's evidence on this matter was described in [38]: Mr Robertson explained that whilst consultation was currently underway and a final decision on the airport proposal had not been made, a clear site was necessary to allow for investigations of the site to inform any proposal that could be made to the Sydney Airport Group, or the market, or to be carried out by the government itself. He said that essential to such proposal was the outcome of the Environmental Impact Assessment process, geotechnical and engineering investigations, archaeological surveys, and other site interrogations. In his opinion, restricted access to the site due to tenants being in possession of individual properties limits this process in many practical ways. 40 The primary judge then turned his attention to the circumstances affecting Mr Findlay which, apart from considerations of security, safety and convenience issues which related to the whole site, fell into the following four categories: (a) the length of Mr Findlay's occupation of the property; (b) the terms of the residential tenancy agreement between Mr Findlay and the Commonwealth; (c) the process undertaken by the Commonwealth to obtain vacant possession of the premises, including the notice of termination and assistance given to Mr Findlay in relocating; and (d) the availability of alternative suitable accommodation, which included consideration of Mr Findlay's health. 41 The primary judge's reasons in respect of each of these four matters may be summarised as follows. 42 First, as noted above, the primary judge found that Mr Findlay had been in continual possession of the property for over 20 years. 43 Secondly, the primary judge noted that the additional terms in Mr Findlay's residential tenancy agreement included the provision (cl 53) which we have set out at [3] above and which made express reference to the proposed airport site. 44 The primary judge stated that cl 53 was subject to the operation of the 2010 RTA. His Honour added that the terms of cl 53 indicated that, from at least March 2004 when he entered the agreement, Mr Findlay was aware of the possibility that the site might be developed for the purposes of the development of an airport. 45 Thirdly, the primary judge noted relevant parts of the Commonwealth's correspondence dated 29 October 2014 and 24 November 2014. His Honour stated that these letters contained statements which were "somewhat surprising" because they were inconsistent with the 2010 RTA and were "misleading" to the extent that it was suggested that there was an obligation on Mr Findlay to vacate his home by 15 June 2015. The primary judge then noted that the misleading nature of this aspect of the letter dated 24 November 2014 was overcome to some extent by an attachment to the letter, which made reference to the Government's intention to apply for a termination order with effect from 15 June 2015 and that it was not necessary for Mr Findlay to do anything in relation to obtaining that order. In [47] of his reasons for judgment, the primary judge described these statements as also being misleading to the extent that they suggested that the right of Mr Findlay to be heard in connection with the termination orders was optional and that the impression created by the Commonwealth's two letters was that Mr Findlay had no option but to vacate by June 2015. 46 The primary judge, at [48], referred to Mr Robertson's evidence concerning the assistance and information provided to tenants beyond the two letters, including the role of Ms Wendy Salkeld, the Place Manager, as a dedicated point of contact with responsibility for communicating with tenants on an individual basis concerning "the transition of the site and to help tenants understand the process". 47 The primary judge concluded, at [49], that while it was not clear whether Mr Findlay was directly provided with Commonwealth assistance, it was at least available to him. 48 On the fourth issue, concerning the availability of suitable alternative accommodation, the primary judge emphasised the importance of Mr Findlay's personal circumstances. He was 86 years old and had had both his legs amputated as a result of complications from diabetes. He could not drive and was mobile with the assistance of a wheelchair. The primary judge also found that Mr Findlay had made modifications to the house on the premises to accommodate the fact of his amputated legs, including the installation of an accessible shower and toilet and the addition of a ramp at the front and rear of the house. The primary judge found, at [51], that these modifications were made at a cost to Mr Findlay of $22,470 (while also noting that the Commonwealth had paid for the ramp at the rear of the house). 49 His Honour summarised the evidence of Mr Simon Azar, who gave expert evidence for the Commonwealth on this issue, as well as expert witnesses called by Mr Findlay in response. Those witnesses were Ms Simone Fogarty (the daughter of a tenant of another property, Mr Ken Shirvington), as well as the evidence of a registered real estate valuer, Mr Lopco Neskovski. Ms Leanne Uren also gave evidence. The primary judge briefly described the evidence of each of these witnesses. In doing so, his Honour stated that Ms Fogarty was a senior property manager but that, for various stated reasons, he found her evidence carried little weight. 50 Ms Uren's evidence was summarised by the primary judge. He described it as showing that the properties used by Mr Azar as being comparable to Mr Findlay's premises were, at the date of the hearing, no longer available for lease. His Honour described this evidence as showing that the market for rental properties in and around the Badgerys Creek area was not stagnant. 51 The primary judge then summarised Mr Neskovski's evidence relating to suitable alternative accommodation. 52 The primary judge found that some matters made by Ms Fogarty were, to differing extents, "valid points" (three of which were also made by Mr Neskovski). Those matters were that there must be some comparison made between the size of the land and not simply the size of the house for rent; the rental market had been impacted by the number of other tenants in the Badgerys Creek area who were also relocating and that some consideration had to be given to animals owned by a tenant (although, his Honour noted that while there were a number of horses on Mr Findlay's premises, he gave evidence that they did not belong to him). 53 At [65] of his reasons for judgment, the primary judge said that the question to which this evidence was directed was not whether identical or comparable properties were available but, rather, whether there was some suitable alternative accommodation that was reasonably available. Expressed that way, his Honour said that the question captured more accurately the balance sought to be struck between the interests of the landlord and those of the tenant. This meant that the evidence concerning the availability of premises was of limited assistance to the Court because of the proper focus required by the 2010 RTA. 54 Having said that, the primary judge concluded that the evidence indicated that there were properties available for rent in the vicinity of Badgerys Creek and that the rent was higher than that being paid by Mr Findlay. His Honour said that this was hardly surprising because Mr Findlay's tenancy was always subject to the possibility of the airport being developed. 55 His Honour found that, at [68], despite the evidence of Ms Fogarty and Mr Neskovski about the impact on the rental market of the large number of people relocating from the airport site area, there was "no real evidence to support those assertions". Consequently, he gave little weight to their evidence on this matter. 56 In describing Mr Neskovski's evidence, the primary judge noted the description of Mr Findlay's house in the residential tenancy agreement as a four bedroom brick veneer home with double garage. The primary judge inferred that the house was at least 25 years old. The primary judge noted that Mr Findlay had told Mr Neskovski that he wanted to move to premises that were already suitable for disabled persons and that Mr Neskovski agreed with Mr Findlay's concern that he may not be able to find such accommodation before 15 June 2015. 57 The primary judge referred to Mr Findlay's evidence that there was no wheelchair accessible accommodation in the private rental market, but his Honour noted that Mr Findlay did not say how he knew that information or indicate what relevant inquiries he had made. Although Mr Findlay had stated that there was a ten year waiting list for public housing in Western Sydney, the primary judge observed that Mr Findlay did not state whether this was public housing in general or housing that was accessible to less mobile tenants. He described these matters as "bald assertions", to which he gave little weight. Nevertheless, the primary judge accepted Mr Findlay's evidence to the effect that if he found alternative accommodation it would take up to three months for modifications to be made similar to those in his current premises. 58 The primary judge concluded that Mr Findlay required a home that was accessible by wheelchair and had a shower and toilet to be used by a person with limited mobility. He reiterated that it would take Mr Findlay time either to find such a house or to modify another house or apartment to make it accessible. His Honour noted that Mr Findlay lived alone and he accepted that Mr Findlay needed room for his engineering laboratory and an office/computer room. The primary judge concluded, however, that this did not require a four bedroom house. 59 The primary judge also found that Mr Findlay had been aware since at least March 2004 of the possibility that he might have to move and that he was aware for more than a year of the Commonwealth's intention to obtain vacant possession. 60 The primary judge stated, at [75], that he was satisfied that the Commonwealth had "a very real need to obtain vacant possession" and that this need "is a public one for the purposes of developing a second major airport for Sydney and a considerable amount of money and effort has already been spent on that development". 61 In these circumstances, the primary judge considered that it was appropriate to make a termination order and an order for vacant possession to take effect 90 days from the date of judgment.

Grounds of appeal 62 The grounds of appeal in the proposed amended notice of appeal were as follows: 1. The primary Judge erred in not holding that the Federal Court Legislation Amendment Act 2015 [Cth] is invalid as involving the imposition of administrative power of a State tribunal upon a Chapter III court. 2. The primary Judge erred in holding that the Respondent was empowered to make Federal Circuit Court [Commonwealth Tenancy Disputes] Instrument 2015 [Cth]. 3. The primary Judge erred in not holding that the Federal Court Legislation Amendment Act 2015 [Cth] is invalid as a law for the acquisition of property of the Appellant other than on just terms. 4. The primary Judge erred in holding that it was 'appropriate' to order termination of the Appellant's tenancy. 5. The primary Judge erred in holding that the termination notice was valid and effective. 6. The primary Judge erred in not admitting evidence of the Appellant. 7. The primary Judge erred in ordering termination forthwith and vacation on or before 18 12 2015 of the premises the subject of the action. 8. The primary Judge erred in finding that the agreement was a residential tenancy subject to Residential Tenancy Act 2010 [NSW]. 9. The primary Judge erred in not recusing himself from the matter before him in circumstances where he heard other cases in which he had made findings of credit and similar findings of fact against other Commonwealth tenants at Badgerys Creek. 10. The primary judge erred in deferring costs or not making any orders as to costs. 11. The primary Judge erred in not having or having sufficient regard to expert evidence including but not limited to that of Simone Fogarty. 12. The primary Judge erred in accepting the Commonwealth's urgent need for vacant possession when there was no real evidence to support their claims and in doing so, not balancing the interests of both parties. 13. The primary Judge erred in accepting Mr Robertson's statements regarding the construction and development of the airport, and not considering the long history of uncertainty and the changing position of the Commonwealth with regard to the building (or not building) of the airport. Extensive documents were submitted by the Respondents supporting these delays, which were not considered by the Primary Judge. 14. The primary Judge erred in stating the Respondents [sic] were aware of the possibility that the site may be developed for the purposes of the development of an airport and disregarding that since December 2000 the Respondents reasonably believed Badgerys Creek was not being considered as a site for the airport. 15. The primary Judge erred in accepting the Commonwealth had provided satisfactory assistance for relocating by Ms Salkeld in circumstances where government and non-government accommodation services, information about the rental process, local government pick up services, Centrelink loan programs and local charity assistance provided little or no assistance to the majority of Respondents. 16. The primary judge erred in not holding that the Respondent was estopped in the circumstances from relying upon any notice to quit or any order of the Court that had the effect of giving vacant possession of the land forthwith. 17. The primary judge erred in not considering compensation to the Appellant as a condition of the making of any order for possession, or for suspending such order for a period of years. 18. The primary Judge erred in making tenancy orders having final effect and thereafter making directions at the request of the Respondent on costs which in the circumstances was an abuse of process. 63 The underlined paragraphs identify the new grounds of appeal raised by Mr Findlay for which leave was required. The paragraphs struck through, grounds 5, 6, 10 and 18, reflect the grounds in the proposed amended notice of appeal which counsel for the appellant notified the Court were abandoned. It is also clear that ground 9 concerning alleged bias was not pressed in that form in this appeal. 64 With the exception of grounds 13 and 14, the proposed amendments were opposed by the Commonwealth on several grounds, including that some of the new grounds had not been argued below or were inconsistent with the way in which Mr Findlay's case had been presented below. 65 Since the application to amend to add grounds 13 and 14 was not opposed, we would grant leave so to amend. 66 It is therefore necessary to rule on the application to amend to add grounds 11, 12, 15, 16 and 17. The Court indicated that it would rule on the proposed amendments in its final reasons for judgment. 67 The principles in relation to an application to amend a notice of appeal are well-established. As a Full Court said recently in Fletcher v Nextra Australia Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 52; 229 FCR 153 at [99]: Parties are bound by the way they conduct their case at trial: see Overton Investment Pty Ltd v Murphy [2001] NSWCA 183 per Mason P (at [86]-[87]) (Sheller JA and Beazley JA agreeing); University of Wollongong v Metwally (No 2) (1985) 59 ALJR 481 (at 483); Chilcotin Pty Ltd v Cenelage Pty Ltd [1999] NSWCA 11 (at [15]); Thompson v Palmer (1933) 49 CLR 507 per Starke J (at 528-529); Haig v Minister Administering National Parks and Wildlife Act1974 (1994) 85 LGERA 143 per Kirby P (at 155); Coulton v Holcombe (1986) 162 CLR 1 per Gibbs CJ, Wilson, Brennan and Dawson JJ, Deane J contra) (at 7). 68 Although a question of law may be raised for the first time on appeal if it is expedient and in the interests of justice that that should permitted to be done, this exception will not apply where, if the new ground could possibly have been met by calling evidence at the hearing or if, had the ground been raised below, the respondent might have conducted the case differently at trial: Multicon Engineering Pty Ltd v Federal Airports Corporation (1997) 47 NSWLR 631 at 645 per Mason P (Gleeson CJ and Priestley JA agreeing). 69 Also, the discretion to permit an amendment should not be exercised favourably where the proposed ground of appeal is self-evidently bound to fail. 70 Applying these principles, we would not allow the amendment to add the entirety of ground 11 since it is plain that the primary judge did have regard to expert evidence. We would allow the application to amend to add proposed ground 11 insofar as it raises the claim that the primary judge erred in not having sufficient regard to expert evidence including, but not limited to, that of Ms Simone Fogarty. The proposed ground turns on analysis of the primary judge's reasons for judgment and no apparent prejudice will be caused to the respondent. 71 In relation to proposed ground 12, that the primary judge erred in accepting the Commonwealth's urgent need for vacant possession when there was no real evidence to support their claims and in doing so, not balancing the interests of both parties, we would allow the amendment as it turns on an analysis of the primary judge's reasons for judgment and no apparent prejudice will be caused to the respondent. 72 In relation to proposed ground 15, that the primary judge erred in accepting the Commonwealth had provided satisfactory assistance for relocating by Ms Salkeld, the Place Manager, in circumstances where government and non-government accommodation services, information about the rental process, local government pick up services, Centrelink loan programs and local charity assistance provided little or no assistance to the majority of tenants, in our opinion leave to amend should be refused. First, the proposed ground finds no basis in the reasons for judgment of the primary judge in relation to the present appellant. Secondly, the proposed ground does not correspond to a ground taken by the appellant at first instance. Thirdly, the proposed ground could have been met by evidence at first instance, if developed before the primary judge. 73 In relation to proposed ground 16, that the primary judge erred in not holding that the Commonwealth was estopped in the circumstances from relying upon any notice to quit or any order of the Court that had the effect of giving vacant possession of the land forthwith, in our opinion leave to amend to add this ground should be refused as it was not a matter raised in this case before the primary judge and it is clearly a matter on which evidence could have been adduced. In addition, nothing was said about estoppel in the written and oral submissions in this Court on behalf of the appellant. 74 In relation to proposed ground 17, that the primary judge erred in not considering compensation to the appellant as a condition of the making of any order for possession, or for suspending such order for a period of years, we would refuse leave to amend to add this ground as drafted. However, as will appear at [282]-[286] below, in our opinion the question of compensation to Mr Findlay for improvements made by him to the premises was sufficiently raised but was not adequately considered by the primary judge.

Parties' submissions - common issues 75 The common issues were identified by the appellant as, first, a separation of powers issue; secondly, that there was no "matter before the FCCA"; thirdly, that there was no power in s 51 of the Constitution or other legislative power to make the amendments to the Federal Circuit Court of Australia Act 1999 (Cth) (the FCCA Act); fourthly, that the Federal Circuit Court (Commonwealth Tenancy Disputes) Instrument 2015 (Cth) (the Instrument) was invalid; fifthly, that there was an impairment of the constitutional guarantee in s 51(xxxi) of the Constitution dealing with acquisition of property other than on just terms; and sixthly, that there was apprehended institutional bias. 76 The revised written submissions of the appellants on common issues also included a number of paragraphs, [33]-[44], referring to the evidence of Mr Robertson which was said to be common to the several matters. 77 Before addressing these matters it is convenient to set out the statutory provisions. 78 By the Federal Courts Legislation Amendment Act 2015 (Cth), which by s 2 commenced on 26 February 2015, the FCCA Act was amended as set out in the applicable items in Sch 2. By Item 5(a) of Sch 2 the amendments were said to apply, relevantly, to "a lease, licence or other arrangement entered into before the day this item commences and a Commonwealth tenancy dispute between the parties to the lease, licence or other arrangement that arises before, on or after that day; … ". 79 The relevant operative provisions were as follows: Commonwealth tenancy dispute means a matter: (a) involving a lease, licence or other arrangement to possess, occupy or use land and a dispute about: (i) the recovery of rent or other payments payable under or in relation to the lease, licence or other arrangement; or (ii) the termination of the lease, licence or other arrangement; or (iii) the possession, occupation or use of the land; and (b) in which the Commonwealth, or a person suing or being sued on behalf of the Commonwealth, is a party. … 3 After subsection 10(1) Insert: (1A) The Federal Circuit Court of Australia also has such original jurisdiction as is vested in it by a legislative instrument made under section 10AA. 4 After section 10 Insert: 10AA Original jurisdiction - Commonwealth tenancy disputes (1) The Federal Circuit Court of Australia has jurisdiction to hear and determine a Commonwealth tenancy dispute between the parties to a lease, licence or other arrangement in which: (a) the Commonwealth, or a person suing or being sued on behalf of the Commonwealth, is: (i) the lessor (other than as a sublessor); or (ii) the licensor (other than as a sublicensor); or (iii) the grantor of a right or permission to possess, occupy or use land owned by the Commonwealth; and (b) a person other than: (i) the Commonwealth; or (ii) a person suing or being sued on behalf of the Commonwealth; or (iii) a Commonwealth officer or employee; is: (iv) the lessee (other than as a sublessee); or (v) the licensee (other than as a sublicensee); or (vi) the grantee of the right or permission. (2) The Minister may, by legislative instrument, confer jurisdiction on the Federal Circuit Court of Australia in respect of any other specified Commonwealth tenancy dispute. Note: For specification by class, see subsection 13(3) of the Legislative Instruments Act 2003. (3) The Minister may, by legislative instrument, make provision for and in relation to all or any of the following matters in respect of a Commonwealth tenancy dispute: (a) the rights of the parties to the Commonwealth tenancy dispute; (b) the law (whether a law of the Commonwealth or a law of a State or Territory) to be applied in determining the Commonwealth tenancy dispute (the applicable law); (c) any modifications of the applicable law that are to apply in relation to the Commonwealth tenancy dispute; (d) the powers that the Federal Circuit Court of Australia may exercise under the applicable law; (e) if the Federal Circuit Court of Australia makes an order when exercising jurisdiction over the Commonwealth tenancy dispute - the powers that may be exercised when executing the order or a class of orders. 80 Section 12 of the Legislation Act 2003 (Cth) was in the following terms, so far as relevant: 12 Commencement of legislative instruments and notifiable instruments … Retrospective application (2) A provision of a legislative instrument or notifiable instrument does not apply in relation to a person (other than the Commonwealth or an authority of the Commonwealth) if the provision commences before the day the instrument is registered, to the extent that as a result: (a) the person's rights as at that day would be affected so as to disadvantage the person; or (b) liabilities would be imposed on the person in respect of anything done or omitted to be done before that day. (3) However, subject to subsection (2), a legislative instrument or notifiable instrument may provide that a provision of the instrument commences before the day the instrument is registered. (4) The effect of subsection (2) or (3) in relation to an instrument is subject to any contrary provision in an Act. … 81 The Instrument, as originally made, was in the following terms: 4 Definitions In this instrument: Act means the Federal Circuit Court of Australia Act 1999. applicable NSW law has the meaning given by subsection 7(2). Part 2 - Commonwealth tenancy disputes involving land in New South Wales 5 Operation of this Part (1) This Part makes provision in relation to the following matters in respect of a Commonwealth tenancy dispute involving land in New South Wales: (a) the rights of the parties to the dispute; (b) the law to be applied in determining the dispute; (c) the powers that the Federal Circuit Court of Australia may exercise under that law; (d) the powers that may be exercised when executing an order made by the Court. (2) This Part does not apply in relation to a Commonwealth tenancy dispute involving land in New South Wales unless the dispute involves a tenancy within the meaning of the Residential Tenancies Act 2010 (NSW). (3) Nothing in this Part has effect so as to confer non-judicial power on the Federal Circuit Court of Australia, unless the non-judicial power is incidental to the exercise of judicial power by the Court. 6 Rights of the parties (1) This section applies to a party to a Commonwealth tenancy dispute involving land in New South Wales if: (a) the party is a tenant within the meaning of the Residential Tenancies Act 2010 (NSW); and (b) the Federal Circuit Court of Australia has jurisdiction to hear and determine the dispute. (2) The party must not make an application to the Civil and Administrative Tribunal under the Residential Tenancies Act 2010 (NSW) in relation to a lease, licence or other arrangement to possess, occupy or use land that is the subject of the dispute. 7 Law to be applied (1) In determining a Commonwealth tenancy dispute involving land in New South Wales, the Residential Tenancies Act 2010 (NSW) and any regulations made under that Act are to be applied: (a) to the extent necessary to determine the dispute; and (b) subject to the modifications set out in section 8 of this instrument. (2) The law mentioned in subsection (1) is the applicable NSW law. 8 Modifications of applicable NSW law (1) The applicable NSW law is to be applied as if: (a) a reference to the Tribunal were a reference to the Federal Circuit Court of Australia; and (b) a reference to the principal registrar of the Tribunal were a reference to a Registrar of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia; and (c) a reference to the Sheriff, or to a sheriff's officer, were a reference to the Sheriff of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia. (2) The Residential Tenancies Act 2010 (NSW) is to be applied as if it included the following section: Despite anything else in this Act, if the Federal Circuit Court of Australia makes a termination order in respect of residential premises, the Court may make such orders as it considers appropriate in relation to the day vacant possession of the premises is to be given to the landlord. 9 Powers of the Court In determining a Commonwealth tenancy dispute involving land in New South Wales, the Federal Circuit Court of Australia may exercise any powers that are: (a) powers of the Civil and Administrative Tribunal under the applicable NSW law; and (b) relevant to determining the dispute. 10 Powers when executing orders made by the Court (1) If the Federal Circuit Court of Australia makes an order when exercising jurisdiction over a Commonwealth tenancy dispute involving land in New South Wales: (a) the Federal Circuit Court of Australia may exercise any powers of the Civil and Administrative Tribunal under the applicable NSW law; and (b) a Registrar of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia may exercise any powers of the principal registrar of the Civil and Administrative Tribunal under the applicable NSW law; and (c) subject to subsection (2), the Sheriff or a Deputy Sheriff of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia may exercise any powers of a sheriff's officer under section 7A of the Sheriff Act 2005 (NSW); to the extent that those powers are relevant to the execution or enforcement of the order. (2) In exercising a power of a sheriff's officer under section 7A of the Sheriff Act 2005 (NSW) to execute a warrant for possession of residential premises, the Sheriff or a Deputy Sheriff of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia: (a) may obtain the assistance of a member or special member of the Australian Federal Police; and (b) must not enter a dwelling house between 9 pm one day and 6 am the next day unless the Sheriff or Deputy Sheriff reasonably believes that it would not be practicable to execute the warrant at another time; and (c) must not use more force, or subject any person on the premises to greater indignity, than is necessary and reasonable to execute the warrant; and (d) must not do anything that is likely to cause the death of, or grievous bodily harm to, any person on the premises unless the Sheriff or Deputy Sheriff reasonably believes that doing that thing is necessary to protect life or prevent serious injury to another person (including the Sheriff or Deputy Sheriff). (3) To avoid doubt, nothing in this section limits any other power of: (a) the Federal Circuit Court of Australia; or (b) a Registrar of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia; or (c) the Sheriff or a Deputy Sheriff of the Federal Circuit Court of Australia. 82 The 2010 RTA, the applicable New South Wales law, contained the following relevant provisions. 83 In s 3, residential premises was defined to mean any premises or part of premises (including any land occupied with the premises) used or intended to be used as a residence. The same section defined tenant to mean: (a) the person who has the right to occupy residential premises under a residential tenancy agreement, or (b) the person to whom such a right passes by transfer or operation of the law, or (c) a sub-tenant of a tenant, and includes a prospective tenant. 84 Section 3 defined termination notice and termination order by reference to s 80 of the 2010 RTA. 85 Section 7 provided that the 2010 RTA does not apply, relevantly, to "(h) premises used for residential purposes, if the predominant use of the premises is for the purposes of a trade, profession, business or agriculture." 86 Section 18 provided that a fixed term agreement that continues after the day on which the fixed term ends continues to apply: (a) as if the term of the agreement were replaced by a periodic agreement, and (b) on the same terms as immediately before the end of the fixed term. 87 Section 80 provided that in Pt 5 termination date meant the day specified in a termination notice as the day on which the residential tenancy agreement was terminated and by which vacant possession of the residential premises is to be given; termination notice meant a notice terminating a residential tenancy agreement; and termination order meant an order terminating a residential tenancy agreement together with an order for possession of the residential premises. 88 Section 94, which applied to the present appeal, provided as follows: 94 Termination of long term tenancies (1) The Tribunal may, on application by a landlord, make a termination order for a residential tenancy agreement: (a) if the tenant has been in continual possession of the same residential premises for a period of 20 years or more, and (b) if the tenant occupied the premises under a fixed term agreement, the fixed term of the original agreement has expired, and (c) if the Tribunal is satisfied that it is appropriate to do so in the circumstances of the case. (2) A landlord may make an application under this section without giving the tenant a termination notice. (3) The Tribunal must not make a termination order under this section that specifies a termination date that is before the end of the fixed term if the residential tenancy agreement is a fixed term agreement. (4) The Tribunal, in determining the day on which vacant possession of the residential premises is to be given to the landlord, must not order that vacant possession be given earlier than 90 days after the order is made. 89 Part 6 of the 2010 RTA included the following provisions: 119 Prohibition on certain recovery proceedings in courts A landlord or former landlord must not commence proceedings against a tenant or former tenant of the landlord in the Supreme Court, the District Court or the Local Court to obtain recovery of possession of residential premises subject to a residential tenancy agreement. 120 Repossession of residential premises - offences (1) A person must not enter residential premises for the purposes of taking possession of those premises before or after the end of a residential tenancy agreement unless: (a) the person is acting in accordance with a warrant arising out of an order for possession of the Tribunal or a writ or warrant arising out of a judgment or order of a court, or (b) the tenant has abandoned the premises or given vacant possession of the premises. Maximum penalty: 200 penalty units. … 121 Enforcement of orders for possession (1) The principal registrar of the Tribunal may, on the application of a person in whose favour an order for possession was made, issue a warrant for possession of the residential premises concerned if the principal registrar is satisfied that the order or a condition of suspension of the order has not been complied with. (2) An application for a warrant for possession may be made immediately, if the order for possession so provides, or not more than 30 days after the date by which vacant possession was required or within such further period as the Tribunal may permit. (3) Without limiting subsection (2), the Tribunal may permit an application to be made within a further period if the delay in making the application is attributable to genuine attempts by the applicant to reach agreement with the tenant for reinstatement of the tenancy. (4) A warrant for possession is to be in the approved form and must authorise a sheriff's officer to enter specified residential premises and to give possession to the person specified in the warrant. Note. See section 7A of the Sheriff Act 2005 for provisions relating to the enforcement of warrants.

The submissions of the parties on common issues of law and consideration of those submissions

Separation of powers 90 The appellant submitted that an order under s 94(1) of the 2010 RTA and s 10AA of the FCCA Act involved an exercise of non-judicial power by a federal court contrary to Ch III of the Constitution. It was submitted that the power received by the omnibus provisions of the FCCA Act was the administrative or executive power of the State Tribunal in respect of long residential tenancy leases treated by the 2010 RTA as freehold. The State Tribunal was not a court and, it was submitted, was incapable of being the recipient of powers conferred by Commonwealth statutes under s 77(iii) of the Constitution. In turn, it was submitted, the FCCA was a court and was incapable of being the recipient of the executive powers of the State Tribunal. In such a case the FCCA Act provisions, including the Instrument, were submitted to be invalid. The appellant submitted that the legislation being transported into the federal regime was a law which merely gave to the State Tribunal a discretion subject to conditions to terminate the long leases on a broad range of grounds ranging from the economic to the political, none with any legal content or involving the exercise of a mix of functions. The appellant, it was submitted, was entitled as of right by virtue of a fundamental incident of his subsisting leasehold tenure to remain in possession of the premises until a lawful termination order was made by an administrative not a legal tribunal. In that sense the leases were not terminable by law. The appellant submitted that no such administrative order was capable of being made by the FCCA. 91 The appellant also submitted that he had the right of quiet enjoyment conferred by Pt 3.3 of the 2010 RTA such that the tenancy could only be terminated by a discretionary order of the State Tribunal under Pt 5 of the 2010 RTA. The appellant submitted that because the tenancy was not terminable by any contractual or other action outside the State Tribunal, such as notice of the lessor or abandonment or frustration of the leasehold tenure, his tenure and cognate right of possession was a statutory lease subject to termination by the State Tribunal with "a strong affinity" with freehold tenure: Wilson v Anderson [2002] HCA 29; 213 CLR 401 at [19]. 92 The appellant submitted that at the time of the commencement of proceedings or any time prior to their commencement he had not been and was not in breach of any contractual term nor of any statutory term applied by the 2010 RTA which would confer a right of re-entry to his land. Even if the legal standard did apply to the question of the termination of his tenure, no evidence had been adduced to support such a legally endorsed outcome in the FCCA or elsewhere. Rather the Commonwealth's case was founded solely upon the administrative powers vested in the FCCA by the Instrument which, the appellant submitted, were legally insufficient to authorise the exercise of any power of termination, or dispossession, or execution of a termination order as described in s 81 of the 2010 RTA. The appellant submitted that no right of re-entry at common law had arisen in respect of his property; rather, such right was contingent upon an order being made under Pt 6 of the 2010 RTA. 93 The appellant also submitted that the findings as to competing needs of the lessee's and lessor's interests and what was "appropriate" was a determination which was clearly not of a legal character, which was the very reason that the State Tribunal was established and given exclusive jurisdiction in New South Wales with respect to termination of residential tenancies. 94 The appellant submitted that the primary judge erred at [71] in Rigney in relying on the consideration that the orders he was to make were "immediately enforceable by the Court." However, the appellant submitted, a termination order as defined in Pt 5 of the 2010 RTA was not immediately enforceable because, until an order under Pt 6 of that Act was made, a "person must not enter residential premises for the purposes of taking possession of those premises before or after the end of a residential tenancy agreement unless … the person is acting in accordance with a warrant arising out of an order for possession of the Tribunal or a writ or warrant arising out of a judgment or order of a court …": see s 120 of the 2010 RTA. In short, the appellant submitted, a termination order terminated the tenure relationship under the general law of New South Wales, but not more. A separate regime of enforcement with respect to obtaining possession and removing of chattels after a termination order was made was provided for by Pt 6 of the 2010 RTA. Accordingly none of the orders sought or made was "immediately enforceable" in the present form by the FCCA. 95 The appellant submitted that the carve-out of the State Tribunal's power in relation to the present matters and its conferral by way of an omnibus provision upon the FCCA was a carve-out of both the administrative and quasi-judicial power of New South Wales. Further, the Commonwealth must take New South Wales tenancy law as it found it. After referring to Re Residential Tenancies Tribunal (NSW); Ex parte Defence Housing Authority [1997] HCA 36; 190 CLR 410 (Henderson) the appellant submitted that no different result should follow now and the State Tribunal remained the appropriate venue for the claims made by the Commonwealth in the FCCA. 96 The appellant submitted it was not in dispute that, but for the amendments made to the FCCA Act in March 2015, residential tenancy agreements made in New South Wales might only be terminated by an order of the State Tribunal under Pt 5 of the 2010 RTA. The appellant referred to ss 81(1) and 119 of the 2010 RTA, the former providing that a residential tenancy agreement terminated only in the circumstances set out in that Act and the latter providing that a landlord must not commence proceedings against a tenant in the Supreme Court, the District Court or the Local Court to obtain recovery of possession of residential premises subject to a residential tenancy agreement. The appellant submitted that s 81 precluded the making of orders for termination and possession by any court and the same applied to the FCCA. 97 The respondent submitted, with reference to Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission [1995] HCA 10; 183 CLR 245 at 267 (Brandy) that "there are functions which, when performed by a court, constitute the exercise of judicial power but, when performed by some other body, do not". 98 The respondent submitted that in determining a Commonwealth tenancy dispute, s 9 of the Instrument conferred on the FCCA any powers that were powers of the State Tribunal under the 2010 RTA as the applicable law, subject to those powers being relevant to determining the dispute and to the qualifications in s 5(3) of the Instrument. The Instrument did not apply any of the provisions of the Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 2013 (NSW), which constituted the State Tribunal and prescribed its jurisdiction and procedures, to proceedings in the FCCA. The provisions of the FCCA Act governed the procedure to be applied. 99 The respondent submitted that the fact that the Commonwealth Parliament was picking up, for application in a Ch III court, legislation that would be administered at the state level by an administrative tribunal (which may exercise judicial power) was without constitutional difficulty provided that the conferral did not involve the Ch III court exercising non-judicial power. The respondent submitted that s 5(3) of the Instrument was significant in that context. 100 The respondent relied on the four features of s 10AA of the FCCA Act and the Instrument which had been relied on by the primary judge. 101 The first feature was that the exercise of the discretion conferred by s 8(2) of the Instrument, which modified the operation of s 94 of the 2010 RTA, guided by the scope, object and purpose of the 2010 RTA was a familiar, if not daily, part of any court's work. Given that the Instrument conferred on the FCCA powers by reference to the 2010 RTA, subject to s 8, the conclusion of the primary judge that the exercise of the discretion should be guided by the scope, object and purpose of the 2010 RTA was entirely orthodox and without error. 102 The second feature was that the power conferred was not "simply one that arises on the basis of some idiosyncratic notions of individual judges". The primary judge noted that "as with any broad power with which a court is invested … guiding principles will emerge". The respondent submitted that the development of principles was consistent with the judicial method, citing Thomas v Mowbray [2007] HCA 33; 233 CLR 307 at 351. Reliance on what occurred in the State Tribunal was not determinative of the nature of the power being exercised, the proper characterisation of a power being contingent, inter alia, on the "nature of the body dealing with it": HA Bacharach Pty Ltd v Queensland [1998] HCA 54; 195 CLR 547 at 562. 103 The third feature was that the determination by the FCCA would set the rights and obligations of each of the parties to the dispute which must then be observed by the parties. The respondent submitted that the application of a broad criterion by reference to the circumstances of a particular case, whether imposed by the general law or pursuant to statute, was not an unusual feature in the exercise of judicial power: Thomas v Mowbray at 345-347. Section 94 of the 2010 RTA required the Court to evaluate the nature of a tenant's occupation of premises and whether it amounted to possession; the period of time for which the tenant had been in continual possession of the premises; whether the term of the original fixed term agreement had expired; and whether it, the Court, was satisfied that it was appropriate to make a termination order in the circumstances of the case. 104 The fourth feature was the enforceability of the Court's orders. The respondent submitted that if the FCCA made an order terminating a residential tenancy agreement under the 2010 RTA, it must also make an order for possession of the residential premises specifying the day on which the order takes or took effect: s 83(1). As the appellant accepted, the Court's orders had the immediate effect of terminating the contractual relationship, without which the tenant was no longer lawfully in possession and should vacate in accordance with the order for possession. In the event of non-compliance with that order, a warrant may be obtained on the authority of the order for possession: s 121(1). (We note that by s 8 of the Instrument a reference to the Principal Registrar of the State Tribunal is a reference to a Registrar of the FCCA.) The respondent submitted that the process of obtaining the warrant did not involve any traversing of the circumstances in which the Court's order was made, or whether it was valid: providing the Registrar was satisfied that the order had not been complied with, the warrant would issue. By force of the FCCA's orders, there was a binding determination of the rights of the parties which was, as the primary judge described it, immediately enforceable. The enforceability of decisions was, as the primary judge properly saw, significant and "one aspect of judicial power which may serve to characterise a function as judicial when it is otherwise equivocal": Brandy at 268. 105 In reply, the appellant submitted that the respondent's argument should be rejected as it failed to articulate any clear answer to the case that the exercise of power by the FCCA was non-judicial in character. Having regard to the character of the State Tribunal whose powers were picked up and conferred on the FCCA by the Instrument and the nature of the decision under the applicable law adopted under s 10AA(3)(b) and (c) which was administrative in character creating rights as from the date of the hearing rather than deciding rights as at the date of the commencement of proceedings, the exercise of power by the FCCA should have been characterised by the primary judge as non-judicial and both the Instrument and the amendments to the FCCA Act authorising its use should have been held to be invalid. 106 The appellant submitted that his tenancy under the State Tribunal and the 2010 RTA was subject to a discretionary regime that had regard to economic and political considerations with respect to the length and character of his tenure; that discretionary regime was then imposed on a Ch III court that struggled to divorce those considerations from the decision-making process, and which demonstrated by its reasons that the court found the exercise unfamiliar. The appellant submitted that these "considerations included the general economy as being interests that prevailed over the specific issues of the appellant[]. When considering the individual circumstances of the appellant[] (i.e. to weigh in the balance against political and economic considerations) the former being more familiar issues to courts, the [primary judge] disregarded those and held that examination of comparable properties for alternative accommodation was not necessary, and without regard to individual circumstances". 107 The appellant submitted the mix of functions conferred on the FCCA led the court into error and also led to injustice to the appellant. 108 We turn to consider these submissions. 109 We first mention the reliance by the appellant in oral submissions on what was said by Mason J in Commonwealth v Hospital Contribution Fund of Australia [1982] HCA 13; 150 CLR 49 at 61. The question in that case was whether, as the High Court had previously held, it was correct to say that "court" in s 77(iii) of the Constitution meant the judges and judicial officers who were members of the court but did not include the organisation and officers through which its powers and jurisdiction were exercised. The High Court held that this narrow interpretation was not to be preferred and that a master, although not a member of the court, was encompassed by the words "any court of a State" in s 77(iii) (whereby in respect of any of the matters in ss 75 and 76 the Parliament may make laws investing any court of a State with federal jurisdiction). The circumstances in that case were therefore very different to the issues in this appeal which concerns the powers of a federal court created by the Parliament under Ch III. At 61, Mason J said that the earlier and narrower approach insufficiently took account of the States' legislative competence to alter the structure and organization of State courts. His Honour also said, being the passage relied on by the appellant: Although the Commonwealth Parliament has no power to alter the structure or organization of State courts, its freedom of action is completely preserved. It has the choice of investing State courts with federal jurisdiction or of establishing appropriate federal courts. Moreover, it may condition the investment of federal jurisdiction on the existence of a suitably structured State court - see, for example, s. 39(2) of the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth), as amended. We see nothing of present assistance in that statement although, of course, we accept that there are limitations on the nature of the power which may be conferred on a Ch III court. 110 In that respect we note the terms of s 5(3) of the Instrument which stated that nothing in ss 5 to 10 of the Instrument had effect so as to confer non-judicial power on the FCCA, unless the non-judicial power was incidental to the exercise of judicial power by that court. 111 We reject the appellant's submission that merely because the State Tribunal formerly exercised powers in relation to Commonwealth tenancy disputes involving land in New South Wales this demonstrated or assisted in demonstrating that non-judicial power has been conferred on the FCCA. 112 As a matter of history, landlord and tenant disputes were heard and determined by the ordinary courts for many decades. Further, a State Tribunal may exercise State judicial power, even if it is not a court. 113 In Precision Data Holdings Ltd v Wills [1991] HCA 58; 173 CLR 167 (Precision Data) the High Court said, at 189: … although the finding of facts and the making of value judgments, even the formation of an opinion as to the legal rights and obligations of parties, are common ingredients in the exercise of judicial power, they may also be elements in the exercise of administrative and legislative power. Again, functions which are ordinary ingredients in the exercise of administrative or legislative power can, in some circumstances, be elements in the exercise of what is truly judicial power. It follows that functions may be classified as either judicial or administrative according to the way in which they are to be exercised. So, if the ultimate decision may be determined not merely by the application of legal principles to ascertained facts but by considerations of policy also, then the determination does not proceed from an exercise of judicial power. That is not to suggest that considerations of policy do not play a role, sometimes a decisive role, in the shaping of legal principles. (Footnotes omitted.) 114 In Brandy, at 267, Deane, Dawson, Gaudron and McHugh JJ said, with reference to Precision Data, that there were functions which, when performed by a court, constitute the exercise of judicial power but, when performed by some other body, do not. 115 Next, the appellant contended that the primary judge erred in Rigney at [71] in relying on the consideration that the orders he was to make were "immediately enforceable by the Court". To give the context for his Honour's statement, we reproduce the following paragraphs from that judgment, at [69]-[71]: The Court is required to apply the Tenancies Act to the facts and circumstances shown on the evidence before it. Thus, in this case, there will need to be a factual determination of, amongst other things, whether or not the respondents have been in continual possession of the premises for 20 years. This in turn will require an evaluation of the nature of the respondents' occupation and whether that amounts to possession within the meaning of the Tenancies Act. Also in issue will be whether there is a residential tenancy agreement in respect of those premises, whether that agreement was for a fixed term, and whether that fixed term (if any) has expired. In short, the Court is required to conduct an enquiry concerning the law as it is on the facts as they are: see Tasmanian Breweries at 374 per Kitto J. Once that inquiry has been conducted, the Court must then determine whether to make a termination order. Such a termination order requires there to be an order for possession at the same time to take effect as the Court considers appropriate. While the respondents are correct to say that this second inquiry is a very broad and arguably a discretionary one, that is not, in light of the authorities discussed above, decisive of the issue of whether the power is non-judicial. First, any discretion, or more accurately, determination of appropriateness, must be bound by the object, scope and purpose of the Tenancies Act. This is a familiar, if not daily, part of any Court's work. Secondly, it is to be expected, as with any broad power with which a Court is invested, that guiding principles will emerge so that the power is not simply one that arises on the basis of some idiosyncratic notions of individual judges. Thirdly, the determination by the Court will set the rights and obligations of each of the parties to the dispute which must then be observed by the parties. Fourthly, and in my view, critically, those rights and obligations are immediately enforceable by the Court. 116 In our opinion, the primary judge was here referring to the distinction described in Brandy as to whether the body had the capacity to give a decision enforceable by execution or whether, as in that case, a determination by the Commission was not binding or conclusive between any of the parties to it but the Commission was required to lodge a determination in a registry of the Federal Court and upon registration the determination was to have effect as if it were an order made by the Court. As Mason CJ, Brennan and Toohey JJ said in Brandy, at 257, the fact that the Commission could not enforce its own determinations was a strong factor weighing against the characterisation of its powers as judicial. In our opinion it is not significant, in this context, that s 120 of the 2010 RTA provided that a person must not enter residential premises for the purposes of taking possession of those premises unless the person was acting in accordance with a warrant arising out of an order for possession of the State Tribunal or a writ or warrant arising out of a judgment or order of a court. On the assumption that a warrant referable to s 120 of the 2010 RTA is necessary where the order for possession is made by the FCCA, it remains the case that the FCCA can enforce its own determinations. We accept the respondent's submissions that the FCCA's orders had the immediate effect of terminating the contractual relationship and, in the event of non-compliance, a warrant may be obtained on the authority of the order for possession: s 121(1). By force of the FCCA's orders, there was a binding determination of the rights of the parties which was, as the primary judge described it, immediately enforceable. 117 In oral argument attention was given to the words in s 94(1)(c) of the 2010 RTA which provided that the State Tribunal may, on application by a landlord, make a termination order for a residential tenancy agreement "if the Tribunal is satisfied that it is appropriate to do so in the circumstances of the case". Attention was given particularly to the scope of the discretion indicated by the word "appropriate" when the discretion came to be exercised by a Ch III court. 118 In Patrick Stevedores Operations No 2 Pty Ltd v Maritime Union of Australia [1998] HCA 30; 195 CLR 1, the High Court noted that the Federal Court had jurisdiction with respect to a matter which arose under the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Cth) in relation to which an application for orders under s 298U may be made to it. The opening words of s 298U were as follows: In respect of conduct in contravention of this Part, the Court may, if the Court considers it appropriate in all the circumstances of the case, make one or more of the following orders: … The orders there referred to included, in paragraph (e): "injunctions (including interim injunctions), and any other orders, that the Court thinks necessary to stop the conduct or remedy its effects". 119 The High Court also referred to s 23 of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth), which provided that the Court has power to make "orders of such kinds, including interlocutory orders … as the Court thinks appropriate". In relation to interlocutory relief, Brennan CJ, McHugh, Gummow, Kirby and Hayne JJ said at 32-33: The powers of the Federal Court under s 23 of its Act are powers "to make orders of such kinds, including interlocutory orders, as it 'thinks appropriate'", as Deane J noted in Jackson v Sterling Industries Ltd [[1987] HCA 23; (1987) 162 CLR 612 at 622]. He added: "Wide though that power is, it is subject to both jurisdictional and other limits. It exists only 'in relation to matters' in respect of which jurisdiction has been conferred upon the Federal Court. Even in relation to such matters, the power is restricted to the making of the 'kinds' of order, whether final or interlocutory, which are capable of properly being seen as 'appropriate' to be made by the Federal Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction." One limitation on the powers of the Federal Court to grant interlocutory injunctions is that those powers must be exercised for the purpose for which they are conferred. … The moulding of an interlocutory injunction must depend upon the circumstances of each case. (Footnote omitted.) 120 We would therefore read the word "appropriate", as did their Honours, as excluding purely subjective notions of what is appropriate and also as excluding the application of extralegal standards in order to determine the case. 121 We do not accept the appellant's submission that the findings as to competing needs of the lessee's and lessor's interests and what was "appropriate" was a determination which was clearly not of a legal character. 122 The appellant drew attention to the reference by the primary judge to principles emerging to guide the exercise of the discretion but in our opinion this was saying no more than was said in Thomas v Mowbray at 351, where their Honours said: The following statement by Professor Zines, made after a review of a number of the decisions in this Court, is in point [Zines, The High Court and the Constitution, 4th ed (1997), p 195]: "Any standard or criterion will have a penumbra of uncertainty under which the deciding authority will have room to manoeuvre - an area of choice and of discretion; an area where some aspect of policy will inevitably intrude. The degree of vagueness or discretion will be affected by what is conceived to be the object of the law and by judicial techniques and precedents. Given a broad standard, the technique of judicial interpretation is to give it content and more detailed meaning on a case to case basis. Rules and principles emerge which guide or direct courts in the application of the standard." The federal judges exercising the jurisdiction conferred by the interim control order provisions will bring to their consideration of whether "making the order would substantially assist in preventing a terrorist act" (s 104.4(1)(c)(i)) and of the particular form of an order, both matters of common knowledge, some of which we have referred to above, and the facts and circumstances disclosed in the evidence on the particular application for an order. From consideration of the legislation on a case by case basis it may be expected that guiding principles will emerge, a commonly encountered phenomenon in judicial decision-making. 123 A similar point had been made earlier in R v Joske; Ex parte Shop Distributive and Allied Employees' Association [1976] HCA 48; 135 CLR 194 at 215-216 where Mason and Murphy JJ wrote: Many examples are to be found in the exercise of judicial power of orders which alter the rights of the parties or are the source of new rights. Likewise, there are countless instances of judicial discretions with no specification of the criteria by reference to which they are to be exercised - nevertheless they have been accepted as involving the exercise of judicial power (see Cominos v. Cominos). It is no objection that the function entrusted to the Court is novel and that the Court cannot in exercising its discretion call in aid standards elaborated and refined in past decisions; it is for the Court to develop and elaborate criteria regulating the discretion, having regard to the benefits which may be expected to flow from the making of an order under sub-s. (2)(a) and the impact which such an order will have on the interests of persons who may be affected. (Footnote omitted.) 124 It follows, in our opinion, that the attack on the validity of the amendments to the FCCA Act and on the validity of the Instrument fails.

Whether no "matter" before the FCCA 125 The appellant submitted that at the date the application was filed in the FCCA no justiciable "matter" had arisen. This submission proceeded as follows. There was no controversy at all at the time of the filing of the application. The appellant was entitled as of right to remain in possession with full tenure up until the date of the Court's decision. Thereafter a new relationship between the parties was created. The lessor wanted possession but without any legal right to obtain it, independently of the exercise of discretion of the Court, and there was no standard or right which conferred any such right. It was a case of the respondent applying to the Court for a decision to terminate the leasehold tenure, by a termination order, which the Court might or might not make, in its discretion as to what was appropriate. 126 The respondent submitted that the conferral of jurisdiction in s 10AA(1) of the FCCA Act was formulated in entirely orthodox terms. The Commonwealth was the owner of residential premises the subject of the agreement it sought to terminate in the Court. The Commonwealth sought to exercise its entitlement under the 2010 RTA to apply to the FCCA to terminate its contractual arrangements with the appellant in circumstances where he remained in possession with no prospect of him abandoning the premises or otherwise vacating the premises by consent. The appellant's response did not contend that there was no dispute between the parties. There was no evidentiary contest that the dispute arose from the fact that the Commonwealth wrote to the appellant stating that it wished to have vacant possession by June 2015, which he opposed. The proceedings before the Court involved the existence of a controversy as to whether the residential tenancy agreement should be terminated and on what terms (if any), and the corresponding liability of the appellant to vacate the premises upon termination. As the High Court stated in Precision Data at 191, "[t]he Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate with respect to the rights and obligations by vesting jurisdiction in courts to make orders creating those rights or imposing those liabilities". 127 In his written reply, the appellant did not make specific reference to this point. 128 We turn to consider these submissions. 129 In our opinion, in the case of the present appeal (20 years and over) the controversy or "matter" is sufficiently identified in the application to the FCCA filed on 12 March 2015. That is, as between the Commonwealth as applicant lessor and the appellant as a tenant of the Commonwealth of the particular premises, the Commonwealth had notified the tenant that it required possession of the premises by a certain date and the tenant had not yet communicated to the Commonwealth his agreement to vacate the premises on or before that date. The Commonwealth, as lessor, sought an order under s 94 of the 2010 RTA that the residential tenancy agreement between it and the present appellant, in relation to the premises, was terminated and an order that the present appellant give vacant possession of the premises on or before 15 June 2015. In short, in our opinion, the application by the Commonwealth as landlord for a termination order for a residential tenancy agreement in circumstances where the tenant had not agreed to give possession of the premises to the Commonwealth sufficed to constitute a controversy or "matter" and this was confirmed by the present appellant filing a response in the FCCA in opposition to the Commonwealth's application. We reject the submission on behalf of the appellant that there was not a "matter" because s 94 made it a condition of the making of a termination order for the residential tenancy agreement that the Court was satisfied that it was appropriate to do so in the circumstances of the case. In our opinion, the dispute was about rights regardless of the terms of the discretion to be exercised by the court.

Whether no legislative power 130 The appellant submitted that there was no head of legislative power in s 51 of the Constitution or elsewhere to make laws regarding land tenure matters with respect to Commonwealth tenancies. The appellant submitted the laws were not an incident of the power to define the jurisdiction of the FCCA under s 77(i) of the Constitution. Powers under s 51(xxxix) arose in the execution of legislative, executive or judicial powers, but not in substitution for such exercise, or as a means of conferring legislative power on the Parliament by the back door. Read properly, the appellant submitted, the "main purpose" of the law comprising Sch 2 to the Federal Courts Legislation Amendment Act, the Instrument and the 2010 RTA properly characterised did not "define the jurisdiction of a federal court but provided for and created a new federal substantive law with respect to residential tenancies to which the Commonwealth was a party by recognising and creating rights with respect to a statutory lease with a code of attendant mutual rights including as to termination and recovery and enforcement". The appellant again submitted it was an attempt to get round the decision of the High Court in Henderson. 131 The respondent submitted that the Commonwealth entered into the subject tenancy agreement with the appellant in respect of land which it had acquired in order to reserve it for an airport. That acquisition was supported by s 51(i) of the Constitution. So also was the Commonwealth's entry into the tenancy agreement with the appellant. The respondent submitted that the application of the 2010 RTA as surrogate Commonwealth law, and in particular its modification pursuant to s 8(2) of the Instrument, was supported by at least s 51(i): the power to acquire the land and to enter into a lease in respect of that land extended to the regulation of the circumstances in which such arrangements may be brought to an end (so as to give effect to the purpose of the acquisition). Alternatively, s 8(2) might find support in s 52(i) of the Constitution as the appellant's premises was situated on land which was a Commonwealth place. 132 The respondent submitted the substantive rights and liabilities of the parties were conferred pursuant to s 7 of the Instrument and modified in the case of the present appeal (continual possession of the premises of 20 years and over) by s 8. That provision picked up the New South Wales legislation, the 2010 RTA, in a manner similar to s 79 of the Judiciary Act. The respondent referred to Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Edensor Nominees Pty Ltd [2001] HCA 1; 204 CLR 559 at 587 and submitted that the primary judge was correct to apply the reasoning in that case by analogy to the legislation at issue in the appeal. 133 The respondent submitted that in the present appeal (20 years and over), s 8(2) of the Instrument was directed at the application of s 94(4) of the 2010 RTA and because s 94(4) was directly inconsistent with the law of the Commonwealth it was rendered inoperative to the extent that the Commonwealth provision applied. That section of the Instrument removed the requirement for notice that would otherwise oblige the Commonwealth to provide at least 90 days between obtaining a termination order and taking possession of the residential premises. This adjustment of the Commonwealth's obligations, the respondent submitted, was authorised by the "full power" of the Parliament "to make laws governing the liability of the Commonwealth": Commonwealth v Evans Deakin Industries Ltd [1986] HCA 51; 161 CLR 254 at 263. 134 The respondent submitted that that power derived at least in part from s 78 of the Constitution but more generally the Commonwealth may make laws such as s 8(2) of the Instrument based on the power or powers that supported the action taken by the Commonwealth that is the subject of the proceeding. The respondent referred, by analogy, to R v Hughes [2000] HCA 22; 202 CLR 535 at 555. 135 The respondent submitted that s 10AA of the FCCA Act constituted an exercise of the power in s 77(i) of the Constitution to make laws defining the jurisdiction of a federal court with respect to any of the matters in ss 75 and 76 which matters included, in s 75(iii), matters "in which the Commonwealth or a person suing or being sued on behalf of the Commonwealth is a party". On the definition of "Commonwealth tenancy dispute" in the FCCA Act the Commonwealth was a party to any such dispute. 136 In his written reply, the appellant submitted that the Commonwealth was required by constitutional principles to identify in its submissions the sources of two legislative exercises of power in March 2015: first, the conferral of power on the FCCA; and, secondly, the creation of a new legal regime with respect to the subject matter of Commonwealth tenancies. The appellant submitted the respondent's submissions failed in not separating those issues and in addressing neither. The appellant also submitted that s 78 of the Constitution did not avail the Commonwealth. 137 We turn to consider these submissions. 138 In our opinion, the source of legislative power to make laws regarding land tenure matters with respect to Commonwealth tenancies is plain. In the present case, it was s 51(i) of the Constitution, that is, the same power as enabled the Parliament to make a law for the acquisition of the real property the subject of the tenancy, in order to reserve the land for an airport, as was reflected in the tenancy agreement. Before the making of the amendments to the FCCA Act and the Instrument it may be taken that the 2010 RTA applied to the tenancies. On the making of that Commonwealth legislation, including the Instrument, provision was made for the law to be applied in determining a Commonwealth tenancy dispute. Section 109 of the Constitution then applied so that the law of the Commonwealth prevailed and the law of the State was invalid to the extent of any inconsistency. At the same time the Commonwealth legislation, by s 10AA(1) of the FCCA Act, defined the jurisdiction of the FCCA (s 77(i) of the Constitution) with respect to matters in which the Commonwealth was a party (s 75(iii)) and arising under any laws made by the Parliament (s 76(ii)). 139 We reject the appellant's submission that the legislation "was an attempt to get round the decision of the High Court in Henderson." In that case, it was held that the Commonwealth legislation, the Defence Housing Authority Act 1987 (Cth) did not create an inconsistency between that Act and the Residential Tenancies Act 1987 (NSW) to attract the operation of s 109 of the Constitution. In the present case the Commonwealth legislation, including the Instrument, expressly applied the law of New South Wales, subject to express modifications.

Whether the Instrument was invalid 140 The appellant submitted that the Instrument was invalid as it was ultra vires s 10AA(3) of the FCAA Act. This submission proceeded on three bases. First, the appellant submitted the power conferred by s 10AA(3) did not include the power to adopt by Instrument the 2010 RTA together with the associated powers of the State Tribunal as part of Commonwealth law. The appellant submitted that, read in context, s 10AA(3) was not the conferral of a general law-making power with respect to the rights of parties to a lease entered into by the Commonwealth but was a power only to define the Court's jurisdiction with respect to a Commonwealth tenancy dispute, as defined in s 4. The appellant submitted there must be a dispute in which the Commonwealth was a party and a dispute must be about the termination of a lease, or the possession or use of land. It was submitted that s 10AA(3) authorised provision to be made for a matter involving a dispute in which the Commonwealth was a party. The appellant submitted that the law-making power "for and in relation to … a Commonwealth tenancy dispute" was not a broad law-making power. The appellant referred, amongst other authorities, to Shanahan v Scott [1957] HCA 4; 96 CLR 245 at 250. 141 The appellant submitted that the reference to "the applicable law" in s 10AA(3), in its natural and ordinary meaning, referred "to an existing Commonwealth law not the power to make a whole new law by reference to that of another jurisdiction, in this case the whole of the law of NSW being a code on residential tenancies law, with the result that the Parliament's law making power [was] substituted for that of the Minister and the restrictions upon law making power with respect to that subject matter [were] circumvented". The appellant also submitted that the rule-making power did not extend to a regulation which itself imported the whole of a statute that conferred executive power to decide when and on what terms the use of land may end. The decision-making power introduced and conferred on the FCCA by the Instrument was executive power. The power to focus on events and the decisive facts at the date of the decision of the FCCA and not the date of the commencement of the action was another factor indicating that the power being exercised by the FCCA was executive. Accordingly, the Instrument impermissibly widened the purposes of the FCCA Act past the definition of the court's powers to the adoption of a wide variety of new rights and obligations and was ultra vires. 142 Secondly, the appellant submitted s 10AA(3) did not authorise a retrospective law. The statutory scheme for over 20 year leases was a code and could not operate retrospectively except by express and necessary statutory fiat. The Legislation Act also restricted the operation of retrospective legislation. The appellant submitted there had been a failure to have regard to the disadvantage to tenants from the new importation of the new law as Commonwealth law, who under New South Wales law expected to be treated like all other residential tenants in New South Wales. The lease provided that the State Tribunal was to be the arbiter of disputes, suggesting that if the lessor sought to take advantage of its special status as a lawmaker it should have entered into fresh leases in different terms. 143 Thirdly, the appellant submitted that s 10AA(3) was invalid because the 2010 RTA had authorised the acquisition of property other than on just terms. This, the appellant submitted, was the logical conclusion of his argument based on s 51(xxxi) of the Constitution. 144 The respondent submitted that the appellant's submission misunderstood the terms of s 10AA(3) of the FCCA Act and the purpose and effect of the Instrument. As the primary judge observed at [90] in Rigney, the Instrument applied in respect of Commonwealth tenancy disputes of a particular class, consistently with s 10AA(3), and it did no more than pick up existing law and apply it, with some modification, to the resolution of such disputes. The respondent submitted the primary judge correctly dismissed this argument at [86]-[88] in Rigney. 145 As to the retrospectivity argument, the respondent submitted it rested on the fact that statutory notices were served on the 20 year and over tenants before the commencement of the Instrument. The respondent submitted that, as the primary judge held at [93] in Rigney, such an event could not be determinative of the character of the Instrument as retrospective. In order to fall within the terms of s 12 of the Legislation Act, the Instrument would have had to take effect before it was registered and it did not do so. 146 In reply, the appellant referred to McEldowney v Forde [1971] AC 632 at 658. The appellant submitted that the Instrument did not conform with the description of law-making power provided for in s 10AA(3): the limitation to a "matter" did not authorise the extensive enactment of tenancy legislation purportedly effected by the power. The appellant also submitted the FCCA Act did not confer retrospective power to make the laws, nor did it comply with the requirements of s 12 of the Legislation Act. The appellant also submitted the respondent's submissions did not address the concern that the Instrument paid no attention to justice in acquiring property of the appellant, which itself destroyed any statutory authority in the Minister to make the delegated legislation. 147 We turn to consider those submissions. 148 The starting point must be the terms on which the power to make a legislative instrument is conferred. Section 10AA of the FCCA Act had two relevant subsections although each operated by reference to the defined term "Commonwealth tenancy dispute". Relevantly, the tenancy must involve a lease and a dispute about the termination of the lease or the possession, occupation or use of the land. Further, the dispute must be one in which the Commonwealth was a party. Section 10AA(1) dealt with the jurisdiction of the FCCA to hear and determine a Commonwealth tenancy dispute between the parties to a lease in which the Commonwealth was the lessor and a person other than the Commonwealth was the lessee. It defined the jurisdiction of the FCCA, the power to do so being conferred by s 77(i) of the Constitution by reference to one of the matters mentioned in ss 75 and 76 (here, being a matter in which the Commonwealth is a party within s 75(iii)). Section 10AA(3) was the regulation-making power, and thus, for present purposes, the central provision. 149 Section 10AA(3) provided that the Minister may, by legislative instrument, make provision for and in relation to all or any of certain specified matters in respect of a Commonwealth tenancy dispute. We have set out this provision at [79] above. It is also significant that, by s 5, the amendments made by the Part, which included s 10AA, applied in relation to a lease entered into before the day Item 4 of Sch 2 to the Federal Courts Legislation Amendment Act commenced (on 26 February 2015) and a Commonwealth tenancy dispute between the parties to the lease that arose before, on or after that day. 150 The Instrument was registered on 5 March 2015. Turning to the terms of the Instrument, s 5 stated that the Part made provision in relation to specified matters in respect of a Commonwealth tenancy dispute involving land in New South Wales: (a) the rights of the parties to the dispute, those rights being the subject of s 6; (b) the law to be applied in determining the dispute, that law being the subject of ss 7 and 8; (c) the powers that the FCCA may exercise under that law, those powers being the subject of s 9; and the powers that may be exercised when executing an order made by the FCCA, those powers being the subject of s 10. We see no basis for a conclusion that the Instrument is ultra vires the power in s 10AA(3) of the FCCA Act. 151 We do not accept the appellant's submission that the power conferred by s 10AA(3) did not include the power to adopt by Instrument the 2010 RTA. Nor do we accept the appellant's submission that s 10AA(3) was a power only to define the Court's jurisdiction with respect to a Commonwealth tenancy dispute. We also do not accept the appellant's submission that the law-making power "for and in relation to … a Commonwealth tenancy dispute" was not a law-making power since the legislation contemplated a legislative instrument-making provision for and in relation to, amongst other things, the law to be applied in determining the Commonwealth tenancy dispute. We do accept the appellant's submission that not only must there be a dispute to which the Commonwealth was a party but the dispute must be about the termination of a lease, or the possession or use of land and, in our view, there was in any event such a dispute in the present case. 152 We reject the appellant's submission that the reference to "the applicable law" in s 10AA(3) referred to an existing Commonwealth law as that submission is directly contrary to the express words of s 10AA(3)(b): "whether a law of the Commonwealth or a law of a State … ". We have considered already the submission that the legislative scheme is invalid as conferring non-judicial power on a Ch III court. 153 We do not accept the appellant's submission that the Instrument was relevantly retrospective. As we have said, s 5 of Sch 2 to the Federal Courts Legislation Amendment Act dealt expressly with the application of those amendments to existing leases and to Commonwealth tenancy disputes between the parties to such leases, whenever those disputes arose. In our opinion, the Instrument made provision for the rights of the parties and the applicable law for the future, although operating on disputes in relation to leases entered into before the date Pt 1 of Sch 2 commenced and before the Instrument commenced. The relevant principle is explained in Commonwealth of Australia v SCI Operations Pty Ltd [1998] HCA 20; 192 CLR 285 at 309 [57] per McHugh and Gummow JJ where their Honours made a distinction between a statute which provided that as at a past date the law shall be taken to have been that which it was not, and the creation by statute of further particular rights or liabilities with respect to past matters or transactions. The Instrument is of the latter character. 154 We also reject the submission that the statutory scheme for leases of 20 years and over, the 2010 RTA, was a code and such a law could not operate retrospectively except by express and necessary statutory fiat, by which we understood the appellant to mean the Instrument could not operate retrospectively except by express and necessary statutory fiat. We refer again to s 5 of Sch 2. Further, s 12 of the Legislation Act has no relevant operation in respect of the Instrument since it did not to take effect before it was registered. 155 In our opinion, there is no substance in the submission by the appellant that the Federal Courts Legislation Amendment Act, or the Instrument, failed to have regard to the disadvantage to tenants from the importation of the new law as a Commonwealth law. Similarly, in our opinion, there is no substance in the submission that because the lease provided that the State Tribunal was to be the arbiter of disputes, this suggested that if the lessor sought to take advantage of its special status as a lawmaker it should have entered into fresh leases in different terms. 156 The general power under consideration in Shanahan v Scott was a power which authorised the Governor in Council to make regulations providing for all or any purposes (whether general or to meet particular cases) necessary or expedient for the administration of the Marketing of Primary Products Acts 1935-1953 (Vic), or for carrying out the objects of that Act. The majority held, at 250, that: … such a power does not enable the authority by regulations to extend the scope or general operation of the enactment but is strictly ancillary. It will authorise the provision of subsidiary means of carrying into effect what is enacted in the statute itself and will cover what is incidental to the execution of its specific provisions. But such a power will not support attempts to widen the purposes of the Act, to add new and different means of carrying them out or to depart from or vary the plan which the legislature has adopted to attain its ends. 157 In our opinion, the High Court in Shanahan v Scott was not dealing with a regulation-making power in the form of s 10AA(3) of the FCCA Act. In any event, we see nothing in the form of the Instrument which is inconsistent with what their Honours there said. 158 As to the appellant's reliance on McEldowney v Forde, we see nothing in what Lord Diplock said there which suggests that the Instrument is ultra vires. We have of course carried out the three-fold task to which Lord Diplock referred at 658E-G: first, to determine the meaning of the words used in the Act itself to describe the subordinate legislation which that authority is authorised to make; secondly, to determine the meaning of the subordinate legislation itself; and finally to decide whether the subordinate legislation complies with that description.

Section 51(xxxi) of the Constitution - acquisition of property otherwise than on just terms 159 The appellant submitted the law resumed the three-month possession right by operation of s 8(2) of the Instrument which was itself an acquisition of an interest in land for the obvious benefit of the Commonwealth, hence satisfying the tests recently restated in JT International SA v Commonwealth of Australia [2012] HCA 43; 250 CLR 1. The appellant also referred to James Stellios, Zines's The High Court and the Constitution (The Federation Press, 6th ed, 2015) p 620ff. The appellant submitted that Pt 5 of the 2010 RTA, being a State law, made no provision for just terms if the law effected an acquisition of property. The Commonwealth law, in importing the State law, paid no attention to just terms. The consequence was, the appellant submitted, that the law was invalid for the absence of just terms. Alternatively, the FCCA should have framed its orders so as to give effect to the constitutional guarantee. 160 The respondent submitted that in the court below the present appellant adopted the s 51(xxxi) arguments put by the applicant in Commonwealth of Australia (as represented by the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development) v Hevers & Anor [2015] FCCA 1814 (Hevers), and contended that the grant of jurisdiction to the FCCA created a federal tenancy law which meant that the 20 years and over tenants were a party to a different agreement to that created under State law, and the Commonwealth had acquired benefits which the appellant had previously enjoyed. The differences that the appellant then relied on were, first, that the term of the agreement was originally "indefinite" because no termination of the agreement could occur except pursuant to s 94; secondly, the security of at least 90 days between the making of a termination order and any order for vacant possession provided under s 94(4); and, thirdly, that under State law there would be no order as to costs made between the parties in the event of a dispute and the State Tribunal could exercise its powers to adjust the relationship between the parties during the termination period. 161 As to the appellant's submissions on the appeal, that if the tenancy were ultimately terminated the Commonwealth would acquire some proprietary benefit otherwise than on just terms, the respondent submitted the argument was misconceived. Any "benefit" that might accrue to the Commonwealth from the termination of the tenancy followed irrespective of the body that made the order. It was not a consequence of the impugned legislation which conferred jurisdiction on the FCCA to make the order. Furthermore, the respondent submitted, to the extent that the appellant's argument was that the tenancy was somehow protected from termination because of what the tenant had done to the land, it wrongly conflated the interest the tenant had in the land, being the tenancy, with the land itself. 162 In his written reply, the appellant submitted that the property loss to him in respect of his tenure had arisen under a law of the Commonwealth and so the constitutional protection was engaged. It was not suggested that such a protection was available to the appellant under State law "which conferred the protection taken by the Commonwealth". Immediately prior to the Commonwealth law being made the appellant had a right, in the nature of a right in property to possession, to three calendar months' occupation of the land before any order for vacant possession could have effect under s 94(4) of the 2010 RTA. After the Commonwealth law commenced, that right was lost, i.e. resumed by that law without compensation. Thus, at the time the appellant was served with the correspondence in November 2014, before the new law was made, regarding the proposed termination of the tenancy the appellant had reason to believe that he had such a property right by virtue of his long tenure on the land. When the matter was heard such right had been acquired by the Commonwealth. Thus, there was both a taking and the conferral of benefit upon the Commonwealth from the law, the benefit being the additional three months' tenure and occupation rights of the appellant which the Commonwealth acquired at no cost to itself. 163 In oral submissions, the appellant put that the just terms provision was engaged in two ways so as to make invalid the Instrument. 164 First, looking at the Instrument, particularly s 8(2), which was purportedly authorised by s 10AA(3)(c), being a modification of the applicable law, it denuded from the appellant the reasonable right of further residency under statutory tenancy pending re-entry, without any just terms being provided. There was a clear benefit to the Commonwealth as it got the benefit of a three months' curtailment of the property right of the appellant which would otherwise exist. As to it being a statutory right of property, the appellant submitted that the High Court had made it clear that the mere fact that a right of property was statutory was not a disentitling factor with respect to impairment of the constitutional guarantee. Further, the appellant submitted there was a taking. The taking occurred at that moment of time when the Commonwealth picked up the State law, removed the three months' statutory entitlement and then conferred a different right, a modified right, without just terms. 165 In oral submissions the respondent submitted that the focus of the appellant's submissions on the appeal appeared to be that if his tenancy was ultimately terminated, the Commonwealth would acquire some proprietary benefit otherwise than on just terms. But, the respondent submitted, if that were the result, the Commonwealth obtained the benefit irrespective of whether it be the State Tribunal or the FCCA exercising the power. So that result did not flow from the legislation challenged in the present case. It would flow either way. So, the respondent submitted, there was no acquisition as a result of the legislation that was the subject of challenge. 166 We turn to consider these submissions. 167 The issue as argued involves a comparison between the terms of s 94(4) of the 2010 RTA, on the one hand, and s 8(2) of the Instrument on the other hand. Before the Instrument was made, that is, before s 6 of the Instrument came into force, a party was entitled to make an application to the State Tribunal under the 2010 RTA in relation to the lease that was the subject of the Commonwealth tenancy dispute. Under the 2010 RTA a landlord could apply to the State Tribunal for a termination order and the State Tribunal had a discretion whether or not to make a termination order. By s 94(4), the State Tribunal, in determining the day on which vacant possession of the residential premises was to be given to the landlord, "must not order that vacant possession be given earlier than 90 days after the order is made". By s 8(2) of the Instrument, the 2010 RTA was to be applied as if it included the following section: Despite anything else in this Act, if the Federal Circuit Court of Australia makes a termination order in respect of residential premises, the Court may make such orders as it considers appropriate in relation to the day vacant possession of the premises is to be given to the landlord. 168 This issue was considered by the primary judge in Hevers at [74]-[78]. 169 In our opinion, the combination of the following circumstances means that the Commonwealth legislation, including the Instrument, was not a law with respect to the acquisition of property other than on just terms. First, s 94(4) of the 2010 RTA did not come into force until 31 January 2011 and formed part of the statutory conditions and procedures to which the present lease, most recently entered into on 1 March 2004 for a term of 52 weeks and ending on 28 February 2005, then became subject. After the commencement of the 2010 RTA on 31 January 2011 the agreement applied as a periodic agreement under s 18(a) of the 2010 RTA. Thus, neither s 94(4) of the 2010 RTA nor s 8(2) of the Instrument affected the original tenancy agreement between the parties. This is not to say that the constitutional guarantee does not extend to property rights created by statute, but the terms of the statute and the nature of the claimed property rights which it creates require examination to determine whether, and to what extent, that property attracts the protection of s 51(xxxi). Secondly, the question of the State Tribunal or the FCCA determining the day on which vacant possession is to be given is a matter of the discretion of the relevant tribunal. The 90 day period in s 94(4) affects the exercise of that discretion. The non-applicability of the 90 day period affects the exercise of discretion of the FCCA. It may be that the FCCA in a particular case orders vacant possession on a day 90 days after the order is made or on a later day. Thirdly, insofar as there is a statutory "right" created by the terms of s 94(4) of the 2010 RTA, its continued and fixed content depended upon the will from time to time of the legislature which created that "right": see Attorney-General (NT) v Chaffey [2007] HCA 34; 231 CLR 651 at 664. Fourthly, it is difficult to see that there is an acquisition of property involved in the modification of a right or interest that has not yet accrued: Victoria v Commonwealth [1996] HCA 56; 187 CLR 416 at 559. It is more difficult to see that there is an acquisition of property involved in the modification of a discretion as to the earliest day on which a tribunal may order that vacant possession be given. We do not see JT International SA v Commonwealth of Australia [2012] HCA 43; 250 CLR 1 as suggesting a different conclusion. 170 The appellant submitted that with the knowledge of the Commonwealth he had added significantly to the value of his property and the Commonwealth's reversion by building on to the premises. Thus, once his lease was terminated the consequence was that he would lose that sum, and the Commonwealth would get the benefit of an improved residence on the land. The amount in issue in the appeal exceeded $20,000. 171 In our opinion, this is not an argument that engages s 51(xxxi) of the Constitution. This is because s 187(1)(d) of the 2010 RTA provides that the State Tribunal may make an order as to compensation and pursuant to s 7 of the Instrument this provision is to be applied in determining a Commonwealth tenancy dispute involving land in New South Wales. Thus, the argument does not affect the validity of the amendments to the FCCA Act or the validity of the Instrument. Neither does it affect the orders made by the primary judge for the tenancy agreement to be terminated and vacant possession to be given to the Commonwealth. As will appear below however, at [282]-[286], freed from constitutional considerations, in our opinion Mr Findlay's claim for compensation in the nature of reimbursement remains to be determined.

Recusal on the ground of (apprehended) institutional bias 172 The appellant submitted that the question of recusal was limited to one issue, namely apprehended institutional bias founded upon a close connection between the lessor/Commonwealth and the FCCA. This, the appellant submitted, was evidenced by consultation in the making of the Instrument under s 10AA prior to March 2015, which Instrument conferred jurisdiction on the FCCA under s 10AA, and the imposition by the Commonwealth of public pressure on the Court to impose a new expense regime involving increased fees and loss of judges. Actual bias was not alleged; what was alleged was that an institutional appearance of bias had been allowed to appear by reason of the consultation by the lessor with the very Court deciding the matters about the basis on which that should happen. The appellant referred to Antoun v R [2006] HCA 2; 224 ALR 51 at [83] per Callinan J and to Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy [2000] HCA 63; 205 CLR 337 (Ebner). The appellant submitted that judges who knew of this governmental consultation with the FCCA must be presumed to support the new law or at least to have a view about its utility and not to object to the conferral of jurisdiction on the Court. Those judges, so the appellant submitted, would presumably adopt the approach when the law was challenged as to its validity before him or her with the apparent bias of approbation not rejection. In this regard, the appellant submitted, the case could be distinguished from the allegation of apparent institutional bias in Re Colina; Ex parte Torney [1999] HCA 57; 200 CLR 386 especially at [139]-[142] per Callinan J. Similarly, the appellant submitted, the public issue of filing fee increases and loss of judges in the manner raised by Forge v Australian Securities and Investments Commission [2006] HCA 44; 228 CLR 45 was a further basis for a finding that the Commonwealth's public intervention in the court's affairs and governance directing its affairs gave the appearance of the possibility that the FCCA had been compromised. 173 The respondent rejected the contention that the primary judge ought to have recused himself on the ground of "institutional" bias arising from the claimed "close connection between the lessor/Commonwealth and the Court" based on the claimed: (a) close consultation between the Commonwealth and the FCCA in the period leading up to the making of the Instrument in March 2015; and (b) the alleged imposition by the Commonwealth of "public pressure on the Court to impose a new expense regime involving increased fees and loss of Judges". 174 The respondent drew attention to the limited evidence relating to these two matters. As to the first, the Commonwealth Attorney-General had issued a statement which mentioned that the Instrument had been developed in consultation with the FCCA and relevant Commonwealth Departments. As to the second matter, the only evidence was a newspaper article which stated that the FCCA risked losing registries and at least six judges if people did not continue to pay more money to divorce their partners. 175 The respondent contended that these matters did not satisfy the relevant test for apprehended bias as recently summarised by the Court in ALA15 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2016] FCAFC 30 at [35]-[36]. The respondent adopted the analysis of the primary judge and also cited the observations in Waterhouse v Independent Commission Against Corruption [2015] NSWCA 300 at [19]. 176 The respondent submitted that the judgments in Ebner emphasised the requirement for a "logical connection" between the matters complained of and the perceived risk to adjudication to be identified. 177 In his reply, the appellant said that the issue of institutional integrity was one of increasing importance in the authorities and in this case that integrity had been compromised by conduct in ways that had not been explained by the respondent, except by a blanket rejection. 178 We turn to consider these submissions. 179 As a preliminary matter, no formal application for recusal was made to the primary judge in the FCCA in Mr Findlay's proceeding. Next, there is no foundation whatever in the evidence for this claim on either of the bases on which it was put, or on those bases considered together. Consultation with the FCCA in relation to the making of the Instrument under s 10AA prior to March 2015 was entirely unexceptionable and the reasonable bystander would know this. Nor was there anything to suggest that the primary judge was consulted or that he knew of the consultation. As to the alleged imposition by the Commonwealth of public pressure on the Court to impose a new expense regime involving increased fees and loss of judges, this also fails. There is no rational connection between any such alleged pressure and the application before the FCCA. There was nothing to suggest that the FCCA itself imposed increased fees. There is nothing relevant in Antoun v R [2006] HCA 2; 224 ALR 51 at [83] per Callinan J to which the appellant referred. Neither is there anything relevant in Re Colina; Ex parte Torney [1999] HCA 57; 200 CLR 386 especially at [139]-[142] per Callinan J, to which the appellant also referred. We reject the appellant's claim that the Commonwealth's alleged public intervention in the Court's affairs and governance directing its affairs gave the appearance of the possibility that the FCCA had been compromised.

The evidence of Mr Peter Robertson 180 As we have said, in the appellant's revised written submissions reference was made to the affidavits and other evidence of Mr Robertson, his evidence being common to the several appeals. The appellant submitted that the common issue was the issue of commercial need. The appellant submitted that he produced substantial material to demonstrate his competing needs for the future use of the land. It was also submitted that the further evidence to be read on the appeal was relevant to this issue. The appellant referred to the affidavit of Mr Anthony Green. The appellant submitted that, in not having regard to such issues and material, the primary judge erred. It was submitted that apart from the issue of the Commonwealth's need there was also the more important question of the needs of the appellant and the adverse local social and environmental effects with respect to the loss of his land. The appellant submitted that the evidence led by him "was relevant but its content and subject matter was [not] the subject of any or sufficient regard by the Judge". 181 The appellant also provided by way of submission many references to documents which were before the primary judge. 182 The respondent relied on the primary judge's acceptance of Mr Robertson's evidence and emphasised that the appellant's criticisms were largely undeveloped. The respondent submitted that it was open to the primary judge to conclude, as he did, that Mr Robertson had given his evidence truthfully, notwithstanding the cross-examination which, for the most part, was directed to the issue whether there were other persons in the Department with more knowledge of and responsibility for decision-making concerning the development of the site for an airport. The respondent noted the observation of the primary judge that the cross-examination did not assist the proceedings in any way. 183 In oral submissions, the respondent referred to that part of Mr Robertson's affidavit evidence as to the announcement on 15 April 2014 that land owned by the Commonwealth at Badgerys Creek would be the site for Western Sydney's airport and the Commonwealth had taken steps to progress the development of the proposed airport site. The respondent said that, according to Mr Robertson's affidavit, this had included a process of obtaining vacant possession of the site from the existing residential tenants of land owned by the Commonwealth. There followed Mr Robertson's description of the reasons why vacant possession was required; and, the respondent submitted, what Mr Robertson clearly identified was that there had been no decision as to any specific proposal for this airport, but a decision had been made that Badgerys Creek was to be the site of a second airport, subject to any specific decision about a particular proposal being made. The respondent submitted that the Commonwealth had commenced the necessary environmental impact studies and even that process was invasive since various engineering studies needed to be undertaken, involving drilling rigs and other machinery. The respondent submitted that Mr Robertson's evidence described in detail the process by which most of the dwellings on the site had been demolished, in order to vacate the site for its use as an airport site, and why, in particular, the process was inconsistent with continued occupancy by tenants. In order to make the site ready for use as part of the national infrastructure, the site needed to be vacant and available for that use, as the respondent and the particular Department, vested with the management of national infrastructure, were doing. The respondent submitted that the primary judge considered these matters in his judgment. The respondent said that there were also commercial arrangements which would affect any final decision to proceed with any particular proposal for the site. The respondent submitted, in answer to the appellant's submission that the primary judge erred in accepting Mr Robertson's statements regarding the construction and development of the airport and not considering the long history of uncertainty and the changing position of the Commonwealth with regard to the building of the airport, that extensive documents were submitted by the respondent supporting these delays, which were considered by the primary judge, and that issue was dealt with by Mr Robertson in his affidavit evidence. 184 We turn to consider these submissions. 185 In our opinion, the appellant's submissions proceed upon a misconception, not shared by the primary judge, of the basis on which the Commonwealth sought the termination order. The termination order was sought in respect of the premises which were intended to form part of an airport site to be declared for the purposes of the Airports Act 1996 (Cth). It was the preparation of that site which was the subject of Mr Robertson's evidence as to commercial need and as to why vacant possession was urgently required. In our opinion, the point is not whether the construction of the airport itself may be delayed or abandoned by a change in policy or by other considerations but whether, as things stand, the premises were urgently required for the preparation of the airport site. 186 In Mr Robertson's oral evidence the contractual relations with the Sydney Airport Group were described briefly. Mr Robertson said that the Commonwealth may make an offer to the market against which the owners of Sydney Airport Group had a right of first refusal. This, he said, was a term of the initial share sale agreement for Sydney Airport. Mr Robertson said that while consultation was currently underway and a final decision on the airport proposal had not been made, a clear site was necessary to allow for investigations of the site to inform any proposal that could be made to the Sydney Airport Group, or the market, or to be carried out by the Australian Government itself. He said that essential to any such proposal was the outcome of the environmental impact assessment process, geotechnical and engineering investigations, archaeological surveys, and other site interrogations. 187 In our opinion, whether and on what environmental terms the second airport may be built remains in the future. Thus, what may be the outcome of an environmental assessment was not a matter which the primary judge was required to evaluate further than he did. As we have indicated, the primary judge considered this material at [18] and following of the reasons for judgment in the present appeal under the heading "The first steps towards construction of an airport". The primary judge then summarised, at [35], the position in relation to the Sydney Airport Group under the heading "Preparation for development by a private sector operator". The primary judge then considered the circumstances affecting Mr Findlay and the unique circumstances affecting him. The primary judge addressed the statutory question, that is, whether he should make a termination order on the basis that he was satisfied that it was appropriate to do so in the circumstances of the case. 188 As to the many documents referred to in the appellant's written submissions, a reading of those documents, so far as they are in evidence, does not cast doubt on the treatment by the primary judge of the evidence of Mr Robertson as to the commercial need for and the urgency of the timing of possession of the premises. As we have said that evidence went to the preparation of the site intended to form part of an airport site to be declared for the purposes of the Airports Act.

The needs of the appellant 189 The appellant also submitted many references to documents as to his needs, and "the adverse local social and environmental effects with respect to the loss of [the] land". 190 Reference was made by the appellant to the evidence of Mr Azar, described by the primary judge as a registered real estate valuer. He gave evidence for the Commonwealth. The appellant submitted that the evidence of Mr Azar was seriously undermined in the evidence that the appellant brought, both as to availability and suitability of other accommodation, and that was not reflected in the reasons of the primary judge. In our opinion, the primary judge accepted, at [57], the evidence of Ms Leanne Uren that the properties used by Mr Azar as comparable to some of the other tenants' properties were, as at the date of the hearing, no longer available for lease. We also note that Ms Leanne Uren accepted that her table did not suggest that the agents she contacted did not have other properties available at the date of her inquiries. The primary judge considered Mr Azar's evidence at [53]-[54] and noted that Mr Azar had accepted that it would be very difficult for Mr Findlay to find an established rural property which would be suitable to cater for his disabilities without adaptive building work, but the primary judge appeared to accept Mr Azar's evidence that disabled access accommodation was readily available in newer, modern and medium density developments as part of the governing development codes. We do not accept that the primary judge failed to evaluate the competing evidence. In relation to the evidence of Mr Azar being seriously undermined, it appears that the point was that the properties to which he had referred in his original report were available in May 2015, at the time he did his research, but the position had changed by the date of his report in July 2015. 191 Reference was also made by the appellant to the affidavits of Ms Leanne Uren and of Ms Simone Fogarty and their cross-examination. It was submitted that this evidence was relevant "but its content and subject matter was [not] the subject of any or sufficient regard by the Judge." However this material was referred to at length by the primary judge at [55]-[72]. The primary judge accepted Ms Fogarty's evidence that more time would improve the tenants' chances of obtaining alternative accommodation. 192 In oral submissions, the appellant submitted the way in which the primary judge approached the question was to reason that he was not concerned with comparable properties but only with the more general question of whether some suitable alternative accommodation was reasonably available. The appellant submitted that that meant that the primary judge did not look at the particular circumstances relating to the properties, but asked a more general question which, the submission continued, did not look at all the circumstances of the case. The appellant also submitted that that approach did not accord with what Rolfe J had said in Swain where his Honour referred to, as a possible "circumstance" which may have to be taken into account, the necessity for any number of reasons for the tenant to live in a particular area, and the inability of the tenant to obtain other suitable accommodation, in which his Honour included accommodation in an area suitable for matters such as proximity to family, facilities or employment. So, it was submitted, the appropriateness was never really balanced from the point of view of the appellant on the evidence which he adduced before the court. 193 Rather than any specific attack on the fact-finding of the primary judge the thrust of the submission went to the exercise by the primary judge of his discretion under s 94 of the 2010 RTA in respect of which counsel for the appellant accepted that the principles in House v The King [1936] HCA 40; 55 CLR 499 at 504-505 applied. There, Dixon, Evatt and McTiernan JJ said: It is not enough that the judges composing the appellate court consider that, if they had been in the position of the primary judge, they would have taken a different course. It must appear that some error has been made in exercising the discretion. If the judge acts upon a wrong principle, if he allows extraneous or irrelevant matters to guide or affect him, if he mistakes the facts, if he does not take into account some material consideration, then his determination should be reviewed and the appellate court may exercise its own discretion in substitution for his if it has the materials for doing so. It may not appear how the primary judge has reached the result embodied in his order, but, if upon the facts it is unreasonable or plainly unjust, the appellate court may infer that in some way there has been a failure properly to exercise the discretion which the law reposes in the court of first instance. In such a case, although the nature of the error may not be discoverable, the exercise of the discretion is reviewed on the ground that a substantial wrong has in fact occurred. 194 In our opinion, the appellant has not made good this challenge to the exercise of the primary judge's discretion. 195 We reject the submission that the only matter, or the only real matter, which the primary judge had regard to in relation to the appellant's interest outweighing the general economic, political and social requirements of the Commonwealth, was the availability of suitable alternative accommodation. First, we do not accept that the Commonwealth's requirements are properly described as "general economic, political and social requirements". The Commonwealth wanted to recover possession of the premises to use the land for its own purposes for the preparation of the site for an airport. Secondly, in the exercise of the discretion under s 94 of the 2010 RTA the primary judge considered each of the matters on which the appellant relied. A major matter was the availability of suitable alternative accommodation. 196 We reject the submission that the primary judge did not look at the particular circumstances relating to the premises, but asked a more general question which did not look at all the circumstances of the case. 197 In our opinion, in respect of the submissions made in relation to Mr Robertson's evidence and in relation to the needs of the appellant, no appellable error has been shown in the primary judge's consideration of the evidence or in his consideration of the interests of the appellant and the interests of the respondent.

Appellant's submissions specific to this appeal summarised 198 In the outline of written submissions dated 28 March 2016 on behalf of Mr Findlay, he adopted what he described as "the general argument set out in the Submissions in each matter", which we assume is a reference to the written submissions dated 23 March 2016 dealing with common issues (which were then replaced by the document entitled "Revised written submissions of appellants' common issues" dated 6 April 2016). 199 The outline dated 28 March 2016 addressed what were described as "the particular findings and issues" raised in the reasons for judgment in Findlay. These submissions may be summarised as follows. 200 It was submitted that the primary judge erred in rejecting Mr Findlay's case for compensation on the basis of the primary judge's finding that this claim lacked details or particulars of loss or benefit to the Commonwealth, citing ICM Agriculture Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth [2009] HCA 51; 240 CLR 140 at [82] and [225]ff, and J T International SA v The Commonwealth of Australia [2012] HCA 43; 250 CLR 1 at [42] and [174]ff. 201 The appellant was also critical of the primary judge's reliance upon Mr Robertson's evidence concerning the Commonwealth's need for the land. He submitted that Mr Robertson's evidence was inadmissible as to form. 202 The appellant further submitted that the primary judge's conclusion which was arrived at after he weighed the circumstances of the Commonwealth and Mr Findlay was "flawed" for the reasons of principle referred to above, and in "Uren, Shirvington, Jelfs and the common arguments". We assume this is a reference to the contentions made in those and other appeals concerning the primary judge's construction and application of s 94 of the 2010 RTA. For convenience, the appellant's submissions made in Uren on this issue may be summarised as follows. 203 The appellant challenged the primary judge's construction and application of s 94 of the 2010 RTA. It was submitted that the primary judge applied the wrong test by purportedly adopting the test established by Rolfe J in Swain and in Swain on appeal and then applying that test to the Commonwealth law. 204 The appellant criticised the primary judge's approach on two grounds. First, he submitted that the primary judge erred in stating that the question of the determination of the date on which possession should be ordered or take effect attracted no explicit guidance in the 2010 RTA. He submitted that, while the combined effect of s 10AA(3)(c) of the FCCA Act and s 8(2) of the Instrument provides for a power in the FCCA to revoke or reduce the 90 day period which would otherwise apply, cl 8(2) adopts a test by reference to the concept of "such orders as [the FCCA] considers appropriate in relation to the day vacant possession of the premises is to be given to the landlord". Despite the tension which, it was submitted, exists between the concepts of "possession" and "vacant possession", the appellant submitted that was "explicit guidance" for the exercise of the discretion under s 94(1)(c) of the 2010 RTA. 205 The appellant also submitted that the primary judge's second error in construing and applying s 94 was to be found in his Honour's reference to "balancing the interests" of the parties, which he submitted was unsupported by any approach and caused the primary judge to emphasise the more weighty interests of the Commonwealth over those of the tenant. The appellant submitted that, rather than balancing interests, the correct test was first to find "all the circumstances" and then ask what was the appropriate order in those circumstances. Moreover, he submitted, there remained a residual discretion whether or not to make an order. The court could refuse to make a termination order or, if it decided to make such an order, it could do so with a relevant order for possession. 206 In carrying out the balancing exercise required by the test adopted by the primary judge, it was submitted by the appellant that the primary judge considered facts which were in common with other tenants, as well as facts which were peculiar to Mr Findlay's case. 207 In the former category were the facts relating to the urgency of the Commonwealth's need to clear the land. The appellant submitted that the primary judge's consideration of the Commonwealth's circumstances was based on his erroneous acceptance of Mr Robertson's evidence. The appellant submitted that the primary judge erred in accepting Mr Robertson's hearsay assertion about the "first right of refusal" of the present owners of Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport, Macquarie Airports, to lease, construct and manage an airport at Badgerys Creek. He said that the primary judge made no reference to Mr Findlay's pleaded case, which was that Macquarie Airports had no intention of exercising its "first right of refusal" for the foreseeable future. 208 The appellant also criticised the primary judge for paying "full regard" to the Commonwealth correspondence dated October and November 2014 despite his Honour's finding that parts of the correspondence were "surprising and misleading". 209 With specific reference to the balancing exercise conducted by the primary judge, the appellant submitted in his outline of submissions that insufficient weight was given to his special circumstances and ongoing needs. Mr Findlay was also critical of the primary judge for not conducting a view and observing him at his home, as requested by him. 210 The following additional matters were also given no or no sufficient regard by the primary judge in conducting the balancing exercise, the appellant submitted: (a) the fact that 20 years plus of continuous possession meant that under New South Wales law which applied to the matter Mr Findlay was more than a lessee and had a leasehold tenure in the nature of freehold (citing Wilson v Anderson [2002] HCA 29; 213 CLR 401; (b) the continued use, as distinct from possession, of the premises by Mr Findlay for that period was to be contrasted with the effect of having him vacate the land which would render the land waste like the "zombie" mortgage belt in the United States; (c) the safety of the premises because Mr Findlay had kept the land in "immaculate condition"; (d) reducing risks, such as fire, by having the land in possession rather than vacant; and (e) the environmental benefits of retaining lawful tenants in occupation. 211 The appellant summarised his case relating to the primary judge's determination of factual issues by reference to the following matters: (a) the primary judge adopted a test in exercise of his discretion which was most unfavourable to Mr Findlay's position; (b) the primary judge failed sufficiently to identify "all the circumstances" as required by s 94; (c) the primary judge did not conduct a fair and reasonable balancing exercise; (d) the primary judge did not ask himself with respect to either the termination or possession orders whether the result as expressed in his orders was appropriate; (e) the primary judge did not exercise a discretion with respect to the making of the orders; and (f) the primary judge made orders that did not reflect Pts 5 and 6 of the 2010 RTA. 212 In oral submissions, the appellant expanded upon the following matters in relation to his appeal. First, he submitted that in looking at what order was appropriate, the primary judge made reference to the 20-years plus residence of Mr Findlay but gave no, or no sufficient, emphasis, beyond a passing reference, to the fact that that possession had remained undisturbed over such a long period of time in which he had worked up the land and looked after it. Secondly, the appellant emphasised that the error of adopting a "balancing test" in applying s 94 rather than determining what was appropriate in all the circumstances of the case, was highlighted in a case such as this, which involved competing public and private interests, where there was likely to be an inclination to give more weight to public interests than to private interests. In doing so, the primary judge failed to direct himself to the correct statutory test. Thirdly, there was required to be separate consideration of the possession order, and in particular the date of the making of the possession order, which did not occur. Fourthly, the primary judge did not sufficiently identify or look at all the circumstances. The circumstances were submitted to be the length of tenure; keeping land productive and not wasting; maintaining the land; reduced fire risk; and protecting the land. Fifthly, in balancing, even on the test that he adopted, the primary judge did not conduct an appropriate balancing exercise. Sixthly, he did not ask himself, with respect to the termination order or the possession order, whether that result, as expressed in the orders, was appropriate: only one week was allowed for the termination of the agreement, and then, possession one week later. 213 On the issue of Mr Findlay's claim for compensation, the appellant drew attention to the fact that he had submitted invoices relating to the modifications he made to his home to accommodate his disability. He also emphasised that he was not required for cross-examination. 214 The appellant submitted that the primary judge gave insufficient weight to his detailed evidence concerning the accommodation needs of a disabled person. The appellant accepted that he needed to demonstrate that the primary judge's exercise of discretion miscarried in the sense established in House v The King [1936] HCA 40; 55 CLR 499 (House v King).

Respondent's submissions specific to this appeal summarised 215 As noted above, the respondent did not object to Mr Findlay relying upon the revised written submissions dated 6 April 2016. 216 On 8 April 2016, the respondent filed an outline of its written submissions on general common issues and issues specific to individual appeals. 217 The respondent identified the public purpose as "securing a site for Sydney's second airport". 218 The respondent acknowledged that the statutory environmental assessment process concerning the development of an airport at Badgerys Creek was still underway, however, substantial progress had been made in clearing the area (which had been declared as an "airport site" under the Airports Act by the Airports Legislation Amendment (2015) Measures No 1 Regulation 2015 (Cth)). As at 22 October 2015, 117 out of an estimated 163 tenants across the site had been vacated and 116 structures demolished. To further secure the site, roads were being progressively closed and municipal services reduced as the land was vacated. It was contended that the site was being cleared not only to permit swift development once the environmental assessment process was completed, but also to remove impediments to the environmental and engineering investigative work which was relevant to the design and assessment of the environmental impact of the airport proposal. Reference was made to the affidavit of Peter Robertson affirmed 30 March 2015, at [13]. 219 The respondent emphasised that, in all but two cases, the appellants had entered into written tenancy agreements as defined by s 13 of the 2010 RTA. Apart from these two cases, each of the tenancy agreements and licences contained an acknowledgement on the part of the tenants that the land in question was intended to be used for the proposed airport. In circumstances where each of the original tenancy agreements and licences had expired, they continued under s 18 of the 2010 RTA as periodic agreements on the same terms as applied immediately before the end of the fixed term. 220 The respondent submitted in relation to "long term tenancies", no notice was required before applying to the appropriate tribunal for an order: s 94(2) of the 2010 RTA. Upon application, a termination order was to be made "if the Tribunal is satisfied that it was appropriate to do so in the circumstances of the case". The primary judge expressly acknowledged "the requirement for that discretionary factor" in his judgments, for example, Rigney at [118]-[119] and [139]. 221 It is convenient to summarise the Commonwealth's submissions on common issues specific to this appeal other than those we have already dealt with above.

Weighing of competing considerations 222 The respondent contended that, to succeed in challenging the primary judge's exercise of discretion, the appellants needed to establish a reviewable error in the sense of House v The King. It was insufficient that the appeal court might reach a different conclusion and if the matter boiled down to one of different views regarding the weight to be given to relevant items no reviewable error was established (referring to Gronow v Gronow [1979] HCA 63; 144 CLR 513 at 519 per Stephen J, at 525 per Mason and Wilson JJ and at 534 per Aickin J). 223 The respondent also rejected any contention by the appellant that the primary judge failed to address whether it was "appropriate" to make either a termination or a possession order having regard to his reasons for judgment stating that he was satisfied that it was appropriate to make a termination order and that the effective date for vacant possession was 90 days from the date of judgment. This resulted in an order being made that vacant possession be suspended until 10 March 2016.

Date of termination order 224 As to Mr Findlay's contention in ground 7 of the amended notice of appeal that the primary judge erred in ordering termination forthwith and vacant possession on or before 18 December 2015, the respondent contended that this incorrectly recorded the orders made by the primary judge. These orders included that vacant possession be given on or before 18 December 2015, but that the order for vacant possession be suspended until 10 March 2016. The respondent contended that the orders were lawfully made, having regard to the definition of "termination order" in s 80 of the 2010 RTA where it was defined to mean "an order terminating a residential tenancy agreement together with an order for possession of the residential premises". 225 In the table annexed to the respondent's written submissions the following matters were the subject of submissions in relation to Mr Findlay's appeal. (a) As to the submission that 20 years plus of continuous possession meant that the appellant was more than a lessee, the respondent submitted that this was not advanced below; the law of New South Wales did not regard a 20 year residential tenancy as in the nature of freehold; and Wilson v Anderson related to a "lease in perpetuity" and had no application. (b) As to the submission that the land would be made waste, the respondent submitted that there was no evidence led below nor any submission made as to any risk of the land becoming a "zombie mortgage belt". The primary judge reasonably accepted the evidence called by the respondent that the land the subject of the tenancy was needed urgently for the purpose of progressing the declared airport site. (c) As to the safety of the premises and the land being kept in immaculate condition and as to the reduction of fire risks, the respondent submitted that this was not advanced below and there was no evidence adduced below that the land was "environmentally significant". (d) As to environmental care being an important consideration, the respondent submitted that the primary judge accepted Peter Robertson's evidence about the dangers presented to tenants remaining on-site due to the decline in residential amenity and safety as vacant houses were demolished, and noise and disturbance caused by machinery. (e) As to the submission that the primary judge adopted a test which was an approach to the exercise of his discretion which was the most unfavourable to the appellant's position, the respondent submitted that the statutory determination required by s 94 was made by the primary judge in accordance with that section, and particularly the primary judge properly identified whether the statutory prerequisites existed for his exercise of the power, and the discretion was discharged taking into account relevant matters. (f) As to the submission that the primary judge did not sufficiently identify "all the circumstances" as required by s 94, the Commonwealth submitted the primary judge properly had regard to all of the material that was admissibly adduced before him that had relevance to the statutory determination required to be made under s 94. (g) As to the submission that the primary judge did not ask himself with respect to either the termination order or the possession order whether the results expressed in his orders were appropriate, the respondent submitted that the primary judge did consider, and was satisfied, reasonably, that it was appropriate to make a termination order and set an effective date for vacant possession in Mr Findlay's case, of 90 days. (h) As to the submissions that the primary judge did not conduct a fair and reasonable balancing exercise and made orders that did not reflect Pts 5 and 6 of the 2010 RTA, the respondent submitted that the appellant's submissions were too vague to answer meaningfully. 226 The respondent's submissions in respect of matters arising in Mr Findlay's case which were not common with other appeals may be summarised as follows. 227 First, the respondent contended that that aspect of Mr Findlay's case which was based on a claim that the primary judge had rejected his claim for compensation because he had not provided particulars or evidence of losses did not accurately reflect the primary judge's relevant finding at [5.f]. The respondent acknowledged that a submission had been made below on behalf of Mr Findlay that termination of his tenancy agreement involved an acquisition of property without compensation. It was in that context that the primary judge found that there was no evidence that the works carried out by Mr Findlay had delivered any increase in value to the Commonwealth as landlord so as to constitute an acquisition of property. The respondent defended that finding. 228 Secondly, in response to the submissions by Mr Findlay that the court did not have sufficient regard to various matters in determining whether it was appropriate to make a termination order, the respondent defended the primary judge's findings as reflecting a comprehensive review of the relevant discretionary factors.

Consideration 229 We have considered some of these grounds above, in relation to the expert evidence and the evidence of Mr Azar. We do not repeat what we have there written. 230 We turn to consider the remaining issues. 231 It may be recalled that the primary judge said, in his reasons for judgment in this matter at [76]-[77], that in the circumstances to which he referred, he considered that it was appropriate that the residential tenancy agreement be terminated and that there be an order for vacant possession which was to take effect 90 days from the date of judgment. He therefore ordered, by orders made on 11 December 2015, that the residential tenancy agreement be terminated forthwith; vacant possession of the premises be given to the applicant Commonwealth on or before 18 December 2015; and that the order for vacant possession be suspended until 10 March 2016. 232 We do not accept the appellant's submission that the primary judge was required to give "separate" consideration to the determination of the day on which vacant possession was to be given. The primary judge recognised that there was a discretion to make the termination order and a discretion to determine the day on which vacant possession was to be given. The form of the orders demonstrates this recognition. So also does what the primary judge said at [15], repeating what he had said in Rigney, at [140], which we have set out at [28] above. 233 We also do not accept the appellant's submission that this part of the reasons of the primary judge disclosed a further error in stating that there was "no explicit guidance in the Tenancies Act as to the date on which possession should be ordered" in light of, as we would read it, the operation of s 8(2) of the Instrument. If s 94(4) of the 2010 RTA had applied, the explicit guidance would have been (in the present case of continual possession for a period of 20 years or more) that vacant possession must not be ordered to be given earlier than 90 days after the order is made. 234 In oral submissions attention was given to the form of the order made by the primary judge that vacant possession be given on or before 18 December 2015 but that the order for vacant possession be suspended until 10 March 2016. The appellant submitted that this form of order disclosed error. In our opinion, the primary judge was applying s 83 of the 2010 RTA, that is, making an order for possession of the residential premises and specifying the day on which the order was to take effect. So much is clear from Rigney at [140]. In our opinion, the words in s 83(1) "specifying the day on which the order takes or took effect" refer to the order for possession. Also, the definition of "termination order" in s 80 of the 2010 RTA stated that it meant an order terminating a residential tenancy agreement together with an order for possession of the residential premises. The primary judge was making clear that the order for possession was not to take effect on the same day as the order terminating the residential tenancy agreement. We also note that under s 85 of the FCCA Act it was provided that the Rules of Court may make provision for or in relation to the stay of proceedings under judgments of the FCCA. By r 29.04 of the Federal Circuit Court Rules 2001 (Cth) a party bound by a judgment or order may apply to the court for an order that the judgment or order be stayed and by r 29.12 a party may apply to the court for a stay of execution of the judgment or order. It is also relevant that s 8(2) of the Instrument provided that, when making a termination order, the court may make such orders as it considers appropriate in relation to the day vacant possession of the premises is to be given to the landlord. In our opinion, there was ample power available to the primary judge to make the order for vacant possession in the terms he did. 235 The appellant submitted, first, that no reasons were given as to why a different suspension period was made with respect to different appellants. Secondly, the appellant submitted that the consideration about desirability, as distinct from appropriateness, as to the making of the order at all gave rise to a confusion which led to an injustice to the appellants because the considerations that led to a suspension for the three different periods that the primary judge used, being 60 days or 75 days or 90 days, should have been taken into account at the level as to whether or not it was appropriate to make an order at all. In other words, it was submitted, the primary judge pushed back the issue of what was appropriate to particular cases and dealt with it under the issue of suspension and desirability of making such an order, rather than looking at it from the point of view of the appellants at the level of appropriateness, so that it was an error in the application of the two different tests. (We took this to be a reference to s 94 on the one hand and s 114 on the other. However the reason for judgment of the primary judge did not refer to s 114 at all). 236 We reject these submissions. The primary judge was in each case exercising his discretion and doing so by reference to the statutory language. In our opinion, it is not a ground of criticism that the exercise of discretion led to three categories of periods of suspension of the orders. No separate reasons explaining the three categories needed to be given as in each case the orders flowed from the prior fact-finding and reasoning. The primary judge was posing the question whether it was appropriate that the tenancy agreement in each case be terminated; whether it was appropriate that there be an order for vacant possession; and the appropriate date at which that order should take effect. In our opinion, there was no failure on the part of the primary judge to consider the appropriateness of making an order at all. 237 It is also convenient to note here that we reject the submission put by the appellant that the primary judge had allowed only two weeks, after 20 years, for Mr Findlay to give up possession. In fact, the effect of the orders of the primary judge was to give 90 days from the date the order was made. 238 As to the reference to the purported balancing test applied, the primary judge said at [65], with reference to the availability of suitable premises in the market for relocation: The question to which this evidence is directed is not whether identical or comparable properties are available but rather, whether there is some suitable alternative accommodation that is reasonably available. I do not mean to state the question in a concrete way so as to substitute what is a broad discretion for some narrower, potentially stricter, test. However, framed in that way, the question captures, in my view, more accurately the balance that is sought to be struck between the interests of the landlord and those of the tenant. That aim has not gone so far as to require the eradication of any difficulty or hardship that might be suffered by a tenant who must leave a property after a long occupation. Nor does it require an order that ensures that the tenant is able to live in near identical circumstances as those to which he or she has become accustomed. 239 In our opinion, read in context, no error is disclosed by this use of language. The primary judge specifically referred to the broad discretion under s 94 of the 2010 RTA. Also in Swain on appeal, Meagher JA, with whom Priestley and Cole JJA agreed, after referring to what the words "circumstances of the case" meant in the then s 64, said at 456, "I think it can be fairly stated that the Act is intended to balance the rights of landlords and tenants." In our opinion, the appellant's submissions sought to take the word "balance" out of context when it is clear that that was not the test that was applied by the primary judge and, speaking generally, it is correct to say that the legislation does seek to strike a balance between the interests of the landlord and those of the tenant. 240 We see no error in the manner in which the primary judge took into account the correspondence between the Commonwealth, or its agents, and the appellant. His Honour set out the correspondence at some length in his consideration of the circumstances affecting the appellant from [39] and following of the reasons for judgment, especially at [43]-[47]. The correspondence was taken into account by the primary judge in the exercise of his discretion: see [39] of the reasons. 241 We see no significance and no error in the manner in which the primary judge considered the right of first refusal in relation to the construction of the airport. At [34] of the reasons for judgment, the primary judge accepted the evidence of Mr Robertson and found that a clear site was necessary to allow for investigations of the site to inform any proposal that could be made to the Sydney Airport Group, or the market, or to be carried out by the government itself. We refer to, but do not repeat, what we have already said about this above. 242 We reject as untenable the submission that the effect of s 94 of the 2010 RTA meant that in the eyes of the law in New South Wales, the appellants were more than lessees, and had a leasehold tenure in the nature of freehold. The statute does not have that effect. We see no force in the appellant's reference to Wilson v Anderson which concerned a "lease in perpetuity" granted by the Crown under s 23 of the Western Lands Act 1901 (NSW). 243 We reject the submission that the primary judge did not take into account the continued use of the premises by the appellant for more than 20 years. The primary judge was well aware of the use of the premises, having considered it at [15], and because use of the land went hand in hand with possession. Since the Commonwealth proposed to use the land it would not make the land waste. 244 The other submissions put by the appellant about the safety of the premises, reducing fire risk and enhancing environmental care of the land show no error on the part of the primary judge in light of the proposal by the Commonwealth to prepare the land for use as an airport site. At [23] and [34] of his reasons for judgment, the primary judge accepted the evidence of Mr Robertson as to the incompatibility of continued residential accommodation and the ongoing investigation and demolition works both in terms of cost and delay impacts on the work at the site and the residential amenity and safety. It was open to him to do so. 245 Further to our reasoning above on the correctness of the primary judge's approach to s 94, we reject the appellant's submissions that the primary judge adopted a test embodying an approach to the exercise of his discretion under s 94 that was the most unfavourable to the appellant's position and that the primary judge did not sufficiently identify "all the circumstances" as required by s 94. We also reject the submissions that the primary judge did not conduct a fair and reasonable balancing exercise and did not ask himself, with respect to either the termination or possession orders, whether the result as expressed in his orders was appropriate. We also reject the submissions that the primary judge did not exercise a discretion with respect to the making of the orders; and made orders which did not reflect Pts 5 and 6 of the 2010 RTA. Each of these submissions is inconsistent with the terms of the primary judge's reasons for judgment.

Other grounds in the amended notice of appeal 246 As to ground 9 in the amended notice of appeal, that the primary judge erred in not recusing himself where he had heard other cases, this ground was not pressed. We have considered and rejected above the claim of so-called institutional bias. 247 As to ground 11 in the amended notice of appeal, in relation to expert evidence, this centres on the claim concerning the availability of suitable alternative accommodation. The primary judge considered the evidence of Ms Fogarty throughout paragraphs [55]-[72] and in our opinion evaluated that evidence giving reasons for concluding that she was not a convincing witness but that she did make a number of reasonable points which the primary judge then considered. In our opinion, the claim that the primary judge did not have regard to the expert evidence must fail. Insofar as the ground claims that the primary judge did not have sufficient regard to that evidence, in our opinion, it also fails in light of the detailed consideration the primary judge gave to it. We see no appellable error in the primary judge's approach to the evidence. 248 As to ground 12, concerning the Commonwealth's urgent need for vacant possession, we have considered the evidence of Mr Robertson at [180] and following above. As we have there stated, there was no error in the primary judge accepting that evidence. We reject the submission that there was no real evidence to support the Commonwealth's claim in that respect. It follows that there was evidence to take into account as against the evidence of the appellant in this respect. This ground therefore fails. We have also concluded above that there was no error in the primary judge evaluating the competing evidence as he did. 249 Grounds 13 and 14 centre on the claimed long history of uncertainty and the changing position of the Commonwealth with regard to the building or not building of the airport at Badgerys Creek and the claimed reasonable belief on the part of the appellant that since December 2000 he really believed that Badgerys Creek was not being considered as a site for the airport. 250 As to the first of these matters, ground 13, in our opinion it was open to the primary judge to accept Mr Robertson's statements as to the airport site without rehearsing the history of decision-making about whether or not the second airport at Badgerys Creek would proceed. As we have said at [185] above, the basis on which the Commonwealth sought the termination order was in respect of the premises which were intended to form part of an airport site to be declared for the purposes of the Airports Act. It was the preparation of that site which was the subject of Mr Robertson's evidence as to commercial need and as to why vacant possession was urgently required. Further, in our opinion, it was not necessary for the primary judge, in the exercise of his discretion under s 94 of the 2010 RTA to take into account the documents submitted by the appellant in relation to the history of decision-making. In any event, we note that, at [18] of his reasons for judgment, the primary judge referred to the Commonwealth undertaking in the late 1980s and 1990s a land acquisition program in the Badgerys Creek area to acquire and reserve the land needed for an airport in Western Sydney and that the acquisition program resulted in the acquisition by the Commonwealth of a large number of individual titles in the suburbs of Badgerys Creek, Luddenham and Greendale. 251 As to the second of these matters, ground 14, that the appellant believed that Badgerys Creek was not being considered as a site for the airport, we do not see this as having a foundation in the evidence. Objectively, the residential tenancy agreement in respect of the premises was entered into on 1 March 2004, expiring on 28 February 2005, and containing cl 53 which we have set out at [3] above. We reject any submission that because the lessor did not plead that express provision for termination that it was legally irrelevant to rely upon it in evidence. As the primary judge pointed out at [5] of his reasons for decision, the application to that Court was not a pleading.

The application to adduce further evidence on appeal 252 On this appeal the appellant sought to adduce the following further evidence:

1. Affidavit of Mr Maurice Findlay dated 12 January 2016;
2. Affidavit of Ms Sandra Uren dated 6 March 2016;
3. Further affidavit of Ms Sandra Uren dated 6 March 2016;
4. Affidavit of Dr Anthony Green dated 9 March 2016;
5. Affidavit of Mr Kingsley Liu dated 1 February 2016;
6. Affidavit of Mr Kingsley Liu dated 9 March 2016. 253 Section 27 of the Federal Court of Australia Act provides, so far as relevant, that in an appeal, the Court shall have regard to the evidence given in the proceedings from which the appeal arose, and has power in its discretion, to receive further evidence. 254 The principles to be applied were considered in August v Commissioner of Taxation [2013] FCAFC 85 at [116] and [119] as follows: [116] The Court's power to receive further evidence is contained in s 27 of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth). The authorities make it clear that in exercising the discretion the Court is not constrained by the factors relevant at common law as enunciated in Orr v Holmes and Another [1948] HCA 16; (1948) 76 CLR 632 and Council of the City of Greater Wollongong v Cowan [1955] HCA 16; (1955) 93 CLR 435. That is not to say that the common law factors are not relevant, only that they are not the only relevant factors. In many cases it would be most material to consider whether the evidence could have been called at trial and, if it could have been, the reasons it was not, and the extent to which the further evidence had the ability to affect the result. … [119] In addition to the above matters, it should be noted that it is well-established by the authorities that the power in s 27 of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) and equivalent sections in other Acts is a remedial power and that an important consideration in terms of the exercise of the power is whether the further evidence would have produced a different result had it been available at the trial or, at least, was likely to have produced a different result: CDJ v VAJ; Sharp v Rangott [2008] FCAFC 45; (2008) 167 FCR 225 at 228-229 [8] per Gray and North JJ; at 248 [92] per Besanko J. 255 In CDJ v VAJ [1998] HCA 67; 197 CLR 172, McHugh, Gummow and Callinan JJ said, at 202: … it is highly unlikely that Parliament in conferring jurisdiction on the Full Court to hear appeals intended that s 93A(2) should be construed in a way that would have the practical effect of obliterating the distinction between original and appellate jurisdiction. Nor can the availability of further evidence relevant to the issues in the appeal be treated as equivalent to a ground of appeal, proof of which prima facie entitles the appellant to a new trial. The power to admit the further evidence exists to serve the demands of justice. Ordinarily, where it is alleged that the admission of new evidence requires a new trial, justice will not be served unless the Full Court is satisfied that the further evidence would have produced a different result if it had been available at the trial. Without that condition being satisfied, it could seldom, if ever, be in the interests of justice to deprive the respondent of the benefit of the orders made by the trial judge and put that person to the expense, inconvenience and worry of a new trial. 256 In light of these principles, we turn to consider the six affidavits listed above.

Affidavit of Mr Maurice Findlay dated 12 January 2016 257 We shall assume that this affidavit was sought to be read in the appeal. It was contained in a list of the affidavits on which the appellant relied dated 12 April 2016 which the Court directed the appellant to file. 258 In our opinion, the affidavit refers to nothing relevant to this appeal and, on the assumption we have made, we reject it.

Affidavit of Ms Sandra Uren dated 6 March 2016 259 The appellant sought leave to rely upon this affidavit in his appeal. The respondent notified objections to it on 18 March 2016. 260 This affidavit is of nine paragraphs. In this affidavit Ms Sandra Uren sought to annex a document entitled "Western Sydney Infrastructure Plan - Consultation Report" which stated that construction of the Northern Road Upgrade Stage 4 may start in late 2017. Ms Uren then sought to depose to various telephone conversations she had had with New South Wales departmental officers with responsibility for the upgrade and the interrelationship between the stage 4 roadworks and the possible construction of an airport at Badgerys Creek. Ms Uren sought to depose that whenever either the NSW Roads and Maritime Services or the Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development sought access to her premises, she always gave access and cooperated. 261 We accept that, with the exception of paragraph 9, this material would not have been available at the time of the hearing before the primary judge. 262 However, we reject paragraphs 4 and 5 as having an insufficient relevance to the matters at issue in the appeal. We are not satisfied that this further evidence would have produced a different result if it had been available at the trial. We reject paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 as hearsay. We reject paragraph 9 since evidence of Ms Uren's cooperation is irrelevant to Mr Findlay's appeal. In the result we reject the entirety of the affidavit including the formal paragraphs 1 and 2.

Further affidavit of Ms Sandra Uren dated 6 March 2016 263 Ms Uren swore a further affidavit dated 6 March 2016 and the appellant sought leave to rely upon it in his appeal. The respondent notified objections to it on 18 March 2016. This affidavit is of 10 paragraphs. 264 In paragraph 5, Ms Uren sought to give evidence about what she said were deficiencies of the Western Sydney Airport Draft Environmental Impact Statement released October 2015 and sought to attach a transcript of the speech in Parliament by a Senator to establish this proposition. The first sentence of this paragraph we reject as hearsay. The second sentence we also reject as hearsay and because its tender, or reception into evidence, is contrary to s 16 of the Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987 (Cth). Further, we are not satisfied that this further evidence would have produced a different result if it had been available at the trial. 265 In paragraph 6, Ms Uren sought to annex part of a copy of a Peer Review dated 25 November 2015 of the Western Sydney Airport Draft Environmental Impact Statement conducted, it appears, by an entity engaged by Western Sydney Regional Organisation of Councils and MacArthur Regional Organisation of Councils. We accept that the document was not available at the time of the hearing before the primary judge. Nevertheless, we reject this paragraph. There is nothing to suggest that the Peer Review, or its contents, go to any issue in the appeal. It is not explained how it is said to be relevant to the evidence given by Mr Peter Robertson as to the need for urgency. We are not satisfied that this further evidence would have produced a different result if it had been available at the trial. 266 In paragraph 7, Ms Uren sought to annex a copy of part of the Sydney Airport, Half Year Results 2015 and extracts from the Sydney Airport Financial Report dated December 2015 and a Sydney Airport Financial Report which Ms Uren sought to say showed "the delay in issuing Sydney Airport the Notice of Intention". We reject this material. We do not consider that the material sought to be annexed bears the meaning sought to be attributed to it. We are not satisfied that this further evidence would have produced a different result if it had been available at the trial. 267 In paragraph 8, Ms Uren sought to state that, as a low-income earner, she had great difficulty finding alternate affordable accommodation and sought to annex a report by the New South Wales Parliamentary Research Service dated September 2015 and entitled "Affordable rental housing: the problem and its causes." We would reject this paragraph. In the first sentence, Ms Uren gives very general evidence in conclusory form, which is not relevant to Mr Findlay's appeal. As to the paper sought to be annexed, it too is in a general form. It does not go to the specific position of Ms Uren, nor of Mr Findlay. We are not satisfied that this further evidence would have produced a different result if it had been available at the trial. 268 In paragraph 9, Ms Uren sought to give evidence as to a factor taken into account by UNESCO, in 1999, in considering the World Heritage Listing for the Greater Blue Mountains Area. We reject this paragraph. This material, if relevant, could have been tendered before the primary judge. Secondly, Ms Uren sought to give hearsay evidence. Thirdly, the Annexures do not appear to contain the material which Ms Uren sought to give evidence about. Fourthly, we are not satisfied that this further evidence would have produced a different result if it had been available at the trial. 269 In paragraph 10, Ms Uren sought to annex a media release by a Senator. We reject that paragraph as hearsay. Further, we are not satisfied that this further evidence would have produced a different result if it had been available at the trial. 270 In summary we reject the entirety of the affidavit, including the formal parts in paragraphs 1 to 4.

Affidavit of Dr Anthony Green dated 9 March 2016 271 The respondent notified objections to this affidavit on 18 March 2016. Those objections were that the expert evidence was inappropriate for an appeal; the material was either not relevant or, if it was, it could have been adduced before the primary judge; and queried the expertise of the deponent. The appellant submitted that the draft EIS was not released until 18 October 2015 and that the material was relevant to the Commonwealth's asserted need for urgency and, it was submitted, the local council's diminished support for the airport project. The appellant submitted that Dr Green's curriculum vitae should be sufficient to establish his expertise. 272 Although, at paragraph 5, Dr Green stated that he has limited his observations to facts and matters arising after or affected by events occurring after August 2015, we do not accept that this is so. For example, many paragraphs were directed to what were described as deficiencies in establishing the need to build an airport at Badgerys Creek. Dr Green purported to say: "The decisions arrived at are therefore invalid and flawed" in paragraph 9. To that extent this material would have been available to the appellant at the hearing before the primary judge and there was no evidence explaining why it was not. 273 More importantly, it is not shown that Dr Green's opinions as expressed in his affidavit, which involved a statement of opinion in paragraph 39 as to what was or was not "in the economic or societal interest of Australians" were founded in his expertise. Thus, a criterion for the admissibility of an expert report is not met. 274 Indeed, it is not at all clear that the matters that he was asked to consider, whether the EIS was severely flawed and whether these deficiencies affected the timescale for future planning in the area, fall within his expertise at all. Dr Green's curriculum vitae stated that his research covered a broad spectrum of problems that were relevant to the assessment and control of catastrophic risks, particularly fire and explosion phenomenon, and terrorism in industry and major infrastructure. Nevertheless, the material set out in his affidavit was focused on matters of economics; the choosing of an airport location; the assessment of combining an existing airport with high-speed rail as an alternative; and then turns to what is said to be ten "critical infrastructures" where the airport introduces risks. Dr Green's affidavit then concludes at paragraph 37 that "the airport should be built if it is to be built at all outside the Sydney Basin and connected by High Speed rail to Western Sydney and Central Sydney. This can include extension of Canberra Airport rather than new airport Infrastructure at Badgerys Creek." Dr Green then stated that the need for a new airport before 2040 in any event "has not been established if high-speed rail transport is included as part of Eastern Australia infrastructure development". Thus, it is not plain that, although there are references to what Dr Green described as the "draft airport plan and EIS", his conclusions were founded in the questions he was asked to address. To that extent, as we have said, the material would have been available to the appellant at the hearing before the primary judge and there was no evidence explaining why it was not then sought to be adduced. 275 Lastly, we are not satisfied that this further evidence would have produced a different result if it had been available at the trial. 276 We reject this affidavit.

Affidavit of Mr Kingsley Liu dated 1 February 2016 277 We shall assume that this affidavit was sought to be read in the appeal. It was contained in a list of the affidavits on which the appellant relied dated 12 April 2016 which the Court directed the appellant to file. 278 In our opinion, the affidavit referred to nothing relevant to this appeal and, on the assumption we have made, we reject it. It appears to go only to interlocutory questions.

Affidavit of Mr Kingsley Liu dated 9 March 2016 279 The respondent notified objections to this affidavit on 18 March 2016. 280 The affidavit was in terms formal and, so far as relevant, did no more than identify the affidavits sought to be read, stating: "The evidence to be adduced was not submitted in the Court appealed from as it was not then available, or not then relevant." We admit only those parts of this affidavit. We give that general statement little weight.

Compensation 281 As we have said at [171] above, s 187(1)(d) of the 2010 RTA provided that the State Tribunal may make an order as to compensation. By s 7 of the Instrument this provision was to be applied in determining a Commonwealth tenancy dispute involving land in New South Wales. 282 In his Response dated 13 May 2015 in the FCCA, Mr Findlay "[cross claimed] for the uncompensated losses he had incurred in breach of the contract he has with [sic] Applicant in relation to the land, and will provide particulars of losses". Accordingly, he did make a claim in the FCCA for "uncompensated losses". In his affidavit dated 12 May 2015, Mr Findlay deposed that he had made approved modifications to his residence to accommodate his disability and that they cost him $25,000. He said that although these modifications were approved by the real estate agent, he had to pay for them himself. Further, in Mr Findlay's affidavit dated 26 May 2015 there was attached a copy of a builder's quotation for the improvements and Mr Findlay said that the cost of the work paid by him was $22,470 and it was done in 2010. He said that the real estate agent inspected and approved the work. He described the improvements to his bathroom and the installation of wheelchair accessible ramps. He estimated that at today's prices it would cost a minimum of $25,000 to modify new accommodation to deal with his disabilities. We also note the claim made in the affidavit of Mr Findlay sworn 19 July 2015 at [25] for the amount of $36,188.16 at today's rates, being a calculation based on the contract for bathroom modifications dated July 2010 in the sum of $22,470 with the higher sum being calculated at a compound interest rate of 10% for a period of five years. He further deposed at [9] that his modifications had increased the value of the property. 283 In our opinion, therefore, the question of compensation for improvements to the premises was sufficiently raised and the primary judge was in error in not dealing with this claim for which there was some evidence. Mr Findlay's application for compensation in the nature of reimbursement remains to be determined. The matter was not the subject of detailed submissions before this Court as the claims were put largely by reference to s 51(xxxi) of the Constitution as appears to have been the case at first instance. 284 It may be that the terms of the residential tenancy agreement, particularly cl 14 and cl 53, are relevant to or determinative of this issue. But we were not addressed about the effect, if any, of those clauses. Nor were we taken to any other evidence which may be relevant. In those circumstances, this Court should not seek to determine for itself whether the claim by Mr Findlay for compensation should succeed and, if so, in what amount. 285 We would remit this aspect of Mr Findlay's matter to the FCCA for determination.

Conclusion 286 The appeal should be allowed to the extent necessary to remit to the FCCA the question of compensation for Mr Findlay's expenditure. The orders terminating the tenancy agreement and giving possession are not affected. There should be some recognition of the appellant's limited success in the costs order. We therefore consider that the appellant should pay 90% of the respondent's costs, as agreed or taxed. If either party seeks a variation of that costs order that party may give written notice to the Court and the other party within five business days. I certify that the preceding two hundred and eighty-six (286) numbered paragraphs are a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Kenny, Robertson and Griffiths.