Oskouie v Maddox

Publications

1. The defamatory publications, identified in the Statement of Claim consist of a website (www.miladoskouie.com, hereinafter "the Website") and emails sent to customers and prospective customers of the Company in late June/early July 2016, 16 February 2017, 17 February 2017, 19 February 2017 and 25 February 2017. The content of each of those emails is before the Court.
2. Further, except for the first email in late June/early July 2016, each of the emails includes a link to the Website. The Website was launched on about 16 February 2017. Since its inception, it has altered in content and has updated information about the plaintiff.

Imputations

1. The imputations pleaded from the late June/early July 2016 email include: 1. that the plaintiff is a hacker; 2. that the plaintiff had illegally accessed the Company's email lists; and 3. that the plaintiff is a fraudulent person.
2. The Court has read the late June/early July 2016 email and accepts that each of the pleaded imputations arises from the email, hereinafter referred to as "the first impugned publication".
3. The email of 16 February 2017 is also before the Court. It refers to emails sent by the plaintiff, who is described as an "Islamic Hacker" in the email and named. It also describes him as "this international criminal". The email of 16 February 2017 will hereinafter be referred to as "the second impugned publication".
4. The third impugned publication is another website available when one follows the link in the second impugned publication, being a website in the name of www.miladoskouie.com. This third impugned publication is available if one follows the link to the name Milad Oskouie or if one follows the link to the word or address "Australianhacker.com" in the second impugned publication.
5. The third impugned publication has a colour facial photograph of the plaintiff. The defendant published this third impugned publication. The third impugned publication contains subsequent links using certain keywords such as "See Here"; "Example"; and "Click Here".
6. If one were to follow the link on the word "Click Here", which is found immediately adjacent to the words "Australian Police Report", it would take the reader to a document that appears to be a statement from the defendant to the NSW Police dated 26 September 2016. The defendant has not provided any such statement to NSW Police, on the material before the Court.
7. The document found by following the link is not dated, not signed and not witnessed. This statement is to be referred to as "the fourth impugned publication".
8. The imputations from the second, third and fourth impugned publications, giving them their ordinary and natural meaning, are: 1. that the plaintiff is sending spam emails to the Company and its customers; 2. that the plaintiff is a hacker; 3. that the plaintiff is a criminal; 4. that the plaintiff illegally altered official firearms documents; 5. that the plaintiff is a fraudulent person; 6. the plaintiff has not told the truth when he claimed to be a lawyer; 7. the plaintiff falsely claimed to be a lawyer; and 8. that the plaintiff falsely claimed to have attended law school.
9. On 17 February 2017, the defendant published a further email to the Company's customers and prospective customers concerning the plaintiff, hereinafter "the fifth impugned publication". This email was identical in content to the first impugned publication and conveys the same imputations, but includes the further link to the Website, www.miladoskouie.com. These are respectively the sixth and seventh impugned publications.
10. On 19 February 2017, the defendant published a further email with the subject line "Islamic Hacker alerts getting spam …". This was published to the Company's friends and it was published of and concerning the plaintiff and, once more, had imputations in or to the same effect, being a publication with the same or similar content, as the second impugned publication. This email of 19 February 2017 will hereafter be referred to as "the eighth impugned publication".
11. On 25 February 2017, the defendant published another email with the same or similar subject line and the same or similar content. Hereinafter that will be "the eleventh impugned publication". There are fourteen impugned publications.

Requests to Cease and Desist Publications

1. On 10 July 2016, the plaintiff's legal representatives wrote to the defendant's legal representatives in Australia seeking that the defendant cease and desist from publishing the defamatory material to which the Court has already referred. The defendant has not complied with that request.
2. On 28 October 2016, the plaintiff's legal representatives wrote to the defendant's legal representatives in the United States of America, with a similar request. Again, the defendant has failed to comply with the request. The Website, www.miladoskouie.com, was still operational at the time of hearing and had been operational from its inception, continuously, until that time. As far as the Court is aware, the Website is still operational.
3. On 2 April 2017, the plaintiff's legal representatives again wrote to the defendant's legal representatives in the United States of America referring, inter alia, to the inappropriateness of the publication of a letter dated 8 July 2016. Neither the defendant nor his legal representatives has replied to that letter.
4. Notwithstanding the letters from the plaintiff or his legal representatives, on 20 May 2017, the defendant published another letter, dated 19 May 2017, on the same Website with the subject line: "Subject - Your Son Milad Oskouie", which was, purportedly, addressed to the plaintiff's parents and informing them of "up-to-date information" online at the Websites or to which the Court has already referred. This letter shall be referred to as "the fourteenth impugned publication". The imputations that arise from its ordinary natural meaning are: 1. that the plaintiff hates Christians; 2. that the plaintiff hates Americans; 3. that the plaintiff is a criminal; and 4. that the plaintiff is a terrorist.
5. On 15 June 2018, the Court (McCallum J, as her Honour then was) issued default judgment in the proceedings, a Defence not having been filed, despite service of the Statement of Claim on Mr Maddox on 23 October 2017. The claim before the Court, now, is the assessment of damage.

Defamatory Meaning

1. It is trite that the test for whether a publication is defamatory, or conveys defamatory imputations, is if it could reasonably be postulated that "the ordinary reasonable reader" would consider that the publication conveyed the meaning alleged and the meaning would tend to lower the plaintiff in the estimation of right-thinking members of the community. As stated, the issue must be determined from the perspective of that which would have been understood by an ordinary reasonable reader.
2. The ordinary reasonable reader is said to be of fair average intelligence; fair-minded; not overly suspicious; not naive; not straining or forcing meanings; not "avid for scandal"; and, one who reads the entirety of the publication about which complaint is made: Amalgamated Television Services Pty Ltd v Marsden (1998) 43 NSWLR 158 at 165; [1998] NSWSC 4; Haddon v Forsyth [2011] NSWSC 123. In the words of Hunt CJ at CL, in Marsden: "The ordinary reasonable meaning of the matter complained of may be either the literal meaning of the published matter, or what is implied by that matter, or what is inferred from it: Jones v Skelton (at 650; 1065). In deciding whether any particular imputation is capable of being conveyed, the question is whether it is reasonably so capable, and any strained or forced or utterly unreasonable interpretation must be rejected: Jones v Skelton (at 650; 1065). The ordinary reasonable reader (or listener or viewer) is a person of fair average intelligence, who is neither perverse, nor morbid or suspicious of mind, nor avid for scandal: Lewis v Daily Telegraph Ltd. That person does not live in an ivory tower but can and does read between the lines in the light of that person's general knowledge and experience of worldly affairs." (Marsden at 165.B, references omitted.)
3. The process by which one determines the defamatory imputations that have been conveyed, if any, is a process by which the Court, either a judge or jury, ascertains the objective meaning of the publication in its context and does not deal with the subjective understanding of any particular reader or the subjective intention of the publisher. In Haddon, Simpson J (as her Honour then was) described the process as one "undertaken, in a sense, in an evidentiary vacuum". Her Honour cited and relied upon the judgment of Brennan J in Reader's Digest Services Pty Ltd v Lamb (1982) 150 CLR 500, at 506, 507; [1982] HCA 4, and her Honour, Simpson J, said: [16] In Lamb, Brennan J (as he then was, and with whom Gibbs CJ and Stephen, Murphy and Wilson JJ agreed) said: 'Whether the alleged libel is established depends upon the understanding of the hypothetical referees who are taken to have a uniform view of the meaning of the language used, and upon the standards, moral or social, by which they evaluate the imputation they understand to have been made. They are taken to share a moral or social standard by which to judge the defamatory character of that imputation ... being a standard common to society generally ...' (p 506, internal references omitted) Later, his Honour said: ' The defamatory nature of an imputation is ascertained by reference to general community standards, not by reference to sectional attitudes.' (p 507) His Honour added that, notwithstanding that, a particular impact of a defamatory imputation may be proved. This, of course, was in relation to the assessment of damages. [17] In the circumstances of the present case, the exercise has a degree of artificiality. As will become apparent from what I write below, the emails in this case were published to an extraordinarily limited number of recipients, each of whom had a close association with the environment in which they were published, and in which the events with which they were concerned took place. Most, if not all, had at least some prior knowledge of the relevant facts and circumstances. It might, therefore, be expected that they would read the emails differently from the 'ordinary reasonable reader' or 'hypothetical referee' who did not have that inside knowledge."
4. The Court must take a common sense approach to the existence of imputations and their meaning. On the face of the documents published by the defendant, which are before the Court, the pleaded imputations arise and will be the basis for the assessment of damage.

Principles on the Assessment of Damage

1. The Defamation Act 2005 (NSW) (hereinafter "the Act") contains a number of provisions that are particularly relevant to the issues relating to the calculation of damage. First, by operation of s 34 of the Act, the amount of damages that a Court should award should ensure that there is an appropriate and rational relationship between the harm sustained by the plaintiff and the amount of damages awarded. Secondly, by operation of s 35 of the Act and the last orders published in the Gazette of 29 June 2018 (p 3970), the amount of ordinary damages is capped at $398,500.
2. The foregoing cap on damages does not apply to special damages that may be awarded. Nor does it apply to compensatory damages, where the Court is of the view that aggravated damages ought to be awarded.
3. The evidence before the Court is that the defamatory imputations are contained in the emails and on the Website to which the Court has referred. The publication of those items occurs when each person gains access to the publication or receives the email: Dow Jones & Company Inc v Gutnick (2002) 210 CLR 575; [2002] HCA 56 at [26]; David v Abdishou [2012] NSWCA 109 at [259].
4. As already indicated, the number of persons who have received the emails and who have gained access to the Website is substantial. There are approximately 75,000 such persons and each of them is or was a client or potential client of the plaintiff.
5. Moreover, the evidence before the Court is such that the Court draws the inference that potential employers research applicants for positions by performing a Google search. When a person performs a Google search, the defamatory publications, to which reference has been made, appear and the imputations are, relevantly, unanswered and continuing.
6. The significance of the material published was and is great. The plaintiff, in his Affidavit, stresses the importance, both from his own position and the position of his family, of the fact that he obtained a law degree and was admitted to practise law. Yet, without any information on which one could base such an allegation, the defendant has published that, in effect, the plaintiff has fraudulently asserted that he has a law degree and is admitted to practise. This is a significant and most damaging assertion and imputation, which particularly hurt the plaintiff.
7. I am satisfied that the plaintiff has been significantly distressed by the assertions made and the imputations that are contained in the various publications. The ordinary reasonable reader of the Website and the emails would understand the publications as being most defamatory.
8. By any ordinary moral or social standards to refer to a person as a criminal or a hacker or to be acting fraudulently, both as to the business he was conducting or the qualifications that he possesses, must be defamatory and seriously so: Reader's Digest Services Pty Ltd v Lamb (1982) 150 CLR 500; [1982] HCA 4; Phillips v Robab Pty Limited [2014] NSWSC 1520.
9. The plaintiff bears the onus of proving that the publications occurred. The plaintiff has done this.
10. The plaintiff also bears the onus of proving that the imputations arise, as alleged and are defamatory. The plaintiff has also satisfied each of those for each such publication.
11. The Court has applied the "ordinary reasonable reader" test, the description of which has been recited earlier. Each of the publications is defamatory and gives rise to the alleged imputations.
12. Each of those imputations has injured the reputation of the plaintiff and his standing amongst people with whom he has dealt in society and in business. The grapevine effect has been significant.
13. As earlier stated, the defendant has not filed a Defence and does not seek to justify any of the publications on any basis. Further, the defendant adduces no evidence to ameliorate the effect of the defamatory imputations that were published by him. Moreover, the defendant does not seek to suggest that, to the extent that any of the comments in the publications are the statement of opinion, they are honestly held.
14. Damages that are awarded in defamation proceedings that have been successfully prosecuted must be such as "to ensure that there is an appropriate and rational relationship between the harm sustained by the plaintiff and the amount of damages awarded": s 34 of the Act. There is in place, as already stated, a cap to which the Court has referred.
15. An award of damages for defamation serves three purposes: consolation for personal distress and hurt caused to the plaintiff; reparation for the harm done to the plaintiff's personal and business reputation; and vindication of the plaintiff's reputation: Carson v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd (1993) 178 CLR 44; [1993] HCA 31.
16. Damages are assessed on the basis of calculating or assessing proper compensation for the injury to the reputation and injury to feelings. The entitlement of the plaintiff to have his reputation vindicated does not give rise to a separate head of general damages. Rather, the Court, in assessing the damages for injury to reputation and injury to feelings, does so on the basis that the amount so awarded should be sufficient to vindicate the plaintiff's reputation. The vindication of reputation is a function of the award of the damages and the reasons for those damages that are awarded: Holt v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd (2014) 86 NSWLR 96; [2014] NSWCA 90.
17. The Court of Appeal in Ali v Nationwide News Pty Ltd [2008] NSWCA 183 discussed the assessment of damages and made the following comments: "[72] The harm caused to the plaintiff by the publication of the defamation often lies more in his own feelings, what he thinks other people are thinking of him, than in any actual change made manifest in their attitude towards him. Thus '[a] solatium for injured feelings, however innocent the publication by the defendant may have been, forms a large element in the [general compensatory] damages': Cassell & Co Ltd v Broome [1972] AC 1027 at 1124 per Lord Diplock. [73] A person who is defamed receives damages because he or she has been injured in his or her reputation; that is, because he or she was publicly defamed. Damages in a defamation action vindicate the plaintiff to the public, and are consolation for a wrong done: Uren v John Fairfax & Sons Pty Ltd [1966] HCA 40; (1966) 117 CLR 118 at 150 per Windeyer J. [74] The damages awarded in a defamation action have to be regarded as demonstrating that the plaintiff has been vindicated in his or her reputation: Dingle v Associated Newspapers Ltd [1964] AC 371 at 396 per Lord Radcliffe; Carson at 69 per Brennan J. The level of damages should reflect the high value the law places upon reputation and, in particular, upon the reputation of those whose work and life depend upon their honesty, integrity and judgment: Crampton v Nugawela (1996) 41 NSWLR 176 at 195; applied in John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd v O'Shane (No 2) [2005] NSWCA 291 at [3] per Giles JA, Ipp JA agreeing. [75] The harm done by the defamatory publication for which general compensatory damages are recoverable, does not come to an end when the publication is made: Cassell at 1124 per Lord Diplock. 'It is impossible to track the scandal, to know what quarters the poison may reach': Ley v Hamilton (1935) 153 LT 384 at 386 per Lord Atkin. Accordingly, the damages awarded for defamation must be such that 'in case the libel, driven underground, emerges from its lurking place at some future date, [the plaintiff] must be able to point to a sum awarded by a jury sufficient to convince a bystander of the baselessness of the charge': Cassell at 1071 per Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone LC. Mahoney ACJ referred to this statement with approval in Crampton at 193, holding (at 194 - 195) that '[t]he award must be sufficient to ensure that, the defamation having spread along the "grapevine"… and being apt to emerge "from its lurking place at some future date", it was "sufficient to convince a bystander of the baselessness of the charge"'; see also Carson at 70. [76] In assessing damages the tribunal of fact is entitled to take into consideration 'the mode and extent of the publication, that the defamatory statement was never retracted, that no apology was ever offered to the respondent, and that the statement had been persisted in to the end'. Such circumstances might in the opinion of that tribunal 'increase the area of publication and the effect of the libel on those who had read it or who would thereafter read it, might extend its vitality and capability of causing injury to the plaintiff': Herald & Weekly Times Ltd v McGregor (1928) 41 CLR 254 at 263 per Knox CJ, Gavan and Starke JJ. The assessment of damages involves an understanding of the nature and seriousness of the imputations and the defendants' conduct: see Coyne v Citizen Finance Ltd [1991] HCA 10; (1991) 172 CLR 211 at 241. [77] Finally under these general observations, we would observe that the defendant must take the plaintiff as it finds him or her: Humphries v TWT Ltd (1993) 113 FLR 402 at 418 - 419 per Miles CJ; Bashford v Information Australia [2000] NSWSC 665 at [42] per Davies AJ."
18. In the matter before the Court, there are a number of publications each of which seems to overlap in terms of the imputations that are conveyed. Ordinarily, evidence of other publications of the same defamatory imputations does not ameliorate or affect the damage in any particular publication from defamatory imputations: Dingle v Associated Newspapers Ltd [1964] AC 371; Carson v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd (1993) 178 CLR 44; [1993] HCA 31. Damages are assessed on the effect of the particular publication and in the defamatory imputations that are contained within it, generally, without regard to like or similar publications that may have existed.
19. However, in these proceedings, the number and nature of the defamatory publications allows for the drawing of an inference that the purpose of the defendant in publishing the material was to damage the plaintiff, his reputation and his feelings. There is no suggestion that the defendant believed the truth of any of the imputations or statements made in any of the impugned publications.
20. Aggravated damages may arise where the defendant has engaged in reckless publication of the matter impugned; the failure by the defendants to make enquiries prior to publication; and the failure by the defendants to retract or apologise to the plaintiff. There are other bases, but they are not relevant for current purposes.
21. Rarely, does the issue of aggravated damages arise from actual malice, being the intention, without justification or excuse, to commit the defamation. Ordinarily, it relies upon reckless disregard.
22. Where, however, as here, the inference can be drawn that the intention of the defendant was ill-will or malevolence, being actual or express malice, aggravated damages arise. The defamation in these proceedings affects the plaintiff's social activity; his family relationship; and his business activities. Given the areas in which the plaintiff and the defendant do business, the grapevine effect would be significant: Palmer-Bruyn and Parker Pty Ltd v Parsons (2001) 208 CLR 388 at [88]-[89]; [2001] HCA 69.
23. In defamation proceedings, the plaintiff is assumed to have had a good reputation prior to the publication of the defamatory material. The plaintiff bears no onus to prove that reputation.
24. Nevertheless, on the material before the Court and in these proceedings, the plaintiff has undertaken that task. He has proved that he had a reputation as being one of great integrity; who enjoyed his work; had significant social contact with people and they consider him honest and agreeable; and placed great weight, as earlier stated, on his qualifications as a lawyer and his admission to practise as a lawyer.
25. Damage is assumed in defamation proceedings, without the need to prove actual damage. Nevertheless, in these proceedings, the plaintiff has proved actual hurt feelings and damage to his reputation that, in each case, has been significant and, in each case, has been aggravated by the wilful conduct of the defendant. The defendant was approached to cease and desist and simply ignored such requests.
26. It should be made clear that aggravated damages are still compensatory and that exemplary damages may not be awarded by the Court.
27. The knowledge by the plaintiff of the falsity of the claims made and the persistent manner of the continued defamation of him has caused grief and distress beyond that which would normally have been caused and, on his uncontroverted and un-denied evidence, has caused serious injury to his feelings and reputation.
28. It is not only that the defendant has not apologised to the plaintiff, which, of itself, would be relevant and is relevant to the assessment of damages for injuries to feelings; it is that the defendant, on the inferences that I have drawn, has deliberately set out to injure the plaintiff and in doing so has caused injury to the plaintiff's feelings beyond that which would ordinarily arise. The Court considers that aggravated damages arise and the plaintiff should be awarded damages which include aggravated damages.
29. Further, the malice of the defendant in publishing the Website is also disclosed by the publication by the defendant, on the Website, of personal information that would allow other persons to know about the plaintiff and, possibly, facilitate the fraudulent use of the plaintiff's property or documents. That personal information included the date and place of birth of the plaintiff; the last known Australian address of the plaintiff, which includes the plaintiff's parent's address; the current London address of the plaintiff; his last known Australian mobile phone number; his last known United Kingdom mobile phone number; and his personal email address. Further, the Website includes letters, written by the defendant, to the plaintiff's parents.

Special Damages

1. The plaintiff also seeks special damages for loss of income. The evidence before the Court allows the drawing of an inference that the defendant's publications have caused pecuniary loss to the plaintiff. As already stated, the plaintiff is a qualified lawyer and practised as same.
2. When the plaintiff went to London, he worked as in-house counsel for eBay with an annual salary of £120,000. That employment was for the period between December 2016 and February 2017: see Affidavit of Milad Oskouie, Affirmed 18 April 2018 at [17].
3. The plaintiff was dismissed from that employment almost immediately after the publication of the defamatory material or some of it. At that time the plaintiff was still on his probationary period of employment. Despite a request for same, the plaintiff was not provided with any reason for his dismissal.
4. The obvious inference available, given the coincidence between the publication of the Website and his dismissal from his probationary period of employment, was that the timing of the dismissal and the fact of the dismissal related to the publication and, in particular, to the allegation that he had "hacked" an online retailer. Since that time the plaintiff has been unable to gain employment as a solicitor.
5. In the plaintiff's experience, to which he attests (Affidavit of Milad Oskouie, Affirmed 18 April 2018 at [22]), most employers resort to Google to conduct online searches of job applicants. It is also the Court's experience that one or other internet search is conducted.
6. A search of Google reveals the defamatory publications of the defendant. In particular, it reveals the Website and much of the material including all of the defamatory imputations.
7. Nevertheless, there is no expert report quantifying the loss in wages suffered as a result or seemingly as a result of the defendant's impugned publications. However, the plaintiff has been waiting tables at a local restaurant, with a salary, annualised, of £20,800 per annum.
8. That diminished capacity to earn income, or the lesser earnings, has persisted for over two years already. While it is difficult to assess the time over which the plaintiff will continue to be unable to gain meaningful employment, there must be a significant period during which that will occur. Of course, the vindication of the plaintiff as a result of these proceedings may impact upon the loss in wages or salary caused by the malicious attack on him by the defendant.

Conclusion

1. The plaintiff obtained a default judgment from the Court. In part, the default arises from the recalcitrance of the defendant in dealing with the defamatory imputations to which this judgment refers.
2. Notwithstanding the default nature of the judgment on liability, I have, for reasons associated with explaining the nature of the injury and the matters for which damages should be awarded, dealt with each of the impugned publications and concluded that the alleged defamatory imputations arise from the publication; that the defamatory publications have damaged the reputation of the plaintiff; that the defamatory publications have caused hurt feelings and otherwise damaged the plaintiff; and ordinary damages for defamation should be awarded.
3. Further, the recalcitrance of the defendant and the maliciousness and known falsity of the statements (or the failure to enquire properly as to the truth of the statements) is such that the plaintiff has suffered even greater hurt and, given the "nastiness" of the defamatory imputations, greater damage to his reputation.
4. Moreover, the conduct of the defendant has been persistent and continuing. The number and nature of the defamatory imputations and their repeated publication is a matter that also goes to aggravation.
5. Over and above the foregoing, the Court is of the view that the plaintiff has suffered loss of salary as a result of the defamatory imputations that have been published. It is difficult to assess precisely the nature of that loss.
6. Before dealing with the calculation of damages and the award, it is, given the facts in this case, appropriate to deal, to some extent, with the fact that some of these publications have been made in the United States of America. Ill-informed assumption amongst some suggests that defamation does not run in the United States of America, because of the express rights to freedom of speech conveyed by the First Amendment.
7. The effect of the First Amendment is not to render defamation law obsolete or inappropriate. It does make the United States of America a "more defendant-friendly" jurisdiction than those that assess damages or liability under the uniform defamation legislation in Australia, or, for that matter, in the United Kingdom or Canada. Nevertheless, apart from issues associated with statements made about public figures, the law of defamation applies, with some modifications, to publications made in the United States of America. These comments are made because the defendant is a resident of the United States of America.
8. Generally, in the United States of America, a plaintiff may sue in defamation and be successful, if the plaintiff proves that the publication is a false statement of fact about the plaintiff; caused material harm to the plaintiff; and the defendant acted either negligently or with actual malice. As has been made clear by the Court in these reasons for judgment, each of those elements has been shown to be the case in these proceedings. In South Dakota, imputations of criminality; injury in respect of any profession or business; amongst others, are defamatory.
9. The defendant may well be grateful that the proceedings have not been taken in the United States of America, or, particularly, in South Dakota, where the level of damage awards is far greater. First, there is no cap on ordinary compensatory damages; secondly, exemplary damages apply. Where, as is the situation here, there is actual malice, even public figures may be successful in a defamation lawsuit, notwithstanding the First Amendment protections. There is no suggestion that the defendant in these proceedings is a "public figure".
10. As a consequence of the foregoing, the Court is not concerned to deal with whether the publication by email and the placement of the Website, having occurred in the United States of America, some defence other than those that ordinarily apply may be available to the defendant.
11. I turn then to the assessment of damage.
12. The plaintiff is entitled to compensatory damages, including aggravated damages, for the damage to his reputation and his hurt feelings. That award of damages must be sufficiently high to vindicate the reputation of the plaintiff. The defamation is both nasty and hurtful. It has no semblance of truth and no, or no adequate, enquiries could possibly have been made before asserting this material.
13. Further, the conduct of the defendant in dealing with the claims of the plaintiff has been wholly arrogant and high-handed.
14. Were it not for the assessment of the Court that aggravated damages arise, the defamation would not be in the worst category of case, if only because it was published to a select group and those that sought access to the Website, either because they were otherwise familiar with the defendant or because they searched the Internet for the name of the plaintiff. Nevertheless, in some senses, that has a worse effect on the feelings and reputation of the plaintiff than might otherwise be the case.
15. As a consequence of the manner in which the defamation was published (and the number of them), and in particular the Website, the effect is that anyone who seeks to search for anything to do with the plaintiff is regaled by these defamatory imputations. Last, unlike a general publication such as a newspaper, where people with a particular interest may not read the story or hear the broadcast at the time, this publication lasts forever and will haunt the plaintiff for years to come.
16. As was made clear by the High Court in Carson (at 102 and following) the element of punishment is often a legitimate factor in an award of aggravated damages even in New South Wales. The Court said: "In my opinion, the element of punishment is often a legitimate factor in an award of aggravated damages even in New South Wales …. A jury which increases its award of damages in a defamation action commits no error if it thinks that the plaintiff cannot be properly compensated for the harm done to him or her unless the damages contain an amount to punish the defendant for the hurt which he or she has inflicted on the plaintiff or to deter the defendant from further defaming the plaintiff. Nor does the jury commit any error if it increases the damages because the conduct of the defendant towards the plaintiff arouses its anger or indignation."
17. I do not take into account any issue of punishment. Nevertheless, the conduct of the defendant in these proceedings arouses anger and indignation and has plainly severely aggravated the hurt suffered by the plaintiff.
18. Bearing in mind the range of damages that have been provided for defamations of this kind, the non-economic damage, including aggravated damages, for all of the 14 publications, including the Website, must be at a level that appropriately compensates the plaintiff for his hurt; the damage to his reputation; and the social consequences of the damage to his reputation. I assess that amount at $425,000.
19. On the question of special damages, the evidence before the Court is that for over two years the plaintiff has lost approximately £100,000. That damage will continue, at least for some period of time, until the vindication associated with this judgment, or caused by it, takes effect.
20. The Court must do the best it can in terms of the economic loss suffered by the plaintiff. The Court needs to take account of vicissitudes and the possibility that employment may not have been obtained otherwise.
21. Notwithstanding that last statement, there is no historical or evidentiary material, which would support the proposition that the plaintiff was, prior to the defamatory material being published, unemployable or a person who would not easily obtain employment.
22. In the circumstances, bearing in mind the past loss of approximately £200,000 and estimating the future loss and reducing the whole figure by vicissitudes of 15% to arrive at a "buffer", I assess the special damages at $450,000. It should be noted that £200,000 is approximately $365,000.
23. In all the circumstances I award the following amounts: Non-economic loss: $425,000 Economic loss: $450,000 Total: $875,000
24. The Court needs then to turn to the question of costs and interest.

Costs and Interest

1. Pursuant to the terms of s 100 of the Civil Procedure Act 2005 (NSW), the Court has the discretion to award interest, payable up to judgment on the amount awarded. There are appropriate rates set for interest prior to judgment in relation to non-economic loss.
2. Ordinarily, in awarding interest on defamation damages, the rate of interest takes account of the assumption that damages represent, at least in part, a loss spread over the period from the date of publication until the date of judgment.
3. This matter was the subject of discussion by McHugh JA (as his Honour then was) in John Fairfax & Sons Ltd v Kelly (1987) 8 NSWLR 131, following which the practice had been to award interest at half the ordinary rate for non-economic loss, unless there is some good reason to depart from that practice: Vilo v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd & Anor [2000] NSWSC 1206. In Vilo, Simpson J (as her Honour then was) said: "In this case, as in others, I think it should be taken that the damage to the plaintiff's reputation, and the injury he suffered, was spread (perhaps not evenly) over the period of seventeen years. But it must be taken to cease on the award of damages. Although it may be reasonable to conclude that the greater damage was occasioned in the earlier part of the period, thus tilting the balance slightly in favour of the plaintiff for a larger interest rate, I think to do justice to both parties it is more appropriate to treat the injury as spread evenly over the period. This would justify a halving of the interest rate declared by the High Court. I propose to award interest on the whole of the damages, over the whole of the period, at a rate of 2 percent." (Vilo, at [25], noting that the then ordinary rate was 4% per annum)
4. The original comment by McHugh JA in John Fairfax, supra, (with which reasons on this issue Kirby P agreed) was relevantly in the following terms: "The correct approach in theory would seem to be that, since the plaintiff was entitled to damages immediately upon publication, the proper inquiry is first to determine to what extent the award was increased by reason of continuing injury. In strict theory the interest, in respect of this additional sum, would need to take account of the fact that the injury was spread over a period after publication. That is, leaving aside any question of future loss, the matter should be approached on the basis that the plaintiff is prima facie entitled to interest on the whole amount of the award from the date of publication. However, that amount has to be reduced for any sum additional to 'vindication damages' awarded in consequence of injury suffered between publication and verdict. This approach gives rise to obvious difficulties of assessment. But if, as I think is the case, the plaintiff is entitled to at least part of his damages from the date of publication, the choice is between awarding no interest at all or attempting to calculate interest on a basis which, although not mathematically perfect, achieves a measure of justice. Since it is unfair to plaintiffs to deprive them of interest for the period in which they have been deprived of their money, interest ought to be awarded to the extent that it is fair and proper." (At 143D-F)
5. The practice of halving the interest rate for the entire period from the date of publication is not a universal approach. Even in the comments above of McHugh JA, reference was made to exceptions associated with future damage.
6. In the current proceedings, the special damages have been calculated on the basis of two years of past economic loss and a degree of future loss, albeit small, given that this judgment vindicates the plaintiff completely. However, the non-economic loss, given the intransigence of the defendant in continuing to publish, will accumulate and continue to cause hurt feelings, damage to reputation and the like.
7. The Court has not sought to calculate future damage associated with the continued publication of the defamatory imputations. As a consequence, it seems most appropriate for the Court to award interest at the prescribed rate, in full, at least from the date of the publication of the Website, namely, 16 February 2017.
8. The foregoing calculation does not take account of the emails sent to customers and prospective customers in late June/early July 2016, but, overall is an appropriate accommodation of the interest that is payable on the past damages, which have accrued since July 2016 until the date of judgment.
9. The Court is exercising a discretion in determining to award interest and when determining the rate at which interest shall be calculated. In my view, given the nature of the damage and the future continuing damage, the awarding of the prescribed interest rate for pre-judgment interest over the entire period since the publication of the Website represents a fair and just outcome and appropriate compensation for the plaintiff. That interest rate will be applicable to the non-economic loss. The economic loss will not be the subject of pre-judgment interest.
10. The Court then turns its attention to the question of costs. As already noted, the plaintiff has regularly and continuingly sought to have the defendant remove the defamatory material. The defendant has refused.
11. The removal of such material may and, on the evidence before the Court, would have caused the plaintiff not to proceed or continue with the litigation. At the very least, the removal of the offending material would have contradicted the inference that the material has been published from a motive of actual malice.
12. The defendant must have known of the falsity of the imputations, or at least the majority of them.
13. Costs are not a punishment of the unsuccessful party. They are part of the compensation to the plaintiff or the defendant for the requirement to enforce or protect their interests.
14. Costs are in the discretion of the Court, which discretion must be exercised judicially. Ordinarily, costs follow the event and the successful party will be awarded costs to compensate them for the loss in being required to enforce their rights or defend them.
15. The discretion to award costs that apply to proceedings generally is informed by the terms of s 40 of the Act, which provides that the Court, in awarding costs in defamation proceedings, may have regard to the manner in which the proceedings were conducted by the respective parties (including a party's superior financial position) and any other matters. Further, where proceedings are successfully brought by a plaintiff, costs are to be awarded on an indemnity basis, if the Court is satisfied that the defendant unreasonably failed to make a settlement offer or agree to a settlement offer proposed by the plaintiff, including an offer to make amends.
16. While the terms of the correspondence between the plaintiff and the defendant cannot be an offer to make amends, because, among other reasons, it was served by a plaintiff, it may be a concerns notice. In order for a document to be a "concerns notice", it requires only that it be in writing and inform the publisher of the defamatory imputations that the aggrieved person considers are or may be carried about the aggrieved person by the publication: see s 14(2) of the Act.
17. By letter dated 28 September 2016, the plaintiff's legal representatives wrote to the legal representatives of the defendant and to the defendant, by email and by post, referring to previous correspondence from the plaintiff's former lawyer, Mr Hazan, who had given notice of the defamatory material and had sought an apology and removal of same. That letter was apparently sent on 23 May 2016. That letter may have amounted to a concerns notice pursuant to the Act. The letter of 28 September 2016 does not. The contents of the 23 May 2016 letter are not before the Court, except by limited reference.
18. Nevertheless, the letter of 28 September 2016, followed by a further letter of 2 April 2017, are letters that make clear that the plaintiff was seeking to have the defamatory material removed from the Website and an apology issue, failing which proceedings in defamation would be commenced. That letter was ignored in that it was not the subject of any reply.
19. In the circumstances, and bearing in mind the provisions of s 40 of the Act, it seems to me that the conduct of the defendant, or lack of conduct, has forced the plaintiff to commence proceedings for the protection of his rights and the only appropriate compensation is to award costs, to be assessed in a manner that properly compensates for the requirement on the plaintiff to commence the proceedings and to prosecute them.
20. In those circumstances, costs will be awarded on an indemnity basis on and from 28 September 2016 and, if there be any costs associated with the proceedings prior thereto, otherwise on the ordinary basis.
21. The Court makes the following orders: 1. The defendant shall pay the plaintiff an amount of $875,000 for damages caused by the defendant's defamatory publications; 2. The defendant shall pay the plaintiff interest at the rate of 5.5% per annum on the amount of $425,000 from 16 February 2017 until the date of this judgment; 3. The defendant shall pay the plaintiff interest on $875,000 at the rate of 7.5% per annum from the date of this judgment until the date of payment in full; 4. The defendant shall pay the plaintiff's costs of and incidental to the proceedings on the following bases: 1. on an indemnity basis on and from 28 September 2016; 2. otherwise, costs, prior thereto, if any, on the ordinary basis.

DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 18 April 2019