Muin v Refugee Review Tribunal

M A Robinson with R Nair for the plaintiff (instructed by Adrian Joel & Co)

J Basten QC with R T Beech-Jones for the second and third defendants (instructed by Australian Government Solicitor)

Notice: This copy of the Court's Reasons for Judgment is subject to formal revision prior to publication in the Commonwealth Law Reports.

Administrative law - Constitutional writs - Procedural fairness - Alleged failure to have regard to relevant documents - Alleged failure to provide reasonable opportunity to respond to adverse material - Jurisdictional error for denial of procedural fairness and natural justice.

Immigration - Refugee - Protection visa - Decision by Minister to refuse application for visa - Review of decision by Refugee Review Tribunal - Obligation of Secretary of Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs to give relevant documents to Registrar of Tribunal for purpose of review - Nature and extent of obligation - Migration Act 1958 (Cth), ss 418(3), 424(1).

Constitutional law (Cth) - High Court - Federal Court - Review of administrative decision by officers of the Commonwealth - Migration - Refusal to grant protection visa to claimant for refugee status - Requirement of procedural fairness - Alleged failure to have regard to relevant documents - Alleged failure to provide reasonable opportunity to respond to adverse materials - Jurisdictional error - Availability of constitutional relief under s 75(v) and other relief for denial of procedural fairness and natural justice.

1. GLEESON CJ. In both of these proceedings, the plaintiffs sue in a representative capacity, complaining of the procedures adopted by the first defendant, the Refugee Review Tribunal ("the Tribunal"), in reviewing adverse decisions of delegates of the Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs relating to claims for protection visas. In both cases, the second and third defendants are the Commonwealth and the Secretary of the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs. The Tribunal has filed a submitting appearance. It is the second and third defendants who have the carriage of the defence. Each proceeding was commenced in the Court's original jurisdiction. In each case, Gaudron J has referred questions to a Full Court. The specific questions will appear at the conclusion of these reasons. In brief, they ask whether, upon certain facts stated, and the inferences if any, to be drawn from those facts, there was a failure by the Tribunal to accord procedural fairness or a failure to comply with s 418(3) and/or s 424(1) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ("the Act"). They also ask, in the event of an affirmative answer, what relief should be given.
2. The facts stated in the two proceedings are similar, but, as will appear, there is one significant difference. A common element concerns the way in which certain documents, described as "Part B documents", referred to in the delegates' reasons for decision, were dealt with.
3. For the purposes of the referred questions, nothing turns upon the representative nature of the proceedings. Argument has been confined to the cases of Mr Muin and Ms Lie. They are both persons of Indonesian nationality and Chinese ethnicity. The essence of their claim that they were owed protection obligations as refugees was that, if they returned to Indonesia, they would be persecuted on racial grounds. In each case, the delegate was required to consider circumstances in Indonesia relating to the treatment of Chinese, including the willingness and ability of the Indonesian authorities to prevent ill-treatment. The expression "adverse material" has been used to describe "relevant and significant material which is or may be adverse to [the plaintiff's] case". Similarly, "favourable material" is material that was or may have been favourable to the plaintiff's case. The material with which we are presently concerned was not material personal to either plaintiff, or information about some particular circumstance relevant to either plaintiff as an individual. It consisted largely of "country background" material, being information concerning political and social circumstances in Indonesia.

1. It is convenient to begin with the alleged failure to comply with ss 418(3) and 424(1) of the Act in the form it took in November 1998, because the plaintiff's argument directs attention to the statutory context in which all the issues in the proceedings arise. I will refer only to the provisions of direct relevance.
2. Section 418 required that, when an applicant sought review by the Tribunal of a delegate's decision, the Registrar of the Tribunal was to notify the Secretary of the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs ("the Department") of the making of the application. The delegate whose decision was the subject of the application was an officer of the Department. The section provides:

"418 (2) The Secretary must, within 10 working days after being notified of the application, give to the Registrar the prescribed number of copies of a statement about the decision under review that:

(a) sets out the findings of fact made by the person who made the decision; and

(b) refers to the evidence on which those findings were based; and

(3) The Secretary must, as soon as is practicable after being notified of the application, give to the Registrar each other document, or part of a document, that is in the Secretary's possession or control and is considered by the Secretary to be relevant to the review of the decision."

1. A review of such a decision is not an adversarial proceeding. There is no contradictor. No issue is joined. The applicant seeks to persuade the Tribunal that the unfavourable decision under review should be set aside. Typically, the primary decision will have taken into account country background information. Both the delegate, and the Tribunal member to whom the application for review is assigned, will be likely to have considered many cases involving conditions in, say, Indonesia, and will have access to official and other sources of information bearing upon political and social circumstances in an applicant's country of origin. As is often the case with administrative decision-makers, they are likely to accumulate knowledge from the repetitive nature of the matters with which they deal. They have available to them what is, in effect, a library of reference material to which they may resort for the purpose of making decisions. The Act (s 420) requires the Tribunal to do substantial justice, deciding each case on its merits and avoiding technicalities.
2. An applicant is entitled to provide information to the Tribunal in the form of a statutory declaration, and to provide the Registrar with written argument in relation to the decision under review (s 423).
3. The Act then provides for two possible stages. Section 424 provides:

"424 (1) If, after considering the material contained in the documents given to the Registrar under sections 418 and 423, the Tribunal is prepared to make the decision or recommendation on the review that is most favourable to the applicant, the Tribunal may make that decision or recommendation without taking oral evidence."

1. Section 425 provides that where s 424 does not apply, the Tribunal must give the applicant an opportunity to appear before it to give evidence and may obtain such other evidence as it considers necessary.
2. In the case of Mr Muin, the delegate's decision was made on 9 March 1998. She sent a written record of her decision to Mr Muin in a form that anticipated the requirements of s 418 if there was to be an application for review. In that record, she identified the "evidence" she used in making her decision. In Part B of her statement of reasons she referred to 31 "documents". The first was the Department's file concerning the plaintiff. It is relevant to note the nature of the remaining Part B documents. Item 2 was a reported decision of this Court, stated in the facts to have been available in the Tribunal library. Items 3 and 4 were a textbook on refugee law, and a UNHCR handbook on refugee law, both available in the Tribunal library. Items 5 and 6 were international reports of country background material, both available on the CISNET electronic database. Item 7 was a country profile on Indonesia, available in the Tribunal library. Items 8 and 9 were newspaper or magazine articles on Indonesia, both on CISNET. Item 10 was a directory extract, available in the Tribunal library. Items 11 and 12 were newspaper or journal articles, available on CISNET. Items 13 and 14 were news publications, available on the ISYS electronic database. Items 15 and 16 were newspaper or journal publications, available in the Tribunal library. Item 17 was a Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade cable available on CISNET. Item 18 was a press report, available on CISNET. Item 19 was a journal article, available in the Tribunal library. Item 20 was a book, available in the Tribunal library. Items 21 to 26 were newspaper or magazine articles, available on CISNET. Item 27 was a journal article, available on the Nexis electronic database. Items 28 and 29 were newspaper articles, available in the New South Wales State library. Item 30 was a Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade country profile on Indonesia, available in the Tribunal library. Item 31 was a newspaper article available in the New South Wales State library.
3. It will be apparent that the preparation of the list of Part B documents took a broad and non-technical approach to what constituted "evidence" and "documents". The list included a law report, legal textbooks, governmental reports from within Australia and from overseas, and articles in magazines, journals and newspapers. The stated facts compendiously describe them as "documents relevant to the position in Indonesia of Indonesian nationals of ethnic Chinese background and, also, to the ability and willingness of the Indonesian authorities to provide for their protection." This approach is no doubt related to the matter earlier mentioned, that is to say, the repetitive nature of the work of delegates and Tribunal members, the accumulation by them of a store of knowledge and experience, the availability to them of a kind of reference library, and the need to disclose their sources of information. The result is a description of documentary evidence of a kind that might surprise a lawyer accustomed to adversarial and technical procedures. But it is a practical response to a practical problem.

"15 At the time of the making of [the delegate's] decision, the Part B documents were documents:

(a) In the possession and control of the Secretary of the Department, the Third Defendant, or his delegate, at all material times; and

(b) Considered by the Third Defendant to be relevant to the review of [the delegate's] decision by the Tribunal.

17 At all material times all of the members of the First Defendant and the Registry and administration staff of the Tribunal had access, via desktop computers, to a computer database of source documents maintained by the Department in Canberra known as CISNET. The Registry and administration staff of the Tribunal, which were based at the Registry offices in Sydney and Melbourne, also maintained its own library of source material ('the RRT Library'). Members could obtain documents from that Library and from the Library maintained by the Department's Country Information Service (CIS Library) in Canberra, other electronic databases such as Nexis (a database of international media articles) and utilise inter library loan arrangements with some other libraries in Australia. Members could request research staff of the First Defendant to obtain documents from the same sources.

18 At all material times many of the members of the First Defendant and the Registry and administration staff of the Tribunal had access to a computer software program known as 'ISYS' allowing them to search electronic databases and retrieve country information and other documents relevant to the RRT's functions. The databases capable of being searched by ISYS were set up and maintained by staff of the First Defendant.

19 All of the Part B documents listed in Schedule 1 as being held on the CISNET or ISYS databases comprised the full text of the original article except that with item 5, the report by the Minority Rights Group entitled the Chinese of South East Asia, the CISNET database only contained that section of the article which dealt specifically with Indonesia. It did not contain certain 'boxed information'. Entries to the said databases were added to and removed from the databases from time to time during the relevant period and different versions were recorded at different times.

20 Each of the Part B documents was available to Members and the Registry and administration staff of the Tribunal from the dates, and from the source, set out in Schedule 1 hereto in and to the extent that:

(a) They could each go to their own desktop computer (if they had one) or a computer terminal or a computer somewhere at the Tribunal's offices, manually access the CISNET database, download the information to the Tribunal's computer screen, and then, view the relevant Part B documents on the computer screen;

(b) They could each apply to the Department's CIS Library in Canberra for an inter-library loan or to be provided with a copy of the relevant Part B document;

(c) They could each physically attend the Tribunal library to view or copy the relevant Part B documents by way of a computer terminal, a computer, or in hard copy form and they could each request the Tribunal library staff to obtain a copy for them; and,

(d) They could each physically attend the New South Wales State library to view or copy the relevant Part B documents by way of a computer terminal, a computer, or in hard copy form and they could each request the Tribunal library staff to so obtain a copy for them.

24 On or about 1 April 1998 the Department dispatched its file concerning the Plaintiff to the Registrar of the First Defendant. The file did not include hard copies of any of the Part B documents or copies in electronic form.

25 The Part B documents or a part or parts of them were each capable of being printed or copied from the sources [the delegate] used in her consideration of them in the making of her decision and were each capable of being physically delivered to the Registrar of the First Defendant.

26 Those of the Part B documents that were contained on the CISNET database were each capable [of] being delivered or transmitted to the Registrar of the First Defendant by way of delivery of a floppy disk or by transmission as an internal email or as an attachment to internal email by use of a computer network.

27 Each document identified in Schedule 1 hereto as being available on CISNET was made available by the Department to the First Defendant by electronic transfer of the CISNET databases to each of two computers (known as servers) maintained by the First Defendant, one being located at each of its premises in Sydney and Melbourne. The material available on CISNET was updated from time to time by officers of the Department in Canberra. Documents were removed from the CISNET databases from time to time for various reasons. The updated versions of the relevant database or databases of CISNET were usually electronically transferred to the First Defendant's servers in Sydney and Melbourne on each evening that the relevant part of CISNET was amended by the addition of a document, except for certain limited periods for reasons concerning computer, network or related technical difficulties which arose from time to time. Material was usually transferred during the course of each week night. In this process, the relevant updated CISNET database or databases were sent and the former relevant database or databases were overwritten on the servers maintained by the First Defendant.

28 On or about 1 April 1998 the Deputy Registrar of the Sydney office of the First Defendant received the Department's file.

29 On or about 1 April 1998, 2 April 1998, 6 April 1998, and 22 April 1998, the Plaintiff's migration agent wrote to the First Defendant in support of the Plaintiff's application and making submissions and enclosing, inter alia:

(a) a signed statement of the Plaintiff dated 2 April 1998; and

(b) various articles, newspaper clippings and reports printed from the Internet concerning racially motivated attacks upon ethnic Chinese in Indonesia.

30 On or about 1 October 1998 Ms Patricia Leehy was constituted as the relevant member of the First Defendant for the purpose of determining the Plaintiff's application.

31 At all material times, Member Leehy had a computer terminal allocated for her personal use which was connected to the computer server referred to in paragraph 27.

32 A review on the papers was purportedly conducted by Member Leehy and was completed on 13 October 1998.

33 On 13 October 1998 the Deputy Registrar of the First Defendant wrote to the Plaintiff in the following terms, inter alia:

'The Tribunal has looked at all the material relating to your application but it is not prepared to make a favourable decision on this information alone. You are now entitled to come to a hearing of the Tribunal to give oral evidence in support of your claims.' "

1. Thereafter the Tribunal proceeded under s 425 of the Act and made a decision adverse to the plaintiff.
2. The plaintiff says that he was misled, and disadvantaged, by what occurred. The stated facts recite:

"42 The Plaintiff believed that the Part B documents were sent to and looked at by the First Defendant in the making of the review on the papers and/or the final decision on the Plaintiff's protection visa application.

43 Had the Plaintiff been aware of: (i) the fact, if it be the fact, that the Department or the Third Defendant did not ever physically transfer to or send to the Tribunal all of the Part B documents at any time prior to the making of the Tribunal's decision on 25 November 1998; and (ii) the fact, if it be the fact, that adverse materials were not to be brought to his attention prior to the date of the review on the papers, prior to the hearing, or prior to the making of the Tribunal's decision then he would have:

(a) arranged to have a migration agent or a solicitor/migration agent act for him in order to make further written submissions to the Tribunal and seek to appear at the oral hearing with him or on his behalf;

(b) made submissions to the Tribunal going to the content of the Part B documents and the adverse materials highlighting the passages in those documents which assisted his case concerning the then bad situation of ethnic Chinese people in Indonesia and challenging the correctness or significance of that part of the Part B documents and materials which was adverse to his case before the Tribunal;

(c) sought to bring forward before the Tribunal additional evidence to that which he did send to the Tribunal by way of documents, statements, further witnesses or country information which went to the question of the true position in his home country, Indonesia, to the effect that it was unsafe for him to return home and supporting his claims that his stated fears of persecution in Indonesia were reasonable at the time; and/or

(d) would have undertaken research or further research and submitted to the Tribunal additional information or documents of the type or kind referred to or contained in the following examples of Tribunal decisions which were favourable to ethnic Chinese persons from Indonesia seeking refugee status in Australia and which contain references to other material dated before the date of the delivery of the Tribunal's decision of 25 November 1998:

(i) Decision of the Tribunal in relation to RRT Reference V97/07405 dated 21 May 1998 by Tribunal Member Dr Rory Hudson;

(ii) Decision of the Tribunal in relation to RRT Reference V97/07946 dated 17 July 1998 by Tribunal Member Dr Rory Hudson;

(iii) Decision of the Tribunal in relation to RRT Reference V97/07944 dated 28 July 1998 by Tribunal Member Dr Rory Hudson;

(iv) Decision of the Tribunal in relation to RRT Reference N97/17437 dated 21 September 1998 by Tribunal Member Roque C Raymundo;

(v) Decision of the Tribunal in relation to RRT Reference N97/17646 dated 22 September 1998 by Tribunal Member Roque C Raymundo; and/or,

(vi) Decision of the Tribunal in relation to RRT Reference N97/19726 dated 18 December 1998 by Tribunal Member Bruce Haigh."

1. Those allegations are also relevant to the claim of failure to accord procedural fairness, but I will deal first with the argument concerning the suggested failure to comply with the statutory requirements.
2. The delegate's statement of reasons was prepared in the light of s 418 of the Act. The statement was required to set out the findings of fact, refer to the evidence on which the findings were based, and give reasons for the decision. The law report, and the legal texts on refugee law, were not evidence, and there was no need to refer to them at all. The other material in Part B was, in the broadest sense, evidentiary. Section 418 imposes a requirement to "give" to the Registrar certain "documents". What constitutes sufficient compliance with such a requirement depends upon the nature of the documents in question, the form in which they were available to the delegate, and the purpose for which they are to be made available to the Tribunal. The purpose of the requirement is to enable the person reviewing the decision to know, and have access to, the material upon which the delegate relied, so as to be able to conduct the review. If the material is in the nature of general reference material, stored for convenience in a library, or on an electronic database, then provided the library, or the database, is accessible to the Tribunal, I see no reason to interpret the requirement literally so as to require physical delivery of paper by the Secretary to the Registrar of the Tribunal.
3. The expression "other document" in s 418(3) means a document other than the documents referred to in s 418(2), that is, other than the copies of the statement about the decision under review containing the information referred to in pars (a), (b) and (c) of sub-s (2). The nature of those other documents may vary. In the present case there was a file of papers relating specifically to Mr Muin, and those papers were physically transferred from the possession of the Secretary to the possession of the Registrar of the Tribunal. The only other relevant documents were what I have described as the reference library. Having regard to the nature of that material, and the form in which it was available to the delegate when she made her decision, I would regard it as sufficient compliance with a requirement to give the material to the Tribunal for the purpose of reviewing the delegate's decision if the material was identified, and made available to the Tribunal in the same manner and form as it was available to the delegate. The statutory provision is concerned with access to information, not with possession of paper. The object is to make available to the Tribunal member who reviews the delegate's decision the "evidence" (in the broadest sense) that was before the delegate. In the case of the Part B documents, the Act did not require that they be gathered together in hard copy form and delivered to the Tribunal. No legislative purpose would have been served by such a requirement, and the statutory language does not compel such a conclusion.

"44 In the making of the final decision on the Plaintiff's protection visa application, the First Defendant took into account an attachment to a written submission styled 'Submission to the Refugee Review Tribunal on the Effectiveness of the Protection Provided by the Indonesian Government For Ethnic Chinese Indonesian applicants for Australian Protection Visas' made by the Third Defendant to the Tribunal made pursuant to section 423(2) of the Act which contained a number of attachments ('the section 423 submissions'). The said attachment was 'Attachment A' to the section 423 submissions and was a Department of Foreign Affairs ('DFAT') Cable dated 18 June 1998.

45 The section 423 submissions and/or the said Attachment A:

(a) Were relevant to the question whether the Indonesian authorities were willing and able to provide protection for Indonesians of ethnic Chinese background; and

(b) Were received by the First Defendant on 24 June 1998 and distributed to those Tribunal Members dealing with protection visa applications made by nationals of Indonesia, including Member Leehy.

46 A copy of any part of the section 423 submissions was not provided to the Plaintiff at any time prior to the making of Member Leehy's decision of 25 November 1998.

47 The Plaintiff was not made aware of the existence or the substance of the section 423 submissions or any part of them by anyone at any time prior to the making of Member Leehy's decision of 25 November 1998.

48 Had the Plaintiff then possessed the knowledge that the section 423 submissions would be before the Tribunal and would be taken into account by it (if that be the case) then in addition to the things stated in paragraph 43 above he would have:

(a) Made submissions and/or sought to call or adduce evidence or further evidence to the Tribunal specifically going to the section 423 submissions in seeking to highlight those parts of the submissions (including its attachments) which assisted his case and challenging or going against those parts which were clearly adverse to his case; and,

(b) Relied upon those parts of the Tribunal cases referred to in paragraph 43(d) above which argue against the legal correctness, validity or substance of the section 423 submissions."

1. The plaintiff also complains that the member of the Tribunal who dealt with his case took into account other adverse material (in the sense described above) which came into the possession of the Tribunal after the delegate's decision, that is to say, between March and November 1998. The stated facts record that the documents in question contained information capable of supporting the conclusion that the Indonesian authorities were willing and able to provide protection for Indonesians of ethnic Chinese background and that the plaintiff was not made aware of the substance of any of the documents.
2. Counsel for the second and third defendants pointed out that Mr Muin was given an oral hearing a week before the Tribunal's decision was made, that he was aware from the delegate's decision, and from what was said to him by the Tribunal member, that the critical question was whether the Indonesian authorities were willing and able to protect him, in the light of current circumstances in that country, and that he was given an opportunity to say whatever he wanted to say about that issue. Even so, the fact stated is that the plaintiff was not made aware of the substance of the documentary information which was received between the time of the delegate's decision and the Tribunal's decision and which contained adverse material. It is also stated as a fact that, had the plaintiff been made aware of the substance of that material, he would have taken certain steps which he failed to take. We are obliged to deal with the case upon the basis that the facts so stated are true.
3. The plaintiff, in argument, referred to a Practice Note of the Tribunal which said that a person in his position would be given an opportunity to respond to any relevant and significant material by being provided with the substance of the material. This was said to create a legitimate expectation; one of the kind which may arise even where a person is unaware of the source of the expectation[3]. It is unnecessary to enter into that area of debate. The Practice Note does not add anything to the common law requirement of procedural fairness. On the facts stated, the case is not relevantly distinguishable from Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah[4]. It is not the submissions of the Department, but the information referred to in them, or accompanying them, and the other adverse documentary material produced after the delegate's decision, that is significant. The stated fact that there was a failure to bring the substance of that material to the attention of the plaintiff, and the disadvantage that followed, entitles the plaintiff to succeed on this ground.

1. In this matter the plaintiff's case is narrower. In relation to the procedures adopted in respect of the Part B documents it is the same as that of Mr Muin. However, it does not involve reliance by the Tribunal upon adverse material coming to the Tribunal between the time of the delegate's decision and the decision of the Tribunal.
2. The delegate's decision was made on 13 March 1997. There was a hearing before the Tribunal on 16 December 1997. The Tribunal affirmed the delegate's decision on 6 January 1998.
3. Leaving aside the matter of the adverse material which, in the case of Mr Muin, came into the possession of the Tribunal after March 1998, the stated facts and arguments in the case of Ms Lie were the same. For the reasons given in relation to the case of Mr Muin, I consider that no failure to accord procedural fairness, and no relevant failure to comply with the requirements of the Act, has been shown.

1. In the case of Mr Muin the questions, and my answers to them, are as follows:

Q. Was there a failure to accord the Plaintiff procedural fairness?

Q. Was there a failure to comply with s 418(3) of the Migration Act?

Q. Was there a failure to comply with s 424(1) of the Migration Act?

Q. If the answer to any of questions (1) to (3) is yes,

(a) Was the decision of the First Defendant to affirm the refusal of the delegate to grant a protection visa for that reason invalid?

(b) What declaratory, injunctive or prerogative writ relief, if any, should be ordered?

(b) Certiorari to quash the decision of the first defendant and prohibition to prohibit further proceeding on it and mandamus to the first defendant to hear and determine the plaintiff's review application according to law.

Q. By whom should the costs of the proceedings in this Court be borne?

1. In the case of Ms Lie the same questions are asked. My answers to them are as follows:

1. GAUDRON J. The facts, the relevant legislative provisions and the questions reserved for the consideration of the Full Court are set out in other judgments. I shall repeat them only to the extent necessary to make clear the reasons for my answers to the reserved questions.

Transmission of documents to the Refugee Review Tribunal and their consideration

1. In each of these cases, the second question reserved for the consideration of the Full Court asks whether there was a failure to comply with s 418(3) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ("the Act"). Section 418 sets out administrative procedures to be taken when an application is made for review of a decision by the Refugee Review Tribunal ("the Tribunal"). By sub-ss (2) and (3), the Secretary of the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs ("the Secretary") is required to give to the Registrar of the Tribunal ("the Registrar") various documents including, by sub-s (3), "each other document, or part of a document, that is in the Secretary's possession or control and is considered by the Secretary to be relevant to the review of the decision".
2. The decisions of the original decision-maker in each of the present cases referred to written materials which were not physically handed to the Registrar. Those materials have come to be known as "the Part B documents". Much of the material consisted of background reports and articles, including newspaper articles, with respect to the position in Indonesia of Indonesian nationals of Chinese background and the ability and willingness of Indonesian authorities to provide for their protection.
3. At the time of the decisions by the Tribunal, some of the Part B documents were in electronic form on databases available both to the Department and to the Tribunal. However, the databases were changed from time to time with the consequence that a different or abridged version of some of the material was on the relevant database when, in each case, the Tribunal was conducting its review. Other material was in the Country Information Service Library of the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs ("the Department") in Canberra or in the Tribunal's own library. In the case of Mr Muin, a few other documents were available only in the State Library of New South Wales.
4. In each case it is agreed that the Part B documents were documents that were in the possession and control of the Secretary or his delegate and were considered by him to be relevant to the decision of the original decision-maker. There are difficulties with the parties' agreement to this effect. First, there is a question whether the materials in question are documents for the purposes of s 418(3) of the Act. It is not obvious that, given the context and purpose of s 418, the documents referred to in sub-s (3) extend beyond departmental documents which relate to the particular applicant seeking review. Certainly, it is not clear that the sub-section refers to background reports and articles concerned with the political or other situation in the applicant's country of origin. Moreover, it is difficult to see on what basis it could be said that the material that was available only in the State Library of New South Wales was in "the Secretary's possession or control".

" If, after considering the material contained in the documents given to the Registrar under sections 418 and 423, the Tribunal is prepared to make the decision or recommendation on the review that is most favourable to the applicant, the Tribunal may make that decision or recommendation without taking oral evidence."[7]

It was contended on behalf of the plaintiffs in each of these cases that s 424(1) was not complied with in that the Tribunal failed to consider the Part B documents.

1. The relief sought by the plaintiffs by reference to s 424(1) of the Act is similar to that sought in relation to s 418(3). It is convenient to set out the primary declaration sought in relation to s 424(1) because it identifies the way in which the plaintiffs contend that sub-section should be construed. The proposed declaration is that:

"the practice of the first defendant in failing to receive and/or consider material given to it or which ought to have been given to it under section 418(3) of the Migration Act 1958 as it is required to do under section 424(1) of the said Act was unlawful"[8].

1. Section 424(1) of the Act conferred a discretionary power on the Tribunal to make a decision in favour of an applicant for review without taking oral evidence. The exercise of that discretion was, in terms, predicated on the Tribunal's consideration of the material given to the Registrar, not, as the plaintiffs assert, the material that ought to have been given to him or her. However, that is not the real issue.
2. The premise on which injunctive relief and relief by way of the issue of constitutional writs is sought in relation to s 424(1) of the Act is that, before conducting a review involving the taking of oral evidence, the Tribunal was obliged to consider whether, by reference to the documents provided pursuant to ss 418 and 423, it could make the decision or recommendation that is most favourable to the applicant in question. If it was not so required, it is inappropriate to speak in terms of "non-compliance with" or "breach of" s 424(1) of the Act. Moreover, and more fundamentally, if it was not so required, there was nothing in that sub-section that could, of itself, provide the foundation for injunctive relief or relief by way of any of the constitutional writs.
3. In terms, s 424(1) of the Act permitted of a method of review which might result in administrative efficiency by obviating the need for oral evidence. However, only if the word "may" in s 424(1) is treated as "shall" or "must", could that sub-section be read as requiring the Tribunal to consider the material contained in documents provided by the Secretary and to decide whether or not it was then prepared to make the decision or recommendation that was most favourable to the applicant in question.
4. If the plaintiffs' construction were correct, the Tribunal would have been required to consider all the material provided to it by the Secretary, even if it had no bearing on an issue which might result in a decision in favour of an applicant for review. Such a construction cannot be accepted. Moreover, as explained in Samad v District Court of New South Wales, the word "may" means "may", although circumstances may arise or findings may be made such that the discretionary power in question must be exercised[9]. Once that is accepted, it follows that s 424(1) imposed no obligation on the Tribunal to consider whether it was prepared to make a favourable decision without taking oral evidence and, thus, imposed no obligation on the Tribunal to consider the Part B documents as part of the review process.

1. The first of the questions asked in each case is whether there was a failure to accord procedural fairness to the plaintiff. That question raises slightly different considerations in each case and it is convenient to deal first with the case of Mr Muin.
2. The Tribunal informed Mr Muin that it had asked the Secretary "to send a copy of its documents" and that when they were received, it would "look at them along with any other evidence on the Tribunal file to determine whether it [could] make a decision in [his] favour immediately". Later, the Deputy Registrar informed him that the Tribunal had looked at "all the material relating to [his] application" but was not prepared to make a favourable decision based solely on it. It is agreed that Mr Muin believed that the Tribunal had received the Part B documents and that if he had known otherwise, he would have taken steps to correct that situation.
3. The first issue that arises is whether the Tribunal, in fact, had the Part B documents. In this regard, it is sufficient to note that the documents were not physically sent to the Registrar; there is nothing to suggest that the Registrar was informed where the documents could be located; and only three of the documents were referred to in the Tribunal's decision. Accordingly, I would infer that, save for the documents referred to in its decision, the Tribunal did not have and did not have regard to the Part B documents.
4. It is now settled that, notwithstanding the limited grounds upon which an aggrieved person may seek review of a Tribunal decision in the Federal Court, the Tribunal is bound by the rules of natural justice and is, thus, bound to proceed in a manner that is procedurally fair[11]. Procedural fairness requires, in relation to a review application by a person who has been refused a protection visa, that he or she be given a reasonable opportunity to present a case that he or she is a refugee as defined in the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees done at Geneva on 28 July 1951, as amended by the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees done at New York on 31 January 1967 ("the Refugee Convention") and to answer any material or information in the possession of the Tribunal which suggests otherwise.
5. The agreed statement of facts makes it clear that Mr Muin was misled into thinking that it was unnecessary for him to draw the information in the Part B documents that favoured his application to the attention of the Tribunal and that, had he not been misled in that regard, he would have taken steps to correct that situation. That, of itself, does not mean that there was a want of procedural fairness. As already indicated, all that was relevantly required was that Mr Muin be given a reasonable opportunity to present his case. It can only be said that he was denied procedural fairness if a reasonable person in his position would also have been misled and, in consequence, would have acted as Mr Muin did.

1. In each case the questions reserved for the consideration of the Full Court should be answered as follows:

Question 1: Was there a failure to accord the plaintiff procedural fairness?

Question 2: Was there a failure to comply with s 418(3) of the Migration Act?

Question 3: Was there a failure to comply with s 424(1) of the Migration Act?

Question 4(a): Was the decision of the First Defendant to affirm the refusal of the delegate to grant a protection visa for that reason invalid?

Question 4(b): What declaratory, injunctive or prerogative writ relief, if any, should be granted?

Answer: Prohibition should issue to prevent the second and third defendants from acting on the Tribunal's decision; certiorari should issue to quash that decision and mandamus should issue to the first defendant directing it to hear and determine the plaintiffs' review applications in accordance with law.

Question 5: By whom should the costs of the proceedings in this Court be borne?

1. McHUGH J. The issue in these proceedings is whether decisions of the Refugee Review Tribunal should be set aside because the Tribunal failed to comply with its statutory duties and the duty to accord natural justice.

1. Mr Muin and Ms Nancy Lie have commenced separate actions in the original jurisdiction of this Court. They are Indonesian nationals of Chinese ethnicity who claim refugee status[13] and seek the grant of protection visas under s 36 of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ("the Act").
2. In each case, a delegate of the Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs refused to grant a protection visa. Each delegate set out the reasons for the decision and itemised, under "Part B" of the statement of reasons, the documentary material or "evidence" relied on in reaching the decision.
3. Both plaintiffs applied to the first defendant, the Refugee Review Tribunal, to review the decision to refuse a protection visa. In each case, once notified by the Tribunal that an application for review had been made, the Secretary of the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs provided the Tribunal with certain documents concerning the plaintiff's case[14]. Mr Muin and Ms Lie were both unsuccessful in the Tribunal.
4. In this Court, the plaintiffs rely on s 75(v) of the Constitution to quash the decisions and to order a re-hearing of their applications. They claim that in the review process there have been breaches of statutory duties and a failure to accord procedural fairness. To support their claim, they have applied for discovery and interrogatories[15]. To facilitate the litigation, the parties agreed on a Statement of Agreed Facts. On 3 November 2000, Gaudron J reserved the following questions for the consideration of the Full Court under s 18 of the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth):

"Upon the facts set out in the agreed statement of facts and the inferences, if any, to be drawn from those facts …

1. Was there a failure to accord the Plaintiff procedural fairness?

2. Was there a failure to comply with s 418(3) of the Migration Act?

3. Was there a failure to comply with s 424(1) of the Migration Act?

4. If the answer to any of questions (1) to (3) is yes,

(a) Was the decision of the First Defendant to affirm the refusal of the delegate to grant a protection visa for that reason invalid?

(b) What declaratory, injunctive or prerogative writ relief, if any, should be ordered?

5. By whom should the costs of the proceedings in this Court be borne?"

1. In my opinion, only Mr Muin has made out a claim for relief. Before considering the grounds of relief sought, it is useful to set out some background details about each of the plaintiffs and their claims.

1. Mr Muin applied for a protection visa in August 1996. In March 1998, a delegate of the Minister refused to grant him the visa[16].
2. In refusing the application, the delegate relied on 31 items of evidence that were listed under the heading "Part B Evidence Before Me" in the delegate's reasons. They included the Departmental file relating to Mr Muin, a judgment of this Court, the UNHCR Handbook, reports from government bodies and non-governmental organisations and articles in the print media.
3. The delegate found that Mr Muin feared that, if he was returned to Indonesia, he would be persecuted for reasons of race. He feared discrimination and racism and also extortion by corrupt government officials. The delegate found that such conduct could constitute persecution. But, after considering the Part B material, the delegate found that the fear was not "well-founded" because Mr Muin did not face a real chance of Convention based persecution on return to Indonesia.

1. Late in March 1998, Mr Muin applied to the Tribunal to review the delegate's decision. When an applicant applies to the Tribunal, the Act requires the Tribunal to inform the Secretary of the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs of the application. The Secretary is required to give to the Registrar of the Tribunal the statement of reasons for the delegate's decision. In addition, s 418(3) requires the Secretary as soon as is practicable, after being notified of the application, to give to the Registrar each other document, or part of a document, that is in the Secretary's possession or control and is considered to be relevant to the review of the decision. A principal issue in these proceedings is whether the Secretary complied with this requirement. In the Agreed Facts, the parties have agreed that the items in the Part B material were in the "possession or control" of the Secretary at all material times and were "considered by the Secretary to be relevant to the review of the decision". But they dispute whether the Part B materials were documents and, if so, whether they were given to the Registrar.
2. In April 1998, after being notified of the application, the Secretary dispatched the Department's file concerning Mr Muin to the Registrar of the Tribunal. According to the Agreed Facts, the file "did not include hard copies of any of the Part B documents or copies in electronic form". The Agreed Facts reveal that it was possible for the Secretary to have created hard copies of the Part B documents and for the Tribunal to have accessed the documents itself:

"Each of the Part B documents was available to … the Tribunal from the dates, and from the source … to the extent that:

(a) They could ... go to ... a computer ... [and] manually access the CISNET database, download the information to the ... screen, and then, view the relevant Part B documents on the computer screen [this was the case for items 5, 6, 8, 9, 11,12, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 or use other computer software programs and databases for items 13, 14 and 27];

(b) They could ... apply to the Department's CIS Library in Canberra for an inter-library loan or to be provided with a copy of the relevant Part B document [this was the case for items 3, 4, 7, 10, 15, 16, 20 and 30 all of which were also available from the Tribunal's own library];

(c) They could ... physically attend the Tribunal library to view or copy the relevant Part B documents by way of a computer terminal, a computer, or in hard copy form and they could ... request the Tribunal library staff to obtain a copy for them [this was the case for items 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 15, 16, 19, 20 and 30].

(d) They could ... physically attend the New South Wales State library to view or copy the relevant Part B documents ... and they could ... request the Tribunal library staff to so obtain a copy for them [this was the case for items 28, 29 and 31 (newspaper articles from 1994 and 1995)]."

1. In the meantime, on 30 March 1998 the Tribunal sent a letter to Mr Muin acknowledging his application. The letter included the following statements:

"The Tribunal has asked the Department to send a copy of its documents about your case to the Tribunal.

When we receive the Department's documents the Tribunal will look at them along with any other evidence on the Tribunal file to determine whether it can make a decision in your favour immediately. This is known as 'review on the papers'." (emphasis added)

1. According to the Agreed Facts, after reading the Tribunal's letter, Mr Muin:

"was then under the clear belief that the Tribunal would be sent all the documents about his case which were then held by [the Department] including;

(a) the decision of the delegate dated 9 March 1998; and

and that the Tribunal would look at all that material in the making of its review on the papers."

1. Further, par 42 of the Agreed Facts declares that the parties have agreed that:

"The Plaintiff believed that the Part B documents were sent to and looked at by the First Defendant in the making of the review on the papers and/or the final decision on the Plaintiff's protection visa application."

1. Under s 423 of the Act, an applicant may give the Tribunal a statutory declaration in relation to any matter of fact that the applicant wishes the Tribunal to consider and any written arguments relating to the issues arising in relation to the decision under review. Accordingly, Mr Muin's agent wrote to the Tribunal on several occasions in April 1998 referring the Tribunal to news items and reports describing violence and discrimination against the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. Mr Muin also submitted a personal statement to the Tribunal. He referred to his background as a Chinese Indonesian Buddhist, the kinds of discrimination that ethnic Chinese Indonesians suffer and his own experiences of discrimination, blackmail and extortion and the fear that he had of persecution if returned to Indonesia. He declared that he had no confidence in the Indonesian government's ability to protect him:

"My government cannot protect me should I return to my country of origin due to worsening racial discrimination and racially instigated physically violent attacks on a particular race which is ethnic Chinese. There is no freedom of speech on political issues and no freedom on religion practices, in particular Buddhism.

I also wish to add further in this statement that the Indonesian government is badly corrupted, racist, restricts the right of individual citizen in terms of freedom in expressing political views, cultures and religions as well as detention without trial. Ethnic Chineses are suffering everyday and many are innocently killed as a result of racial-instigated and hatred violent attacks which have resulted in many deaths not reported by government-controlled medias."

1. Section 423 also permits the Secretary of the Department to give the Tribunal "written argument relating to the issues arising in relation to the decision under review". In June 1998, the Secretary sent written submissions to the Tribunal to be distributed to its members dealing with protection visa applications made by nationals of Indonesia. One of the Tribunal members was Ms Patricia Leehy who heard Mr Muin's application for review. The s 423 submission contained information relevant to the question of whether the Indonesian authorities were willing and able to provide protection for Indonesians of ethnic Chinese background. Mr Muin never received a copy of any part of the s 423 submissions sent by the Secretary. Nor was he made aware of its existence at any time prior to the making of the Tribunal's decision.

1. Section 424 of the Act, before its repeal, permitted a "Review 'on the papers'":

"(1) If, after considering the material contained in the documents given to the Registrar under sections 418 and 423, the Tribunal is prepared to make the decision or recommendation on the review that is most favourable to the applicant, the Tribunal may make that decision or recommendation without taking oral evidence."

1. The Tribunal, constituted by Ms Patricia Leehy, decided in October 1998 that:

"After considering all the material relating to the application, I am not prepared to make a decision most favourable to the applicant on this information alone …"

1. When review on the papers was not favourable, the Tribunal had to give an applicant the opportunity to appear before it to give evidence and could obtain such other evidence as it considered necessary[17]. Consequently, the Tribunal sent Mr Muin a notice under s 426 of the Act informing him of the decision "on the papers" and inviting him to attend an oral hearing. Mr Muin accepted the invitation.

1. Mr Muin attended a hearing of the Tribunal in November 1998. In the course of explaining the Tribunal's role to Mr Muin, Ms Leehy said:

"So what I must do is to consider your evidence and information that I've got from other sources to decide whether there is a real chance that you will be persecuted if you return to your country. …

I must also be satisfied that protection from that persecution is not available to you from the Indonesian authorities."

1. Throughout the hearing, Ms Leehy questioned Mr Muin about his personal experiences in Indonesia. Mr Muin recounted an incident in July 1998 involving damage to his aunt's house by people in the neighbourhood at about the same time as riots were occurring. There was a brief discussion about the riots of July 1998, his family not being seriously hurt in those riots, and Mr Muin hearing from his uncle that the situation in Indonesia was getting worse. At no stage did Ms Leehy ask Mr Muin directly about the degree of government protection his family was afforded. She did not mention the material in the s 423 submission of the Secretary, nor did she ask him to comment on its substance.

1. On 25 November 1998, the Tribunal affirmed the delegate's decision to refuse Mr Muin a protection visa. After identifying the evidence and some of the factual background, the Tribunal noted that it "had before it independent information relevant to the applicant's claims". Much of that information confirmed the existence of discrimination towards ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. The Tribunal referred to a number of news articles and reports of government organisations to describe the riots that had occurred in early 1998 and which ultimately brought down the Suharto government. The Tribunal said that those riots, while they did affect ethnic Chinese, in particular wealthy Chinese, were mainly spurred by political objectives but also partially by economic frustration.
2. Mr Habibie replaced General Suharto as President in May 1998. Ms Leehy cited 1998 news reports that stated that President Habibie had announced policy changes that would address the plight of ethnic Chinese. She also quoted Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ("DFAT") information - published in March 1998 - that expressed DFAT's belief that Indonesian security forces have the ability and inclination to provide protection to all citizens. She also referred to a June 1998 DFAT cable that was part of the s 423 submission. That cable suggested that "Chinese-Indonesians would ... have reasonable grounds to fear for their property and physical safety if they were to be caught up in the type of rioting that occurred in Jakarta, Solo and Medan". Nevertheless, Ms Leehy held that it "seems reasonable to conclude that Indonesia's 'official' attitude during the Suharto regime was one of strong discouragement of hostilities directed at ethnic Chinese and indeed religious minorities".
3. Ms Leehy found Mr Muin to be a credible witness and accepted his factual account of several demeaning and at times frightening experiences that he suffered because of his ethnicity and his religion. She accepted everything that he said had happened to him and his family. But she held that it did not constitute persecution in a Convention sense. She said:

"Given the country information on the long-term discrimination against ethnic Chinese in Indonesia and the credibility of the applicant's own account, the Tribunal finds that the applicant's claims of discriminatory acts against him are valid. However, the actions complained of by the applicant are not, in the Tribunal's view, sufficiently serious as to amount to persecution in a Convention sense, as described in Applicant A by Gummow J". (emphasis added)

1. Ms Leehy accepted that there had been violence against ethnic Chinese. But she held that the violence did not have an "official quality" about it. Ms Leehy referred to the statements by President Habibie about his policy of non-discrimination which culminated in new legislation, the public condemnation of anti-Chinese prejudice by General Wiranto and official inquiries into the behaviour of the military. Ms Leehy also referred to the attempts by the Indonesian government to control the violence and the preventative measures that it had put in place. She concluded:

"Given that the violence against ethnic Chinese is neither official, nor officially tolerated, nor uncontrollable, the Tribunal is not satisfied that it can be described as persecution in a Convention sense."

1. Upon these facts, Mr Muin contends that the decision of the Tribunal constitutes jurisdictional error that calls for the exercise of this Court's power under s 75(v) of the Constitution.
2. First, Mr Muin claims that, because the Secretary did not physically transfer the Part B documents to the Tribunal, he failed to comply with his statutory duties under s 418. Consequently, the Tribunal failed to comply with s 424 of the Act. Second, Mr Muin alleges that he was led to believe that the Tribunal member had considered the Part B materials when in fact she did not, and he was thus deprived of an opportunity to bring favourable material to the attention of the Tribunal. He argues that this was a breach of procedural fairness and that the decision was ultra vires. Third, he argues that by taking into account adverse material (about the events of 1998 and the new government's capacity to protect him from persecution) without giving him an opportunity to comment on that material, the Tribunal breached its common law duty to accord him procedural fairness.

1. Under the heading: "Refugee Review Tribunal's way of operating", s 420 of the Act declares that the Tribunal is to pursue the objective of providing a mechanism of review that is "fair, just, economical, informal and quick". Further, in reviewing a decision, the Tribunal "is not bound by technicalities, legal forms or rules of evidence" but must act "according to substantial justice and the merits of the case".
2. Procedure in the Tribunal is inquisitorial and not adversarial[18]. A member is not a party to the proceedings, nor a contradictor to the applicant's claims. Under s 435(1) of the Act, a member has the same protection and immunity as a Justice of this Court[19].
3. In addition to its specific statutory functions and duties, the Tribunal is under an overriding duty to accord procedural fairness to applicants[20]. Unfortunately, whether or not a breach of that duty has occurred is a matter that must be determined by this Court unaided by any findings of a trial judge or a review of those findings by an intermediate appellate court[21]. This is the inevitable effect of amendments to the Migration Act limiting the grounds upon which a visa applicant could seek judicial review in the Federal Court[22].

"The Secretary must, as soon as is practicable after being notified of the application, give to the Registrar each other document, or part of a document, that is in the Secretary's possession or control and is considered by the Secretary to be relevant to the review of the decision".

1. The obligation in s 418(3) is additional to the obligation under s 418(2) to give copies of a statement about the delegate's decision which sets out the findings of fact, refers to the evidence upon which those findings were based and gives the reasons for the decision. The reference in s 418(3) to "each other document" is to documents other than that statement of reasons.
2. Mr Muin contends that, as soon as practicable after being notified of the application, the Secretary did not "give" to the Registrar of the Tribunal documents or parts of documents in the Secretary's possession or control that the Secretary considered were relevant to the Tribunal's review of the delegate's decision. In other words, Mr Muin contends that the Secretary failed to comply with s 418(3) of the Act. Consequently, he asserts the decision of the Tribunal was ultra vires, in excess of jurisdiction and attracts relief under s 75(v) of the Constitution.
3. The parties have agreed that the Part B material constituted "documents" that were "[i]n the possession and control of the Secretary ... at all material times" and that they were considered by the Secretary to be "relevant to the review" of the delegate's decision. I do not think that the Court can be bound by the agreement of the parties as to whether the Part B material constituted "documents". The meaning of "document" in s 418(3) inevitably throws light on the meaning of "give" in that sub-section. The Court must form its own view about the meaning of "document" in s 418(3).
4. Unless the context or purpose of a statute suggests otherwise, the words of its sections are to be given their natural and ordinary meaning[23]. The ordinary dictionary meaning of "document" is a printed or written paper containing information. That definition of "document" is not apt to cover the sequence of electronic impulses in the electronic circuits of a computer disc that store information. But it is more than 50 years since Learned Hand J assured us that "it is one of the surest indexes of a mature and developed jurisprudence not to make a fortress out of the dictionary"[24]. The object of ss 418(2) and (3) is to ensure that the Tribunal obtains all information in the Department's possession that is relevant to the review of the decision. No violence is done to the object or language of s 418(3) by holding that "document" includes information that is stored in a computer or a fax machine and which can be printed out by pressing one or more keys or buttons. No reason appears for thinking that Parliament intended to distinguish between information stored on paper and information stored in the electronic impulses of a computer that can be printed on paper by pressing a key or keys on the computer's keyboard. Statutes are always speaking to the present. If we can, we should give the words of a statute - which after all are only the means of conveying ideas and information to the public - a meaning that covers contemporary processes and accords with the object of the enactment[25]. As Justice Holmes once said[26], "it is not an adequate discharge of duty for courts to say: We see what you are driving at, but you have not said it, and therefore we shall go on as before."

"17. At all material times all of the members of the First Defendant and the Registry and administration staff of the Tribunal had access, via desktop computers, to a computer database of source documents maintained by the Department in Canberra known as CISNET. The Registry and administration staff of the Tribunal, which were based at the Registry offices in Sydney and Melbourne, also maintained its own library of source material ('the RRT Library'). Members could obtain documents from that Library and from the Library maintained by the Department's Country Information Service (CIS Library) in Canberra, other electronic databases such as Nexis (a database of international media articles) and utilise inter library loan arrangements with some other libraries in Australia. Members could request research staff of the First Defendant to obtain documents from the same sources.

18. At all material times many of the members of the First Defendant and the Registry and administration staff of the Tribunal had access to a computer software program known as 'ISYS' allowing them to search electronic databases and retrieve country information and other documents relevant to the RRT's functions. The databases capable of being searched by ISYS were set up and maintained by staff of the First Defendant.

19. All of the Part B documents listed in Schedule 1 as being held on the CISNET or ISYS databases comprised the full text of the original article except that ... with item 5, the report by the Minority Rights Group entitled the Chinese of South East Asia, the CISNET database only contained that section of the article which dealt specifically with Indonesia. It did not contain certain 'boxed information'. Entries to the said databases were added to and removed from the databases from time to time during the relevant period and different versions were recorded at different times.

20. Each of the Part B documents was available to Members and the Registry and administration staff of the Tribunal from the dates, and from the source, set out in Schedule 1 hereto in and to the extent that:

(a) They could each go to their own desktop computer (if they had one) or a computer terminal or a computer somewhere at the Tribunal's offices, manually access the CISNET database, download the information to the Tribunal's computer screen, and then, view the relevant Part B documents on the computer screen;

(b) They could each apply to the Department's CIS Library in Canberra for an inter-library loan or to be provided with a copy of the relevant Part B document;

(c) They could each physically attend the Tribunal library to view or copy the relevant Part B documents by way of a computer terminal, a computer, or in hard copy form and they could each request the Tribunal library staff to obtain a copy for them; and,

(d) They could each physically attend the New South Wales State library to view or copy the relevant Part B documents by way of a computer terminal, a computer, or in hard copy form and they could each request the Tribunal library staff to so obtain a copy for them."

1. So far as possible, s 418 must be given a meaning consistent with its general object - the object of having decisions of delegates reviewed by the Tribunal. In order to do that, the Tribunal must have access to the same material as the delegates who make the decisions. The Act also requires that non-citizens' visa applications should be processed in a way that is fair, quick, and efficient[28]. As long as the Tribunal considers the information in the "documents", the method by which that is done does not affect the requirement of fairness. On the other hand, quickness and efficiency would be severely compromised if the plaintiff's arguments were accepted.
2. The evidence of the delegate proved that it was not the usual practice within the Department to maintain hard copies of country information within the Departmental file. It was her understanding that the Tribunal would have a copy of her decision and had access to all the same country information sources that she did. The delegate in Ms Lie's case in fact stated that keeping hard copies of country information on file was actively discouraged. The Departmental practices and policies of avoiding the unnecessary accumulation of paper and copies of documents make good administrative sense. They are consistent with the Act's object of speed and efficiency and do nothing to compromise the Act's aim of fairness. A construction of the Act that is consistent with those objectives must be preferred to one that runs contrary to them. And it would be contrary to the requirements of speed and efficiency, if the Secretary was required to print out the Part B documents and their equivalents and deliver them to the Tribunal. It would add to the cost of the process and thereby compromise the requirement of efficiency - which must include the costs of the process. It would also marginally slow down the process of review.
3. The word "give" has many meanings. The Macquarie Dictionary gives 30 meanings for the term. They include: "1. to deliver freely … 3. to grant permission … 11. to set aside for a specified purpose ... 13. to furnish or provide[29]". These meanings seem wide enough to cover a situation where the Secretary through the Department permits the Tribunal to have access to the CISNET database. Once it is held that the Part B materials were documents within the meaning of s 418, I see no difficulty in holding in that context that "give" includes the Department electronically transmitting data from its database to the Tribunal. No doubt it is more difficult to say that the Secretary has "given" the "documents" stored in the Nexis database (Item 27) or the New South Wales State Library (Items 28, 29 and 31) or stored solely in the Tribunal's library (Items 1 and 19) to the Tribunal. But the parties agree that these documents were in the Secretary's "possession or control". This agreement seems to record a fiction. But if the Secretary has possession or control of these documents, he should be taken to have given the Tribunal permission to use them - which is one of the meanings of "give".

1. Irrespective of whether there was a breach of s 418, Mr Muin contends there was a failure to accord procedural fairness in relation to the Part B material. He contends that, by representing to him that the Tribunal would look at all the Department's "documents about [his] case ... along with any other evidence on the Tribunal file"[30], and that it had "consider[ed] all the material relating to the application"[31], the Tribunal created or enlivened a legitimate expectation in him to the effect that favourable documents would be or had been considered by the Tribunal member in the course of making her decision under the Act. Mr Muin argues that, by making a decision inconsistent with that legitimate expectation and by failing to give him notice of that proposed course of action, he was deprived of an adequate opportunity of presenting a case against the taking of such a course. According to the Agreed Facts, Mr Muin would have availed himself of such an opportunity in a number of ways.
2. For Mr Muin to succeed in this argument, the Court must accept as a matter of fact that the Tribunal had not considered the Part B material. The onus is on the plaintiff to make out the contention that the Tribunal member did not "have before her; consider; and/or have regard to (most of) the Part B documents". I am not prepared to make that factual finding.
3. The plaintiff relies on several matters to support his submission. First, the decision refers only to four of the Part B documents, (the Departmental file, and three standard legal references). Second, the file notes and working papers of the member contain no reference to the Part B materials[32]. Third, the failure of the Tribunal member to participate and give evidence in these proceedings to explain the true position.
4. The relevant date for considering whether Mr Muin was a refugee was the date of its decision, namely 25 November 1998. Most of the Part B material was three years old by that time - the most recent item being dated December 1995. The Tribunal member may have noted the dates from the Part B material and considered them out of date. The Tribunal member may have actually read each of the documents and considered them out of date or irrelevant. She may simply have omitted to refer to them in her decision. She may have previously read the documents when conducting other similar reviews and been aware of their contents. Tribunal members are expected to develop and build upon a body of expertise and general knowledge applicable to the cases that come before them. So the lack of reference in the notes and working papers does not lead to any firm conclusion as to whether the Tribunal member considered the Part B material. Moreover, on three occasions, the agent of Mr Muin sent the Tribunal updated information from 1997 and 1998, and the Tribunal member referred to those documents in her reasons. This tends to suggest that the Tribunal member was more interested in information concerning events close to November 1998 than in information covering the period 1992 to 1995, the years covered by the Part B material.

The adverse material - procedural fairness argument

1. Mr Muin also complains that the Tribunal took into account "country information" that was adverse to his claim, without giving him an opportunity to comment on it. He contends that this constituted a breach of the rules of procedural fairness.
2. According to the Agreed Facts:

"38. In the reasons for her decision Member Leehy referred to various documents ('Country Information') which related to the circumstances prevailing in Indonesia generally and in some cases, in relation to the happening of specific events or issues in Indonesia.

39. In relation to the Country Information … referred to in the written reasons for decision:

(a) The documents contained information capable of supporting the conclusion that the Indonesian authorities were willing and able to provide protection for Indonesians of ethnic Chinese background;

(b) At no stage from 30 March 1998 to the date of Member Leehy's decision was the Plaintiff provided with or shown copies thereof; and

(c) The Plaintiff was not made aware of the substance or contents of any of the documents by the First Defendant, Member Leehy or the Registrar."

The Agreed Facts also state that, if Mr Muin had been aware that those materials were being considered by the Tribunal, he would have taken similar steps to those he would have taken if he had known the Part B material would not be sent to the Tribunal.

1. There is no doubt that the Tribunal member was under a duty to accord Mr Muin procedural fairness. Whenever a statute confers on a public official or tribunal the power to do something that affects a person's rights, interests or legitimate expectations[35], the official or tribunal must accord procedural fairness to the person affected unless the statute plainly indicates a contrary intention. This Court has already held that the rules of procedural fairness govern the exercise of power by the Tribunal[36]. The content of the obligation and whether it was in fact complied with are issues here.
2. Natural justice requires that a person whose interests are likely to be affected by an exercise of power be given an opportunity to deal with matters adverse to his or her interests that the repository of the power proposes to take into account in exercising the power[37]. This does not mean that the source and nature of all material that comes before the decision-maker must be disclosed. But "in the ordinary case ... an opportunity should be given to deal with adverse information that is credible, relevant and significant to the decision to be made"[38]. What is required to discharge this duty depends on the circumstances of the particular case[39].
3. Before dealing with this issue, it is convenient to deal with an alternative argument of Mr Muin. He contended that he had a legitimate expectation of procedural fairness that was created by a Practice Direction of the Tribunal issued on 25 June 1997. The Direction included a section on Adverse Material. It stated that:

"The applicant will be given an opportunity to respond to any relevant and significant material which is or may be adverse to his or her case.

In general, it will be sufficient to identify the source and provide the substance of the material. There is no legal requirement to provide the actual source document.

To ensure that the applicant has an adequate opportunity to respond to adverse material the Tribunal must be satisfied that the applicant understands the material and the way it relates to his or her case.

The applicant will not normally be provided with any material which is referred to in the primary decision or is otherwise reasonably available to the applicant. The provision of adverse material by the Tribunal is subject also to any issue of confidentiality, privilege or public interest immunity (see also ss 437-439)."

1. This alternative contention of Mr Muin should be rejected. The Tribunal's internal Practice Direction did not constitute a promise or representation to Mr Muin upon which he could ground a claim of a legitimate expectation of procedural fairness concerning adverse material. It merely paraphrases the common law duty. The doctrine of legitimate expectation is fictitious enough without applying it to internal practice directions of the Tribunal of which Mr Muin did not know and may not have understood if he had known of their existence. His case must stand or fall on the proposition that the general principles of procedural fairness required that he be informed of the adverse matters that the Tribunal was proposing to consider.
2. In this case, a relevant matter adverse to Mr Muin that the Tribunal took into account was the level of protection that the Indonesian government could offer him from anti-Chinese violence and discrimination. Mr Muin was given notice that that would be a relevant matter, and he was given several opportunities to reply to it. In any event, the delegate's decision would have alerted him to the fact that it was a relevant matter. He addressed it in his written submissions and personal statement. And he was told at the outset of the hearing that, to succeed in his review application, the Tribunal member would have to be satisfied that he could not gain protection from the Indonesian authorities.
3. But it is at a more specific level that Mr Muin claims he was entitled to notice of, and opportunity to comment on, relevant matters. The Tribunal alluded to events and reports from 1998 that referred to changes in the Indonesian economic and political climate. Mr Muin does not contend that he should have been shown the actual documents relied on. But he does say that the Tribunal unfairly took into account "adverse material" which included information that came with the Department's s 423 submission about ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. He contends that the Tribunal member should have told him that she proposed to take into account, and asked him to comment on, the willingness and ability of the Indonesian authorities to protect him from persecution in light of the changes that occurred in Indonesia in 1998. They included an economic downturn, a number of riots, a period of political instability and the resignation of General Suharto on 21 May 1998 and his replacement by President Habibie.

1. Mr Muin's argument relied on the recent decision of this Court in Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah[40] which has a number of similarities to the present case. But material aspects of Mr Miah's case have no counterpart in Mr Muin's case. Miah is not a precedent that covers the present case.
2. Mr Miah had fled Bangladesh in fear of his life upon grounds that made his fear well-founded. According to Mr Miah and some independent news reports, both major political parties were in coalition with the fundamentalist groups who were the cause of his fear. He claimed that, irrespective of which party was in power, it would not protect him from the fundamentalists. A general election for Bangladesh occurred several months after Mr Miah had applied for a protection visa and made his submissions to the Department. There was considerable delay (over one year) on the part of the delegate in making his decision. The delegate did not reject Mr Miah's claims of prior persecution. But the delegate held that his fear of persecution upon return to Bangladesh was not well-founded because the change of government meant that he would now have effective protection. It had never been put to Mr Miah that a change of government would alter his situation. And given the way that his application had been presented, it was not obvious that his case might fall on this ground. Consequently, the delegate had denied Mr Miah natural justice.
3. There are two similarities between Mr Miah's and Mr Muin's cases. First, the decision-maker took into account a change of government that occurred after the application to that decision-maker had been lodged. Second, the decision-maker considered the applicant did not have a well-founded fear of persecution because a new government could offer protection. But this case is different from Mr Miah's in five material respects.
4. First, Mr Muin had an opportunity to comment that Mr Miah did not have. Second, the issue of the Indonesian government's protection against anti-Chinese violence was obvious. Third, the new information in the present case was less critical to the outcome of the decision than it was in Mr Miah's case. Fourth, the change of circumstances in Miah occurred after Mr Miah made his application and written submission to the Department. The country information relied on was also published after that date. In the present case not all of the material was new. Fifth, unlike Mr Miah, Mr Muin had the benefit of an oral hearing. He appeared before the Tribunal on 18 November 1998, just one week before the Tribunal's decision, but well after the key events in Indonesia had taken place. When the hearing commenced, the member told him that she must be satisfied "that protection from that persecution is not available to you from the Indonesian authorities". The riots of July 1998 - which occurred after General Suharto's resignation - were discussed at the hearing, although most of the discussion concerned Mr Muin's personal circumstances. However, apart from an open question "Is there something else you wanted to say?", the member did not ask for Mr Muin's comment directly on the capacity of the government to protect him in the new circumstances.

"In some cases, exercises of the power, although conditioned by the rules of natural justice, will not require that the applicant have an opportunity to comment on the material. Examples of material that would not require comment by the applicant would include non-adverse country information, favourable or corroborative information in the public domain and information based on the circumstances already described in the application. But there are cases where the exercise of this power does require that the applicant be given an opportunity to comment on the material. An example is where the delegate proposes to use new material of which the applicant may be unaware and which is or could be decisive against the applicant's claim for refugee status. The need for disclosure by the delegate is even stronger where the material concerns circumstances that have changed since the date of application and is being used after considerable delay. It is stronger still when the material is equivocal or contains information that the applicant could not reasonably have expected to be used in the way the delegate uses it."

1. The defendants argue that, even if there was a breach of the rules of natural justice, the Tribunal found "the actions complained of by the applicant are not, in the Tribunal's view, sufficiently serious as to amount to persecution in a Convention sense". However, the Tribunal member did tie in the question of "persecution" with the question of government protection:

"Anti-Chinese violence, even if orchestrated as in the case of the May riots, may not amount to persecution if the State does not condone it and can effectively protect its ethnic Chinese citizens against it".

That being so, it cannot be said that the country information was not critical to the outcome of the decision, even if less acutely so than it was in Mr Miah's case.

1. The parties have agreed that, if the Tribunal had given Mr Muin an opportunity to comment on the new country information, he would have arranged for a solicitor or agent to make further submissions or to appear at the hearing. They also agree that he would have brought forward additional evidence to the effect that it was unsafe for him to return home. Such evidence, it was agreed, would have supported his claims that his stated fears of persecution in Indonesia were well-founded. The parties also agreed that he would have undertaken further research and submitted further material such as copies of six decisions of the Tribunal favourable to ethnic Chinese Indonesians whose circumstances were similar to his[42].
2. Did procedural fairness require the Tribunal member to tell Mr Muin that she was considering the policies of President Habibie and the assurances of the Army as evidence that the government would offer protection? It is an issue on which reasonable minds might differ. But I think that she should have told him. Although the general issue of government protection was at the forefront of the case, the policies of the new President and the assurances of the Army were not issues in the case. I do not think that it was obvious that these two matters - particularly the assurances of the Army - would be decisive of the outcome of the review, as arguably they were. The change of government occurred after Mr Muin had made his submissions. At the hearing he had not been asked whether a change of government might make a difference. Nor was he asked about the assurances of the Army. If he had been asked, he might have pointed to material that suggested that the policies of the new President and the assurances of the Army had failed or were likely to fail. Moreover, the Agreed Facts suggest that he could have provided evidence, material or submissions that would have caused the Tribunal to reach a different view.
3. As the United States Court of Appeals in the 9th Circuit pointed out in a similar case[43]:

"A case before an administrative agency, unlike one before a court, 'is rarely an isolated phenomenon, but is rather merely one unit in a mass of related cases … [which] often involve fact questions which have frequently been explored by the same tribunal.' …

But the administrative desirability of [official] notice as a substitute for evidence cannot be allowed to outweigh fairness to individual litigants. Unregulated notice, even of legislative facts, gives finders of fact 'a dangerous freedom'."

1. Accordingly, the Tribunal breached the duty that it owed to Mr Muin to accord him procedural fairness.

1. A breach of the rules of procedural fairness is jurisdictional error for the purposes of s 75(v) of the Constitution. Not every departure from the rules of natural justice automatically invalidates a decision adverse to the party affected by the breach[44]. Nevertheless, once a breach of natural justice is proved, a court should refuse relief only when it is confident that the breach could not have affected the outcome of the case. As this Court said in Stead v State Government Insurance Commission[45], "it is no easy task for a court … to satisfy itself that what appears on its face to have been a denial of natural justice could have had no bearing on the outcome". I am not confident that the breach could have had no bearing on the outcome in this case. Accordingly, I would grant relief under s 75(v) of the Constitution. Prohibition should issue to prevent the second and third defendants from acting on the Tribunal's decision; certiorari should issue to quash that decision; and mandamus should issue to the first defendant directing it to hear and determine the plaintiff's review application in accordance with law.

1. I would answer the questions reserved in regard to Mr Muin as follows:

1. Was there a failure to accord the Plaintiff procedural fairness?

2. Was there a failure to comply with s 418(3) of the Migration Act?

3. Was there a failure to comply with s 424(1) of the Migration Act?

4. If the answer to any of questions (1) to (3) is yes:

(a) Was the decision of the First Defendant to affirm the refusal of the delegate to grant a protection visa for that reason invalid?

(b) What declaratory, injunctive or prerogative writ relief, if any, should be ordered?

5. By whom should the costs of the proceedings in this Court be borne?

1. The background to Ms Lie's claim is different from Mr Muin's. Moreover, there is no argument based on adverse material and a denial of natural justice.

1. Ms Lie came to Australia in January 1997. She is an Indonesian citizen of Chinese ethnicity and Buddhist religion. She applied for a protection visa in March 1997. Eight days later, a delegate of the Minister refused her application. As with the delegate in Mr Muin's case, the delegate in Ms Lie's case made his decision using the Departmental file and other documents that were described as the "Part B material".
2. In her application to the Department, Ms Lie claimed that she feared mistreatment by non-Chinese Indonesians. She claimed the native Indonesians and Indonesian government "look down on" and feel envy towards ethnic Chinese Indonesians and always cause problems for them. She also claimed discrimination based upon her Christianity - her claim to Christianity later proving to be false. She claimed she could never have a safe life in Indonesia and that she had no idea whether she could find protection from the Indonesian government.
3. The delegate found that:

"Apart from general claims of racial discrimination the applicant has not provided any information from which I could be satisfied that she faces a significant detriment or disadvantage or any other mistreatment amounting to persecution owing to her ethnicity. Taking into account all the evidence … I find that she does not face treatment amounting to persecution owing to her ethnicity."

1. In reaching this conclusion, he took into account the response of the Indonesian government to curb the riot-related violence that had affected the ethnic Chinese even when the violence was spurred by social and political reasons.
2. In so far as the claim for refugee status was based upon religion, the delegate said that the independent evidence indicated that the riots and unrest in Indonesia were part of an "escalating pattern of civil unrest across the country with a myriad of underlying causes linked to economic and political frustrations". He was not satisfied that there was a pattern of conduct of such a degree or continuity directed at members of the Christian community to be considered as persecution for Convention reasons. Nor was he satisfied that the Indonesian authorities had tolerated ethnic or religious violence or failed to protect members of the Christian communities. Accordingly, the delegate found that the mistreatment that Ms Lie claimed to fear was not sufficiently grave to constitute persecution.

1. Ms Lie applied for review of the delegate's decision in April 1997. As in Mr Muin's case, the Department was obliged under s 418 of the Act to give to the Tribunal relevant documents. The Tribunal had received Ms Lie's Departmental file by 21 April 1997, but this did not include the physical documents listed in Part B. As in Mr Muin's case, those documents were all available to the members of the Tribunal by means of accessing a computer or library. In the case of Ms Lie, every document was available either through the CISNET system or through the Tribunal library.
2. On 17 April 1997, the Tribunal sent Ms Lie a letter confirming receipt of the application and noting that: "The Tribunal has requested the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs to forward a copy of its documents about your case to the Tribunal". (emphasis added) It informed Ms Lie that she would be given the opportunity to lodge additional evidence and make submissions.
3. According to the Agreed Facts, after reading the Tribunal's letter, Ms Lie:

"was under the clear belief that the Tribunal would be sent all the documents about [her] case which were then held by the Department including;

(a) the decision of the delegate dated 13 March 1997; and

and that the Tribunal would look at all that material in the making of its review on the papers."

1. As in Mr Muin's case, the parties agree that the plaintiff believed that the Part B materials were sent to and looked at by the Tribunal in the review on the papers and/or the final decision after the hearing. They agree that she would have taken certain actions if she had been aware that the Department had not physically transferred, or sent, all of the Part B material to the Tribunal.
2. Ms Lie wrote to the Tribunal on 1 May 1997. In that letter, which was signed by her, she detailed her mistreatment in Indonesia. This included beatings that had broken her nose. She claimed that on another occasion she was knocked down, ridiculed and threatened by some Muslims on her way home from church. She claimed she could "never get any help from the Indonesian government" who gave "tacit permission to the bad behaviours of the native Indonesians and Muslims".
3. The Tribunal conducted its review "on the papers" under s 424. On 12 November 1997, it wrote to Ms Lie saying:

"The Tribunal has looked at all the papers relating to your application but it is unable to make a favourable decision on this information alone." (emphasis added)

1. Ms Lie requested a hearing. It took place in December 1997. Ms Norma Ford constituted the Tribunal. In making her introductory remarks, the Tribunal member told Ms Lie that:

"I have read all the documents on your file, including all the documents you have sent to the Department and to the Tribunal. I will take all this material into account in reaching a decision on your application".

1. At the hearing, it emerged that Ms Lie was a Buddhist and that the claims in her letter were incorrect. She said that the only time she got hurt was in a squabble with a woman. As a Chinese woman, she said she experienced discrimination in Indonesia because she was not allowed to speak Chinese.
2. When asked what fears she had, she said that she feared being hit or even killed by her enemies who were a couple who competed with her in street selling. According to Ms Lie, the main reason she came to Australia was to earn a living. Towards the end of the hearing, after Ms Lie had told the member everything she wanted to say, the member asked Ms Lie "Now, if you went back to Indonesia, what would stop you from seeking the protection of the police or the other authorities?" Ms Lie said that she did not know who would protect her. She said she had never approached the police.
3. Finally, the member also asked Ms Lie about the "troubles happening now" to which Ms Lie had earlier referred. The member asked Ms Lie what she meant by "troubles happening now". Ms Lie replied "my difficulty is that in Indonesia it's difficult to earn a living".

1. The Tribunal affirmed the refusal to grant a protection visa on 6 January 1998. The Tribunal found that there was no evidence of Ms Lie's persecution:

"The applicant was unable to provide the Tribunal with evidence of any persecution which she had suffered personally because of her Chinese ethnicity. The most serious harassment on the basis of her Chinese ethnicity to which the applicant could refer the Tribunal was the occasion on which she was spat on because she spoke in Chinese and not in Indonesian, in her place of business. Neither she nor her family were targeted in the riot in 1986 which she mentioned. She gave evidence that she remained indoors. It took considerable prompting from the Tribunal for the applicant to supply any claims of discrimination or persecution apart from her claim that it was difficult to earn a living. The Tribunal finds that this isolated incident where she was spat upon does not amount to persecution.

… disputes concerning preferred locations by street vendors do not amount to persecution."

1. Further, the member referred more generally to circumstances in Indonesia. Thus, Ms Ford referred to evidence that indicated that official and informal discrimination against ethnic Chinese does exist in Indonesia. She referred expressly to seven of the items which were in the Part B material.[46] She noted that during general demonstrations (such as those during the lead-up to the Presidential and other major elections) and particularly in the major Indonesian cities, Chinese businesses and private homes have been the target of burning and looting.
2. Ms Ford said that the present Indonesian government was not anti-Chinese and that it was willing and able to act to protect Chinese Indonesians when they come under threat from private individuals or groups. The Tribunal found that, "[o]n the evidence available … the Indonesian Government is willing and able to offer the level of protection to Chinese which a citizen is entitled to expect from his or her government."
3. The Tribunal was aware that discrimination exists against ethnic Chinese and non-Muslims but held that such practices amount to discrimination, not persecution. The Tribunal found that even when the claims made on the basis of her Chinese ethnicity were given the widest possible interpretation, at best they amounted to discrimination, not persecution.
4. The Tribunal concluded that the applicant had sought a protection visa because she preferred to earn her living in Australia where rewards were more substantial than in Indonesia.

1. Ms Lie's case in this Court was argued on the same basis as Mr Muin's, except for the ground relating to adverse materials.
2. So far as the Part B material is concerned, it is harder to draw the factual inference urged by the plaintiff than in Mr Muin's case. That is because seven of the Part B materials were explicitly referred to in the Tribunal's reasoning. Further, every single one of the Part B materials were accessible on the CISNET database or through the Tribunal's library.
3. Even if Ms Lie could make out a ground for procedural fairness, or other jurisdictional error, I would have refused relief on discretionary grounds. Irrespective of the question of government protection, Ms Lie did not make out a case that she suffered serious harm for a Convention based reason. The Tribunal found that her fears were of her enemies in business and that she came to Australia to earn a better living. Nothing she could submit about the capacity of the Indonesian government to protect her would have made a difference to the outcome of her case[47].

1. The answers to the questions stated with respect to Ms Lie should be as follows:

1. Was there a failure to accord the Plaintiff procedural fairness?

2. Was there a failure to comply with s 418(3) of the Migration Act?

3. Was there a failure to comply with s 424(1) of the Migration Act?

4. If the answer to any of questions (1) to (3) is yes:

(a) Was the decision of the First Defendant to affirm the refusal of the delegate to grant a protection visa for that reason invalid?

(b) What declaratory, injunctive or prerogative writ relief, if any, should be ordered?

5. By whom should the costs of the proceedings in this Court be borne?

1. GUMMOW J. These proceedings in the original jurisdiction of the Court involve the construction of provisions of Pt 7 (ss 410‑473) of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ("the Act") as they stood before the substantial changes made by legislation beginning with the Migration Legislation Amendment Act (No 1) 1998 (Cth). Part 7 is headed "Review of protection visa decisions".
2. There are before the Full Court questions referred by a Justice pursuant to s 18 of the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) ("the Judiciary Act"). The pleadings in both actions found the jurisdiction of the Court in s 75(v) of the Constitution. The final relief sought includes an injunction, prohibition and, it would appear, mandamus. Certiorari to quash and declaratory relief also is sought, presumably as supplementary remedies under s 32 of the Judiciary Act in the matter in which jurisdiction has been conferred by s 75(v) of the Constitution[48].
3. The actions in this Court thus differ in their nature from that of an application for judicial review brought in the Federal Court under the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth) ("the ADJR Act"). Prohibition, for the purposes of s 75(v) of the Constitution is, as Gaudron J explains in her reasons for judgment, concerned with excess of jurisdiction, not errors made within jurisdiction. On the other hand, the grounds specified in s 5(1) of the ADJR Act cast the net more widely. For example, par (b) of s 5(1) specifies as a ground of review:

"that procedures that were required by law to be observed in connection with the making of the decision were not observed"

"that the decision involved an error of law, whether or not the error appears on the record of the decision".

There is no requirement that the procedural failure or the error of law go to the jurisdiction of the decision-maker.

1. The distinction is of no significance for those of the questions referred to the Full Court which ask whether the first defendant, the Refugee Review Tribunal ("the RRT"), failed to accord the plaintiffs procedural fairness. It was indicated in several of the speeches in Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission[49] that the denial of procedural fairness in the course of reaching a decision goes to the jurisdiction of the decision-maker. This Court, in Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala[50], held that the denial of procedural fairness by an officer of the Commonwealth may result in a decision made in excess of jurisdiction in respect of which prohibition will issue under s 75(v).
2. With respect to those questions before the Full Court which are concerned with procedural fairness, I would answer them "yes" and do so for the reasons given by Hayne J. I should add that I would not withhold relief on any discretionary grounds.
3. The result in each action is that, as in Aala[51], there should be prohibition against the Secretary of the Department (the second defendant in Lie and the third defendant in Muin) to prevent action upon the decision of the RRT; in aid of that prohibition there should be certiorari to quash the decision of the RRT and mandamus requiring the RRT to determine according to law the application for review made under ss 412 and 414 of the Act. I see no utility in supplementing declaratory or injunctive relief respecting the procedural fairness issues.
4. That makes it unnecessary to answer the questions which ask whether there were failures to comply with s 418(3) and s 424(1) of the Act because the plaintiffs will have established their claims to ample final relief on other grounds. However, in my view, it is inappropriate to answer these questions for more fundamental reasons. These reflect the true construction of ss 418, 424 and 425, and the restricted scope of s 75(v), in contrast to the ADJR Act and some other forms of statutory administrative review.
5. It is convenient to begin by setting out the text of the relevant provisions.
6. Section 418(3) states:

"The Secretary must, as soon as is practicable after being notified of the application, give to the Registrar each other document, or part of a document, that is in the Secretary's possession or control and is considered by the Secretary to be relevant to the review of the decision."

"If, after considering the material contained in the documents given to the Registrar under sections 418 and 423, the [RRT] is prepared to make the decision or recommendation on the review that is most favourable to the applicant, the [RRT] may make that decision or recommendation without taking oral evidence."

(a) must give the applicant an opportunity to appear before it to give evidence; and

(b) may obtain such other evidence as it considers necessary.

(2) Subject to paragraph (1)(a), the [RRT] is not required to allow any person to address it orally about the issues arising in relation to the decision under review."

1. It will be apparent that s 424(1) empowered the RRT to make a certain decision or recommendation on the review sought by the plaintiffs "without taking oral evidence". That decision or recommendation was that most favourable to the plaintiffs. The power was exercisable by the RRT if certain conditions were met. First, "documents" must have been "given to the Registrar under [s] 418". Further, the RRT must have considered "the material contained in [those] documents". Finally, the RRT must have been "prepared" to make that decision. Where s 424 did not apply, "review on the papers" was not available and s 425 applied.
2. A question might have arisen if, notwithstanding a failure in one or more of these conditions, the RRT had, on the papers, given the plaintiffs decisions favourable to them. But, in such a case, the aggrieved party would have been the Secretary or the Minister, not the plaintiffs. They complain of different decisions, those made after hearing them under s 425 and outside the review on the papers provision of s 424. Their assertions of failure in application of the first condition identified in s 424(1) are to no point when there has been no purported decision under s 424(1).
3. The plaintiffs' case respecting these provisions may, as Gaudron J explains, proceed upon a different but related premise, that as part of its review the RRT had been obliged to consider whether it was prepared on the papers to make decisions under s 424 most favourable to the plaintiffs and had been disabled from doing so by the failure under s 418 with respect to the Pt B documents.
4. As her Honour explains, upon its proper construction, s 424(1) did not impose any obligation on the RRT, as part of its review process, to consider the Pt B documents. That being so, any ground for injunctive or declaratory relief disappears and to answer the relevant questions by the Full Court would be to contrive a futility. It could not facilitate the future course of the litigation in this Court[52].
5. There is a further point. On the hypothesis advanced by the plaintiffs, there may be errors in the construction of s 418 and s 424 and failures in the procedures of the RRT, in the sense identified in the provisions of s 5(1) of the ADJR Act, to which reference has been made. Where, as here, the primary relief sought is prohibition under s 75(v) of the Constitution, a different question arises. It is whether the hypothesised failure to determine whether there should be a favourable review on the papers under s 424 renders the adverse determinations by the RRT under the procedures of s 425 liable to attack for jurisdictional error.

Two applications for refugee status with common features

1. Each of the plaintiffs (Mr Muin and Ms Lie) is an Indonesian national of Chinese ethnicity. Each applied to the Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs ("the Minister") for a protection visa on the footing that each was a refugee within the relevant international[56] and Australian[57] law. Each rested that claim on the contention that Indonesia, by its applicable authorities, was unwilling or unable to provide protection for its nationals of Chinese ethnicity. On this basis, each contended that, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, he or she was unwilling to avail him or herself of the protection of the country of nationality[58].
2. In each case the relevant Australian decision-makers rejected the plaintiff's claim. Initially, this was done by a delegate acting for the Minister[59]. Being dissatisfied with the delegate's decision, each plaintiff applied for review to the Refugee Review Tribunal ("the Tribunal")[60]. Initially, in accordance with the then applicable provisions, the Tribunal purportedly conducted a review "on the papers"[61]. However, in each case, the Tribunal decided that it was not prepared on that footing to "make the decision or recommendation on the review that is most favourable to the applicant"[62]. Each plaintiff was notified of that fact. Each was then afforded the opportunity to attend a hearing before the Tribunal. Such hearings took place. In each case, the Tribunal affirmed the decision of the delegate, refusing the plaintiff the protection visa sought. Following that decision, each plaintiff commenced proceedings in this Court seeking constitutional and related relief[63].
3. The complaint of each plaintiff concerns the procedures that were followed by the Tribunal, both at the stage of reviewing the case "on the papers" and, subsequently, at the hearing of the review. The plaintiffs contend that such procedures were unlawful in a way that amounted to a failure on the Tribunal's part to exercise its jurisdiction as the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ("the Act") required. One complaint relates to the suggested failure of the Secretary of the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs ("the Secretary") and the Tribunal to conform to the procedures laid down by the Act and the implied requirements obliging the Tribunal to observe the rules of natural justice (procedural fairness). Those rules are implicit in the procedures that the Tribunal must observe[64]. A failure to conform to such requirements constitutes jurisdictional error, ordinarily attracting constitutional and ancillary relief from this Court[65].

1. Confining the questions: In managing the proceedings prior to their hearing in the Court, Gaudron J decided a number of interlocutory questions[68]. Her Honour was persuaded to refer to the Full Court[69] the questions that are set out in other reasons[70]. On the face of things[71], those questions are to be answered upon the facts contained in statements of facts agreed by the parties and in accordance with any inferences that may properly be drawn from such facts. As necessary for these reasons, I will make reference to the statements of facts although most of the facts necessary to my conclusions are set out by other members of the Court[72].
2. Because of the detail and complexity of the facts in each case, the limited questions referred to the Full Court and the different opinions in this Court expressed in separate reasons, I will confine these reasons to the issues of principle that must be addressed at this stage of the proceedings. The burden upon this Court resulting from the imposition upon its original jurisdiction of disputes arising under the Act that may not effectively, or at all, be remitted to another court for first determination or fact-finding[73], is so onerous that the efficient use of time suggests avoiding obligations that are not absolutely essential to the proper discharge of this Court's jurisdiction[74].
3. Three critical issues: As appears from the questions referred, and from the analysis of them in other reasons, there are three categories of issue that must be decided. In the order of the questions asked, they are:

(1) Whether the plaintiffs, and each of them, were denied natural justice (procedural fairness) because they were misled by official communications into believing that the Part B documents that had been before the delegate would be given to the Tribunal whereas it is now shown that they were not so given. (The procedural fairness - misleading communication issue).

(2) Whether, in each case, the Secretary and the Tribunal have been shown to have failed to comply with ss 418(3) and 424(1) of the Act. (The statutory procedures issue).

(3) Whether, in relying upon new materials adverse to the plaintiffs relating to the country situation in Indonesia, without first disclosing those materials for rebutting evidence and submission, the Tribunal was, in Mr Muin's case, in breach of the rules of natural justice (procedural fairness) on that ground. (The procedural fairness - adverse materials issue).

1. Various consequential questions arise, depending upon the resolution of the foregoing issues. Although there is logic in dealing with the statutory procedures issue first (as other members of this Court have done[75]), I propose to follow the order of the questions reserved.

The procedural fairness - misleading communication issue

1. Inferred failure to give documents: The facts relevant to the first issue, in each plaintiff's case, are stated in other reasons[76]. I agree with the conclusions of Hayne J that, on the basis of the agreed facts, both Mr Muin and Ms Lie were misled into refraining from placing before the Tribunal materials (such as were contained in the Part B documents) favourable to their respective applications.
2. The agreed facts accept that each plaintiff believed that the Part B documents were sent to, and looked at by, the Tribunal both in making the review "on the papers" and in the final decision following the hearings of their respective applications. The agreed facts also accept that, had the plaintiffs been aware of the fact (if it be the fact) that the Secretary never physically transferred or sent to the Registrar of the Tribunal all of the Part B documents prior to the making of the Tribunal's decision, each plaintiff would have:

• Arranged for further written submissions to be made to the Tribunal;
• Sought to appear at the oral hearing with a representative or agent to make submissions to the Tribunal respecting the contents of the Part B documents;
• Sought to place additional evidence before the Tribunal; and
• Undertaken research and submitted additional information, including decisions of the Tribunal (differently constituted) which had upheld applications for refugee status made by other ethnic Chinese nationals of Indonesia prior to the Tribunal's decisions in the plaintiffs' cases[77].

1. Failure of Tribunal members to give evidence: In reaching my conclusion favourable to the plaintiffs on this first issue, I have not been influenced by the arguments put on their behalf that an adverse finding concerning the materials relied on by the Tribunal should be drawn because the respective Tribunal members failed, or declined, to give evidence concerning the matters which they had taken into account[78]. The plaintiff advanced this argument in reliance upon the evidentiary principle stated in Jones v Dunkel[79]. It was submitted that this Court would draw the suggested inferences because the respective Tribunal members, in the best position to settle any doubts as to the materials they had actually taken into account, had not provided an affidavit to resolve such doubts.

1. Purpose of the statutory scheme: The Act, as applicable at the relevant time[92], envisaged that the primary decision on applications by persons such as the plaintiffs would be made by the Minister, usually acting by his or her delegate[93]. The delegate is an officer of the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs. In performing such functions the delegate is a repository of powers conferred by the Act. Unsurprisingly, given the importance of the decisions made by delegates in this regard, and the obligations towards refugees imposed by domestic and international law, the Act provides a formal procedure with which the delegate (and when its jurisdiction is invoked, the Tribunal) and indeed all other named repositories of power must comply.
2. The Act specifically envisages that the delegate, being "the person who made the [primary] decision"[94] will prepare formal documents supporting that decision. Such documents conform to what is now a standard, and reasonably uniform, federal bench mark[95]. The documents must contain a statement setting out "the findings of fact"; referring "to the evidence on which those findings were based"; and giving "the reasons for the decision"[96].
3. Inferentially, these are duties of the Minister or his delegate because, under the Act, once application for review is made to the Tribunal, the Registrar must promptly notify the Secretary of the application and, within ten working days, the Secretary must "give to the Registrar" a "statement about the decision under review" setting out the foregoing three matters - findings, evidence and reasons.
4. What is the purpose of this statutory scheme? It is not to fill the archives of the Commonwealth with useless records or to pander to a bureaucratic sense of neatness. It is to inform the applicant who may then be satisfied by the primary decision, even if it is adverse. It is also to make effective the "review" by the Tribunal where an applicant seeks review of the primary decision. As the Tribunal has no contradictor, no respondent party, normally allows no legal representation and acts in an inquisitorial fashion, the importance of the foregoing materials is obviously magnified[97]. Unless the statement contains the three specified matters - findings, evidence and reasons - not only is the Act breached but the chances of the Tribunal's review being a "review" as the Parliament envisaged, are diminished. How can one body "review" the decision of another effectively and justly when it does not have at least the same materials upon the basis of which the primary decision was made?

1. The implication of procedural fairness: The third issue concerns only Mr Muin's case. The main facts are set out in other reasons[114]. The applicable principles were considered, in respect of the decision of a delegate of the Minister, in Miah[115]. Most of the principles of fair procedure identified in that decision are equally applicable to the conduct of a "review" by the Tribunal. The statutory code is not exhaustive of the requirements of natural justice[116]. The Parliament has not excluded "the justice of the common law" which remains applicable to the making of the relevant decisions[117]. In determining precisely what procedural fairness requires, it is necessary to form a view about the nature and purposes of the Tribunal as appearing from the statutory context.
2. It is obviously important to avoid rigid rules and the over-judicialisation of the Tribunal's proceedings. Yet it is equally important to recognise the significance of the decisions it makes both for the applicants and for the composition of the Australian population. The fundamental postulate of the Act is that the decisions made under it will be both informed and just[118]. Ordinarily, therefore, an opportunity ought "to be given to the person concerned to respond to adverse information that is credible, relevant and significant to the decision … "[119]. In some cases, adverse information considered by an administrator might be withheld from the person affected, where there is a compelling need for confidentiality, secrecy or speed in the making of the decision[120]. No such exemption was suggested in Mr Muin's case.
3. The right to respond to significantly adverse evidence is one of the most important aspects of natural justice. It is deeply embedded in our legal system[121]. It is grounded in basic notions of fair procedure. As has been famously said, even God gave Adam the opportunity to be heard before expelling him from Paradise[122]. In the context of modern administrative decisions, the entitlement to respond to adverse evidence and materials contributes to better informed decisions and improved public administration.
4. The decision in Miah: The inquisitorial character of the Tribunal, and the fact that, for most practical purposes its decision represents the last chance of an applicant for a review on the merits and to influence factual determinations, enlarge, rather than diminish the need to afford the person affected a chance to respond to new evidence that is relevant, credible and significant. That opportunity will ordinarily be enlivened where the considerations mentioned in Miah are present. Those considerations included[123]:

1. The questions reserved should be answered in each case:

1. (b) Certiorari to quash the decision of the Tribunal, prohibition to the second and third respondents to prohibit further proceeding on the purported decision and mandamus directing the Tribunal to hear and determine the plaintiffs' review applications in accordance with law.

1. HAYNE J. Questions have been referred to a Full Court, pursuant to s 18 of the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth), in two proceedings. The questions are identical, but the facts which give rise to them differ in some respects. The actions are representative proceedings but the agreed facts, and the questions, relate only to the plaintiff in each action - Mr Muin in one action and Ms Lie in the other. The questions and the facts that give rise to the questions are recorded in the reasons of other members of the Court. I do not repeat the facts, except to the extent necessary to explain the conclusions that I have reached.
2. Before doing that, however, it is necessary to consider the relevant provisions of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ("the Act"). Only once that is done is it possible to consider what the Refugee Review Tribunal ("the Tribunal") was required to do in order to give procedural fairness. What emerges from a consideration of the provisions of the Act, as in force at the time relevant to these proceedings, can be summarised as follows.

1. An applicant for a protection visa was entitled to the grant of a visa if the Minister was satisfied that the criteria for the visa, prescribed by the Act, had been satisfied[133]. For present purposes, the relevant criterion[134] was that the applicant for the visa was a non‑citizen, in Australia, to whom Australia had protection obligations under the Refugees Convention[135] as amended by the Refugees Protocol[136]. When the Minister (or in these cases a delegate of the Minister) refused the plaintiffs' applications for a visa the Minister or delegate was bound, among other things, to provide to each a written statement of reasons which set out the delegate's findings on material questions of fact and referred to the evidence or other material on which those findings were based[137].
2. An applicant for a protection visa which the Minister or his delegate had refused to grant could, if certain conditions were met, apply to the Tribunal for review of that decision[138]. (There is no issue in the present cases about satisfaction of the applicable conditions.) A valid application having been made under s 412 for review of the decision refusing to grant a protection visa, subject to an exception not now material, the Tribunal was bound to "review the decision"[139]. For the purposes of that review, the Tribunal was empowered to exercise all the powers and discretions conferred by the Act on the person who made the decision[140] and it was not disputed that the Tribunal exercised afresh the Minister's power to grant or refuse to grant a visa. The Tribunal was empowered to affirm the decision, vary it, or set it aside and substitute a new decision[141].
3. In carrying out its functions under the Act the Tribunal was "to pursue the objective of providing a mechanism of review that is fair, just, economical, informal and quick"[142] and, in reviewing a decision, it was not bound by technicalities, legal forms or rules of evidence but was to "act according to substantial justice and the merits of the case"[143].
4. Before dealing with the provisions governing the transmission of material by the Secretary of the Department to the Tribunal (upon which the second and third questions referred to the Full Court focus) it is convenient to notice the provisions which, at the relevant time, regulated the conduct of the review. There were two distinct steps in the process of review - the review "on the papers"[144], and what followed if the review "on the papers" did not give the applicant the most favourable result sought. If the section of the Act providing for review "on the papers" (s 424) did not apply, the Tribunal was bound to "give the applicant an opportunity to appear before it to give evidence"[145] and was empowered, but not obliged, to obtain other evidence[146] whether requested by the applicant[147] or of its own motion.

"(a) a statutory declaration in relation to any matter of fact that the applicant wishes the Tribunal to consider; and

(b) written arguments relating to the issues arising in relation to the decision under review."

Section 423(2) provided that the Secretary of the Department might "give the Registrar written argument relating to the issues arising in relation to the decision under review". It was these provisions of s 423, and the obligation under s 425(1) to give the applicant an opportunity to appear before the Tribunal to give evidence, which together provided for a "hearing" by the Tribunal. Those provisions were to be understood in the light of s 425(2) that, subject to the obligation to give the applicant an opportunity to appear before it to give evidence, "the Tribunal is not required to allow any person to address it orally about the issues arising in relation to the decision under review". Thus the "hearing" for which the Act provided was partly written, by the reception of a statutory declaration by the applicant and any written arguments of the applicant and the Secretary of the Department, and partly oral - but only to the extent of receiving oral evidence from the applicant and oral evidence from any other person whom the Tribunal, in its discretion, saw fit to hear.

1. The ultimate question for the Tribunal was whether it was satisfied, at the time of its decision, that Australia owed protection obligations to the applicant. Although the Secretary of the Department might make submissions to the Tribunal about issues arising on the application, the Secretary was in no sense a contradictor of the claim which the applicant made. Unlike a court proceeding, no issue was joined between parties to a proceeding. The applicant for a protection visa made a claim; it was for the Tribunal to decide whether it was satisfied of the conditions for the grant of the visa sought. It was to do so by procedures that were both informal and inquisitorial, as opposed to the formal, adversarial procedures of a court.

1. When an application for review was made to the Tribunal, the Secretary of the Department was bound, within a limited time, to give to the Registrar copies of a statement about the decision under review that set out the findings of fact made by the decision‑maker, referred to the evidence on which those findings were based and gave the reasons for the decision[148]. In addition, as soon as practicable after being notified of the application, the Secretary was bound, by s 418(3), to "give to the Registrar each other document, or part of a document, that is in the Secretary's possession or control and is considered by the Secretary to be relevant to the review of the decision". It was the documents transmitted to the Registrar that would form the basis for the review "on the papers" for which s 424 provided.
2. In each of the present cases, the delegate of the Minister (who made the initial decision refusing to grant the plaintiff a protection visa) set out in the written record of the decision the evidence that had been used in making the decision. In each case the evidence consisted of the Department's file and a variety of other items, all of which could be, and in some cases were, printed. They included reported decisions of this Court, textbooks, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade cables, articles from newspapers and other periodicals, and items distributed by newsagencies, such as Reuters and Agence France-Presse. In the present litigation these items were referred to as the "Part B documents".
3. Electronic records of some, but not all, of the Part B documents were held in a computer database maintained by the Department and known as CISNET. ("CIS", it seems, is an abbreviation for "Country Information Service".) Members of the Tribunal had access to CISNET. Some of the Part B documents (such, for example, as textbooks to which reference was made in the delegate's decision) were not held in electronic form but were held in a library which members of the Tribunal could use.
4. The parties have agreed that, in each of the present cases, the Secretary sent to the Registrar the departmental file relating to the plaintiff but did not send any of the Part B documents. Further, facts are agreed from which it would be open to infer, in each case, that, neither before the Tribunal conducted its review "on the papers", nor before it made its decision to affirm the decision refusing the grant of a protection visa, did it examine those Part B documents. In each case it is agreed that, if the plaintiff had known that the Tribunal had not considered all the Part B documents to which the delegate had referred, the plaintiff would have taken various steps to place the information in the Part B documents and submissions about its significance before the Tribunal.

1. Was there a want of procedural fairness? In that respect, it is necessary to consider what each plaintiff was told about the material that would be, or had been, sent to the Tribunal for, in essence, each plaintiff alleged that he or she was misled about the material that the Tribunal had before it.
2. In Mr Muin's case, he was told by the Deputy Registrar of the Tribunal that the Tribunal had asked the Department "to send a copy of its documents about your case to the Tribunal" and that when the Tribunal "receive[d] the Department's documents [it would] look at them along with any other evidence on the Tribunal file to determine whether it can make a decision in your favour immediately". Later, the Deputy Registrar wrote to Mr Muin saying that:

"The Tribunal has looked at all the material relating to your application but it is not prepared to make a favourable decision on this information alone."

1. The Tribunal's letters to Ms Lie were a little different. She was told that the Tribunal had asked the Department "to send a copy of its documents about your case to the Tribunal" and, then, after the review on the papers, she was told that the Tribunal had looked at "all the papers relating to your application". Unlike Mr Muin, she was not told that after the Tribunal received the Department's documents it would look at them "along with any other evidence on the Tribunal file".
2. In each case it was agreed that the plaintiff believed that the Tribunal had the Part B documents and it was also agreed (as I have earlier mentioned) that if the plaintiff had known that the Tribunal did not have them, he or she would have acted to correct that. The statements made to each plaintiff by a Deputy Registrar of the Tribunal, when understood in the light of the express references to the Part B documents in the written reasons for decision by the Minister's delegate, provided the foundation for each plaintiff holding the belief which it is agreed was held.
3. The parties' agreement about these facts obviates, indeed it forecloses, any need to consider the difficult factual and evidentiary issues that otherwise would arise about these aspects of the matters and presumably will arise in the case of each of the persons whom it is said is represented by the plaintiff. In particular, given what has been agreed between the parties, it is not necessary to consider whether the differences in the statements made by the Tribunal to Mr Muin or Ms Lie about what it had received, and what it would consider, might be significant. The consequence of what has been agreed between the parties to each of the present actions is that each plaintiff was led to believe, by what the Tribunal said, that it had material relevant to that plaintiff's claim which it did not.
4. The agreed facts are silent about whether the Tribunal was aware of the information and opinions contained in the Part B documents. It may have been, but more importantly, it may not. It follows, therefore, that in each case, the plaintiff was denied procedural fairness. Neither plaintiff was given an opportunity to place before the Tribunal the material and submissions which, on the agreed facts, it is accepted that he or she would have submitted if not mistaken about what was before the Tribunal[149]. Moreover, it also follows from the parties' agreement that each plaintiff would have made further submissions and sought to adduce further evidence that the Tribunal did not comply with the statutory provisions governing its conduct of the reviews of the plaintiffs' cases. It did not give each plaintiff the opportunity to make the submissions[150] or give the evidence[151] which the plaintiff wished to make and give. For these reasons, Question 1 of the questions reserved should, in each case, be answered "yes".

1. In both Mr Muin's and Ms Lie's case, the Tribunal referred, in its decision, to sources of information which, in the Tribunal's opinion, supported the conclusion that the government of the country of nationality of the plaintiff (in each case Indonesia) was willing and able to protect the plaintiff from persecution on account of his or her ethnic origin. In Mr Muin's case the Tribunal received written submissions from the Secretary of the Department to which were attached a cable from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade ("DFAT") about the circumstances in Indonesia. Neither the submissions from the Secretary nor the contents of the cable from DFAT were brought to the attention of Mr Muin before the Tribunal made its decision. In his case this circumstance was advanced as a further reason for concluding that there was a want of procedural fairness. It was submitted that to fail to draw to the attention of a claimant material that was adverse to the claim made departed from requirements of procedural fairness. In addition, it was submitted that this conclusion was supported when account was taken of the fact that the Tribunal had published a Practice Direction stating that an applicant before the Tribunal would "be given an opportunity to respond to any relevant and significant material which is or may be adverse to his or her case". No similar issue about use of adverse material arises in Ms Lie's case.
2. In deciding what procedural fairness required, it is necessary to consider the nature of the Tribunal's task and the material which it is said should have been drawn to the attention of Mr Muin.
3. The willingness and ability of the country of citizenship to provide protection to its citizens is always central to an inquiry about a claim by one of those citizens to protection by Australia. Accordingly, a central question for the Tribunal in Mr Muin's case was whether it should conclude that the government of Indonesia was either unable or unwilling to provide adequate protection to Indonesian citizens of Chinese origin from persecution on account of their race. That question required the Tribunal to make a judgment about what a government, with which Australia sought to maintain friendly relations, could and would do within its own boundaries. Necessarily, it involved making a judgment about matters such as the political will of the foreign government and its capacity to transform intention into effective action.

1. In neither case, for the reasons given earlier, did the Tribunal accord the plaintiff procedural fairness. But in neither case would it be right to refuse relief on discretionary grounds. Even if it may appear that the claims of either Mr Muin or Ms Lie are weak, their assessment is a matter for the Tribunal. It follows that, in each case, certiorari should issue to the Secretary to quash the decision and prohibition issue to prohibit further proceeding upon it. Mandamus should issue to the Tribunal requiring it to determine the review according to law. There would be no purpose served by granting declaration or injunction. It also follows that, in each case, the plaintiff should have the costs of the action.
2. In each case I would therefore answer the questions reserved as follows:

(b) Certiorari to quash the decision of the Tribunal, prohibition to the Secretary to prohibit further proceeding on it, and mandamus requiring the Tribunal to determine according to law the application for review made under ss 412 and 414 of the Act.

1. Five questions have been referred by Gaudron J to the Full Court pursuant to s 18 of the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) in proceedings brought by the plaintiff under s 75(v) of the Constitution. The questions are as follows:

"Upon the facts set out in the agreed statement of facts and the inferences, if any, to be drawn from those facts …

(1) Was there a failure to accord the Plaintiff procedural fairness?

(2) Was there a failure to comply with s 418(3) of the Migration Act?

(3) Was there a failure to comply with s 424(1) of the Migration Act?

(4) If the answer to any of questions (1) to (3) is yes,

(a) Was the decision of the First Defendant to affirm the refusal of the delegate to grant a protection visa for that reason invalid?

(b) What declaratory, injunctive or prerogative writ relief, if any, should be ordered?

(5) By whom should the costs of the proceedings in this Court be borne?"

1. The plaintiff is one of numerous persons who have brought proceedings in circumstances said to be similar to his. Whatever the precedential effect of a decision in his case, this judgment has application to him only.

1. The plaintiff's claims arise out of a review of his application for a protection visa by the Refugee Review Tribunal ("the Tribunal"). The relevant rights of the plaintiff and the obligations of the defendants are prescribed by ss 414 to 440 of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) ("the Act") as it stood on 25 November 1998. Not all of these provisions need detailed reference, but discussion of some of them will serve to define the nature of the hearing or hearings to which the plaintiff was entitled, and which he contends he was denied.
2. The plaintiff refers first to s 418 which provides as follows:

"(1) If an application for review is made to the Refugee Review Tribunal, the Registrar must, as soon as practicable, give the Secretary written notice of the making of the application.

(2) The Secretary must, within 10 working days after being notified of the application, give to the Registrar the prescribed number of copies of a statement about the decision under review that:

(a) sets out the findings of fact made by the person who made the decision; and

(b) refers to the evidence on which those findings were based; and

(3) The Secretary must, as soon as is practicable after being notified of the application, give to the Registrar each other document, or part of a document, that is in the Secretary's possession or control and is considered by the Secretary to be relevant to the review of the decision."

1. Section 420 eschews technicalities but requires that substantial justice be done and that an application be decided on its merits.
2. Section 423 entitles an applicant to provide a statutory declaration of facts relating to his or her application for review. It is in the following form:

"(1) An applicant for review by the Tribunal may give the Registrar:

(a) a statutory declaration in relation to any matter of fact that the applicant wishes the Tribunal to consider; and

(b) written arguments relating to the issues arising in relation to the decision under review.

(2) The Secretary may give the Registrar written argument relating to the issues arising in relation to the decision under review."

1. Pursuant to s 424(1) as it was in force at the relevant time, the Tribunal may make a decision in favour of the applicant without taking oral evidence. Two other matters should be noticed about the section. It contemplated that the Tribunal would have before it the documents which were in the possession or control of the Secretary (of the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs) and which were considered by the Secretary to be relevant to the review of the decision. And it further contemplated that a final decision adverse to an applicant would not be made without taking oral evidence if an applicant wished to adduce it. Section 424 provided:

"(1) If, after considering the material contained in the documents given to the Registrar under sections 418 and 423, the Tribunal is prepared to make the decision or recommendation on the review that is most favourable to the applicant, the Tribunal may make that decision or recommendation without taking oral evidence.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), a decision or recommendation made on a review is taken to be the decision or recommendation most favourable to the applicant if there is no other decision or recommendation that:

(b) in the Tribunal's opinion, the applicant would prefer the Tribunal to make."

1. Section 425 provides in terms that where s 424 does not apply the Tribunal must give the applicant an opportunity to give evidence. The section is as follows:

"(1) Where section 424 does not apply, the Tribunal:

(a) must give the applicant an opportunity to appear before it to give evidence; and

(b) may obtain such other evidence as it considers necessary.

(2) Subject to paragraph (1)(a), the Tribunal is not required to allow any person to address it orally about the issues arising in relation to the decision under review."

1. But the Tribunal is not obliged to call or hear oral evidence from anyone except an applicant. This follows from s 426, which provides:

"(1) Where section 424 does not apply, the Tribunal must notify the applicant:

(a) that he or she is entitled to appear before the Tribunal to give evidence; and

(b) of the effect of subsection (2) of this section.

(2) The applicant may, within 7 days after being notified under subsection (1), give the Tribunal written notice that the applicant wants the Tribunal to obtain oral evidence from a person or persons named in the notice.

(3) If the Tribunal is notified by an applicant under subsection (2), the Tribunal must have regard to the applicant's wishes but is not required to obtain evidence (orally or otherwise) from a person named in the applicant's notice."

By so providing, the section gives a clear indication that any "hearing" that the Tribunal may conduct is essentially inquisitorial in nature and therefore quite different from conventional adversarial proceedings in a court.

1. The Tribunal, in its discretion, is not, however, obliged to confine oral evidence to that of an applicant or a person named in a notice given pursuant to s 426. This appears from s 427, which sets out the powers of the Tribunal in undertaking a review as follows:

"(1) For the purpose of the review of a decision, the Tribunal may:

(c) subject to sections 438 and 440, give information to the applicant and to the Secretary; or

(d) require the Secretary to arrange for the making of any investigation, or any medical examination, that the Tribunal thinks necessary with respect to the review, and to give to the Tribunal a report of that investigation or examination.

(2) The Tribunal must combine the reviews of 2 or more RRT‑reviewable decisions made in respect of the same non-citizen.

(3) Subject to subsection (4), the Tribunal in relation to a review may:

(a) summon a person to appear before the Tribunal to give evidence; and

(b) summon a person to produce to the Tribunal such documents as are referred to in the summons; and

(c) require a person appearing before the Tribunal to give evidence either to take an oath or affirmation; and

(d) administer an oath or affirmation to a person so appearing.

(4) The Tribunal must not summon a person under paragraph (3)(a) or (b) unless the person is in Australia.

(5) The oath or affirmation to be taken or made by a person for the purposes of this section is an oath or affirmation that the evidence that the person will give will be true.

(6) A person appearing before the Tribunal to give evidence is not entitled:

(a) to be represented before the Tribunal by any other person; or

(b) to examine or cross-examine any other person appearing before the Tribunal to give evidence.

(7) If a person appearing before the Tribunal to give evidence is not proficient in English, the Tribunal may direct that communication with that person during his or her appearance proceed through an interpreter."

1. Section 430 requires the Tribunal to give a written decision. It provides as follows:

"(1) Where the Tribunal makes its decision on a review, the Tribunal must prepare a written statement that:

(a) sets out the decision of the Tribunal on the review; and

(c) sets out the findings on any material questions of fact; and

(d) refers to the evidence or any other material on which the findings of fact were based.

(2) The Tribunal must give the applicant and the Secretary a copy of the statement prepared under subsection (1) within 14 days after the decision concerned is made.

(3) Where the Tribunal has prepared the written statement, the Tribunal must:

(a) return to the Secretary any document that the Secretary has provided in relation to the review; and

(b) give the Secretary a copy of any other document that contains evidence or material on which the findings of fact were based."

1. What a tribunal must do, by contrast with what it may do, is very much affected by the functions it has to perform and the statute under which it operates. Gibbs J in Salemi v MacKellar [No 2][160] put the matter this way:

"The question whether the principles of natural justice must be applied, and if so what those principles require, depends on the circumstances of each case. In the case of a statutory power, the question will depend on the true construction of the statutory provision in light of the common law principles (cf Durayappah v Fernando[161])."

1. There are also these aspects of the jurisdiction of the Tribunal. There is no contradictor in the ordinary sense. As I have observed, the proceedings are essentially inquisitorial. The Tribunal is not bound by the rules of evidence. As this case shows, it goes to many sources of information and acts upon material that courts would not ordinarily receive and use. The Tribunal is a specialist tribunal: its members hear many cases and can be expected to have accumulated a great deal of knowledge, so far as it is ascertainable, about other peoples and other countries. And the Act makes clear distinctions, in the ways to which I have referred, between what the Tribunal must do and what it may, in its discretion, do in relation to the gathering, hearing and use of evidence.

1. The basic submissions of the plaintiff are three in number. First, the plaintiff contends that the Tribunal took into account material adverse to the plaintiff's case without the knowledge of the plaintiff, thereby depriving him of an opportunity to meet that adverse material by evidence and submissions. This failure, it is said, was a breach of procedural fairness.
2. Secondly, the plaintiff contends that the Tribunal failed to receive or consider relevant material (Part B documents) in documentary form that contained information favourable to the plaintiff's case. Had the Tribunal properly received and considered this information, the plaintiff would have had better chances of obtaining a favourable decision. It was submitted that this failure was also a breach of procedural fairness. Related to that submission was a contention that the plaintiff was misled by letters written to him on behalf of the Tribunal.
3. Thirdly, the failure identified in the preceding paragraph constituted a breach of ss 418(3) and 424(1) of the Act, rendering the decision ultra vires.
4. I will refer in these reasons to the "Part B documents". Because of the view I take of this case, it is unnecessary for me to go into the detail of them. These comments may, however, be made about them. Part B documents were 31 in number. They consisted largely of commentaries by journalists and others on public affairs in Indonesia and the position of ethnic Chinese in that country, including the disposition and capacity of the Indonesian authorities to protect those people. Another document, the departmental file on the plaintiff, assumes no relevance in this case. Some of the matters contained in the Part B documents were adverse to the plaintiff's case, some favourable. The Tribunal made some findings, both adverse and favourable to the plaintiff's case, that were not expressly referable to the Part B documents, but were to the same effect as matters contained in them. And some matters contained in the Part B documents, both helpful and unhelpful to the plaintiff, were not referred to in the Tribunal's reasons. It would be impossible to say whether this was because the Tribunal was not provided with the documents, or because it knew of, but was not persuaded or influenced by, those matters.
5. The plaintiff submits that he has established that, in making its decision, the Tribunal did not have before it and therefore had no regard to many of the Part B documents which were in the possession of the Secretary and were relevant to the plaintiff's case. I interpolate that I do not think that this case depends upon whether material stored in and transmissible by a computer can be regarded as a document. The sense intended here in the letters to which I will refer was clearly of a document or documents being matter written on paper. Without so deciding, I would not readily conclude that in some situations in modern times a "document" might not take an electronic form. The documents were certainly not sent to the Registrar of the Tribunal before the making of the delegate's decision. This is a matter of Agreed Fact. That the Tribunal did not have regard to the documents follows, it is submitted, from the absence of reference in the Tribunal's decision to most of them, and from the fact that discovery and inspection which have since taken place in this case have not revealed any note or memorandum suggesting that the Tribunal did have regard to the documents.

"After reading the Tribunal's letter dated 30 March 1998, the Plaintiff was then under the clear belief that the Tribunal would be sent all the documents about his case which were then held including:

(a) the decision of the delegate dated 9 March 1998; and

and that the Tribunal would look at all that material in the making of its review on the papers.

On or about 1 April 1998 the Department dispatched its file concerning the Plaintiff to the Registrar of the First Defendant. The file did not include hard copies of any of the Part B documents or copies in electronic form."

1. In view of the letter, I would conclude that the plaintiff's belief was an entirely reasonable one.
2. The Deputy Registrar of the Tribunal, on 13 October 1998, advised the plaintiff as follows:

"The Tribunal has looked at all the papers relating to your application but it is not prepared to make a favourable decision on this information alone. You now have an opportunity to come to a hearing of the Tribunal to give oral evidence in support of your claims."

For the reasons I have given, the Tribunal had not looked at all the papers relating to the application. Once again, therefore, the plaintiff was misled.

1. It was further agreed that the plaintiff received the Tribunal's letter dated 13 October 1998 and that, after the plaintiff had read, completed and signed an accompanying "Response to Hearing Offer" form, he was under the clear belief that the Tribunal had already conducted a review on the papers in relation to his application and had looked at all of those papers referred to in the preceding paragraph. That too was a reasonable belief for the plaintiff to have held. Further, it is agreed that, had the plaintiff known that the Tribunal had not been provided with all of the documents, he would have prepared and conducted his case before the Tribunal differently.
2. The fact that some of the documents would undoubtedly have been on a database to which both the Department and the Tribunal had electronic access, and that the Tribunal resorted to the database from time to time does not, in the circumstances of this case, including the misleading statements in the letters to the plaintiff, the fact that not all of the Part B documents were on that database at the relevant time, and the fact that the Tribunal's decision does not disclose whether all of the Part B documents were before it in any form, avail the defendants.
3. I adhere to what I said in Aala and would adopt the same approach here as I did there[173]:

"In some respects this case is also similar to R v Muir; Ex parte Joyce[174] which was decided before the doctrine of legitimate expectation had evolved to the extent that it now has. In Muir the respondent Board had, by its actions, led the prosecutor to believe that certain measures might be adopted in relation to his application, which in fact it had no intention of adopting. In the circumstances the prosecutor was unable to present his case in full[175]. In a case of such a kind, of which this is an example, it is probably not even necessary to invoke and apply a principle of legitimate expectations. McHugh J was in dissent in Teoh, but his Honour's observations, regarding procedural fairness, are not, I think, affected by that. His Honour said[176]:

'I think that the rational development of this branch of the law requires acceptance of the view that the rules of procedural fairness are presumptively applicable to administrative and similar decisions made by public tribunals and officials. In the absence of a clear contrary legislative intention, those rules require a decision‑maker "to bring to a person's attention the critical issue or factor on which the administrative decision is likely to turn so that he may have an opportunity of dealing with it"[177]. If that approach is adopted, there is no need for any doctrine of legitimate expectations. The question becomes, what does fairness require in all the circumstances of the case?'

The case may be contrasted with Abebe[178] and Eshetu[179]. It is not one in which the Tribunal may have failed to record some factual findings in reaching its conclusions. And, the case is far removed from Abebe in which, even though the Tribunal was not bound to do so, it repeatedly stressed matters that might be of importance to the plaintiff in the determination of her entitlement to a visa[180]."

1. The plaintiff was misled. He not unreasonably acted on the basis of what he had been told. In the circumstances, he was not accorded natural justice.
2. It follows that I would answer the questions as follows:

(1) Was there a failure to accord the Plaintiff procedural fairness?

(2) Was there a failure to comply with s 418(3) of the Migration Act?

(3) Was there a failure to comply with s 424(1) of the Migration Act?

(4) If the answer to any of questions (1) to (3) is yes,

(a) Was the decision of the First Defendant to affirm the refusal of the delegate to grant a protection visa for that reason invalid?

(b) What declaratory, injunctive or prerogative writ relief, if any, should be ordered?

Certiorari to quash the decision. Mandamus requiring the first defendant to hear the plaintiff's application according to law. Prohibition to prevent the second and third defendants from acting on the Tribunal's decision.

(5) By whom should the costs of the proceedings in this Court be borne?

1. This case was argued at the same time as Muin and, as with that case, there are said to be other applicants in the same position as Ms Lie. The issues raised are, in several respects, the same as in Muin. There is no suggestion here, however, that material adverse to the interests of the plaintiff was taken into account without her being given an opportunity to respond to it, and it is known that every one of the items identified in Part B of the delegate's discussion record was available to the Tribunal, either electronically or in hard copy.
2. Some other differences in the detail are also relevant and important. The delegate explained his practice and the system in this way:

"I [the delegate] have on earlier occasions attached to the file copies of the information I had regard to in making decisions. I did so thinking it would assist rejected applicants to understand my decision if they made an FOI application, and that it would assist auditors to understand my decisions when I approved applications. When I did so, the file would invariably become very thick with paper, and this would sometimes also necessitate the creation of a second file to hold all the information. It often became a laborious, time consuming and cumbersome administrative exercise to manage such a large volume of material on departmental files to which all such material was attached. As a result I was discouraged by management from including such information on file, especially if such information was readily available 'public domain' information or was contained in the CISNET computer system.

As noted above, my practice was that the information relied upon, and its source, was listed in Part B of the decision record. I understood that the RRT would have a copy of my decision and had access to all the country information sources that I did including library resources and the CISNET computer system.

By contrast, I recall that information which was specific or personal to the protection visa applicant or which was supplied by them was usually to be retained on that applicant's file.

I cannot specifically recall preparing the Departmental file in the Plaintiff's case for transfer to the 'Onshore Refugee (NSW) Put Away Area' and possible RRT review. However, from reading exhibit 'ANH-1', I believe that I acted in accordance with the practice and understanding outlined in the previous paragraphs of this affidavit."

1. It was an Agreed Fact that members of the Tribunal could easily obtain access to the Part B documents:

"Each of the Part B documents was available to Members and the Registry and administration staff of the Tribunal from the dates, and from the source, set out in Schedule 1 hereto in and to the extent that:

(a) They could each go to their own desktop computer (if they had one) or a computer terminal or a computer somewhere at the Tribunal's offices, manually access the CISNET database, download the information to the Tribunal's computer screen, and then, view the relevant Part B documents on the computer screen;

(b) They could each apply to the Department's CIS Library in Canberra for an inter-library loan or to be provided with a copy of the relevant Part B document;

(c) They could each physically attend the Tribunal library to view or copy the relevant Part B documents by way of a computer terminal, a computer, or in hard copy form and they could each request the Tribunal Library staff to obtain a copy for them; and

(d) They could each physically attend the New South Wales State Library to view or copy the relevant Part B documents by way of a computer terminal, a computer, or in hard copy form and they could each request the Tribunal Library staff to so obtain a copy for them."

1. Sometime between 17 April 1997 and 21 April 1997 the Department dispatched its file concerning the plaintiff to the Registrar of the Tribunal. The file did not include copies on paper of any of the Part B documents or copies in electronic form that were transmissible from one computer to another.
2. The Deputy Registrar wrote a somewhat different letter to this plaintiff from the one written to Mr Muin following the decision of the delegate:

"The Tribunal has asked the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs to send a copy of its documents about your case to the Tribunal.

We will get in touch with you when the Tribunal is ready to deal with your case."

1. The plaintiff said that her state of mind was as follows:

"After reading the Tribunal's letter dated 17 April 1997, the Plaintiff was under the clear belief that the Tribunal would be sent all the documents about [her] case which were then held by the Department including:

(a) the decision of the delegate dated 13 March 1997; and

and that the Tribunal would look at all that material in the making of its review on the papers."

That may not have been an unreasonable belief. It was not, however, a necessary or an inevitable one, and it reads a great deal into the letter.

1. It was an Agreed Fact that the plaintiff would have acted in the following way:

"Had the Plaintiff been aware of the fact, if it be the fact, that the Department or the Third Defendant did not ever physically transfer to or send to the Tribunal all of the Part B documents at any time prior to the making of the Tribunal's decision on 6 January 1998 then she would have:

(a) arranged to have a migration agent or a solicitor/migration agent act for her in order to make written submissions to the Tribunal and seek to appear at the oral hearing with her or on her behalf;

(b) made submissions to the Tribunal going to the content of the Part B documents highlighting the passages in those documents which assisted her case concerning the then bad situation of ethnic Chinese people in Indonesia and challenging the correctness of that part of the Part B documents which was adverse to her case before the Tribunal;

(c) sought to bring forward before the Tribunal additional evidence to that which she sent to the Tribunal by way of documents, statements, further witnesses or country information which went to the question of the true position in [her] home country, Indonesia, to the effect that it was unsafe for [her] to return home and supporting her claims that her stated fears of persecution in Indonesia were reasonable at the time; and/or

(d) would have undertaken research or further research and submitted to the Tribunal additional information or documents of the type or kind referred to or contained in [various identified] examples of Tribunal decisions which were favourable to ethnic Chinese persons from Indonesia seeking refugee status in Australia and which contain references to other material dated before the date of the delivery of the Tribunal's decision of 6 January 1998 …"

1. For reasons that will appear, the failure of the plaintiff to do what she said she would do did not result in either procedural or substantive unfairness. Any breaches of s 418 and s 424 were, at most, extremely technical and insignificant. The Part B documents were clearly identified to both the Tribunal and the plaintiff. The delegate had thought them relevant and had identified them as such in his decision. The plaintiff knew that. The documents were also readily accessible to the Tribunal. Whether the Tribunal actually physically received or was sent them is thus beside the point. It would not have been difficult for the plaintiff, or an agent on her behalf, to obtain copies of the documents had she wished and to make submissions on them.
2. There was nothing misleading about the Tribunal's conduct. The Deputy Registrar's letter of 17 April 1997 did not state that the Tribunal would review, read or necessarily rely on the Department's documents. There was, unlike in the case of Muin, only one letter. It said that the Tribunal had asked the Department for copies of the documents, and that it would be in touch. That was all. It hardly amounted to a misleading representation.
3. The plaintiff knew what the issues were. It was obvious from the reasons of the delegate that the current and future situation in Indonesia with respect to Chinese people would be a relevant matter in the Tribunal's decision. The delegate had accepted that there had been both discrimination and violence towards people of Chinese ethnicity in Indonesia, but that the Indonesian government had acted to contain such violence and had prosecuted the perpetrators. The plaintiff could not fail to know that this was what the Tribunal would focus upon and that she could respond to it as she saw fit. She was given a full opportunity to bring forward to the Tribunal whatever material she wished on that issue. The Tribunal was not obliged to give the plaintiff notice in advance of all or any particular matters to which it might have regard. The plaintiff could not point to anything in the material that was decisive or critical, and to which she could have usefully responded. No breach of natural justice has therefore occurred.
4. This case is quite different from Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah[181] in significant respects. Miah was concerned with the decision of the delegate. The information there was directly relevant to the applicant; it was new; it was critical; and it could, and should, readily have been brought to the applicant's attention so that it could be dealt with.

"There is no question that Chinese in Indonesia have been subject to periodic episodes of violence over a long span of time."

The Tribunal also considered "whether there [was] a real chance that at some time in the foreseeable future she could experience violence of sufficient seriousness to be classified as persecution". The Tribunal's conclusion on that was as follows:

"Therefore, while acknowledging the very real threats under which some Chinese in Indonesia evidently live, the Tribunal concludes that the present Indonesian Government is not itself anti-Chinese, and is willing and able to act to protect Chinese when they come under threat from private individuals or groups. It is true that they may not always be 100% effective in doing so. However, no government is able to offer a 100% guarantee of protection to all its citizens. On the evidence available to the Tribunal, the Indonesian Government is willing and able to offer the level of protection to Chinese which a citizen is entitled to expect from his or her government."

As I noted earlier, the relevance of the situation of Chinese people in Indonesia was apparent from the delegate's reasons. The plaintiff could not fail to know that the Tribunal would deal with it. She lost no opportunity to present her case in such a way as to meet that issue.

1. The Tribunal expressly referred to documents that supported the plaintiff. Reference need be made to one document only: an article by David Jenkins in the Sydney Morning Herald of 2 May 1994, which dealt both with anti-Chinese riots and with anti-Chinese feeling in the Indonesian armed forces. This was a clear example of a document in the plaintiff's favour. That the Tribunal took it into account is evident from the fact that it was referred to on no fewer than four occasions in the Tribunal's reasons.
2. In relation to inferences, I would say this. It is very difficult to accept that applicants or their advisers would fail to understand that there would readily be available to decision-makers a quantity of country information, regularly updated, to which access would be made. The major pieces of information, such as country profiles prepared by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, country reports prepared by the US State Department, the Minority Rights Group International report, "The Chinese of East Asia", the Human Rights Watch-Asia report, "Indonesia: The Medan Demonstrations and Beyond", together with some of the ephemeral media articles, are the very sorts of materials to which decision-makers would look.
3. I summarize my reasons in this way. The letter in this instance was not misleading; unlike in Muin, there were not two explicitly misleading letters. Accepting as I do that the plaintiff believed that she would have acted differently but for the letter, I cannot accept that she would have been acting reasonably in doing so. The plaintiff did not identify any critical or decisive matters in any of the documents. Indeed, the defendants have effectively established the contrary. The matters with which the documents dealt were matters in no way peculiar to the plaintiff. They were matters within the first defendant's general and specialized knowledge. The plaintiff at all material times knew what the issues were and knew that it was open for her to address them. And a number of claims made by the plaintiff to the first defendant were not accurately made. There was therefore no failure to accord the plaintiff procedural fairness, and she suffered no substantive unfairness. Because of what I have said, it is unnecessary for me to decide whether any breaches of ss 418 and 424 occurred. If they did, it would be because "documents" within the meaning of the Act (as opposed to what the authors of the letters may have been describing or referring to) must always mean matter written on paper (an issue which I do not decide one way or another); and if, in consequence, the plaintiff had an arguable case for relief under s 75(v) of the Constitution, for the reasons summarized in the paragraph, I would still, on discretionary grounds, refuse relief.

(1) Was there a failure to accord the Plaintiff procedural fairness?

No. But if there were relief it should be refused on discretionary grounds.

(2) Was there a failure to comply with s 418(3) of the Migration Act?

Unnecessary to answer but if there were its extreme technicality would not provide a ground for relief in the circumstances of this case.

(3) Was there a failure to comply with s 424(1) of the Migration Act?

Unnecessary to answer but if there were its extreme technicality would not provide a ground for relief in the circumstances of this case.

(4) If the answer to any of questions (1) to (3) is yes,

(a) Was the decision of the First Defendant to affirm the refusal of the delegate to grant a protection visa for that reason invalid?

(b) What declaratory, injunctive or prerogative writ relief, if any, should be ordered?

(5) By whom should the costs of the proceedings in this Court be borne?

2. R v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal; Ex parte Hardiman (1980) 144 CLR 13 at 36. ↑

3. See Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273. ↑

See Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889; 179 ALR 238. ↑

See in relation to injunctive relief under s 75(v) of the Constitution, Abebe v Commonwealth (1999) 197 CLR 510 at 552 [107]-[108] per Gaudron J. ↑

Section 424 of the Act was repealed by the Migration Legislation Amendment Act (No 1) 1998 (Cth) and a new s 424 substituted. ↑

In the alternative, the plaintiffs seek declarations that the Tribunal breached s 424(1) of the Act. ↑

(2002) 189 ALR 1 at 17-18 [66]-[68]. See also Ward v Williams (1955) 92 CLR 496 at 505-506 per Dixon CJ, Webb, Fullagar, Kitto and Taylor JJ; Re Carl Zeiss Pty Ltd's Application (1969) 122 CLR 1 at 5 per Kitto J; Finance Facilities Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1971) 127 CLR 106 at 133-134 per Windeyer J; Mitchell v The Queen (1996) 184 CLR 333 at 345-346 per Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron, McHugh and Gummow JJ; Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang (1996) 185 CLR 259 at 274 per Brennan CJ, Toohey, McHugh and Gummow JJ; Lowndes v The Queen (1999) 195 CLR 665 at 671 [14]. ↑

See with respect to declaratory relief, Gardner v Dairy Industry Authority (NSW) (1977) 52 ALJR 180 at 188 per Mason J (with whom Jacobs and Murphy JJ agreed) and 189 per Aickin J; 18 ALR 55 at 69, 71; Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Guo (1997) 191 CLR 559 at 579 per Brennan CJ, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron, McHugh and Gummow JJ; Truth About Motorways Pty Ltd v Macquarie Infrastructure Investment Management Ltd (2000) 200 CLR 591 at 613 [52] per Gaudron J. See also Ainsworth v CJC (1992) 175 CLR 564 at 582 per Mason CJ, Dawson, Toohey and Gaudron JJ. ↑

See Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889; 179 ALR 238. See also Abebe v Commonwealth (1999) 197 CLR 510 at 553-554 [111]-[113] per Gaudron J. ↑

" The Secretary may give the Registrar written argument relating to the issues arising in relation to the decision under review." ↑

13. For the purpose of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees as amended by the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees ("the Convention"). ↑

15. See for example judgments of Gaudron J in Muin v Refugee Review Tribunal (2000) 74 ALJR 698; Muin v Refugee Review Tribunal [No 2] (2000) 74 ALJR 703; Muin v Refugee Review Tribunal [No 3] (2000) 74 ALJR 1398. ↑

16. Section 496 of the Act gives the Minister power to delegate his powers. Under s 65 the Minister has the power to refuse a visa. The prescribed criterion for a protection visa, under s 36, is that the applicant for the visa is a non-citizen in Australia to whom Australia has protection obligations under the Convention. ↑

See Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82 at 115 [76] per Gaudron and Gummow JJ. For an outline of the legal framework of the Tribunal, see Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf (2001) 75 ALJR 1105 at 1117-1118 [70]-[71]; 180 ALR 1 at 18 per McHugh, Gummow and Hayne JJ. ↑

Section 435 provides that a member "has, in the performance of his or her duties as a member, the same protection and immunity as a member of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal" and under s 60 of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth) a member has the same protection and immunity as a High Court Justice. ↑

Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550; Annetts v McCann (1990) 170 CLR 596; Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889; 179 ALR 238. ↑

Under the constitutionally entrenched jurisdiction of s 75(v). See Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82. ↑

Because of s 476(2)(a) of the Act as it stood at the relevant time, which was inserted by the Migration Reform Act 1992 (Cth) the validity of which was confirmed by this Court in Abebe v Commonwealth (1999) 197 CLR 510. ↑

Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd (1920) 28 CLR 129 at 161-162 per Higgins J; Cody v J H Nelson Pty Ltd (1947) 74 CLR 629 at 648 per Dixon J; Cooper Brookes (Wollongong) Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1981) 147 CLR 297 at 305 per Gibbs CJ; Mills v Meeking (1990) 169 CLR 214 at 223 per Mason CJ and Toohey J. ↑

Cabell v Markham 148 F 2d 737 at 739 (2nd Cir, 1945). ↑

Bropho v Western Australia (1990) 171 CLR 1 at 19-20 adopting Kingston v Keprose Pty Ltd (1987) 11 NSWLR 404 at 421-424. ↑

Johnson v United States 163 F 30 at 32 (1st Cir, 1908). ↑

28. In addition to s 420, see Pt 2, Div 3, subdiv AB which provides for a "Code of procedure for dealing fairly, efficiently and quickly with visa applications". ↑

32. Note interlocutory judgment of Gaudron J in Muin v Refugee Review Tribunal [No 2] (2000) 74 ALJR 703 refusing further discovery and interrogatories. ↑

Gleeson CJ at [25], Kirby J at [197], Callinan J at [299]-[300]. ↑

Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550; Annetts v McCann (1990) 170 CLR 596; Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889; 179 ALR 238. ↑

Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550; Annetts v McCann (1990) 170 CLR 596; Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889; 179 ALR 238. ↑

Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550 at 628 per Brennan J, citing Kanda v Government of Malaya [1962] AC 322 at 337. See also De Verteuil v Knaggs [1918] AC 557 at 560-561; Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40 at 113-114. ↑

Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550 at 629 per Brennan J, in the context of adverse information that related to the applicants personally. ↑

Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550; Annetts v McCann (1990) 170 CLR 596; Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889; 179 ALR 238. ↑

41. Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 912 [141]; 179 ALR 238 at 269-270. ↑

42. See also Castillo-Villagra v INS 972 F 2d 1017 (9th Cir, 1992). ↑

43. Castillo-Villagra v INS 972 F 2d 1017 (9th Cir, 1992) at 1026-1027. ↑

44. Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141 at 145; Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82 at 122. ↑

47. Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141 at 145; Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82 at 122 [104]. ↑

48. See Re McBain; Ex parte Australian Catholic Bishops Conference (2002) 76 ALJR 694; 188 ALR 1. ↑

Bass v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 334 at 359 [57]. ↑

See Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355 at 389 [92]. ↑

Acting in reliance upon O 16, r 12 High Court Rules; cf Carnie v Esanda Finance Corporation Ltd (1995) 182 CLR 398 at 408, 430. Pursuant to the Migration Legislation (Amendment) Act (No 1) 2001 (Cth), s 3 and Sched 1, Pt 2, restrictions now apply to proceedings brought in respect of multiple parties. The future consequences (if any) of these provisions, in relation to the parties on behalf of whom Mr Muin and Ms Lie brought the proceedings, have not been argued or determined. ↑

cf reasons of Gleeson CJ at [3]; reasons of Hayne J at [256]; reasons of Callinan J at [288]. ↑

Convention relating to the Status of Refugees done at Geneva 28 July 1951 and the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees done at New York 31 January 1967 ("the Convention"). ↑

60. Established by the Act, s 457: Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf (2001) 75 ALJR 1105 at 1117-1118 [70]-[71]; 180 ALR 1 at 18. The applications were made to the Tribunal pursuant to s 412 of the Act. By s 414 of the Act, the Tribunal was obliged to review the primary decisions in accordance with the powers conferred on it by s 415 of the Act. ↑

61. In accordance with the Act, s 424 (since repealed and replaced). ↑

Pursuant to the Constitution, s 75(v) (prohibition and mandamus) and the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth), ss 32 and 33. ↑

cf Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Epeabaka (2001) 75 ALJR 848 at 858 [53], 860 [64]; 179 ALR 296 at 309-310, 312; Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah ("Miah") (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 923-924 [188], [190]-[191]; 179 ALR 238 at 284, 285-286. ↑

cf Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 925 [196]; 179 ALR 238 at 287. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 913-915 [146]; 179 ALR 238 at 271-274. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 924 [193]; 179 ALR 238 at 286. ↑

Herijanto v Refugee Review Tribunal (2000) 74 ALJR 698; 170 ALR 379; Herijanto v Refugee Review Tribunal [No 2] (2000) 74 ALJR 703; 170 ALR 575; Herijanto v Refugee Review Tribunal [No 3] (2000) 74 ALJR 1398; 174 ALR 681. ↑

Pursuant to the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth), s 18. ↑

Reasons of Gleeson CJ at [35]; reasons of Gaudron J at [69]; reasons of McHugh J at [74]; reasons of Callinan J at [279]. ↑

cf reasons of McHugh J at [103]; reasons of Hayne J at [263]. ↑

Reasons of Gleeson CJ at [14], [16]; reasons of McHugh J at [76]-[94], [142]-[153]; reasons of Callinan J at [303]-[306], [317]. ↑

75. Reasons of Gleeson CJ at [5]-[17]; reasons of Gaudron J at [38]-[57]; reasons of McHugh J at [100]-[112], [163]-[165]; reasons of Hayne J at [241]-[251]; reasons of Callinan J at [297]-[305]. ↑

76. Reasons of Gleeson CJ at [22]-[27]; reasons of Gaudron J at [59], [62]; reasons of McHugh J at [121]. ↑

77. The agreed facts relevant to Ms Lie's case are set out in the reasons of McHugh J at [142]-[153]. ↑

78. I agree in the similar conclusions of Gleeson CJ at [25] and Callinan J at [299]. ↑

80. The Act, s 435(1) and Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth), s 60(1). ↑

81. Hennessy v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd (1926) 38 CLR 342 at 349; cf Duke of Buccleuch v Metropolitan Board of Works (1872) LR 5 HL 418; Zanatta v McCleary [1976] 1 NSWLR 230 at 233-234, 237-239. ↑

83. cf R v Marks; Ex parte Australian Building Construction Employees Builders Labourers' Federation (1981) 147 CLR 471 at 483; Xiang Sheng Li v Refugee Review Tribunal (1994) 36 ALD 273 at 279-280; Guo Wei Rong v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1995) 38 ALD 38 at 43-45. ↑

84. R v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal; Ex parte Hardiman (1980) 144 CLR 13 at 35-36. ↑

R v War Pensions Entitlement Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Bott (1933) 50 CLR 228 at 242-243; Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82 at 99-100 [38], 101 [41]. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 927 [211]; 179 ALR 238 at 290-291. ↑

Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82 at 89 [5], 124 [111], 134-135 [141]-[142], 143 [170]. ↑

R v Ross-Jones; Ex parte Green (1984) 156 CLR 185 at 214; cf reasons of McHugh J at [165]; reasons of Callinan J at [326]. ↑

In re Judiciary and Navigation Acts (1921) 29 CLR 257 at 264-265; North Ganalanja Aboriginal Corporation v Queensland (1996) 185 CLR 595 at 612. ↑

The Act, s 424 was repealed with effect from 1 June 1999 by the Migration Legislation Amendment Act (No 1) 1998 (Cth). However, s 418 has not been amended. ↑

The relevant time was the date of the making of the Tribunal's decision. In the case of Mr Muin this was 25 November 1998. In the case of Ms Lie it was 6 January 1998. ↑

95. Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Eshetu (1999) 197 CLR 611 at 646 [117]; Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf (2001) 75 ALJR 1105 at 1124-1125 [109]-[116]; 180 ALR 1 at 28-29. ↑

97. Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 910 [125]; 179 ALR 238 at 266; cf Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte H (2001) 75 ALJR 982 at 990 [28]-[31]; 179 ALR 425 at 434-435. ↑

100. Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf (2001) 75 ALJR 1105 at 1125 [113]; 180 ALR 1 at 29; Re Patterson; Ex parte Taylor (2001) 75 ALJR 1439 at 1502 [330]; 182 ALR 657 at 742 referring to Liversidge v Anderson [1942] AC 206; South Australia v O'Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378 at 418-419. ↑

105. Bropho v Western Australia (1990) 171 CLR 1 at 20 approving Kingston v Keprose Pty Ltd (1987) 11 NSWLR 404 at 421-424. ↑

112. Reasons of Gleeson CJ at [31]-[34]; reasons of Callinan J at [303]-[305], [315]-[316]. ↑

113. s 25. See reasons of Hayne J at [247]-[250]. See also s 25A. ↑

114. Reasons of Gleeson CJ at [27]-[30]; reasons of McHugh J at [120]; reasons of Hayne J at [259]-[263]. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 919 [171]-[172]; 179 ALR 238 at 279. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 922 [183]; 179 ALR 238 at 283. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 923-924 [190]; 179 ALR 238 at 285. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 923-924 [191]; 179 ALR 238 at 285. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 923-924 [191]; 179 ALR 238 at 285-286 citing Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550 at 629. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 924 [192]; 179 ALR 238 at 286. ↑

Cooper v The Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 14 CB (NS) 180 at 195 [143 ER 414 at 420] per Byles J. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 924 [193]; 179 ALR 238 at 286. ↑

Six decisions of the Tribunal were referred to in argument. They were made between 21 May 1998 and 18 December 1998 by the Tribunal consisting of three different members. See reasons of Gleeson CJ at [16]. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 905-906 [97]; 179 ALR 238 at 260 per Gaudron J. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 906 [99]; 179 ALR 238 at 260. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 915 [147]; 179 ALR 238 at 274. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 915 [147]; 179 ALR 238 at 274. ↑

Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 915 [147]; 179 ALR 238 at 274. ↑

135. Convention relating to the Status of Refugees done at Geneva on 28 July 1951. ↑

136. Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees done at New York on 31 January 1967. ↑

137. Migration Act, s 66(2), as understood in the light of Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth), s 25D. ↑

149. Re Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82. ↑

152. Allars, "Neutrality, the Judicial Paradigm and Tribunal Procedure", (1991) 13 Sydney Law Review 377. ↑

153. cf Castillo-Villagra v Immigration and Naturalization Service 972 F 2d 1017 (1992). ↑

157. Haoucher v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1990) 169 CLR 648 at 670 per Toohey J; Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273 at 313 per McHugh J. ↑

159. cf Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 906 [99] per Gaudron J, 912 [140] per McHugh J, 922‑923 [187] per Kirby J; 179 ALR 238 at 260, 269, 284. See also Lek v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1993) 43 FCR 100 at 129‑130. ↑

162. See Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission (1992) 175 CLR 564. ↑

163. "A member has, in the performance of his or her duties as a member, the same protection and immunity as a member of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal." ↑

164. Herijanto v Refugee Review Tribunal (2000) 74 ALJR 698; 170 ALR 379. ↑

169. See R v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal; Ex parte Hardiman (1980) 144 CLR 13 at 35-36. ↑

170. (2001) 75 ALJR 889 at 912-913 [142]; 179 ALR 238 at 270. ↑

172. (2000) 204 CLR 82 at 152 [206] per Callinan J. ↑

179. (1999) 197 CLR 611 at 629 [54]-[55] per Gleeson CJ and McHugh J, 656-657 [143]-[145] per Gummow J. ↑

180. (1999) 197 CLR 510 at 607-608 [294]-[296] per Callinan J. ↑