AMT Planning Consultants Pty Ltd t/as Coastplan Consulting v Central Coast Council

Common Ground

1. The primary Judge noted that it was common ground that: [16]

• long-term caravan sites were prohibited in Zone 7(c2);
• the sole issue was whether Coastplan "had the benefit of existing use rights such that [its] application can be approved"; and
• the date for identification and characterisation of the lawful use was 5 May 1983 (the date the land was rezoned as 7(c2)).

1. Coastplan placed no reliance on the 1987 Consent or the licences subsequently granted by Gosford Council. The primary Judge observed that the development consent granted in 2006 (by which his Honour apparently meant the approval under s 68 of the LG Act 1993 to increase the number of long-term caravan sites to 68) and other licences issued under the LG Act were "incapable of retrospectively affecting the characterisation process which … [was] to be undertaken as at 5 May 1983". [17]
2. Although his Honour did not expressly record the parties' agreement on the point, it was also common ground that the appeal was to be determined by reference to ss 106-108 of the EPA Act (that is, according to the legislation in force at the date of the hearing in the Land and Environment Court). However, his Honour noted that ss 106-108, except for the numbering, were identical to ss 4.65-4.67 of the EPA Act in force at the date the Primary Judgment was delivered. [18]

Condition (aa): Ambulatory operation

1. The primary Judge addressed Coastplan's argument that condition (aa) to the 1980 Consent was "ambulatory" in the sense that it required compliance with the Caravan Code in force from time to time. [19] On this argument, condition (aa) ceased to prohibit use of the caravan park for long-term accommodation when the Caravan Code was amended in September 1982 to remove cl A.3 (which prevented a caravan site being used continuously for a period greater than 6 weeks).
2. The primary Judge considered that caution should be exercised before giving ambulatory operation to a condition of consent since to do so would create a lack of clarity and certainty. If the condition had an ambulatory operation the content of the condition would change over time and anyone attempting to understand the effect of the condition would have to search extrinsic material. [20] His Honour was also influenced by the fact that condition (aa) required not only compliance with the Caravan Code but "specifically identified a prohibition on long-term caravan sites as part of the Code with which compliance was required". [21] Accordingly, his Honour rejected Coastplan's submission.

The Consents

1. His Honour next addressed Coastplan's argument that the 1980 and 1983 Consents should be given a broad meaning encompassing all uses as a caravan park, including long-term accommodation. [22] The primary Judge rejected Coastplan's submission that the Court should confine itself to the terms of each consent "on its face" and should not take into account the conditions of development consent. His Honour held that the correct approach was to consider: [23] "the operation of the consent as a whole, read carefully but without the meticulous examination of the activities involved in the use".
2. The primary Judge observed that it was not necessary to form a view as to whether the so-called "genus test" applies where an existing use is claimed to flow from a current development consent (as distinct from where the existing use is based simply on actual use of land before the introduction of the planning scheme prohibiting that use). [24] His Honour continued as follows: [25] "62 Arguably, the conditions of consent are such that the development consents in this case dictate the appropriate level of use such that [Botany Bay City Council v Workmate Abrasives Pty Ltd (2004) 138 LGERA 120] applies to exclude consideration of the genus test. On that view of the case, only use for short-term caravan sites are included in the existing use rights. 63 However, even if the development consent was silent as to use, which I do not consider to be the case, and the genus test did apply, I find that use as a short-term caravan park is a materially different use to a caravan park involving long-term or permanent accommodation. I reach that conclusion for the following reasons. 64 First, I note that the characterisation of the use depends on the purpose of the use … … 66 … more fundamental to the distinction between short-term and longterm or permanent caravan sites is that the two are relevantly different purposes. I find that use of a site for tourism purposes and use of a site as a primary residence is a key distinction of the kind alluded to by Kitto J in [Shire of Perth v O'Keefe (1964) 110 CLR 529 at 535]. 67 Secondly, and to some extent similarly, use for long-term caravan sites is a use that gives rise to different environmental effects and town planning considerations compared to use for short-term caravan sites …. For example, questions that go to the provision of services, access to amenities, parking, and noise are all different between short-term and longterm stays. Indeed, it is perhaps for this reason that the 1980 consent and 1983 consent were stipulated to be for short-term stays only. 68 Ultimately, once it is accepted that the entire consent must be read to govern the existing use, it does not matter whether the restriction on the use arose by way of the development's description or by way of the conditions of consent. 69 I therefore find that Coastplan's existing use rights did not extend to long-term or permanent caravan sites." (Most citations omitted.)

Common ground

1. The appeal was conducted on the same basis as the proceedings in the Land and Environment Court. There was therefore no dispute as to the matters upon which there was agreement before the primary Judge. [26]
2. As the amended notice of appeal makes clear, Coastplan's case on appeal is founded exclusively on s 107(1) of the EPA Act, read with par (b)(i) of the definition of "existing use" in s 106. Coastplan's contentions assume that an applicant for development consent who relies on an existing use need only satisfy one of the two limbs of the definition in s 106. The Council did not dispute this assumption. Accordingly the issue debated by the parties was the character of the use of the land for which development consent was granted in 1980 and 1983 (that is, prior to 6 May 1983 when use of the land was a caravan park became a prohibited use under IDO 122). [27]

Ground 1(a)

1. Coastplan submitted that the relevant purpose for which development consent had been granted in 1980 and 1983 was use of the land as a caravan park. IDO 122 at that time permitted use for a caravan park and did not distinguish between use of a caravan park for tourist or temporary accommodation and use for permanent or long-term accommodation. The imposition of conditions in the 1980 and 1983 Consents restricting use of the caravan sites to short-term accommodation did not detract from the grant of approval for the purpose identified in IDO 122 - that is, as a caravan park.
2. Mr Pickles contended that the character of the use for which development consent had been granted generally had to be determined on the "face" of the 1980 and 1983 Consents, without reference to the conditions attached to each Consent. This, so he argued, was consistent with the principle that existing use rights should be construed liberally having regard to the terms of the relevant environmental planning instrument. When asked whether it would make any difference if each Consent stated "on its face" that use of the sites was limited to short-term accommodation, Mr Pickles' responses were not entirely consistent. Ultimately his position was that it would make no difference but that in this case the 1980 and 1983 Consents, when considered independently of the conditions, granted consent simply for use of the land for the purpose of a caravan park unconstrained by time limits.
3. When pressed, Mr Pickles accepted that there could be two circumstances in which it would be appropriate to have regard to the conditions imposed on a development consent. The first is where reference to the conditions is necessary to understand "what was applied for in the development application and what were the lawful purposes under the planning instrument to which consent could have been granted". The second is where the condition is necessary in order for the use to be permissible under the relevant EPI. Neither of these circumstances, so Mr Pickles submitted, is present in this case.

Ground 1(b)

1. Mr Pickles submitted that even if the conditions attached to the 1980 and 1983 Consents could be taken into account, the use for which consent was granted in each case was as a caravan park. Mr Pickles made it clear that Coastplan was not relying on the so-called "genus" test referred to in the authorities. Instead Coastplan relied on the terms of the consent determinations. The 1980 Consent simply granted consent for the establishment of a caravan park on the land, while the 1983 Consent approved a development application which sought consent for an additional 33 lots in the caravan park.
2. Mr Pickles contended that the development consents were consistent with the lawful purpose for which land could be developed with consent under IDO 122. That purpose was as a caravan park. In keeping with the principle that existing use rights should be given a broad construction, the 1980 and 1983 Consents should be construed by reference to the permitted purpose which did not distinguish between short-term and long-term use of a caravan park.
3. When asked to identify the error of law committed by the primary Judge, Mr Pickles eschewed a contention that the error was the primary Judge's failure to characterise the use for which development consent had been granted solely by reference to the purpose permitted under IDO 122. Rather he identified the error as his Honour's failure, when characterising the use for which development consent had been granted, to have regard to the lawful purpose permitted by IDO 122.

Ground 2

1. Mr Pickles repeated the "ambulatory" argument rejected by the primary Judge. He submitted that condition (aa) to the 1980 Consent should be understood as incorporating the Caravan Code as in force from time to time. Since the Caravan Code was amended in 1982 to remove cl A.3 (which prohibited continuous use of a caravan site for more than six weeks), by 5 May 1983 condition (aa) did not prevent use of caravan sites on the land for long-term accommodation.

Council's submissions

1. The Council submitted that the Primary Judgment did not disclose any error. Mr Ireland, who appeared with Ms Tringali for the Council, contended that Coastplan's approach disregarded the difference in purpose between the use of land for short-term or tourist caravan sites and use for permanent residency.

Ground 1(a)

1. Mr Ireland submitted that while it might be appropriate to give a fair and liberal construction to the terms of a development consent, there is no justification for ignoring the conditions of development consent when characterising the existing use. Mr Ireland said that it is impossible to determine the use permitted by a development consent without considering the terms of the consent as a whole, including the conditions of consent. If on a proper construction of either the 1990 or 1983 Consents the sites on the land could not be used for long-term accommodation on 6 May 1983, that could not be the use for which consent was granted. In determining that use, so Mr Ireland argued, it is necessary also to have regard to the lawful purpose for which the land could be used on the relevant date. In this case, on 6 May 1983 it was unlawful to use the caravan sites for permanent accommodation.

Ground 1(b)

1. Mr Ireland's response to the argument in support of Ground 1(b) was formulated at short notice. He submitted that the primary Judge was aware of the purpose for which development consent could be granted under IDO 122 and took it into account. His Honour characterised the use for which development consent had been granted consistently with the principles laid down in the authorities. In particular, his Honour correctly focussed on the town-planning purpose underlying the conditions of development consent.

Ground 2

1. Mr Ireland essentially adopted the reasoning of the primary Judge to reject Coastplan's contention that condition (aa) to the 1980 Consent had ambulatory effect.

The relevant law

1. The parties' argument in this Court proceeded on the common assumption that the relevant law to be applied was that in force either at the date of the hearing in the Land and Environment Court (4 December 2017) or the date of the Primary Judgment (10 April 2018). As has been noted, the only difference between the relevant provisions in force on those two dates is the renumbering of ss 106-108 as ss 4.65-4.67 of the EPA Act.
2. In the course of argument the parties were asked whether the relevant law for determining the extent of "existing use" of the land on 5 May 1983 was to be found in ss 106-108 of the EPA Act or in the legislation as in force on 5 May 1983. The answer given by Mr Pickles and adopted by Mr Ireland was that ss 106-108 of the EPA Act applied by virtue of s 39(2) of the LEC Act. Section 39(2) states that the Land and Environment Court: "shall, for the purposes of hearing and disposing of an appeal, have all the functions and discretions which the person or body whose decision is the subject of the appeal had in respect of the matter the subject of the appeal."
3. The answer to the question asked by the Court is not to be found in s 39(2) of the LEC Act, but in transitional provisions enacted when the definition of "existing use" in the EPA Act was amended. The original definition of "existing use" in s 106 of the EPA Act was as follows: "(a) the use of a building, work or land for a lawful purpose immediately before the coming into force of an environmental planning instrument having the effect of prohibiting that use; and (b) in the case of a building, work or land erected, carried out or used in accordance with a consent to which section 99 (1) (a) (ii) applies - the use of that building, work or land for the purpose specified in the development application to which the consent was granted."
4. Paragraph (b) of the definition was amended by the Environmental Planning and Assessment Amendment Act 1996 (NSW) (1996 Amendment Act) to take its current form. [28] It is convenient to reproduce the current definition here: "(b) the use of a building, work or land: (i) for which development consent was granted before the commencement of a provision of an environmental planning instrument having the effect of prohibiting the use, and …"
5. There is nothing in the Explanatory Memorandum or second reading speech that explains the purpose of the amendment. However, it can be seen that "use … for the purpose specified in the development application to which the consent was granted" was removed from par (b). The amended par (b)(i) of the definition refers instead to "use … for which development consent was granted".
6. Neither party referred to the savings and transitional provisions in the 1996 Amendment Act which included the following: [29] "Section 106(b), as inserted by the Environmental Planning and Assessment Amendment Act 1996, is taken to have commenced on 1 September 1980 [the date the EPA Act commenced]".
7. It follows from this transitional provision that Coastplan's 2015 DA, insofar as it relied on an existing use of the land as at 6 May 1983, fell to be determined in accordance with the definition of "existing use" in s 106 of the EPA Act as amended in 1996. As has been noted, there has been no material change to s 106 of the EPA Act since 1996. Except for the change of numbering as from 1 March 2018 the relevant provisions were identical on all three dates.

Ground 1(a)

1. Coastplan's submissions in support of Ground 1(a) started with references to decided cases addressing the concept of "existing use". Some of those cases, however, were concerned with different provisions than those now found in ss 106 and 107 of the EPA Act. For example, although Shire of Perth v O'Keefe [30] is a leading case on the concept of existing use, it is necessary to bear in mind that it involved the construction of a by-law which applied if, on a particular date, any land was being "lawfully used for a purpose" not permitted by a by-law that came into force on that date. That language is significantly different from the language in par (b)(i) of the definition of "existing use" in s 106 of the EPA Act. [31]
2. It is also necessary to bear in mind that s 106 of the EPA Act defines "existing use" for the purposes of Part 4 Div 10 of the Act. [32] The operative provision is s 107(1) of the EPA Act. In Kelly v The Queen, [33] McHugh J observed that: "the function of a definition is not to enact substantive law. It is to provide aid in construing the statute. Nothing is more likely to defeat the intention of the legislature than to give a definition a narrow, literal meaning and then use that meaning to negate the evident policy or purpose of a substantive enactment. There is, of course, always a question whether the definition is expressly or impliedly excluded. But once it is clear that the definition applies, the better - I think the only proper - course is to read the words of the definition into the substantive enactment and then construe the substantive enactment - in its extended or confined sense - in its context and bearing in mind its purpose and the mischief that it was designed to overcome. To construe the definition before its text has been inserted into the fabric of the substantive enactment invites error as to the meaning of the substantive enactment."
3. If par (b)(i) of the definition of "existing use" (on which Coastplan relies) is read into s 107(1) it reads as follows: "… nothing in this Act or an environmental planning instrument prevents the continuation of the use of … land for which development consent was granted before the commencement of a provision of an environmental planning instrument having the effect of prohibiting the use".
4. The critical expression in this formulation is "the use of … land for which development consent was given". It is that use which can continue notwithstanding that a new EPI prohibits the use. In Abret v Wingecarribee Shire Council [34] Beazley JA pointed out that in planning law use must be for a purpose and that "use" refers to the "physical acts by which the land is made to serve some purpose". [35] Her Honour also pointed out that uses of different nature can serve the same purpose. Thus "use" and purpose are not necessary co-extensive.
5. In the present case it is difficult to see why the relevant inquiry (as to the use of land for which development consent was granted) should be confined to the opening words of a consent determination to the exclusion of the conditions attached to the consent. In 1980 and 1983 Gosford Council had power to grant development consent to a proposal unconditionally or subject to conditions. [36] It can hardly be decisive in answering the question mandated by ss 106 and 107 of the EPA Act that the drafter of the relevant consent determinations chose to impose significant restrictions on the permitted use by way of conditions, rather than in the opening words of the determinations. The conditions may or may not materially affect the character of the use for which development consent was granted and may or may not justify characterising the use more narrowly than the general purpose permitted (with consent) under the EPI. But in characterising the use for which development consent was granted the conditions attached to the 1980 and 1983 Consents cannot simply be put to one side.
6. The point can be illustrated by Botany Bay City Council v Parangool Pty Ltd (Parangool), [37] a case cited by Mr Pickles. In August 2002 development consent was granted for "Use of existing warehouse building for the warehousing/storage and distribution of alcoholic goods". At that time use of land for a warehouse or distribution centre was permissible with consent. In October 2002 the land was rezoned and use as a warehouse or distribution centre became a prohibited use. In 2007 a development application sought approval for "occupation of existing warehouse building for general warehouse use". The applicant relied on the existing use under the 2002 development consent.
7. The Land and Environment Court held that the only lawful existing use at October 2002 was that of a warehouse for the distribution of alcoholic goods. Mr Pickles submitted, rather faintly, that Parangool was wrongly decided because the qualification in the grant of consent should have been ignored when determining the use for which development consent was granted. But, so he argued, if the decision was correct the case would have been decided differently if the limitation (use of the warehouse only for distribution of alcoholic goods) had been imposed by way of a condition rather than incorporated in the consent itself. In my view the language of ss 106(b)(i) and 107 of the EPA Act provides no basis for allowing the form of a development consent to prevail over its substance.
8. As has been noted, Mr Pickles acknowledged that it was appropriate to refer to the conditions attached to a development consent in two particular circumstances. However, he did not offer a rationale for confining the circumstances in which reference to the conditions is permissible to these two cases. The conditions attached to a development consent will often be significant when characterising the use of land for which development consent was granted. It follows that the question posed by ss 106(b)(i) and 107 of the EPA Act requires the consent as a whole to be considered, including any conditions limiting the permitted use. [38] Whether the conditions affect the characterisation of the use for which development consent was granted is a separate issue.

Ground 1(b)

1. Paragraph (a) of the definition of "existing use" in s 106 of the EPA Act refers to the use of land "for a lawful purpose" immediately before a particular date. This language is apt to apply in circumstances where an applicant relies on actual use of land during a period when no consent was required or no EPI was in force, as occurred in cases such as Boyts and Shire of Perth v O'Keefe. Paragraph (b)(i) of the definition refers to "the use of … land …" for which development consent was granted before a particular date. This language is apt to refer to a case where an applicant relies on the use for which development consent was granted but does not necessarily rely on the actual use of the land before the relevant date.
2. Paragraph (a) of the definition clearly does not equate use of land with the lawful purpose for which it is being used. As Beazley JA pointed out in Abret, [39] the two concepts are not co-extensive (although in a particular case they could be). Paragraph (b)(i) of the definition does not refer to "purpose" at all. There is no textual basis for construing par (b)(i) to mean that the use for which development consent was granted must be co-extensive with the purpose for which land may be used under the EPI.
3. Coastplan's argument tended to elide the concepts of "use" and "purpose". Most of the authorities Mr Pickles cited in argument concerned legislation that defined "existing use" by reference to use of land for a purpose. But even these authorities have not regarded use of land as necessarily co-extensive with the purpose for which land may be used under the EPI.
4. In the leading case of Shire of Perth v O'Keefe, the High Court was concerned with a by-law (by-law 372) which applied if, on the date new by-laws came into effect, the land was being "lawfully used for a purpose … not permitted" by the new by-laws. By-law 372 provided in such circumstances that the land could continue to be used for that purpose. The issue before the Court was whether the existing use of premises for pottery making should be characterised as use for the purpose of "light industry". If so, the land could be used after the new by-laws came into force for light industrial purposes other than pottery making.
5. In addressing this question Kitto J made the following oft-cited observations: [40] "it is necessary to observe that the 'existing use' by-laws take two steps which should be kept distinct from one another. First it is required that a purpose be identified as the end for which it can be seen that the premises are being used at the date of gazettal of the by-laws. Then the provision is made that the land may continue to be used for that purpose: not that the precise manner of use for that purpose may alone continue but that use generally for that purpose may continue. The application of the by-law in a particular case has therefore not to be approached through a meticulous examination of the details of processes or activities, or through a precise cataloguing of individual items of goods dealt in, but by asking what, according to ordinary terminology, is the appropriate designation of the purpose being served by the use of the premises at the material date."
6. Despite the apparent breadth of this language, Kitto J held that use of the premises for pottery making was not for the purpose of light industry generally. Although the new by-laws created light industrial zones (among others) and made no reference to pottery making, the purpose for which the premises had been used had to be assessed "in a town-planning context". On that basis, the purpose for which the premises were being used at the relevant date was "pottery making". Use of the premises for making anything other than pottery "would be, in a substantial and relevant sense, a use for a different purpose". [41]
7. For the reasons given earlier, determining whether the 1980 and 1983 Consents granted development consent for use as a caravan park for both long-term and short-term occupation (as Coastplan contends) requires consideration of the conditions to which the Consents were subject. I accept that in undertaking this task the Court should avoid characterising the use for which development consent was granted by reference to an overly meticulous analysis of the terms of the consent, including the conditions. The primary consideration is the language of the statute but the language should be applied having regard to the rationale underlying existing use provisions.
8. To adapt an observation made by McHugh J in a case involving ss 106 and 107 of the EPA Act in their original form, the rationale for existing use provisions is that it is unjust for an EPI to deprive a landowner of the right to continue the use of land for which development consent has been granted. [42] As his Honour observed, albeit in a somewhat different statutory context, courts should not characterise an existing use so narrowly that "natural changes in the method of using the land" will render the existing use right valueless. Equally the existing use should not be characterised so widely that the land can be used for a (now) prohibited purpose in a manner that was not part of the use for which development consent was granted.
9. As the authorities recognise, the characterisation of the use for which development consent was granted generally will involve matters of fact and degree. Some conditions of development consent will have very little, if any, bearing on the process of characterisation. To take a rather obvious example given by Mr Pickles, it would be wrong to characterise the use for which the 1980 Consent was granted as a caravan park with a children's playground merely because a condition of consent required the installation and maintenance of a playground. However, the conditions imposed on the 1980 and 1983 Consents fall into a different category. The wording of the conditions is not identical, but in substance both conditions expressly prohibited the use of the land as a caravan park for long-term occupation. That use would have been authorised by the grant of development consent in each case had the condition not been imposed.
10. The primary Judge found that use of the caravan sites for long-term occupation gave rise to different environmental effects and town planning considerations than use of the sites for tourist or short-term accommodation. [43] The finding has not been challenged and indeed could not have been challenged in this appeal unless it raised a question of law. In any event, there was material before the primary Judge indicating that in the early 1980s long-term and short-term occupation of caravan sites presented different environmental planning issues. That material included not only the Caravan Code but the regime created by s 228A of the LG Act 1919. [44] The doubts expressed by the Deputy Town Clerk in 1982 as to the utility of cl A.3 of the Caravan Code do not detract from the primary Judge's finding.
11. Both conditions of development consent in the present case were imposed to ensure that the use of the land as a caravan park was limited so as to conform to environmental planning objectives. The consent authority proceeded on the basis that a caravan park providing sites for long-term occupation would generate planning problems beyond those presented by caravan sites used for tourist or short-term accommodation. As a matter of the "ordinary use of language" and as a matter of what is "likely to appeal to practical minds as appropriate in the application of town-planning legislation" [45] , use of the land as a caravan park for long-term occupation is different from the use for which Gosford Council granted development consent. The proper characterisation of the use for which development consent was granted in 1980 and 1983 is use as a caravan park for short-term occupation.
12. Mr Pickles criticised the primary Judge for failing to refer specifically to the purpose for which the land could be used under IDO 122 prior to 6 March 1983 - that is, as a caravan park. I accept that the purpose for which land can be used under an EPI may be relevant to the characterisation of the use for which development consent was granted. But this was not an argument put to the primary Judge in the terms advanced by Mr Pickles in this Court. The primary Judge accurately summarised the argument put on behalf of Coastplan. This was to the effect that the conditions on the 1980 and 1983 Consents merely regulated the manner of use of the caravan park and that the existing use should be characterised as a caravan park simpliciter, consistently with the terms of IDO 122 at the time. [46]
13. The primary Judge was clearly aware that IDO 122, at the relevant times, permitted use of the land for the purpose of a caravan park without restrictions as to the length of occupation. His Honour took the terms of IDO 122 into account in concluding that Coastplan's "existing use rights" did not extend to use of the land for long-term or permanent occupation." [47] As has been explained, the fact that IDO 122 permitted the consent authority to grant consent to use of the land for the purpose of a caravan park with no time restrictions on occupation did not require his Honour to reach any other conclusion.
14. There is nothing in the authorities to which Mr Pickles referred that is inconsistent with the conclusions reached above. In Jojeni, for example, it was held that the existing use should be characterised as use of a building containing flats rather than use of the building for two flats only (the actual use when, in 1937, it became unlawful for the council to approve residential flat buildings). In that case the building had been used for residential purposes for many years prior to 1937 and no consent for such use had been required. Leeming JA analysed the case by reference to s 106(a) of the EPA Act, not s 106(b). [48] In doing so, his Honour emphasised that he was not dealing with a case where the lawful use was derived from a consent or approval (unlike Parangool). [49] His Honour expressed reservations about observations in Botany Bay City Council v Workmate Abrasives Pty Ltd [50] suggesting that a broad approach to characterisation does not apply where the existing use is claimed to flow from a subsisting development consent. But Leeming JA addressed his criticism to cases where the development consent is silent as to use and purpose. [51] That is not the present case.
15. Boyts, another case referred to by Mr Pickles, was concerned with s 106 of the EPA Act prior to the 1996 amendments. This Court held that the existing use at the relevant date (1963) was as a warehouse where goods were stored, and was not limited to a warehouse storing goods for sale by wholesale. The case was complicated by the inability of the parties to locate the document granting consent to use of the premises as a warehouse. In the absence of original evidence, the decision turned on the characterisation of "what the Council approved many years ago [in 1951] without qualification or specification as to particular goods". [52] Moreover, categorisation as a "warehouse" aptly described the uses to which the premises had been put over a period of 40 years. Had there been evidence that the Council imposed qualifications or specifications on the consent the decision may well have been different.
16. For these reasons, subject to dealing with Ground 2 in the amended notice of appeal, the primary Judge did not err in concluding that ss 106(b)(i) and 107 of the EPA Act did not entitle Coastplan to use the land as a caravan park for permanent or long-term accommodation.

Ground 2

1. Coastplan's contention that condition (aa) attached to the 1980 Consent had an ambulatory operation, if accepted, would raise issues not explored in the parties' arguments. The 1980 Consent granted approval for the establishment of a caravan park in accordance with the accompanying plans, which provided for 36 caravan sites. The 1983 Consent granted approval for the construction of an additional 33 sites. The 1983 Consent included condition (i) which expressly prohibited any site being used continuously for more than six weeks without any reference to the Caravan Code.
2. If, as Coastplan submitted, the amendment to the Council's Caravan Code in September 1982 meant that thereafter condition (aa) to the 1980 Consent did not prevent use of the 36 sites for permanent occupation, this conclusion would not affect the operation of condition (i) to the 1983 Consent. Condition (i) would have remained in force on 6 May 1983. If Coastplan's ambulatory argument were to be accepted the question of existing use would presumably have to be determined by reference to different conditions applying to the two sets of caravan sites on the land. However, the problem does not arise because Coastplan's argument should not be accepted.
3. The general principles applying to the incorporation of documents in development consents have been summarised as follows: [53] "66 The general principle is that documents accompanying a development application are not to be taken as incorporated into the consent unless the incorporation is express or by necessary implication … The principle reflects the nature of a development consent, which enures for the benefit of subsequent occupiers and owners of the land and thus has an 'in rem' quality … It would create obvious difficulties if subsequent owners or occupiers had to search a series of documents to ascertain the terms or proper construction of a development consent … 67 A mere reference in a consent to another document, such as the development application, will not usually be sufficient to incorporate that document into the consent … But if the development consent expressly incorporates another document or part of it, the terms of that document will be incorporated into the consent …" (Citations omitted.)
4. It follows that it is open to a consent authority to incorporate in a development consent requirements specified in another document provided that the incorporation is express or necessarily implied. It was therefore open to the Council expressly to incorporate in the 1980 Consent the requirements of the Council's Caravan Code. The language used in condition (aa) to the 1980 Consent was apt to achieve that result.
5. It may also be open to a consent authority to incorporate standards or requirements that vary in their application to the subject land from time to time. However, as Pepper J remarked in Sutherland Shire Council v Benedict Industries Pty Ltd (No 4), [54] the incorporation of "ambulatory" requirements is apt to produce a lack of clarity and certainty because of the need to trace amendments to the incorporated document. For that reason, a court might well be reluctant to interpret the incorporation of an external set of standards into a development consent as referring to the standards in force from time to time.
6. It is not necessary to decide whether condition (aa) to the 1980 Consent should be construed as referring to the Caravan Code in force at the date of the Consent or in force from time to time. Even if the latter interpretation is correct, condition (aa) did not merely incorporate the provisions of the Caravan Code. It expressly stated that "in particular, no site may be used for permanent occupation". If the intention was simply to incorporate the requirements of the Caravan Code there was no need to add the express prohibition on using the sites for permanent occupation. The emphatic prohibition makes it clear that regardless of any change to the Caravan Code from time to time, the development consent was subject to the prohibition on permanent occupation of the caravan sites.
7. This construction is supported by the differences between the terms of cl A.3 of the Caravan Code, as in force in 1980, and the language of condition (aa). Clause A.3 prohibited any site being used continuously for more than six weeks. Condition (aa) did not simply repeat the language of cl A.3 but prohibited the use of any site for "permanent occupation". The prohibition in condition (aa) was less sweeping than that in cl A.3 of the Caravan Code: a site may be occupied for a period considerably longer than six weeks yet not be permanently occupied. Thus the operation of each provision was not co-extensive.
8. For these reasons the repeal of cl A.3 of the Caravan Code in 1982 did not remove or affect the operation of condition (aa) to the extent that it prohibited the use of caravan sites for permanent occupation.

Orders

1. The appeal should be dismissed with costs.

Endnotes

1. Coastplan Consulting v Central Coast Council [2018] NSWLEC 47.
2. Sydney Regional Environmental Plan No 6 - Gosford Coastal Areas, amending Interim Development Order No 122 - Gosford.
3. Planning Act as enacted, ss 92 and 93(1)(b).
4. By September 2015, s 107(2)(d) had become (e): see [22] below.
5. Environmental Planning and Assessment Amendment Act 1996 (NSW), Sch 11, cl 12.
6. (1964) 110 CLR 529; [1964] HCA 37.
7. (2001) 205 CLR 603; [2001] HCA 37.
8. (2008) 233 CLR 259; [2008] HCA 5 at [31] (Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Hayne, Heydon and Crennan JJ).
9. Sections 106-108 of the EPA Act are reproduced at [42] below. These sections are now ss 4.65-4.67 of the EPA Act and were renumbered by the Environmental Planning and Assessment Amendment Act 2017 (NSW), Sch 4, item 4.2(1), in operation from 1 March 2018. It is convenient to use the earlier numbering as this corresponds to the numbering used by the parties.
10. Coastplan Consulting v Central Coast Council [2018] NSWLEC 47 (Primary Judgment).
11. EPA Regulation regs 40-43 are reproduced at [44] below.
12. See LEC Act, s 17(d). Section 97(1) of the EPA Act was renumbered and amended by the 2017 Amendment Act: see now EPA Act, ss 8.7, 8.10.
13. Regulation 40 was amended as from 1 March 2018 to insert a cross-reference to the renumbered s 4.67 of the EPA Act.
14. LG Act 1919, s 342V(1).
15. LG Act 1919, s 342V(1A).
16. Primary Judgment at [2], [7], [26], [27], [35].
17. Primary Judgment at [44].
18. Primary Judgment at [9].
19. Primary Judgment at [36]-[38].
20. Primary Judgment at [37], citing Sutherland Shire Council v Benedict Industries Pty Ltd (No 8) [2017] NSWLEC 4 at [359] (Pepper J).
21. Primary Judgment at [38].
22. Primary Judgment at [46].
23. Primary Judgment at [59].
24. Primary Judgment at [61].
25. Primary Judgment at [62]-[64], [66]-[69].
26. See at [63] above.
27. There was no dispute between the parties that Coastplan satisfied subpar (b)(ii) of the definition in s 106: cf Meriton Apartments Pty Ltd v Fairfield City Council [2004] NSWLEC 423 at [24].
28. See s 3, Sch 10, cl 6.
29. 1996 Amendment Act, Sch 11, cl 12. This transitional provision was incorporated the EPA Act Schedule 6, cl 12. See now Environmental Planning and Assessment (Savings, Transitional and other Provisions) Regulation 2017 (NSW), Schedule 1, cl 12.
30. (1964) 110 CLR 529; [1964] HCA 37.
31. Mr Pickles also referred to North Sydney Council v Boyts Radio & Electrical Pty Ltd (1989) 16 NSWLR 50 (Boyts), a case decided on the definition of "existing use" prior to its amendment in 1996: see at [86] above.
32. Now Div 4.11 of the EPA Act.
33. (2004) 218 CLR 216; [2004] HCA 12 at [103]. Although McHugh J was in dissent, these observations have been frequently referred to and applied: see, for example, Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Administrative Appeal Tribunal (2011) 195 FCR 485; [2011] FCAFC 114 at [124]-[125] per curiam; cf Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Yazaki Corporation [2018] FCAFC 73; (2018) 357 ALR 55 at [112]-[114] per curiam.
34. [2011] NSWCA 107; (2011) 180 LGERA 343 (Abret).
35. Abret at [51] (Campbell JA and Handley AJA agreeing) citing Council of City of Newcastle v Royal Newcastle Hospital (1957) 96 CLR 493; [1957] HCA 15 at 508 per Kitto J (dissenting as to the result).
36. See at [46] above.
37. [2009] NSWLEC 198 (Lloyd J).
38. Cf MM & SW Enterprises Pty Ltd v Strathfield Council [2010] NSWLEC 8; 172 LGERA 125 at [86], [92] (Pepper J); Jojeni Investments Pty Ltd v Mosman Municipal Council (2015) 89 NSWLR 760; [2015] NSWCA 147 (Jojeni) at [59], [60], [71] (Leeming JA, Macfarlan and Gleeson JJA agreeing).
39. See at [93] above.
40. Shire of Perth v O'Keefe at 535 (Owen J agreeing).
41. Shire of Perth v O'Keefe at 535.
42. Royal Agricultural Society v Sydney City Council (1987) 61 LGRA 305 at 309 (Hope and Samuels JJA agreeing).
43. Primary Judgment at [67].
44. See at [49]-[50] above.
45. Shire of Perth v O'Keefe at 535; Jojeni at [21].
46. Primary Judgment at [46], [47], [50].
47. Primary Judgment at [69].
48. Jojeni at [70].
49. Jojeni at [71].
50. (2004) 138 LGERA 120 (NSWCA).
51. Jojeni at [73].
52. Boyts at 65.
53. Bardsley-Smith v Penrith City Council [2013] NSWCA 200; 195 LGERA 34 at [66]-[67] (Sackville AJA, McColl and Barrett AJA agreeing).
54. [2017] NSWLEC 4 at [359]. DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 28 November 2018