Cape Byron Lighthouse Heritage Management Plan 2020
In ForceCTH
Jurisdiction
Commonwealth
Collection
legislative instrument
Plain English Summary
6/10 complexity
This Heritage Management Plan sets out how the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) will conserve and manage the Commonwealth heritage values of the Cape Byron Lighthouse while keeping it operational as an aid to navigation. It describes the place, its significance, required conservation policies, an implementation schedule, and monitoring and reporting arrangements.
AMSA (lessee and decision‑maker) funds maintenance and engages contractors; actions likely to significantly affect heritage require Ministerial approval under the EPBC Regulations (see sections 1.1, 2.3, 6.1, 6.3). The plan balances navigational performance, conservation constraints and visitor access controls.
This document is a heritage management plan prepared by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) for the Cape Byron Lighthouse precinct. Mechanically, it records the site description, history, fabric register, values, management policies and an implementation schedule required under the Environment Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (the EPBC Regulations), specifically Schedule 7A and 7B. The plan states it has been adopted by AMSA for inclusion in the Federal Register of Legislative Instruments (see 1.4 Status) and that it implements AMSA’s obligations to prepare management plans where the Commonwealth owns or controls places with Commonwealth heritage values (see 6.1 Heritage Strategy and 6.3 Statutory and legislative requirements).
On a practical level the plan does the following:
Identifies the Commonwealth and state heritage listings for Cape Byron (Commonwealth Place ID 105599; NSW State Heritage Register ID 02023), and records the statement of significance drawn from those listings (see 2.5 Listings and 5.1 Statement of Commonwealth heritage significance).
Sets out a detailed fabric register listing elements of the lighthouse (lantern roof, glazing, lens assembly, pedestal, walls, pavilion, apron paving, moveable artefacts) with condition, integrity and maintenance notes (see Part 4 Fabric, especially 4.1 Fabric register).
Defines operational priorities and performance requirements for the site as a working Aid to Navigation (AtoN), including AMSA’s target reliability and IALA availability category (IALA Category 2, 99.0 per cent availability) and scheduled maintenance items (see 6.4 AMSA’s goals; Appendix 3; 6.5 Proposals for change and the maintenance schedule).
Prescribes conservation management policies (Policies 1-18) that integrate heritage conservation with continued AtoN operation, training, record-keeping, stakeholder consultation and monitoring (see Part 7 Conservation management policies).
Current sections
Direct links to the current provisions in Cape Byron Lighthouse Heritage Management Plan 2020.
127
Contents
Contents
Contents
Executive summary
Executive summary
Executive summary
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1
Background and purpose
1.1 Background and purpose
AMSA is the Commonwealth agency responsible for AtoNs. Our network includes the Cape Byron Lighthouse (NSW) built by the Department of Public Works in 1901.
The Environment Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) requires us to prepare management plans that satisfy the
obligations included in Schedule 7A and 7B of the EPBC Regulations 2000. The principal features of this management plan are:
• a description of the place, its heritage values, their condition and the method used to assess its significance
• an administrative management framework
• a description of any proposals for change
• an array of conservation policies that protect and manage the place
• an implementation plan
• the ways the policies will be monitored and how the management plan will be reviewed.
We have commissioned this heritage management plan to guide the future conservation of the place.
This plan provides the framework and basis for the conservation and best practice management of the Cape Byron Lighthouse in recognition of its
heritage values. The policies in this plan indicate the objectives for identification, protection, conservation and presentation of the commonwealth heritage values of the place. Figure 2. shows the basic planning process applied.
1.2
Heritage management plan objectives
1.2 Heritage management plan objectives
The objectives of this heritage management plan are to:
• protect, conserve and manage the Commonwealth heritage values of the Cape Byron Lightstation.
• interpret and promote the Commonwealth heritage values of the Cape Byron Lightstation.
• manage use of the lightstation
• use best practice standards, including ongoing technical and community input, and apply
best available knowledge and expertise when
1.3
Methodology
1.3 Methodology
The methods used in the preparation of this plan are consistent with the recommendations of The Burra Charter. The plan addresses:
• The history of the site based on information sourced from archival research, expert knowledge, and documentary resources.
• The description of the site based on information sourced from site inspection reports, and fabric registers.
• The Commonwealth heritage criterions satisfied by Cape Byron as set out by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (EPBC Regulations).
The EPBC Regulation Section 7A (h) (i-xiii)
was used to develop the necessary policies for management of the Cape Byron Lightstation, and the Department of Environment and Energy advised on best practice management approaches.
The draft management plan was advertised in accordance with the EPBC Regulations and the comments received were incorporated into the final document. A developed draft was then submitted to the Minister through the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities and in that process the Minister’s delegate sought advice from the Australian Heritage Council.
No updates or amendments have been made in this version of the plan. Future updates and amendments will be listed here.
1.4
Status
1.4 Status
This plan has been adopted by AMSA in accordance with Schedule 7A (Management plans for Commonwealth Heritage places) and Schedule 7B (Commonwealth Heritage management principles) of the EPBC Regulations (2000) to guide the management of the place and for inclusion in the Federal Register of Legislative Instruments.
1.5
Authorship
1.5 Authorship
This plan has been prepared by AMSA. At the initial time of publication, AMSG is the contract maintenance provider for the Commonwealth Government’s AtoN network including Cape Byron Lighthouse.
1.6
Acknowledgements
1.6 Acknowledgements
AMSA acknowledges the professional assistance of
conservation architect, Peter Marquis-Kyle.
1.7
Language
1.7 Language
For clarity and consistency, some words in this plan such as restoration, reconstruction, and preservation, are used with the meanings defined in the Burra Charter 1. See Appendix 1, Glossary of heritage conservation terms.
Also see Appendix 2, Glossary of lighthouse terminology relevant to Cape Byron Lighthouse which sets out the technical terminology used in this plan.
1.8
Previous reports
1.8 Previous reports
A Supplementary Information report on Cape Byron by Graham Brooks and Associates Pty Ltd was produced for NSW NPWS in November 2001.b
A Conservation Management Plan was prepared in 2008 by Donald Ellsmore Pty Ltd (and contributors) for Freeman Ellsmore, Conservation Architects and Planners for the NSW Department of Lands and Water Conservation.c
1.9
Sources of information and images
1.9 Sources of information and images
This plan has used a number of sources of information. This includes the National Archives of Australia (NAA), the National Library of Australia (NLA), as well as the heritage collection of AMSA.
Photos with no credit are solely owned by AMSA.
Website URLs are found in Appendix 5. and are referenced via superscript letters in main text. Example: Cape Byron Reportx
1 Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, (2013)
2. Cape Byron Lightstation site
2. Cape Byron Lightstation site
2. Cape Byron Lightstation site
2.1
Location
2.1 Location
The Cape Byron Lighthouse is located on Lighthouse Road, Cape Byron, NSW, 1.6 kilometres from Byron Bay town centre and 143 kilometres
south of Brisbane’s central business district. The Cape is considered the most easterly point of the Australian mainland.
Coordinates: 28° 38.3131’ S, 153° 38.1845’ E
2.2
Setting and landscape
2.2 Setting and landscape
The lightstation is located on Cape Byron approximately 1.6 kilometres from Byron Bay’s town centre.
Situated atop a rocky cliff, the Cape Byron Lighthouse is surrounded by coastal beaches. The Cape is considered the most easterly point of the Australian mainland.
The thick vegetation found to its south-south-east is listed under the Cape Byron State Conservation Authority, which hosts the Cape Byron walking
track, a trail that loops around the Cape. This region
Figure 5. View of Cape Byron Lighthouse and surrounding cliffs (2005)
The Cape Byron Lighthouse precinct comprises of:
• a lighthouse tower and attached pavilion rooms
• a signal house/flag room
• a head lightkeeper’s quarters – currently a visitor
information centre
• an assistant lightkeeper’s quarters
• a signal mast
• a retaining wall
• steps
• a toilet block
• a walkway
AMSA is responsible for the lighthouse tower and surrounding paved area only.
Fauna and flora
Fauna and flora
Fauna and flora
The Byron Bay district is home to a number of native fauna species including flying foxes, koalas, and frogs.
A number of endangered ecological communities have been identified in the Arakwal National Park surrounding the Cape Byron Lightstation. The Graminoid Clay Heath, an endangered ecological community containing a large collective of native plants including, but not limited to, the fern-leaved banksia, hairy bushpea, kangaroo grass, and broad sword sedge.
The Themeda grasslands, another endangered ecological community, contains the following species:
The Cape Byron Lighthouse and surrounding land is owned by the New South Wales Government. AMSA lease the lighthouse and land from the NPWS.
The AMSA lease consists of two parcels with a
combined total of 639.8 metres-squared:
• Lot 1: 405.4 sq. m
• Lot 2: 234.4 sq. m
The current lease was signed on 8 October 1998 and terminates on 8 June 2022. The lease has an option to renew for a period of 25 years. The lease stipulates that AMSA must comply with any applicable management plan and state environmental laws.
Due to the popularity in tourism on the site, there was a tourist licence signed between the NSW Minister for Environment and AMSA on 1 July 1997 and terminates on 13 June 2022. There is an option to renew this licence for a further 25 years.
2.4
Access
2.4 Access
The precinct has an elevated position and there is only one vehicle access track, a well-maintained sealed road (Lighthouse Road). It terminates as a vehicle parking site at the base of Lot 2 (lighthouse block) between the assistant lighthouse keeper’s cottages and tourism facilities blocks. A restricted vehicle access road exists between the base of the lighthouse and this parking site however all visitors are required to complete the last 80 metres (approximately) by foot.
Walking access is available along the Cape Byron walking track (approximately a 3.7 kilometre loop) which includes the Cape Byron Lighthouse along its State Conservation Area route. These access points are located to the south and the north-north-east
Figure 6. View of Tallow Beach from Cape Byron Lighthouse tower (2009)
3. History
3. History
3. History
3.1
General history of lighthouses in Australia
3.1 General history of lighthouses in Australia
The first lighthouse to be constructed along Australian soil was Macquarie Lighthouse, located at the entrance to Port Jackson, NSW. First lit in 1818, the cost of the lighthouse was recovered through the introduction of a levy on shipping. This was instigated by Governor Lachlan Macquarie, who had ordered and named the light.
The following century oversaw the construction of hundreds of lighthouses around the country. Constructing and maintaining a lighthouse were costly ventures that often required the financial
support of multiple colonies. However, they were deemed necessary aids in assisting the safety of mariners at sea. Lighthouses were firstly
managed by the colony they lay within, with each colony developing their own style of lighthouse and operational system. Following Federation in 1901, which saw the various colonies unite under one Commonwealth government, lighthouse management was transferred from State hands to the Commonwealth Lighthouse Service.
Lighthouse technology has altered drastically over the centuries. 18th century lighthouses were lit using parabolic mirrors and oil lamps. Documentation
of early examples of parabolic mirrors in the United Kingdom, circa 1760, were documented as consisting of wood and lined with pieces of looking
glass or plates of tin. As described by Searle, “When light hits a shiny surface, it is reflected at an angle equal to that at which it hit. With a light source is placed in the focal point of a parabolic reflector,
the light rays are reflected parallel to one another,
producing a concentrated beam”3.
In 1822, Augustin Fresnel invented the dioptric glass lens. By crafting concentric annular rings with a convex lens, Fresnel had discovered a method
to reduce the amount of light absorbed by a lens. The Dioptric System was adopted quickly with Cordouran Lighthouse (France), fitted with the first dioptric lens in 1823. The majority of heritage-
listed lighthouses in Australia house dioptric lenses made by others such as Chance Brothers (United Kingdom), Henry-LePaute (France), Barbier, Bernard & Turenne (BBT, France) and Svenska Aktiebolaget Gasaccumulator (AGA of Sweden).
These lenses were made in a range of standard sizes, called orders—see Appendix 2. Glossary of lighthouse Terms relevant to Cape Byron Lighthouse.
Early Australian lighthouses were originally fuelled by whale oil and burned in Argand lamps, and multiple wicks were required in order to create a large flame that could be observed from sea. By the 1850s, whale oil had been replaced by colza oil, which was in turn replaced by kerosene, a mineral oil.
In 1900, incandescent burners were introduced. This saw the burning of fuel inside an incandescent mantle which produced a brighter light with less fuel within a smaller volume. Light keepers were required to maintain pressure to the burner by manually pumping a handle as can be seen in Figure 11.
When the Australian colonies federated in 1901, it was decided that the new Commonwealth Government would be responsible for coastal
lighthouses. This included only the major lights used by vessels travelling from port to port, not the minor lights used for navigation within harbours and rivers. There was a delay before this new arrangement came into effect and the existing lights continued to be operated by the states.
Since 1915, various Commonwealth departments have managed lighthouses. AMSA, established under the Australian Maritime Safety Authority Act 1990, is now responsible for operating
Commonwealth lighthouses and other marine aids
to navigation, along with its other functions.
3.4
Cape Byron: a history
3.4 Cape Byron: a history
Indigenous presence
Indigenous presence
Indigenous presence
View image in the official sourcePrior to European occupation, the Bundjalung people (containing the subgroups of Arakwal and Galibal) claimed the coastal lands around Cape Byron (regarded by custodians as ‘Walgun’) as their tribal territories.
The rich surrounding nature reserve was a key area for hunting and gathering, and also as a camping site 4. Various shell middens have been identified in the area with one site (4-5-0037, the pippi midden) regarded as the oldest dated foredune shell midden on the north coast of NSW with a date estimate of 1440+/- 70 BP.
Further consultation with traditional stakeholders will be undertaken to gain a greater understanding of Cape Byron’s history. This plan will be updated in future versions to reflect the accumulation of information.
Early European history
Early European history
Early European history
Captain Cook is believed to have been the first European to sight, record and name Cape Byron during his travels along what would become the New South Wales coast in mid-May 1770. Naming the Cape after fellow circumnavigator Vice-Admiral John Byron (1723–1786), it was also on this same day that Cook observed people walking along a beach believed to be just south of Byron 5.
The region appeared to forgo further European interaction until 1828 when the Rainbow docked in Byron and the ship’s master, William Johns, charted the bay. This remains the earliest known landing at Byron Bay 6.
Construction
Construction
Construction
Tenders for the construction of Cape Byron Lighthouse were called in March 1900 and Mitchell and King were successfully chosen as contractors for the project at a cost of £9970.
Construction started in July of 1900 where the area was levelled (undertaken by day labour) and plots were outlined for:
• the lighthouse tower
• workroom
• kerosene store room
• two lighthouse keeper’s cottages
• a signal station.
However, construction was reportedly delayed temporarily owing to the lack of a nearby water source 11. Once construction commenced, the main tower was built out of pre-cast concrete units placed in a cylindrical formation with the workroom and storeroom at its base. A mercury floatation mechanism was installed in the light tower (see Sub-section ‘Equipment when built’ below) which was designed by lighthouse engineer Mr. Douglass
and erected under the supervision of Mr. HC Cooper (engineer representative of WF Douglass Victoria Street Firm, London). The lighthouse keeper’s quarters were constructed from concrete and tiled roofs.
The lighthouse was connected telephonically to the Telegraph Office in Byron Bay by means of electric bells.
Construction was complete by 1901 and it was intended that the Lighthouse be officially opened by the Honourable John See, Premier of New South Wales on Saturday evening, 30 November.
However, due to inclement weather, the government steamer Victoria carrying the ministerial party was delayed and the Cape Byron Lighthouse was not officially opened until midday the following day on Sunday 1 December. The light was first lit that night.
Equipment when built
Equipment when built
Equipment when built
The completed lighthouse was regarded highly for
its modern fittings and composition.
As reported by The Northern Star (local newspaper) on 4 December 1901,
3.6
Lighthouse keepers
3.6 Lighthouse keepers
The Cape Byron Lighthouse was manned from its construction in 1901 right up until 1989, thirty years after the introduction of electricity to the lighthouse. Alongside the chief lighthouse keeper and their family, there were also assistant lighthouse keepers who lived with their families on the precinct in their own cottages. The first chief lighthouse keeper stationed at Cape Byron was William Warren and he was accompanied by two assistant light keepers, one being Mr Richard Sullivan. Both men had previously worked on the Solitary Island light. A comprehensive list of the names of those stationed as keepers at Cape Byron has been collated
and a copy is available within the Cape Byron Lighthouse museum. In addition to their lighting duties, the keepers were required to carry out minor maintenance duties on the precinct such as painting structures and managing the roads.
By 5 December 1959, the same year the lighthouse was converted from kerosene to electricity, the role of 2nd assistant keeper was made redundant. Thirty years later in 1989, the lighthouse was officially
de-manned. The cottages which had hosted the keepers were repurposed. The assistant lighthouse keeper’s residence was converted into a tourism destination with accommodation services. The chief lighthouse keeper’s quarters was converted into an office complete with meeting rooms, an interpretative centre and shop.
3.7
Chronology of major events
3.7 Chronology of major events
View image in the official sourceThe table below details the chronology of major events to have occurred at the Cape Byron Lighthouse.
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin-left:6.15pt; border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr style="height:22.55pt"><td rowspan="2" style="width:79.35pt; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.15pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#ffffff">Date</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0.5pt; margin-left:0pt; font-size:14pt"><span></span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="font-size:9pt"><span>1901</span></p></td><td style="width:402.25pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#4c7ba8"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.15pt; margin-left:5.8pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#ffffff">Event Details</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:30.9pt"><td style="width:401.5pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #0b679b; border-left:0.75pt solid #0b679b; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:4.1pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Construction of the Cape Byron Lighthouse completed.</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Lightstation officially opened by Honourable John See, Premier of New South Wales</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1915</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Commonwealth takes control of state-owned lighthouses</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:42.25pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0.4pt; margin-left:0pt; font-size:13.5pt"><span></span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1920</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.55pt; margin-right:13.55pt; line-height:120%; font-size:9pt"><span>Lighthouse tower struck by lightning three times during electrical storm, extinguishing the light twice. The head keeper was struck by the second shock and badly stunned. Some damage was observed to the interior and woodwork of the lighthouse, to the wiring, and to the weathervane </span><span style="line-height:120%; font-size:5pt; vertical-align:3pt">14</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1927</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>20 acres of adjoining land reserved for public recreation by lighthouse</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:30.9pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0.5pt; margin-left:0pt; font-size:8.5pt"><span></span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="font-size:9pt"><span>1929</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:4.1pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Lighthouse tower struck by lightning during electrical storm – suffered some damage to electrical</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>bells and telephonic communication devices inside the lighthouse </span><span style="font-size:5pt; vertical-align:3pt">15</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1939</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Lighthouse Reserve closed to all unauthorised persons indefinitely </span><span style="font-size:5pt; vertical-align:3pt">16</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1948</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Weather station installed at Cape Byron Lightstation </span><span style="font-size:5pt; vertical-align:3pt">17</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1959</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>The second assistant keeper position discontinued</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1970s–1980s</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Concrete retaining wall constructed onsite</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1980</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Cape Byron Lightstation added to Register of the National Estate</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1985</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>First stage of Cape walking track opened</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1986</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Light extinguished manually for final time</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1987</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Second stage of Cape walking track opened</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1988</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Cape Byron Trust and Cape Byron Headland Reserve established</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1989</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Lighthouse officially de-manned</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>1995</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Indigenous Land Use Agreement signed</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>2004</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Cape Byron Lightstation added to Commonwealth Heritage List</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:56.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-left:0pt; font-size:10pt"><span></span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0.05pt; margin-left:0pt; font-size:10pt"><span></span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="font-size:9pt"><span>2014</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:4.45pt; margin-right:27.1pt; line-height:120%; font-size:9pt"><span>Local and international activists ‘occupy’ the Cape Byron Lighthouse in response to the G20 Summit held in the Queensland capital of Brisbane. Seeking to highlight concerns on climate change crisis, the lighthouse was allegedly chosen for it being “an iconic spot from which to broadcast our message” </span><span style="line-height:120%; font-size:5pt; vertical-align:3pt">18</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td style="width:78.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>2019</span></p></td><td style="width:401.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Cape Byron Lightstation added to NSW State Heritage Register</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
Cape Byron Lighthouse has undergone minimal changes since its construction in 1901.
The small changes made were largely in relation to the light source and electrical systems rather than the structure itself.
The Brewis Report (1913)
The Brewis Report (1913)
The Brewis Report (1913)
Commander CRW Brewis, retired naval surveyor,
was commissioned in 1911 by the Commonwealth Government to report on the condition of existing lights and to recommend any additional ones.
Brewis visited every lighthouse in Australia between June and December 1912 and produced a series of reports published in their final form in March 1913. These reports were the basis for future decisions made in relation to the individual lighthouses.
Brewis’s recommendations for Cape Byron included increasing the power of the light from 145,000 candlepower (cp.) to 545,000 cp. by installing an incandescent mantle.
View image in the official sourceLarge refurbishments have been undertaken at the Cape Byron Lighthouse in recent years in an effort to take proactive measures to preserve the tower’s fabric and materials.
From its construction in 1901, the Cape Byron Lighthouse has been utilised as a marine aid to navigation for mariners at sea. Its AtoN capabilities remains its primary utilisation.
The Cape Byron Lighthouse as a key tourism site developed over recent decades following the de- manning of the light. This provided the opportunity to transform the original assistant keeper’s cottage into a visitor information centre, and to commence guided tours inside the lighthouse. The guided tours remain secondary to the lighthouse’s use as a working AtoN.
3.10
Summary of past and present community associations
3.10 Summary of past and present community associations
The Cape Byron Lighthouse is firmly embedded within the Byron Bay community and surrounding areas.
Indigenous associations — Bundjalung/Ara
Indigenous associations — Bundjalung/Arakwal People
Indigenous associations – Bundjalung/Arakwal People
The site continues to hold immense value to the Bundjalung of Byron Bay Arakwal People, who are the native title holders which hold Native Title under the recent Consent Determination from the Federal Court of Australia in April 2019. The Consent Determination established that native title holders are to be exclusively consulted regarding protection and management of Aboriginal cultural heritage within the native title claim area, which includes the Cape Byron Lighthouse.
Arakwal people recognise the site to be one of ceremony, learning, spiritual inspiration, and a key part of many dreaming stories. Arakwal people maintain a critical role in the management of
the Cape Byron Marine Park due to their strong connection to country. The relationship with this country is more than just a place to live. It’s the living, breathing source of all life, their spiritual home and home of their ancestors’ spirits.
Arakwal National Park is the first national park in Australia to be created under an Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) with traditional owners. A joint management agreement between Bundjalung of Byron Bay Arakwal people and NPWS allows both parties to jointly manage and care for country. Through this agreement, a commitment for Arakwal people to be employed and working on country
has been a success - many Arakwal people are employed in a variety of positions working on country and are on the management committees for the park and the Cape Byron State Conservation Area.
The Arakwal National Park, which surrounds the lightstation, remains a significant cultural landscape for Arakwal people. The heathland that forms the park was maintained through back-burning to regenerate plant-growth.
Further consultation with the traditional owners
- Bundjalung of Byron Bay Arakwal people of Cape Byron will be undertaken to gain a greater understanding of the past and present connections on surrounding country.
For more information on Bundjalung of Byron Bay Arakwal people, go to their website: http://arakwal.com.au
Local, national, and international assoc
Local, national, and international associations
Local, national, and international associations
Due to its prominent coast position, the Cape Byron Lightstation maintains a number of local, national and international associations.
The NSW Marine Rescue operates within the Cape Byron Lighthouse precinct with an office onsite, and the Bureau of Meteorology operates a weather station onsite.
With its position as the most easterly point on the Australian mainland, and its proximity to the Pacific Highway, the Cape Byron Lighthouse site is an established tourist destination.
Events (for example, weddings and parties) are frequent on the site due to the scenic views and the catering/celebrant facilities that have been made available in recent decades. Additionally, the annual whale migration in the winter months attracts a large number of tourists and locals.
3.11
Unresolved questions or historical
3.11 Unresolved questions or historical
conflicts
Any unresolved questions and historical conflicts concerning the history of the Cape Byron Lighthouse discovered will be included in this section in future versions of this plan.
3.12
Recommendations for further research
3.12 Recommendations for further research
Research is currently being undertaken by local NPWS discovery education staff on the past lighthouse keepers at Cape Byron. Such work will be benefical in determining the full extent of the social value placed on the site within the Byron Bay community.
Additionally, archaeological investigation of the site may reveal further information on prehistoric and historic uses of Cape Byron to broaden understandings of the site’s intrinsic value 20.
Heritage approvals are essential in undertaking archaeological excavations/investigations within the site.
4. Fabric
4. Fabric
4. Fabric
4.1
Fabric register
4.1 Fabric register
The cultural significance of the lighthouse resides in its fabric, and also in its intangible aspects, such as the meanings people ascribe to it, and the
connections to other places and things. The survival of its cultural value depends on a well-informed understanding of what is significant, and on clear thinking about the consequences of change. The Burra Charter sets out good practice for conserving cultural significance.
Criterion listed under ‘Heritage Significance’ refer to the criterion satisfied within the specific Commonwealth heritage listing (see section 5.1).
• Inner skin – Copper sheets screw fixed to ribs.
• Ventilator – Drum type with wind vane attached.
• Wind vane – Intact and complete with cardinal direction indicators, spindle, gears, and internal pointer (no index).
• Lightning conductor – Vertical pole beside ventilator, with four spikes at top, and two braces to ventilator. Eight vertical spikes attached near the gutter.
• Gutter – Circular ring of cast iron pieces bolted
together.
• Handrails – One circular hand rail attached to lantern roof, another attached to top of ventilator drum.
• Ladder rail – Attached to underside of gutter.
• Curtain rail – None; curtain hooks fixed to the
top of each vertical astragal.
• Drip tray – Copper dish suspended under ventilator, with central hole for heat tube closed off.
• Heat tube support – Framework with eight radial members of rolled ferrous T section, attached to gutter and to central ring.
Finish
painted
Condition
intact and sound
Integrity
high
Significance
high
Maintenance
keep in service; prepare andrepaint at normal intervals
Rectificationworks
none
Heritage significance: High
Heritage significance: High
Heritage significance: High
The lantern roof is an original and essential part of a lighthouse associated with the development of marine aids to navigation along the NSW coast (criterion a).
The lantern roof contributes to the aesthetic value of
The auxiliary light is an essential part of a lighthouse associated with the development of marine aids to navigation along the NSW coast (criterion a).
4.2
Related object and associated AMSA artefact
4.2 Related object and associated AMSA artefact
View image in the official sourceThere is a collection of related objects/associated artefacts that are currently on display at the Cape Byron museum. This museum is located within the tower itself.
In terms of design, the Cape Byron Lighthouse closely resembles that of Point Perpendicular Light (first lit 1899) diverging only in lens and lantern manufacture. Cape Byron’s unique Henry- Lepaute lens differed from Point Perpendicular’s
View image in the official source1st Order Fresnel lens. Cape Byron’s mercury bath mechanism allowed the lens to revolve at a faster rate (once every 10 seconds as opposed to Pt.
Point Perpendicular Lighthouse (lit 1899)
Norah Head Lighthouse (lit 1903).
5. Heritage significance
5. Heritage significance
5. Heritage significance
5.1
Commonwealth heritage list — Cape Byron Lighthouse
5.1 Commonwealth heritage list – Cape Byron Lighthouse
Statement of Commonwealth heritage
Statement of Commonwealth heritage
Statement of Commonwealth heritage
significance
The following statement of significance is taken from the Cape Byron Lighthouse listing on the Australian Heritage Database (Place ID: 105599):
Cape Byron Lighthouse, opened in 1901, is significant as an important element in the establishment of marine aids to navigation along the New South Wales coast, and is important for its association with east coast
shipping since the beginning of the twentieth century. (Criterion a.) (Themes: 3.8.1 Shipping to and from Australian ports, 3.16.1 Dealing with hazards and disasters)
The Lighthouse is technically important for its early concrete block construction, for having been the first Australian installation of a mercury float mechanism pedestal, and for being the only Henry-Lepaute optic in Australia. (Criteria f. and b.)
The Lighthouse is dramatically located on
View image in the official sourcethe top of a windswept cliff and is a dominant landscape feature free of modern intrusions. It has notable aesthetic values. (Criterion e.)
The place, located at the most easterly point of the Australian mainland, is visited by large numbers of people each year and has a high profile in the public imagination. It is well known as a key whale-watching spot. Its social value is considerable. (Criterion g.)
Commonwealth heritage values — criteria
Commonwealth heritage values — criteria
Commonwealth heritage values – criteria
There are nine criteria for inclusion in the Commonwealth Heritage List – meeting any one of these is sufficient for listing a place. These criteria are similar to those used in other commonwealth, state and local heritage legislation, although thresholds differ. In the following sections, the Cape Byron Lighthouse is discussed in relation to each of the criteria as based on the current Commonwealth heritage listing.
5.2
NSW State Heritage Register — Cape Byron Lightstation
5.2 NSW State Heritage Register – Cape Byron Lightstation
The following information details the Cape Byron Lightstation listing on the NSW State Heritage Register.
NSW State Heritage Register — statement
NSW State Heritage Register — statement of
NSW State Heritage Register – statement of
heritage significance
The following statement is taken from the Cape Byron Lightstation listing on the NSW State heritage register (place ID: 02023):
The Cape Byron Lightstation (including moveable items) is of state heritage significance as one of the last major lightstations that completed the ‘highway of lights’ that has illuminated the NSW
coastline since the 19th century. Among the final components of the string of lights that provided protection, navigational guidance and safe passage to the important colonial shipping industry, the Cape Byron Lightstation is a representative example of the system
of lightstations that collectively reflect the logistical management and technical evolution of coastal infrastructure in NSW.
The design and layout of the Cape Byron Lightstation is architecturally consistent with the earlier stations but implemented technical advancements, such as precast concrete block construction and the Henry-Lepaute feu eclair lens system on a rotating mercury float mechanism, which were available at the turn of the 20th century. Today, these aspects of the Cape Byron Lightstation are considered to be rare in NSW.
The Cape Byron Lightstation includes three original moveable items which contribute to the significance of the site, including the 15 inch Chance Bros & Co red sector light (1889) on a cast iron pedestal; original curved timber desk (1899-1901); and clockwork winch used to drive the lens carriage (1901).
The spectacular scenery and beauty of the Cape Byron Lightstation, its siting on the most eastern point of the Australian mainland and the convergence of the natural and cultural environment on the headland is of great aesthetic significance. The evocative image of the tower standing against the expanse
of the Pacific Ocean resonates with the NSW community, making the lightstation an important landmark and tourist destination in
the state. What is now a recognisable and well known image both locally and internationally, the Cape Byron Lightstation is the most highly visited lightstation in Australia.
The Cape Byron headland is also of great traditional and contemporary significance to the Arakwal people. As custodians of their country, the Arakwal people hold an important and active role in the joint care and management of the reserve (which incorporates the lightstation) and undertake educational initiatives at the site to promote and raise awareness of the Aboriginal
cultural heritage of the cape. Named Walgun (meaning ‘The Shoulder’), today the Cape Byron headland is a place where both the traditional and contemporary cultural of the Arakwal people is practiced and celebrated.
NSW State heritage values — criterion
NSW State heritage values — criterion
NSW State heritage values – criterion
Information from the table below was taken from the Cape Byron Lightstation listing on the New South Wales State heritage register (Place ID: 02023):
5.3
Condition and integrity of the Commonwealth heritage values
5.3 Condition and integrity of the Commonwealth heritage values
A heritage monitoring program was implemented in 2016. Each site is visited and reviewed every two years where the heritage fabric and values of the site is evaluated. Assessment of the condition and integrity of lighthouse’s values are derived from the latest available Heritage Asset Condition Report produced by AMSA’s maintenance contractor.
As a whole, the Cape Byron Lighthouse demonstrates fair-good condition. Minor cracking is visible within the concrete walls of the tower and pavilion rooms (routine monitoring of these cracks are carried out periodically). The lighthouse also
demonstrates medium-high integrity. Some changes to the lighthouse, such as the removal/alteration of
View image in the official sourcea) the weight tube clockwork mechanism, and b) the occulting mechanism, have had a slight impact on integrity.
5.4
Gain or loss of heritage values
5.4 Gain or loss of heritage values
Evidence for the potential gain or loss of heritage values will be documented within this section of future versions of this heritage management plan.
6. Opportunities and constraints
6. Opportunities and constraints
6. Opportunities and constraints
6.1
Implications arising from
6.1 Implications arising from
significance
The statement of significance (section 5.1 above) demonstrates that the Cape Byron Lighthouse is a place of considerable heritage value due to its contribution to the establishment of New South
Wales’ ‘highway of lights’, and its assistance to east
coast shipping at the turn of the twentieth century.
The implication arising from this assessment is that key aspects of the place should be conserved to retain this significance. The key features requiring conservation include:
• the continued use of the lighthouse as an AtoN
• the architectural quality of the building
• the Henry-Lepuate lens, and rotating mercury
pedestal
• the moveable artefacts (Diesel lister SR3 generator ex Cape Byron, original clockwork mechanism, phone in lantern room, and original curved visitors desk)
• the interior spaces and features (which are notable for their design, details, and/or their original lighthouse function). These include:
\- North and south pavilion rooms
\- Intermediate floors
\- Ground floor
\- Spiral staircase and weight tube
\- Lantern room
\- Lens assembly
• the external spaces and features (which are notable for their design, details, and/or their original lighthouse function). These include:
\- Lantern roof and glazing
\- External catwalk, and balcony
\- Lighthouse walls, windows
\- Pavilion room walls and windows
\- Pavilion roof
\- Pavilion doors
\- Apron paving
Referral and approvals of action
Referral and approvals of action
Referral and approvals of action
The EPBC Regulations 2000 requires approval from the Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water,
Population and Communities for all actions likely to have a significant impact on matters of National Environmental Significance (NES).
The Regulations provides that actions:
• taken on Commonwealth land which are likely to have a significant impact on the environment will require the approval of the Minister
• taken outside Commonwealth land which are likely to have a significant impact on the environment on Commonwealth land, will require the approval by the Minister
• taken by the Australian Government or its agencies which are likely to have a significant impact on the environment anywhere will require approval by the Minister.
The definition of ‘environment’ in the EPBC Regulations 2000 includes the cultural heritage values of places.
Heritage Strategy
Heritage Strategy
Heritage Strategy
If an Australian Government agency owns or controls one or more places with Commonwealth heritage values, it must prepare a heritage strategy within two years from the first time they own or control a heritage place (section 341ZA).
A heritage strategy is a written document that integrates heritage conservation and management within an agency’s overall property planning and management framework. Its purpose is to help an agency manage and report on the steps it has taken to protect and conserve the commonwealth heritage values of the properties under its ownership or control.
The heritage strategy for AMSA’s AtoN assets was completed and approved by the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment in 2018 and is available online.i
Heritage Asset Condition Report
Heritage Asset Condition Report
Heritage Asset Condition Report
A heritage asset condition report is a written document that details the heritage fabric of a site with an in-depth description of each architectural and structural element. The document includes: a brief history of the site, the Commonwealth Heritage statement of significance and value criteria, a heritage significance rating for each individual element, and a catalogue of artefacts on-site.
The document is also accompanied by up-to-date
photos of each structural element.
This document operates as a tool for heritage
monitoring, and is reviewed and updated biennially.
6.2
Framework: sensitivity to change
6.2 Framework: sensitivity to change
Owing to the site’s desired intactness and aesthetic qualities, the Cape Byron Lighthouse is of high significance. Therefore, work actioned by AMSA
on the lighthouse’s fabric harnesses the potential to reduce or eradicate the significance of the site’s heritage values.
Conservation works, including restoration and reconstruction, or adaption works of the absolute minimum so as to continue the lighthouse’s usefulness as an AtoN are the only works that should be actioned by AMSA on Cape Byron Lighthouse. Some exceptions are made for health and safety requirements, however any and all work carried out must be conducted in line with heritage considerations and requirements of the EPBC Act.
The table below demonstrates the level of sensitivity attributed to the various elements of the fabric register in the face of change. These are measured on a high-moderate-low spectrum depending on the action’s possible threat to the site’s heritage values (definitions listed below).
High sensitivity
High sensitivity
High sensitivity
High sensitivity to change includes instances wherein a change would pose a major threat to the heritage value of a specific fabric, or the lightstation as a whole. A major threat is one that would lead to substantial or total loss of the heritage value.
Moderate sensitivity
Moderate sensitivity
Moderate sensitivity
Moderate sensitivity to change includes instances wherein a change would pose a moderate threat to the heritage value of a specific fabric, or would pose a threat to the heritage significance of a specific fabric in another part of the building. A moderate threat is one that would diminish the heritage value, or diminish the ability of an observer to appreciate the value.
Low sensitivity
Low sensitivity
Low sensitivity
Low sensitivity to change includes instances wherein a change would pose little to no threat to the heritage value of a specific fabric, and would pose little to no threat to heritage significance in another part of the building.
6.3
Statutory and legislative requirements
6.3 Statutory and legislative requirements
The table below lists the relevant Acts, Regulations and Codes associated with the management of
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin-left:6.15pt; border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr style="height:22.55pt"><td rowspan="2" style="width:150.1pt; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.15pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#ffffff">Act or Code</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0.3pt; margin-left:0pt; font-size:8.5pt"><span></span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-right:3.85pt; line-height:97%; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-style:italic">Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999</span></p></td><td style="width:331.5pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#4c7ba8"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.15pt; margin-left:5.8pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#ffffff">Description</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:42.1pt"><td style="width:330.75pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #0b679b; border-left:0.75pt solid #0b679b; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.75pt; line-height:97%; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-style:italic">The Environment Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) </span><span>requires agencies to prepare management plans that satisfy the obligations included in Schedule 7A and 7B of the EPBC Regulations 2000.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:323pt"><td style="width:149.35pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.9pt; margin-right:32.1pt; line-height:97%; font-size:9pt"><span>Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="line-height:10pt"><span style="font-size:9pt">Schedule 7B</span></p></td><td style="width:330.75pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; line-height:10.15pt"><span style="font-size:9pt">The Commonwealth Department of the Environment and Energy has determined</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="line-height:10.15pt"><span style="font-size:9pt">these principles as essential for guidance in managing heritage properties.</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0.1pt; margin-left:0pt; font-size:8.5pt"><span></span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-right:22.5pt; margin-left:23.65pt; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:97%; font-size:9pt"><span><span>•</span></span><span style="width:14.85pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span>The objective in managing Commonwealth Heritage places is to </span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt">identify, </span><span>protect, conserve, present and transmit, to all generations, their Commonwealth Heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt"> </span><span>values.</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:4.15pt; margin-right:16.3pt; margin-left:23.65pt; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:97%; font-size:9pt"><span><span>•</span></span><span style="width:14.85pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span>The management of Commonwealth Heritage places should use the best available knowledge, skills and standards for those places, and include ongoing technical and community input to decisions and actions that may have a significant impact on their Commonwealth Heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.85pt"> </span><span>values.</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:4.1pt; margin-right:13.85pt; margin-left:23.65pt; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:97%; font-size:9pt"><span><span>•</span></span><span style="width:14.85pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span>The management of Commonwealth Heritage places should respect all heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.25pt"> </span><span>values</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt"> </span><span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.25pt"> </span><span>the</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt"> </span><span>place</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.25pt"> </span><span>and</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.2pt"> </span><span>seek</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt"> </span><span>to</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.2pt"> </span><span>integrate,</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.2pt"> </span><span>where</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.25pt"> </span><span>appropriate,</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.2pt"> </span><span>any Commonwealth, state, territory and local government responsibilities for those</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span><span>places.</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:4.1pt; margin-right:20.35pt; margin-left:23.65pt; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:97%; font-size:9pt"><span><span>•</span></span><span style="width:14.85pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span>The management of Commonwealth Heritage places should ensure</span><span style="letter-spacing:-1.6pt"> </span><span>that their use and presentation is consistent with the conservation of their Commonwealth Heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt"> </span><span>values.</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.9pt; margin-left:23.65pt; text-indent:-18.05pt; line-height:10.15pt"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span>•</span></span><span style="width:14.9pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt">The</span><span style="font-size:9pt; letter-spacing:-0.65pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt">management</span><span style="font-size:9pt; letter-spacing:-0.6pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt">of</span><span style="font-size:9pt; letter-spacing:-0.6pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt">Commonwealth</span><span style="font-size:9pt; letter-spacing:-0.6pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt">Heritage</span><span style="font-size:9pt; letter-spacing:-0.6pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt">places</span><span style="font-size:9pt; letter-spacing:-0.6pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt">should</span><span style="font-size:9pt; letter-spacing:-0.6pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt">make</span><span style="font-size:9pt; letter-spacing:-0.6pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt">timely</span><span style="font-size:9pt; letter-spacing:-0.6pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt; letter-spacing:-0.1pt">and</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-left:23.65pt; line-height:10.15pt"><span style="font-size:9pt">appropriate provision for community involvement, especially by people who:</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.65pt; margin-left:37.15pt; text-indent:-13.55pt; font-size:9pt"><span><span>(a)</span></span><span style="width:2.55pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span>have a particular interest in, or associations with, the place;</span><span style="letter-spacing:-1.3pt"> </span><span>and</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.65pt; margin-left:37.15pt; text-indent:-13.55pt; font-size:9pt"><span><span>(b)</span></span><span style="width:2.55pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span>may be affected by the management of the</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.4pt"> </span><span>place;</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:4.15pt; margin-right:22.8pt; margin-left:23.65pt; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:97%; font-size:9pt"><span><span>•</span></span><span style="width:14.85pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span>Indigenous people are the primary source of information on the value of their heritage and that the active participation of indigenous people in identification, assessment and management is integral to the effective protection of indigenous heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.3pt"> </span><span>values.</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:4.1pt; margin-right:35.9pt; margin-left:23.65pt; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:97%; font-size:9pt"><span><span>•</span></span><span style="width:14.85pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span>The management of Commonwealth Heritage places should</span><span style="letter-spacing:-1.65pt"> </span><span>provide for regular monitoring, review and reporting on the conservation of Commonwealth Heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt"> </span><span>values.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:175.35pt"><td style="width:149.35pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; font-size:9pt"><span>AMSA Heritage Strategy 2018</span></p></td><td style="width:330.75pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; line-height:10.15pt"><span style="font-size:9pt">As the custodian of many iconic sites, AMSA has long recognised the importance</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="line-height:10.15pt"><span style="font-size:9pt">of preserving their cultural heritage.</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.55pt; line-height:97%; font-size:9pt"><span>This Heritage Strategy is in response to section 341ZA of the EPBC Regulations which obliges AMSA to prepare and maintain a heritage strategy, along with obliging AMSA to:</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.55pt; margin-right:22.9pt; margin-left:23.65pt; text-indent:-18pt; line-height:97%; font-size:9pt"><span><span>•</span></span><span style="width:14.85pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span>Assist</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.25pt"> </span><span>in</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.25pt"> </span><span>identification,</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.25pt"> </span><span>assessment</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.25pt"> </span><span>and</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.25pt"> </span><span>monitoring</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.2pt"> </span><span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.25pt"> </span><span>places</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.25pt"> </span><span>of</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.25pt"> </span><span>heritage value in its</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.15pt"> </span><span>care;</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.5pt; margin-left:23.65pt; text-indent:-18.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span><span>•</span></span><span style="width:14.9pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span>Prepare and maintain a register of its places of heritage</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.65pt"> </span><span>value;</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.5pt; margin-left:23.65pt; text-indent:-18.05pt; font-size:9pt"><span><span>•</span></span><span style="width:14.9pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span>Protect the heritage value of places when they are sold or</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.8pt"> </span><span>leased;</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:2.5pt; margin-left:23.65pt; text-indent:-18.05pt; line-height:10.15pt"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span>•</span></span><span style="width:14.9pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt">Provide this heritage strategy, and any subsequent major updates, to</span><span style="font-size:9pt; letter-spacing:-1.1pt"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt">the</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-left:23.65pt; line-height:10.15pt"><span style="font-size:9pt">relevant minister.</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.55pt; margin-right:14.4pt; line-height:97%; font-size:9pt"><span>The strategy derives from the AMSA Corporate Plan and achievements are reported through the AMSA Annual Report. The 2018-19 AMSA Annual report can be found online.</span><span style="line-height:97%; font-size:5pt; vertical-align:3pt">j</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
6.4
Operational requirements and occupier needs
6.4 Operational requirements and occupier needs
As a working AtoN, the operational needs of the Cape Byron Lighthouse are primarily concerned with navigational requirements. Below are the operational details and requirements of the Cape Byron light as outlined by AMSA.
AMSA’s goals
AMSA’s goals
AMSA’s goals
AMSA is responsible, under the Navigation Act 2012, for maintaining a network of marine aids to navigation around Australia’s coastline assisting mariners to make safe and efficient passages.
AMSA’s present network of approximately 480 marine aids to navigation at 385 sites includes traditional lighthouses (like the Cape Byron Lighthouse), beacons, buoys, racons, differential global positioning system, and automatic identification system stations, MET-Ocean sensors including broadcasting tide gauges, current meter, directional wave rider buoys and a weather station.
Technological developments in the area of vessel traffic management have also contributed to increase the safety of navigation and helped promote marine environment protection. AMSA aims to meet international standards for the reliability
of lighthouses set by the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA).
At the time of preparing this management plan, the major goal for the Cape Byron Lighthouse primarily encompassed continuing its utilisation as an AtoN (for as long as necessary), while up-keeping the appropriate maintenance to conserve and preserve the heritage values of the lightstation.
Lighthouse performance standards
Lighthouse performance standards
Lighthouse performance standards
AMSA aims to meet international standards for the reliability of lighthouses set by the International Association of Marine AtoN and IALA. The Cape Byron light is designated as an IALA Availability Category 2 aid to navigation (within a scale of Category 1 to Category 3, Category 1 aids are most critical). Category 2 aids have an availability target of 99.0 per cent.
Access to the lighthouse
Access to the lighthouse
Access to the lighthouse
One practical effect of this performance standard is that the operational equipment and structure of the light need to be kept in good repair by regular preventative maintenance and that equipment that fails while in service is repaired quickly.
Routine maintenance and emergency repairs are carried out by AMSA’s maintenance contractor. The contractor needs to have a reliable way to get access to the site for this work, and AMSA officers also need access for occasional inspections of the site including for auditing of the contractor’s performance.
6.5
Proposals for change
6.5 Proposals for change
Preventative maintenance works are carried out on the lightstation to maintain its status as a working marine AtoN and to assist in the site’s conservation.
View image in the official sourceA list of scheduled preventative maintenance work is identified within the 08/03/2019 AMSG site inspection report. The information provided below was taken from this report:
In the case of Cape Byron, the mercury float mechanism found within the lighthouse tower may create a hazardous environment in the event of a spill and the release of mercury vapours. AMSA continually reviews the presence of mercury on their sites.
AMSA’s long term strategy in maintaining heritage assets incorporates the future modification of the pedestal by removing the mercury when a suitable alternative is found. At the time of preparing this management plan, no plans have been made to modify the mercury float mechanism.
The increasing amount of tourism identified at Cape Byron harnesses the potential to cause additional wear and tear to the precinct.
6.7
Process for decision-making
6.7 Process for decision-making
Processes for decision-making are required in the event of Incidents that impact the heritage values of the site. The following Incidents are included due to their likelihood of occurrence at the Cape Byron Lighthouse.
7. Conservation management policies
7. Conservation management policies
7. Conservation management policies
Policies
Policies
Policies
Note: The management of sensitive information is not relevant to AMSA’s heritage strategy and therefore bears no relevance in this management plan.
Fabric and setting
Fabric and setting
Fabric and setting
Policy 1 – Protect and conserve the significant external and internal fabric of the lightstation, including existing buildings, layout and setting.
AMSA’s main purpose is to facilitate ongoing operation of the site as a marine AtoN while preserving the site’s heritage values. As part of a heritage monitoring program, Heritage Asset
Condition Reports are produced for each site every two years which evaluates the condition of the heritage fabric and values. Routine servicing is also carried out by maintenance contractors. Regular written reports from these visits will be sent to AMSA for review and any work requirements identified will be scheduled accordingly.
Should for some unforeseen reason the site no longer be viable as a marine AtoN, ownership will be passed to an appropriate state of federal authority to ensure preservation of the heritage assets.
Implementation strategy:
• Continue scheduled periodic maintenance of the lighthouse and marine aid to navigation to ensure its condition is monitored for early warning of deterioration.
• Continue the scheduled heritage monitoring visits to Cape Byron and review Heritage Asset Condition Reports.
• Arrange for maintenance to be carried out on the lighthouse as required while continuing to operate as an AMSA marine aid to navigation.
• Continue replacement and upgrading of marine aid to navigation equipment in the lighthouse as required to meet AMSA’s service commitment, in a manner that preserves the original fabric of the lighthouse.
• Maintain information on the heritage fabric of the lighthouse including any and all actions, treatments and inspection outcomes within the heritage fabric register. See section 4.1 for fabric register.
• Conserve all the fabric elements identified as significant in the heritage fabric register.
• If necessary, seek expert materials conservation advice when considering repair, restoration and reconstruction of historic fabric.
• Conserve the distinctive character of the lightstation by:
– Collecting photographic evidence and
historical documentation of the original fabric.
Uses
Uses
Uses
Policy 2 – Install and operate equipment in the lighthouse, so that it continues to function as an effective marine aid to navigation, in such a way as to impose the least possible harm to the significant fabric.
Cape Byron Lighthouse’s utilisation as a working marine aid to navigation is of high priority. The carrying out of maintenance (including upgrades to navigational equipment) is necessary to its function and to the continuation of marine safety along the NSW coast. In the event of the installation and/or upgrade to AtoN equipment, proper precaution will be taken to ensure the least possible harm is done to significant fabric.
Implementation strategy:
• Monitor Cape Byron’s AtoN equipment and propose maintenance in the instance of necessary installation/removal.
• Outline all possible risks to significant fabric (external and internal) associated with the installation/removal/operation of navigational equipment.
• Ensure works carried out are those that ensure
the least possible harm to significant fabric.
Policy 3 — Monitor possible impacts to t
Policy 3 — Monitor possible impacts to the site resulting from tourism, and control appropriate access to the lighthouse for contractors and visitors.
Policy 3 – Monitor possible impacts to the site resulting from tourism, and control appropriate access to the lighthouse for contractors and visitors.
The Cape Byron Lighthouse attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors per year and its location and layout allows relatively easy public access both night and day. Although access inside the lighthouse is restricted to authorised personnel only (for example contractors, AMSA employees), official tour groups also oversee the admittance of tourists from sunrise to sunset. AMSA personnel and contractors require easy access inside the lighthouse precinct and tower for periodical site visits to carry out inspections and routine maintenance.
Implementation strategy:
• Ensure control on access to all buildings within the precinct is maintained by periodically inspecting restricted-access areas on the precinct and enforcing security checks.
• Inspect lighthouse for signs of wear and tear attributed to visitor intake.
• The maintenance of the light holds priority over official tours being conducted inside the lighthouse (some delays in the tour guide
service may be required during inspections and
routine maintenance).
• Ensure access to the lightstation complies with workplace health and safety measures.
• Ensure general admittance inside the lighthouse
is managed and monitored by NPWS.
Interpretation
Interpretation
Interpretation
Policy 4 – Accurate and relevant interpretation of the history and significance of the place should be made available to site users/visitors and for offsite external research.
AMSA will continue to have this information available through the maintenance of site interpretive signage and via its publicly accessible website.
Implementation strategy:
• All relevant information concerning the history and significance of the place will be checked for accuracy and updated appropriately.
• Information will be presented in the form of on- site interpretative signage and online resource files — accessible to both relevant personnel and the general public.
• This information will be maintained and updated in accordance with changes to the history and significance of the place.
Management
Management
Management
Policy 5 – AMSA will continue to conserve the lighthouse in accordance with Commonwealth and NSW State listing requirements.
For work’s requiring heritage approval, AMSA will obtain permission from any relevant state or federal authorities. Conservation works will be undertaken as required.
Implementation strategy:
• Liaise with the relevant federal agencies when proposing work on the site.
• Approval in writing must be granted for any proposals for development.
Policy 6 — The cultural significance of
Policy 6 — The cultural significance of the lightstation will be the basis for deciding how to manage it.
Policy 6 – The cultural significance of the lightstation will be the basis for deciding how to manage it.
The heritage values (cultural significance) of
the place are to be conserved. This heritage management plan includes relevant background information to support this policy – in particular Section 3. ‘History’ above.
Implementation strategy:
• Conserve the lightstation to protect its heritage
values (cultural significance).
• When possible, strive to maintain the original
fabric of the lightstation.
• Utilise the Burra Charter as the primary guide for the treatment of fabric.
• Engage appropriately qualified heritage consultants when making decisions regarding impact on heritage values.
• Assess impacts on the heritage values of the place when considering proposed alterations or adaptations.
Policy 7 — Monitor, review and report th
Policy 7 — Monitor, review and report the Commonwealth heritage values of the lightstation every five years or sooner if major changes to the lightstation occur.
Policy 7 – Monitor, review and report the Commonwealth heritage values of the lightstation every five years or sooner if major changes to the lightstation occur.
The Commonwealth heritage values of the lighthouse are to be monitored and reported on a regular basis. A Heritage Asset Condition report is updated for Cape Byron Lighthouse every two
years which records historical information, condition, and maintenance requirements for fabric within the lighthouse to ensure a gain and/or loss of heritage value is identified.
Implementation strategy:
• Regularly monitor the lightstation for possible impacts on the identified Commonwealth heritage values.
• Review the current Commonwealth heritage values at least once every five years and assess any gain/loss of values.
• This review must be undertaken in the event of any major alterations to the lightstation.
• Report any changes to the Commonwealth heritage values of the lightstation.
• Update AMSA’s Heritage Strategy and this plan
to reflect any changes identified.
• Review and update Heritage Asset Condition Report biennially.
Policy 8 — Maintain historical, manageme
Policy 8 — Maintain historical, management and maintenance records within AMSA and make available these records.
Policy 8 – Maintain historical, management and maintenance records within AMSA and make available these records.
As part of the proper process for managing change in significant places, the Burra Charter points out the importance of making records before any change, and advocates placing records in a permanent archive, and making them available where this
is appropriate. AMSA’s collection of records, which include documents pertaining to heritage intervention, management and maintenance, are
subjected to this process. Heritage Asset Condition Reports are routinely generated for each heritage lighthouse and are stored in AMSA’s record-keeping system. AMSA will continue to practice such processes via their records management systems.
Implementation strategy:
• Maintain, review and update records through
existing AMSA record management system.
• Ensure records can be made available to the relevant personnel and parties.
Policy 9 — Provide appropriate training
Policy 9 — Provide appropriate training and resources to all relevant AMSA staff, contractors and licencees.
Policy 9 – Provide appropriate training and resources to all relevant AMSA staff, contractors and licencees.
The management of a heritage place is outlined within the statutory requirements of the EPBC Act and EPBC Regulations. In order to ensure best practice management of AMSA-operated
lighthouses, all staff, contractors and licencees are required to have access to the appropriate training and resources in order to provide best practice conservation of the site.
Implementation strategy:
• Provide staff, contractors and licencees access to up-to-date versions of the AMSA heritage strategy, heritage management plans and fabric registers.
• AMSA representatives will attend commonwealth-run heritage workshops, programs and conferences for up-to-date information on statutory requirements and best practice management of sites of national and state heritage significance.
• All current and incoming tour guides operating within AMSA lighthouses will be required to take the lighthouse tour guide safety induction e-learning module once every two years to stay informed on visitor safety and lighthouse duty- of-care and the site’s heritage values.
• All relevant staff will undertake a relevant induction to ensure comprehension of the Commonwealth heritage and EPBC Act (1999) statutory requirements.
• Contractors engaged with heritage sites will undertake a relevant induction to ensure comprehension of the Commonwealth heritage and EPBC Act (1999) statutory requirements.
Policy 10 — Utilise contractors and serv
Policy 10 — Utilise contractors and service providers with appropriate experience.
Policy 10 – Utilise contractors and service providers with appropriate experience.
AMSA need to ensure parties carrying out work have appropriate knowledge and use effective methods to ensure the conservation of the lighthouse.
Implementation strategy:
• Engage staff and contractors with the relevant experience and expertise concerning conservation of the lightstation.
• If and when necessary, provide the appropriate training on heritage conservation matters for AMSA staff and other relevant parties who hold responsibility for heritage management.
Policy 11 — Seek heritage advice and app
Policy 11 — Seek heritage advice and apply best heritage practice.
Policy 11 – Seek heritage advice and apply best heritage practice.
AMSA will continue to utilise in-house heritage expertise, external consultancy, or a combination of both as required in order to successfully apply best heritage practice. Should in-house heritage
expertise be limited in responding to a requirement, external heritage expertise will be engaged to address the issue.
Implementation strategy:
• Apply in-house heritage expertise when required.
• Utilise guiding documents such as the Burra Charter and Working Together Managing Commonwealth Heritage Places: a guide for Commonwealth agencies (Commonwealth of Australia, 2019) in measuring the likely impact of proposals.
• Utilise guiding documents such as the
NSW State Heritage listing site specific exemptions, and Schedule C of the Heritage Act 1997: Notice of Listing on the State Heritage Register Under Section 37 (1)(b): Cape Byron Lightstation (including moveable
Policy 12 — Appropriate protocol in the
Policy 12 — Appropriate protocol in the event of unforeseen discoveries or disturbances of heritage within the AMSA site.
Policy 12 – Appropriate protocol in the event of unforeseen discoveries or disturbances of heritage within the AMSA site.
AMSA’s scope of work rarely involves excavation. Should such work need be undertaken, AMSA will implement a suitable cultural heritage management plan (CHMP) and seek advice from suitably qualified personnel as required. In the event of
any unforeseen discovery/disturbance of heritage- related items within the AMSA site, notification to the appropriate organisation will occur in accordance with the conditions of the CHMP. This plan will also be updated accordingly.
Note: In most cases generally AMSA’s leases are limited to the immediate vicinity of the Lighthouse and therefore this scenario is not anticipated as a likely occurrence.
Implementation strategy:
• Seek appropriate heritage advice and apply best practice in the event of unforeseen discoveries/disturbances.
Policy 13 — Make this Heritage Managemen
Policy 13 — Make this Heritage Management Plan available to all persons involved in decision- making on the management of the lighthouse and its setting.
Policy 13 – Make this Heritage Management Plan available to all persons involved in decision- making on the management of the lighthouse and its setting.
The plan will be made available to all personnel intrinsic to management of the lighthouse and its setting, for example AMSA maintenance contractors, staff and other relevant parties.
Implementation strategy:
• Provide links to this plan via the AMSA publicly
accessible website.
• Provide copies to all relevant personnel and
parties.
Future developments
Future developments
Future developments
Policy 14 – Adaptation of the place using methods or processes that minimize impact on heritage values and significance in accordance with Burra Charter principles.
It is likely that over time the lighthouse will house new equipment as technology changes and improves. The Burra Charter principles will be used as the basis for decision-making.
Implementation strategy:
• Assess the likely impacts of changes on the
heritage values and significance of the place.
• Preserve the original fabric of the place and do only what is necessary for the continued use and care of the place.
• Engage expert heritage advice and utilise the Burra Charter in adapting the place.
Policy 15 — When required, engage with a
Policy 15 — When required, engage with adjacent landowners to maintain an appropriate setting for the lighthouse in its visual and natural context.
Policy 15 – When required, engage with adjacent landowners to maintain an appropriate setting for the lighthouse in its visual and natural context.
Any changes to the surrounding land, or AMSA leased area, requires careful consideration. AMSA will liaise with all adjacent landowners in the event of any proposed changes that may affect the setting and attempt to influence a positive outcome.
Implementation strategy:
• Engage with adjacent landowners through consultation when changes are proposed regarding the wider visual and natural context.
Policy 16 — In the event of adaptive re-
Policy 16 — In the event of adaptive re-use/ divestment (an instance(s) which would no longer place the lighthouse under AMSA control), AMSA will strive to ensure the Commonwealth and NSW State heritage values of the site are recognised and preserved.
Policy 16 – In the event of adaptive re-use/ divestment (an instance(s) which would no longer place the lighthouse under AMSA control), AMSA will strive to ensure the Commonwealth and NSW State heritage values of the site are recognised and preserved.
In the event the Cape Byron Lighthouse is no longer identified as a working AtoN, AMSA will withdraw their standing as lessee and hand over all authority to the lessor.
Implementation strategy:
• AMSA will negotiate with lessor to have site lease terminated.
• All available heritage information within AMSA’s collection, including this Heritage Management Plan, will be shared with the relevant parties
to ensure the Commonwealth and NSW State heritage values of the site are recognised and preserved.
Community involvement
Community involvement
Community involvement
Policy 17 – Consult with indigenous and community stakeholders in the preparation of the management plan.
AMSA will give community and Indigenous groups, as well as the general public, an opportunity to review and comment on this management plan through a public consultation process.
Implementation strategy:
• Undertake community consultation when preparing the heritage management plan in accordance with the EPBC Regulations 2000.
• Seek advice from any relevant Indigenous communities and refer to Engage Early— Guidance for proponents on best practice Indigenous engagement for environmental assessments under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) 21.
Review
Review
Review
Policy 18 – Review this plan within five years of its adoption or sooner if major changes are needed.
This plan will be reviewed every five years. This
review should:
• Assess the content of the plan.
• Determine its effectiveness in protecting the identified heritage values.
• Provide any necessary recommendations for updating or re-writing of the plan. If major
changes occur at the site in the interim, this plan will be reviewed and updated earlier than the specified five years.
Implementation strategy:
• Review this heritage management plan at least
five years after its adoption.
• Review and update this heritage management plan in the event of a major change to the lightstation.
• Submit revised plan for approval.
As stipulated by Schedule 7A and 7B of the EPBC Regulations 2000, the outlined implementation plan and associated policies (listed above) are required to be monitored and updated accordingly. This will be achieved by:
• Ensuring the implementation plan and policies
are readily available for all relevant personnel,
• Delegating AMSA staff to periodically check the implementation plan is up-to-date and being utilised appropriately by the relevant personnel,
• Ensuring the timeframes outlined within the plan
are followed,
• Delegating AMSA Response staff to review this plan and the associated policies at least every five years and determine whether its contents are relevant and effective in terms of continuing to conserve the place.
Appendix 1. Glossary of heritage conserv
Appendix 1. Glossary of heritage conservation terms
Appendix 1. Glossary of heritage conservation terms
Appendix 2. Glossary of historic lightho
Appendix 2. Glossary of historic lighthouse terms relevant to Cape Byron Lighthouse
Appendix 2. Glossary of historic lighthouse terms relevant to Cape Byron Lighthouse
Apron paving
Apron paving
Apron paving
The concrete paving surround the base of the lighthouse tower.
Auxiliary light
Auxiliary light
Auxiliary light
A self-contained fixed beacon with red lens, on a
fabricated steel post
B
Balcony floor
Balcony floor
Balcony floor
Floor of the balcony. Cape Byron Lighthouse is stone slab.
Balcony balustrade
Balcony balustrade
Balcony balustrade
A handrail together with its supports. The supports are called balusters. Simply a railing or wall on the outer perimeter of the balcony, to prevent people from falling off the balcony. Generally made of metal stanchions and rails – Cape Byron Lighthouse is embedded in a solid stone wall, with sunk panels, engaged piers and moulded coping showing to outside.
C
Chance Bros
Chance Bros
Chance Bros
English manufacturer of optical apparatus, lanterns, cast iron stairs, cast iron towers, and other lighthouse components. The Chance family established a glass-making business in Smethwick, England in 1824 and is often described as ‘near Birmingham’. The business was absorbed into the Pilkington group of companies in 1951 and now ceases to exist. It is believed that Chance Bros supplied Cape Byron Lighthouse’s lantern roof, glazing and base, and the internal and external catwalk.
E
Electric bells
Electric bells
Electric bells
A bell activated by the magnetic effect of an electric current. They were used for telephonic communications without the need of contact breakers and could be utilised for long service.
External catwalk
External catwalk
External catwalk
A landing around the external face of the tower complete with hand rail. Cape Byron Lighthouse’s external catwalk is composed of cast iron lattice floor panels supported on openwork cast iron brackets bolted to lantern base with modern socket- head bolts.
H
Henry-Lepaute
Henry-Lepaute
Henry-Lepaute
Renowned French watchmaker and mechanician prevalent throughout the early to mid 19th century. His optic lens mechanism is found within Cape Byron Lighthouse.
I
Incandescent kerosene
Incandescent kerosene
Incandescent kerosene
A light fuel once utilised by lighthouses to ignite and fuel the lantern. Cape Byron Lighthouse used kerosene to fuel its lantern before its introduction to electricity.
Intermediate floors
Intermediate floors
Intermediate floors
Levels found mid-way up a building. Cape Byron Lighthouse’s intermediate floors are found in its tower and are composed of reinforced concrete, topping of square black and white ceramic tiles, rendered on other surfaces.
Internal catwalk
Internal catwalk
Internal catwalk
An open landing inside the tower complete with handrail. Cape Byron Lighthouse’s internal catwalk is composed of cast iron lattice floor panels supported on solid cast iron brackets bolted to lantern base.
L
Lantern floor
Lantern floor
Lantern floor
The level in a lighthouse at which the lantern is installed, and by which access may be gained to the optical system and to the inside and outside of the lantern glazing. The lantern floor is generally at or near the same level as the catwalk and cane be made from steel, concrete, or timber.
Lantern glazing
Lantern glazing
Lantern glazing
The middle section of the lantern, circular or polygonal in plan, between the lantern roof above and the lantern base below, made up of glass panes held in a framework of glazing bars. On the landward side there may be blank panels in place of glass, or other opaque construction. Types of lantern glazing include: flat and curved trapezoidal panes and curved diamond/triangular panes. Cape Byron uses curved rectangular panes.
Lantern roof
Lantern roof
Lantern roof
The roof of the lantern. Usually made of copper sheeting over a framework of rafters.
Lens assembly
Lens assembly
Lens assembly
A transparent optically refracting element of glass. The surface is usually spherical in form.
Light source
Light source
Light source
Electric lamps and LEDs now illuminate most
lighthouses.
Lighthouse
Lighthouse
Lighthouse
The principal structure of a lightstation, generally made up of a lantern, balcony and tower.
Lightstation
Lightstation
Lightstation
A precinct containing a lighthouse structure and other related buildings, for example, Keepers’ cottages, Store room, Signal house.
M
Mercury float mechanism
Mercury float mechanism
Mercury float mechanism
A mechanism whereby the base of a lighthouse’s lens is submerged in a mercury-filled bath and is then rotated without friction.
P
Pavilion
Pavilion
Pavilion
A building or similar structure built for a specific purpose. Cape Byron Lighthouse’s pavilion is located around the base of the tower.
Pedestal
Pedestal
Pedestal
Part of the optical apparatus, consisting of a metal column or base standing on the balcony floor inside
the lantern and supporting the lens assembly and light source. Some later Chance documentation (such as their tariffs 1908) also refer to the lantern base as a pedestal.
T
Tower
Tower
Tower
Structure to support the lantern at a sufficient height
above the ground. The most common types are the masonry tower, timber-framed tower, cast iron tower, and lattice tower.
Appendix 3. Current Cape Byron light det
Appendix 3. Current Cape Byron light details
Appendix 3. Current Cape Byron light details
Cape Byron main light (AN347-01)
IALA AVAILABILITY CATEGORY:
2
POSITION:
Latitude: 28° 38.3131’ SLongitude: 153° 38.1845’ E Datum: WGS84
CHARTS:
Aus 813, BA 1029
BA LIST OF LIGHTS:
K2838
DAYMARK:
White round masonry tower and lantern with attached service rooms, 22 m high
RP2B Twin motor/gearbox drive unitsMotor: Oriental Motor Co Type 51K60RGU-CWE Gearbox: Oriental Motor Co Type 5GU120RAA Speed Control: Oriental Motor Co Type ESO2
LIGHTSOURCE:
Lamp: LED Array Sealite SL324 Lantern Control SWBD: Sealite LED Controller Daylight Control Switch: PE Cell CR ControlType L
LANTERN:
Chance Bros. 1st Order 13’0” dia. with curved lantern panes. Refer DrgCN9-110
INTENSITY:
2,060,353 cd
POWER SOURCE:
Mains Supply: 240V ACStandby supply: 3KW 48Vdc to 230Vac single phase inverter Inverter: Outback Power SystemsVFX3048Battery capacity: 320AhModules: 2 x (48V, 160Ah)Lantern ControlDC/DC Converter: Redarc V175D-12-48I 48 to 12V remote monitor
Appendix 4. Opening of the Cape Byron Li
Appendix 4. Opening of the Cape Byron Lightstation (1901)
Appendix 4. Opening of the Cape Byron Lightstation (1901)
The weather did not permit of the Premiers landing on Saturday the 30th.
Cape Byron Lighthouse
Cape Byron Lighthouse
Cape Byron Lighthouse
The above Lighthouse was Officially opened and dedicated to the service of the Public by the
Honourable John See Premier of the State of New South Wales on Saturday Sunday the 30th 1st day of November December 1901. The following gentlemen being present.
(Rest of document filled with names and addresses of those present – many illegible.)
Appendix 5. Table demonstrating complian
Appendix 5. Table demonstrating compliance with the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulation (2000)
Appendix 5. Table demonstrating compliance with the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulation (2000)
View image in the official sourceEnvironment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations (2000) Schedule 7A – Management plans for Commonwealth heritage places
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin-left:6.15pt; border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr style="height:22.65pt"><td style="width:198.45pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#00679b"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.15pt; margin-left:5.75pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#ffffff">Legislation</span></p></td><td style="width:283.25pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#4c7ba8"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:6.15pt; margin-left:5.75pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#ffffff">Satisfied within</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:22.4pt"><td colspan="2" style="width:480.95pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #0b679b; border-left:0.75pt solid #0b679b; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:5.55pt; font-size:10pt"><span>A management plan must:</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:73.45pt"><td style="width:197.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-right:15.95pt; margin-left:19.15pt; text-indent:-13.5pt; line-height:106%; font-size:9pt"><span>(a) Establish objectives for the identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission of the Commonwealth Heritage values of the place; and</span></p></td><td style="width:282.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-left:5.6pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Section 1 – Introduction</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:73.45pt"><td style="width:197.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-right:17.95pt; margin-left:21.65pt; text-indent:-16.05pt; line-height:106%; font-size:9pt"><span>(b) Provide a management framework that includes reference to any statutory requirements and agency mechanisms for the protection of the Commonwealth Heritage values of the place; and</span></p></td><td style="width:282.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-left:5.6pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Section 2 – Introduction</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:73.45pt"><td style="width:197.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-right:20.85pt; margin-left:18.65pt; text-indent:-13pt; line-height:106%; font-size:9pt"><span>(c) Provide a comprehensive description of the place, including information about its location, physical features, condition, historical context and current uses;</span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.9pt"> </span><span>and</span></p></td><td style="width:282.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-right:116.3pt; margin-left:5.6pt; line-height:161%; font-size:9pt"><span>Section 2 – Cape Byron Lightstation site Section 3 – History</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-left:5.6pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Section 4 – Fabric</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:50.75pt"><td style="width:197.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-right:3.95pt; margin-left:19.15pt; text-indent:-13.5pt; line-height:106%; font-size:9pt"><span>(d) Provide a description of the Commonwealth Heritage values and any other heritage values of the place; and</span></p></td><td style="width:282.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-left:5.6pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Section 5 – Heritage significance</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:50.75pt"><td style="width:197.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-right:0.15pt; margin-left:19.15pt; text-indent:-13.5pt; line-height:106%; font-size:9pt"><span>(e) Describe the condition of the </span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt">Commonwealth </span><span>Heritage values of the place; </span><span style="letter-spacing:-0.1pt">and</span></p></td><td style="width:282.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-left:5.6pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Section 5 – Heritage significance</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:50.75pt"><td style="width:197.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-right:0.15pt; margin-left:16.65pt; text-indent:-11pt; line-height:106%; font-size:9pt"><span>(f) Describe the method used to assess the Commonwealth Heritage values of the place; and</span></p></td><td style="width:282.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-left:5.6pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Section 5 – Heritage significance</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:73.45pt"><td style="width:197.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-right:4.4pt; margin-left:19.15pt; text-indent:-13.5pt; line-height:106%; font-size:9pt"><span>(g) Describe the current management requirements and goals including proposals for change and any potential pressures on the Commonwealth Heritage values of the place; and</span></p></td><td style="width:282.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-left:5.6pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Section 6 – Opportunities and constraints</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:56.4pt"><td style="width:197.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-right:6.45pt; margin-left:19.15pt; text-indent:-13.5pt; line-height:106%; font-size:9pt"><span>(h) Have policies to manage the Commonwealth Heritage values of a place, and include in those policies, guidance in relation to the following:</span></p></td><td style="width:282.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-left:0pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:39.4pt"><td style="width:197.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-left:19.8pt; font-size:9pt"><span>i. The management and conservation</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0.65pt; margin-left:26.65pt; font-size:9pt"><span>processes to be used;</span></p></td><td style="width:282.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #0b679b; vertical-align:top; background-color:#eff9fe"><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:3.65pt; margin-left:5.6pt; font-size:9pt"><span>Section 7 – Conservation management policies (Policy 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,</span></p><p class="TableParagraph" style="margin-top:0.65pt; margin-left:5.6pt; font-size:9pt"><span>10, 11, 14)</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
Reference list
Reference list
Reference list
Beaglehole, J.C., (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery. I The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768-1771, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1955.
Boyd, W.E., J.P. Collins, & J. Bell, ‘The accumulation of charcoal within a midden at Cape Byron, northern New South Wales, during the last millennium’, Australian Archaeology, Vol 51, no. 1. 2000.
Brewis, C.R.W., ‘Report with Recommendations as to Existing Lights and Additional Lights’, Lighting of the East Coast of Australia: Cape Moreton to Gabo Island (Including Coast of New South Wales), Department of Trade and Customs, 1913.
Brooks, G., & Associates Pty Ltd, NPWS Lighthouses Conservation Management and Cultural Tourism Plan – Cape Byron Lighthouse: Supplementary Information, prepared for NSW NPWS, 2001.
The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, Australia ICOMOS, 2013.
Ellsmore, D., and F. Ellsmore, Cape Byron Lightstation Precinct Conservation Management Plan, prepared for the NSW Department of Lands and Water Conservation, 2008.
Engage Early—Guidance for proponents on best practice Indigenous engagement for environmental assessments under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), Commonwealth of Australia, 2016.
Pratten, C., and R. Irving., Cape Byron Headland Reserve Heritage Study, prepared for the Cape Byron Headland Reserve Trust, 1991.
Reid, G., From Dusk till Dawn: A history of Australian lighthouses, Aus: Macmillan Co., 1988. Serle, G., First Order: Australia’s Highway of Lighthouses, Glenelg, SA: Seaside Lights, 2013.
Stapleton, C. L., & Partners Pty Ltd, Cape Byron Lightstation Conservation Management Plan, prepared for AMSA, 1993.
Stubbs, B. J., History of the Cape Byron Lightstation Precinct, Crown, 2008.
Working Together Managing Commonwealth Heritage Places: a guide for Commonwealth agencies, Commonwealth of Australia, 2019.
Tomlinson, C., Tomlinson’s Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts, 1854.
Website URLs
Website URLs
Website URLs
AMSA Heritage Lighthouses Interactive Map: [https://www.operations.amsa.gov.au/lighthouses/?\_ga=2.236400321.1108408984.1535497123-](http://www.operations.amsa.gov.au/lighthouses/?_ga=2.236400321.1108408984.1535497123-) 1996646104.1535497123
A Supplementary Information report on Cape Byron by Graham Brooks and Associates Pty Ltd: [https://www.environment.nsw](http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-).gov[.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-](http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-) and-protected-areas/Conservation-management-plans/lighthouses-conservation-management- cultural-tourism-plan.pdf
A Conservation Management Plan was prepared in 2008 by Donald Ellsmore Pty Ltd: [https://www.environment.nsw](http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/research-and-publications/publications-search/cape-byron-).gov[.au/research-and-publications/publications-search/cape-byron-](http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/research-and-publications/publications-search/cape-byron-) lightstation-precinct-conservation-management-plan
Byron Shire Council: Native Animals and Plants: [https://www.byron.nsw](http://www.byron.nsw.gov.au/Services/Environment/Native-animals-and-plants).gov[.au/Services/Environment/Native-animals-and-plants](http://www.byron.nsw.gov.au/Services/Environment/Native-animals-and-plants)
Arakwal National Park Plan of Management:
Sourced from the Federal Register of Legislation (legislation.gov.au), CC BY 4.0.
Contents Contents
Contents
Executive summary Executive summary
Executive summary
1. Introduction 1. Introduction
1. Introduction
1.1 Background and purpose
1.1 Background and purpose
AMSA is the Commonwealth agency responsible for AtoNs. Our network includes the Cape Byron Lighthouse (NSW) built by the Department of Public Works in 1901.
The Environment Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) requires us to prepare management plans that satisfy the
obligations included in Schedule 7A and 7B of the EPBC Regulations 2000. The principal features of this management plan are:
• a description of the place, its heritage values, their condition and the method used to assess its significance
• an administrative management framework
• a description of any proposals for change
• an array of conservation policies that protect and manage the place
• an implementation plan
• the ways the policies will be monitored and how the management plan will be reviewed.
We have commissioned this heritage management plan to guide the future conservation of the place.
This plan provides the framework and basis for the conservation and best practice management of the Cape Byron Lighthouse in recognition of its
heritage values. The policies in this plan indicate the objectives for identification, protection, conservation and presentation of the commonwealth heritage values of the place. Figure 2. shows the basic planning process applied.
1.2 Heritage management plan objectives
1.2 Heritage management plan objectives
The objectives of this heritage management plan are to:
• protect, conserve and manage the Commonwealth heritage values of the Cape Byron Lightstation.
• interpret and promote the Commonwealth heritage values of the Cape Byron Lightstation.
• manage use of the lightstation
• use best practice standards, including ongoing technical and community input, and apply
best available knowledge and expertise when
1.3 Methodology
1.3 Methodology
The methods used in the preparation of this plan are consistent with the recommendations of The Burra Charter. The plan addresses:
• The history of the site based on information sourced from archival research, expert knowledge, and documentary resources.
• The description of the site based on information sourced from site inspection reports, and fabric registers.
• The Commonwealth heritage criterions satisfied by Cape Byron as set out by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (EPBC Regulations).
Establishes monitoring and reporting requirements: biennial Heritage Asset Condition Reports and a review of the plan every five years (see 5.3 Condition and integrity; Policy 7; 8.1 Heritage implementation plan).
The plan’s official rationale is stated repeatedly: to protect and conserve the Commonwealth heritage values of the Cape Byron Lightstation while enabling it to continue as an operational AtoN. That rationale is anchored to the EPBC Act/Regulations obligations and AMSA’s operational mandate under the Navigation Act 2012 (see 1.1 Background and purpose; 6.4 AMSA’s goals). The plan therefore frames conservation as compatible with operational upgrades and routine maintenance, subject to heritage oversight and approvals.
Testing that claim against costs and incentives that the plan itself records:
Who pays: AMSA is the custodian and commissioning agency; maintenance contractors perform routine and urgent works under AMSA direction (see 1.5 Authorship; 6.4 Access to the lighthouse; 8.1 Implementation schedule). Capital or specialist conservations requiring heritage advice will incur additional procurement and consultant costs; the plan requires AMSA to engage external expertise when in-house capability is insufficient (Policy 11).
Who decides: AMSA is the decision-maker for routine maintenance; where actions may significantly affect Commonwealth heritage values or trigger EPBC Regulation thresholds, approval by the Minister for the Environment or a delegate is required (see 6.1 Referral and approvals of action; Policy 5 Implementation strategy).
Compliance burden and procedural friction: works on the site must be assessed for heritage impact, recorded, and in some cases referred for approval under the EPBC Regulations. The plan requires contractors and licencees to receive inductions and heritage training (Policy 9), and sets out consultation duties with Indigenous stakeholders (Policy 17) which add procedural steps to most significant works.
Trade-offs: the plan explicitly prioritises the continued AtoN function while requiring the least possible harm to fabric when new equipment is installed (Policy 2). The stated operational target (99.0 per cent availability) creates an incentive to repair and upgrade equipment quickly, which can conflict with conservation requirements unless properly planned and approved. The plan seeks to manage that tension by tying maintenance scheduling to heritage oversight and by prioritising minimal-impact technical solutions where possible (Policy 2 and Implementation strategies).
The instrument therefore operates as an AMSA internal regulatory framework, translating statutory obligations under the EPBC Regulations into asset-level policies and procedures for a single, high-profile heritage AtoN site. The plan identifies concentrated benefits (heritage preservation, tourism amenity, continued navigational safety) and diffuse costs (compliance time, contractor training, heritage consultant fees, potential delays to urgent repairs where approvals and consultation are required). It records particular implementation risks such as mercury on site, tourism pressures, and lease and tenure constraints which are detailed below.
All claims in this section are taken from the management plan text: see 1.1-1.6 for purpose and authorship, 2.3 for lease and ownership, 4.1 for fabric, 5.1 for heritage significance, 6.1-6.7 for statutory framework, operational requirements and risks, and Part 7 for policies.
Main concepts
The plan organises a set of interlocking concepts that determine what AMSA must do at Cape Byron. Each of these originates in parts of the plan and in the statutory frame the plan maps to.
Commonwealth heritage values and listing: Cape Byron is listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List (Place ID 105599) and the NSW State Heritage Register (ID 02023). The plan reproduces the Commonwealth statement of significance and maps the site’s values against the Commonwealth criteria (see 5.1 and 5.2). The concept is that the place has identifiable Commonwealth heritage values that must be conserved and reported on.
Statutory trigger and plan purpose: the EPBC Act and EPBC Regulations 2000 require agencies that own or control Commonwealth heritage places to prepare management plans that meet Schedule 7A and 7B obligations. The plan records that it is prepared to comply with those schedules (see 1.1 Background and purpose; 6.3 Statutory and legislative requirements; Appendix 5 compliance table). The plan is therefore both a statutory compliance document and an operational manual.
Dual objectives: conserve heritage values, and maintain the functioning AtoN. The document frames conservation and AtoN continuity as dual objectives. It lists the continued use as an AtoN as one of the key features to conserve (see 6.1 Implications arising from significance), and sets operational standards to meet IALA Category 2 availability (see 6.4 Lighthouse performance standards). Policies 1 and 2 formalise the obligation to ensure any equipment installation or maintenance imposes the least possible harm to significant fabric.
Fabric register and graded sensitivity: the plan contains a fabric register that identifies components by construction, condition, integrity and heritage significance (Part 4). It applies a sensitivity-to-change framework (high, moderate, low) to guide what interventions are acceptable (see 6.2 Framework: sensitivity to change). That creates a decision rule for how to approach interventions: high-sensitivity elements require careful conservation; low-sensitivity elements may tolerate more adaptation.
Monitoring, record-keeping and periodic review: the plan requires Heritage Asset Condition Reports to be prepared biennially, and for the management plan to be reviewed at least every five years (see 5.3; Policy 7; 8.1). It also requires that AMSA maintain records of management, maintenance and interventions and make them available (Policy 8).
Stakeholder engagement and Indigenous participation: the plan requires consultation with Indigenous custodians and broader community stakeholders during plan development and when significant changes are proposed. It records the Arakwal/ Bundjalung peoples’ cultural association and the 2019 Native Title Consent Determination that makes Indigenous consultation a legal and practical necessity (see 3.10 Indigenous associations; Policy 17; 6.3 Schedule notes on community involvement).
Risk mitigation and hazardous materials: the plan recognises the presence of a mercury float mechanism and records AMSA’s ongoing review of mercury on its sites and a long-term strategy that contemplates removal when a suitable alternative is found (see 6.6 Potential pressures). The plan also requires health and safety compliance and makes maintenance priority over tours where needed (Policy 3).
Tenure and inter-governmental overlay: the plan documents that the land is owned by the NSW Government and AMSA holds a lease for two parcels, together 639.8 m2, with lease and tourist licence expiry dates and renewal options recorded (see 2.3 Lease and ownership). The plan therefore sits within a state-Commonwealth interplay: AMSA’s duties under federal regulation are exercised on land owned by the state and managed under a lease that commits AMSA to state environmental laws.
Implementation and procurement: the plan sets out policies on training, contractor selection, external heritage advice and the use of AMSA’s heritage strategy and other guidance documents (Policies 9-11). It therefore operationalises procurement and staffing requirements as levers for compliance.
Visitor management and tourism pressure: the plan acknowledges heavy visitor use, lists access pathways, and requires monitoring and access controls to reduce wear and ensure safety (see 2.4 Access; Policy 3).
These concepts structure how decisions will be made on site. The plan pairs operational technical requirements , for example the LED array and motor changeouts listed in the maintenance schedule , with conservation protocols and approval requirements under the EPBC Regulations. The decision logic is therefore: identify an operational or conservation need, evaluate impacts against the fabric register and sensitivity ratings, consult Indigenous and statutory stakeholders where required, and proceed consistent with approval pathways and AMSA policies (see 6.5 Proposals for change; Part 7 policies and 8.1 implementation schedule).
Who it affects
The plan lists and implies a defined set of actors with duties, interests or constraints arising from its content. The principal actors and the documented effects are:
AMSA (custodian and decision-maker): AMSA prepared the plan and is responsible for implementing it; this includes maintaining the AtoN performance standards, scheduling maintenance, commissioning Heritage Asset Condition Reports and reporting to the Minister when required (see 1.5 Authorship; 6.4 AMSA’s goals; 8.1 Implementation schedule). AMSA also manages the AtoN network nationally, making this plan an operational template for site-level heritage governance (see 6.3).
Maintenance contractors and service providers: the plan requires qualified contractors for conservation and AtoN maintenance, induction training on heritage requirements, and compliance with site controls and AMSA’s program (Policy 9; Policy 10; 8.1 Implementation schedule). Routine maintenance work will be performed by contractors and recorded in AMSA systems (see Monitoring and reporting).
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) and the NSW Government (landowner/lessor): the plan records the land ownership and lease arrangements. The lighthouse and surrounding land are owned by the NSW Government and AMSA holds a lease signed 8 October 1998 that terminates 8 June 2022 with a 25-year renewal option, and a tourist licence signed 1 July 1997 expiring 13 June 2022 with a 25-year renewal option (see 2.3 Lease and ownership). The lease requires AMSA to comply with state management plans and environmental laws, which imposes duties on AMSA to coordinate with NPWS for access and heritage approvals.
Indigenous custodians , Bundjalung of Byron Bay (Arakwal people): the plan recognises the Arakwal people as native title holders under a Consent Determination of April 2019, and records the cultural significance of the headland and the need for consultation and active Indigenous participation in management (see 3.10 Indigenous associations; Policy 17; 6.3 Schedule). Indigenous stakeholders are therefore primary consultees for heritage matters impacting Aboriginal cultural heritage.
Tour operators, visitors and local tourism enterprises: the plan documents strong tourism use, the conversion of keepers’ cottages into visitor facilities, and the presence of guided tours. Policies constrain access inside the tower, prioritise maintenance over tours when necessary, and require tour guides to undertake safety and heritage inductions every two years (Policy 3; Policy 9; 3.9 Summary of current and former uses). Tourism operators will be affected by access controls, security checks and potential temporary closures for maintenance.
Neighbouring landowners and local agencies: the plan requires AMSA to engage adjacent landowners when changes to the wider setting are proposed (Policy 15). Local agencies such as Byron Shire Council, NSW Parks and NPWS have overlapping interests in setting, walking tracks, and environmental protection (2.2 Setting and landscape; 2.4 Access).
Mariners and the maritime industry: the lighthouse functions as an Aid to Navigation (AtoN) used by mariners. The plan records AMSA’s operational aim to meet IALA standards and to maintain a Category 2 availability target for Cape Byron. Equipment upgrades and scheduled maintenance therefore affect mariners through potential outages or changes to the light’s characteristics, and AMSA’s maintenance schedule reflects this operational priority (see 6.4 and Appendix 3).
Commonwealth Minister and federal approval bodies: where actions on Commonwealth land or actions by Commonwealth agencies are likely to have a significant impact on matters of national environmental significance, approval from the Minister for the Environment is required under the EPBC Regulations. The plan restates that actions on Commonwealth land likely to have significant impacts require Ministerial approval (see 6.1 Referral and approvals of action).
Other onsite stakeholders: NSW Marine Rescue operates within the precinct and the Bureau of Meteorology maintains a weather station onsite; both have operational presences referenced in 3.10. Their operations and access will need to be co-ordinated with AMSA’s maintenance and heritage activities.
In short, the plan places duties on AMSA and its contractors, imposes procedural and training requirements on tour operators and contractors, requires Indigenous consultation, creates reporting obligations to federal authorities, and constrains the use and adaptation of the built fabric. Many of the effects arise from statutory obligations under EPBC Regulations Schedule 7A and 7B, as the plan repeatedly cross-references those provisions (see Appendix 5).
Key duties and rights
The management plan sets out duties and entitlements primarily for AMSA, contractors, Indigenous stakeholders and the Minister. It does not itself create criminal penalties; instead it records obligations flowing from the EPBC Regulations and AMSA’s internal policies.
Key duties and who holds them
AMSA’s duty to prepare and maintain the plan: the plan states that an agency owning Commonwealth heritage places must prepare a heritage strategy and management plan in accordance with the EPBC Regulations (section 341ZA is cited in the plan). AMSA also prepared an overall heritage strategy for its AtoN assets in 2018 and must implement that strategy (see 6.1 Heritage Strategy; 6.3 Statutory and legislative requirements).
Duty to conserve identified heritage fabric: Policy 1 directs AMSA to protect and conserve the significant external and internal fabric identified in the fabric register (see 4.1 Fabric register and Policy 1). Implementation strategies require scheduled periodic maintenance, conservation of identified elements, recording of works and use of specialist advice when needed.
Duty to maintain AtoN performance standards: AMSA is responsible for maintaining the site as an effective marine aid to navigation, with an IALA Category 2 availability target of 99.0 per cent. The plan requires routine preventative maintenance and rapid repair of failed equipment (see 6.4 Lighthouse performance standards; Appendix 3 current light details).
Duty to obtain approvals for significant impacts and to refer actions appropriately: the plan reiterates that actions on Commonwealth land likely to have a significant impact on matters of national environmental significance require Ministerial approval under the EPBC Regulations (see 6.1 Referral and approvals of action). AMSA must therefore assess proposed works for their potential to trigger referral and approval requirements.
Duty to consult Indigenous and community stakeholders: the plan mandates consultation during plan preparation and when significant changes are proposed (Policy 17). It records the Arakwal people as native title holders with the right to be consulted regarding protection and management of Aboriginal cultural heritage within the native title area (see 3.10 Indigenous associations; Policy 17).
Duty to train and induct staff and contractors: Policy 9 requires AMSA to provide staff, contractors and licencees access to the heritage strategy, management plans and training; tour guides must complete a safety/heritage induction every two years.
Duty to monitor, report and keep records: Policy 7 requires monitoring and reporting of Commonwealth heritage values; Policy 8 requires AMSA to maintain historical, management and maintenance records and make them available.
Key rights and entitlements
AMSA’s operational discretion: AMSA retains the authority to carry out scheduled and emergency maintenance, subject to the need to consider heritage impacts. The plan explicitly states that maintenance to preserve AtoN availability has priority over tours and certain visitor activities (Policy 3 Implementation strategy).
Ministerial oversight: the Minister retains decision-making authority over referrals and approvals where statutory triggers under the EPBC Regulations are engaged (6.1 Referral and approvals of action). The plan itself records that major changes and strategy updates are provided to the relevant Minister (see 6.3 Heritage Strategy).
Indigenous consultation rights: the plan recognises the Arakwal people’s cultural roles and requires consultation; the native title Consent Determination means Indigenous stakeholders are entitled to be involved in management decisions affecting Aboriginal cultural heritage within the native title area (3.10).
Lease-based rights and obligations: the lease and tourist licence between AMSA and the NSW Minister for Environment specify AMSA’s occupancy rights and obligations to comply with applicable management plans and state environmental laws (2.3 Lease and ownership). These contractual terms create private-law rights and duties between AMSA and the lessor.
Procedural obligations that affect rights to act
Heritage approvals and processes: the plan binds AMSA and contractors to a process: assess impact, document, consult where required, seek heritage and ministerial approvals when necessary, and record works. These procedural obligations can delay work relative to a non-heritage site. The plan also describes emergency and incident decision-making processes to respond to heritage incidents (6.7 Process for decision-making).
The plan’s duties are therefore a mix of statutory obligations under the EPBC Regulations (for heritage and approvals), contractual duties under the AMSA lease and licence (2.3), and internal AMSA policies and procurement rules (Part 7; 8.1). Rights are mainly operational and consultative: AMSA controls maintenance and site operations, the Minister controls approvals, and Indigenous stakeholders have consultation rights rooted in the Consent Determination and the document’s policies.
Penalties and enforcement
The management plan is a statutory compliance document required by the EPBC Regulations, but it does not itself set out specific criminal sanctions or civil penalty regimes. The plan repeatedly refers to the EPBC Act and EPBC Regulations as the operative statutory framework for approvals and obligations (see 6.1 Referral and approvals of action; 6.3 Statutory and legislative requirements; Appendix 5). Enforcement therefore operates through existing Commonwealth environmental law and administrative processes, not through penalties specified within this plan.
Key enforcement and compliance points recorded in the plan
Ministerial approval for significant actions: the plan states that actions taken on Commonwealth land likely to have a significant impact on matters of national environmental significance require approval of the Minister for Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (6.1 Referral and approvals of action). That approval regime is supervised under the EPBC Act and Regulations and carries administrative consequences for noncompliance. The plan places the onus on AMSA to refer actions and obtain approvals where required.
Lease and contractual compliance: the lease with NPWS requires AMSA to comply with applicable management plans and state environmental laws (2.3 Lease and ownership). Breach of lease covenants could trigger contractual remedies by the lessor under state contract law.
Internal compliance measures: the plan prescribes internal monitoring, reporting, contractor induction and training (Policies 7-9), and a biennial Heritage Asset Condition Report that functions as AMSA’s internal compliance instrument (5.3; 8.1). Failure by AMSA to execute these policies would be an internal governance failure and could expose AMSA to ministerial scrutiny or reputational risk.
What the plan does not do
It does not catalogue penalties or enforcement mechanisms; those are contained in the EPBC Act and other laws. The plan notes referral/approval duties but does not replicate the EPBC Act’s offence provisions, penalties or enforcement procedures.
It does not specify how ministerial enforcement would be applied or what sanctions flow from a failure to obtain necessary approvals. To determine specific penalties and enforcement remedies, one must consult the EPBC Act and associated regulations rather than this plan (see 6.1 and Appendix 5 where the plan cross-references the EPBC Regulations).
Practical enforcement implications for implementers
Administrative risk: implementers must assess works for EPBC referral triggers before proceeding. The plan’s repeated cross-reference to Schedule 7A and 7B implies an administrative compliance check is essential for anything beyond routine maintenance.
Contractual risk: contractors and AMSA must ensure lease and licence obligations to the NSW lessor are met, including complying with state environmental laws referenced in the lease (2.3). Failure to do so could expose AMSA to contractual sanctions.
Reputational and stakeholder enforcement: the plan requires Indigenous consultation and community involvement. Failure to follow the plan’s consultation obligations could provoke political and reputational consequences, and could affect approval prospects for future works.
In summary, the plan is a compliance-and-management document that points implementers to the EPBC Act/Regulations and other statutory regimes for enforcement outcomes. It creates implementation obligations for AMSA and contractors but leaves the criminal or civil penalties to the operative statutes. See 6.1 Referral and approvals of action, 6.3 Statutory and legislative requirements and Appendix 5 for the plan’s statutory cross-references.
How it interacts with other laws
The plan situates AMSA’s site-level management within a network of Commonwealth, state and local legal obligations. The plan itself references the following laws and legal instruments and records how they interact with AMSA’s duties.
Environment Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and EPBC Regulations 2000 (Schedules 7A and 7B)
The plan is prepared to satisfy obligations included in Schedule 7A and 7B of the EPBC Regulations (1.1 Background and purpose; Appendix 5). It repeatedly states that the EPBC Regulations require approvals by the Minister for actions likely to have significant impacts on matters of national environmental significance, and that the Regulations include cultural heritage as part of the definition of environment (6.1 Referral and approvals of action; 6.3 Statutory and legislative requirements).
The plan references s341ZA of the EPBC Regulations, which obliges agencies to prepare heritage strategies when they own or control Commonwealth heritage places (6.1 Heritage Strategy).
Navigation Act 2012
AMSA’s operational mandate to maintain marine aids to navigation is exercised under the Navigation Act 2012. The plan cites AMSA’s responsibility under that Act to maintain a network of marine AtoN and to meet international reliability standards (6.4 AMSA’s goals). This creates a statutory obligation to maintain navigational safety alongside heritage duties.
State heritage and environmental laws
The plan records that the land is owned by the NSW Government and that AMSA leases the lighthouse and land from NPWS, with lease conditions requiring compliance with applicable management plans and state environmental laws (2.3 Lease and ownership). The plan also references the NSW State Heritage Register listing and associated site-specific provisions, and notes that AMSA will seek relevant state and federal approvals for works (Policy 5; 5.2 NSW State Heritage Register).
Native Title law and Indigenous consultation obligations
The plan records a Federal Court Consent Determination in April 2019 recognising native title rights of the Bundjalung of Byron Bay Arakwal people over the area that includes Cape Byron (3.10 Indigenous associations). The plan cites guidance documents such as Engage Early and frames Indigenous consultation as an integral element in management (Policy 17; 6.3). Native title and cultural heritage obligations interact with the plan by requiring AMSA to involve traditional owners in identification, assessment and management actions.
Heritage Acts and State administrative instruments
The plan refers to "Schedule C of the Heritage Act 1997: Notice of Listing on the State Heritage Register Under Section 37(1)(b): Cape Byron Lightstation" (Policy 11 Implementation strategy). Although the plan does not itself explain the operative consequences, it records that state listing and exemptions are relevant to project planning and approvals.
Lease and licence contractual law
The plan sits on top of the AMSA lease and tourist licence arrangements with the NSW Minister for Environment. Lease terms require AMSA to comply with management plans and state environmental laws (2.3). Any change of use or divestment must involve negotiation with the lessor and transfer of heritage information to the new custodian (Policy 16).
Workplace health and safety and other operational regulation
The plan requires compliance with workplace health and safety measures when allowing access to the lightstation, including prioritising maintenance over tours where safety requires it (Policy 3). That links AMSA’s obligations under occupational health and safety laws with the heritage management measures.
Interaction mechanics and trade-offs recorded by the plan
Approvals overlay: works may need EPBC referral and Ministerial approval if likely to have significant impacts on matters of national environmental significance. At the same time, state heritage listing and lease conditions may require separate state approvals and the lessor’s consent. The plan therefore anticipates multiple parallel approval paths (6.1; Policy 5). This creates transaction costs, potential delay, and the need for co-ordination.
Operational primacy vs. heritage constraints: Navigation Act duties to ensure navigational safety and AtoN availability require AMSA to act quickly to maintain the light. The plan attempts to reconcile that by giving maintenance operational precedence while requiring heritage-sensitive methods and documentation (Policy 2; 6.4). Where actions are urgent there are implied processes for rapid response, but the plan emphasises that all work should be undertaken in accordance with heritage considerations "where possible" (Policy 1 Implementation strategy).
Indigenous and community engagement: the plan places a legal and policy duty on AMSA to consult indigenous stakeholders. That intersects with EPBC obligations and state heritage processes and may affect project timelines and outcomes.
Environmental/hazard law and hazardous materials: the presence of a mercury float mechanism creates obligations under hazardous materials and environmental law. The plan states AMSA continually reviews mercury at its sites and has a long-term strategy to remove mercury when a suitable alternative is found; presently no plans to modify the mercury mechanism are recorded (6.6). Managing mercury therefore interacts with environmental health and contamination regulation, even though the plan does not set out the specific statutory remediation requirements.
Overall, the plan operates as an operational bridge between federal heritage obligations under the EPBC Regulations, AMSA’s maritime safety duties under the Navigation Act, state heritage and environmental laws, contractual lease obligations, and indigenous consultation duties. Implementers must therefore navigate multiple regulatory regimes in parallel, as the plan expressly anticipates.
Amendment history
The management plan contains several statements about its own status, updates and review processes. The document records the following facts about amendments and history:
Current version status: the plan states "No updates or amendments have been made in this version of the plan. Future updates and amendments will be listed here" (see 1.3 Methodology). That indicates that the version provided is being presented as the current, unamended version at the time of publication.
Adoption and registration: the plan has been adopted by AMSA in accordance with Schedule 7A and 7B of the EPBC Regulations and is intended for inclusion in the Federal Register of Legislative Instruments (see 1.4 Status). That implies the plan functions as AMSA’s formal management plan for the place under the EPBC Regulations.
Heritage Strategy adoption: AMSA completed a heritage strategy for its AtoN assets and it was approved by the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment in 2018. The plan links to that 2018 Heritage Strategy and records it as the higher-level instrument that the site-level plan contributes to and implements (see 6.1 Heritage Strategy; 6.3 Statutory and legislative requirements).
Scheduled reviews: the plan requires that Heritage Asset Condition Reports be prepared biennially and that the management plan itself be reviewed at least every five years, or sooner if major changes occur at the site (Policy 7; 8.1 Heritage implementation plan; Review). The implementation plan includes "Review the heritage management plan every five years" as an action with AMSA responsibility (8.1).
Implementation scheduling and updates: the plan contains an implementation schedule that sets timeframes for key maintenance tasks (see 6.5 Proposals for change and the maintenance table). Specific scheduled maintenance items and target dates are recorded in the plan; for example LED array replacement dated 01/06/2024 and structure repaint scheduled for 01/06/2025 (6.5). Those time-bound tasks are effectively operational amendments that the plan expects to execute and record in the heritage asset register.
Record of earlier plans and reports: the plan lists previous conservation management plans and reports prepared by other bodies (for example, a 2008 Conservation Management Plan by Donald Ellsmore Pty Ltd; a 2001 supplementary information report by Graham Brooks; and earlier AMSA condition reports) and records these as information sources that informed the current plan (see 1.8 Previous reports; Reference list). The presence of these documents could form a chain of prior versions and inputs informing any future amendments.
What the plan does not do with respect to amendment history
It does not supply a version history table of prior AMSA amendments with dates and change logs within the plan text other than stating none have been made in the current version (1.3). For a reader seeking a formal track change log, the plan leaves that to future update sections.
It does not state the date on which the current version was adopted or approved by the Minister, other than the general adoption statement at 1.4. Users seeking the authoritative enactment or registration date must cross-check the Federal Register of Legislative Instruments or AMSA records.
In practice, the plan establishes a mechanism for amendment through scheduled review cycles, biennial condition reporting, and AMSA’s obligation to provide major updates of the heritage strategy to the relevant Minister (6.3 Heritage Strategy). The implementation schedule and monitoring provisions create a path for amendments to be identified, prepared and submitted for approval where necessary.
Litigation history
The management plan itself does not catalogue litigation or judicial decisions. It does, however, reference legal instruments and administrative determinations that have legal effect at the site. The relevant items recorded in the plan are:
Native title Consent Determination April 2019: the plan records that the Bundjalung of Byron Bay Arakwal people hold native title under a Consent Determination from the Federal Court of Australia in April 2019. That Consent Determination established that native title holders are to be exclusively consulted regarding protection and management of Aboriginal cultural heritage within the native title claim area which includes the Cape Byron Lighthouse (see 3.10 Indigenous associations). The plan therefore recognises a legal outcome with substantive management implications, though it does not provide litigation details.
Administrative listings and registers: the plan reproduces the Commonwealth Heritage List statement of significance (Place ID 105599) and the NSW State Heritage Register entry (Place ID 02023) (see 5.1 and 5.2). Those listings are administrative decisions made under heritage legislation and have legal effect. The plan references Schedule C of the "Heritage Act 1997" for site-specific exemptions (Policy 11), indicating interaction with state administrative instruments.
No cases or court proceedings named: the plan does not name or summarise any court cases, tribunal decisions, or enforcement proceedings directly related to Cape Byron Lighthouse. It therefore supplies no litigation precedent or history of disputes concerning management or approvals.
Implications for practitioners
If a practitioner requires litigation history, that must be sought separately in court records, decisions and administrative determination databases. The plan’s recognition of the native title Consent Determination signals that legal processes affecting land tenure and consultation have occurred and should be mapped into any project approvals and consultations.
The plan’s silence on litigation does not imply absence of legal exposure. Potential disputes could arise from lease termination or conditional renewals, project approvals under the EPBC Act, or enforcement of state heritage controls. Practitioners should check case law, native title determinations, and ministerial decisions to identify any binding precedents.
In short, the plan documents relevant legal outcomes affecting management, notably the native title Consent Determination and the formal heritage listings, but does not provide a litigation record. See 3.10, 5.1, 5.2 and Policy 11 for these references.
Gotchas
The plan contains precise operational, legal and practical traps that practitioners and contractors should note before acting. These are not speculative; they are documented risks and constraints in the plan.
Tenure and lease expiry dates. The AMSA lease was signed on 8 October 1998 and terminates on 8 June 2022, with an option to renew for 25 years. The tourist licence signed 1 July 1997 terminates on 13 June 2022, with the option to renew for a further 25 years (2.3 Lease and ownership). Practical implication: lease expiry and renewal negotiations are points at which management arrangements and responsibilities can change. Any projects contingent on long-term site control should check the current lease status and renewal terms.
Limited AMSA responsibility footprint. AMSA states it is responsible for the lighthouse tower and surrounding paved area only (2.2 Cape Byron Lighthouse precinct description). The wider headland, walking tracks, and conservation land are under state agencies and joint management arrangements. Practical implication: works outside AMSA’s leased area may require separate approvals, and AMSA’s capacity to control tourist access or adjacent land uses is limited.
Dual regulatory approval paths and potential delays. The plan makes clear that actions on Commonwealth land likely to have significant environmental or heritage impacts require Ministerial approval under the EPBC Regulations. At the same time, the lease requires compliance with state environmental laws, and the site is on the NSW State Heritage Register (6.1; 2.3; 5.2). Practical implication: projects may require both federal referral/approval and state heritage approvals. Coordinating parallel approvals creates timing and cost risks.
Mercury presence and hazardous materials. The lighthouse retains a Henry-Lepaute mercury-float pedestal and mercury trough and the plan records both the hazard of a spill and that an AMSA long-term strategy contemplates future modification to remove mercury when a suitable alternative is found, but that, at the time of writing, no plans had been made to modify the mechanism (see 4.1 Pedestal description and 6.6 Potential pressures). Practical implication: mercury imposes HSE, environmental and specialist disposal considerations. Contractors must be competent in hazardous material procedures and AMSA will need to manage remediation approvals and costs if removal is pursued.
Tourism pressure and wear. The site receives heavy visitor use and is a major tourism destination; the plan identifies tourism as a pressure that can cause additional wear to the precinct and requires monitoring and access controls (2.4 Access; Policy 3). Practical implication: tourism-driven revenue and local business interests may push for more access or facilities, but the plan prioritises conservation and operational needs. Stakeholder tension is likely if local tourism operators seek expanded visitor services.
Maintenance takes precedence over tours. The plan explicitly states maintenance priority over official tours and that some delays in tour services may be required during inspections and routine maintenance (Policy 3 Implementation strategy). Practical implication: tour operators and visitors must accept possible interruptions, and commercial arrangements should reflect this risk.
Indigenous consultation and native title obligations. The Consent Determination requires exclusive consultation rights of native title holders for Aboriginal cultural heritage in the area (3.10). Practical implication: project timelines must allow time for Indigenous consultation and potentially for Indigenous heritage management plans or CHMPs. Failure to consult adequately can trigger statutory objections and impact approvals.
Specific scheduled maintenance dates. The plan lists dated maintenance actions (6.5 Proposals for change), for example motor changeouts planned for 31/12/2020, glazing reseal 26/05/2021, LED array replacement 01/06/2024, and structure paint 01/06/2025. Practical implication: these dates anchor procurement and funding cycles. Practitioners should verify whether scheduled works have been completed or rescheduled and check the latest Heritage Asset Condition Report.
Record-keeping and audit trail. Policy 8 requires detailed records and the placement of records in a permanent archive where appropriate. Practical implication: any contractor works must be recorded, photographic evidence captured and records lodged in AMSA systems; failure to do so can breach the plan’s internal requirements and complicate future approvals.
Limited excavation scenarios. AMSA states that its scope rarely involves excavation, but if excavation is required, heritage approvals and CHMPs are necessary (Policy 12; 3.12). Practical implication: if archaeological investigation becomes necessary, heritage approvals and archaeologists must be engaged and works must be carefully managed.
Mercury float uniqueness and conservation constraints. The plan highlights the rarity of the Henry-Lepaute lens and mercury float mechanism (4.1; 5.1). Practical implication: while the plan contemplates eventual removal of mercury, conservation value may argue for in-situ preservation where safe. Balancing hazard mitigation with heritage conservation will be complex and potentially expensive.
Potential mismatch between state and Commonwealth instruments. The plan references state heritage notices and exemptions alongside Commonwealth obligations (Policy 11). Practical implication: practitioners may need legal advice to reconcile apparent inconsistencies between state exemptions and Commonwealth expectations.
These "gotchas" are documented in the plan text. Practitioners should treat them as constraints that impose time, cost and process requirements on proposed works and operational changes. Always check the latest heritage asset reports and current lease/licence status before committing to works.
How to comply
This section sets out actionable, source-grounded steps for AMSA staff, contractors, tour operators and third-party proposers who must comply with the plan and the statutes it references. Each step links to the plan’s specified policies and statutory references.
Confirm legal and tenure status before scoping works
Verify AMSA’s current lease and tourist licence terms, including expiry and renewal options recorded in 2.3 Lease and ownership. Confirm whether AMSA’s responsibilities cover the proposed work area, as AMSA’s lease covers the tower and paved area only (2.2, 2.3).
Determine whether the proposed action falls within the AMSA leased area or affects adjacent state-controlled land, which may require additional state approvals.
Screen for EPBC referrals and approvals
For any proposed action, assess whether it is likely to have a significant impact on matters of national environmental significance, including Commonwealth heritage values. The plan emphasises that actions on Commonwealth land likely to have significant environmental impact will require Ministerial approval under the EPBC Regulations (6.1).
If there is potential for significant impact, prepare and submit a referral under the EPBC Act/Regulations and wait for ministerial direction before commencing works.
Consult Indigenous stakeholders early
Where projects may affect Aboriginal cultural heritage, engage Bundjalung/Arakwal people early in accordance with the plan (Policy 17; 3.10). The plan references Engage Early guidance and records a Consent Determination requiring exclusive consultation for Aboriginal cultural heritage. Build time into project timelines for this engagement and document all consultation steps.
Check state heritage and environmental approvals
Determine whether state heritage approvals, exemptions or notifications are required under relevant state instruments. The plan points to state listing and Schedule C of the Heritage Act 1997 for site-specific matters (Policy 11). Coordinate federal referrals with state approval paths to minimise duplication and delay.
Use the fabric register and sensitivity framework to design interventions
Before specifying works, consult the fabric register (Part 4) to identify the significance and sensitivity of affected elements. For high-sensitivity items (lantern roof, glazing, lens assembly, pedestal, masonry tower walls, etc.), adopt minimal-impact methods and seek heritage advice early (6.2; Policy 1; Policy 11).
Commission appropriate heritage advice
Where in-house expertise is insufficient, engage qualified heritage consultants as required by Policy 11. Document all heritage advice and apply Burra Charter principles in conservation interventions (Policy 6; Policy 11).
Prepare a project-specific heritage impact assessment and records
Document how the proposed works will avoid or minimise harm to Commonwealth heritage values, including mitigation measures and monitoring protocols (Policy 1; Policy 2).
Maintain pre-works photographic records and archival documentation as required by Policy 8. Place records in AMSA’s record-keeping system and make them available to relevant parties.
Ensure contractors and staff are inducted and trained
Require contractors and tour operators to complete the relevant heritage and safety inductions as specified in Policy 9. Tour guides must complete the lighthouse tour guide safety induction e-learning module every two years.
Prioritise safety, AtoN continuity and emergency protocols
Build contingency plans to preserve AtoN availability consistent with AMSA’s IALA Category 2 target (6.4). For urgent repairs that might affect heritage fabric, document the emergency rationale and follow the plan’s incident decision-making processes (6.7). Where maintenance conflicts with tours, maintenance takes priority (Policy 3).
Plan for hazardous materials and special handling
If works involve the mercury pedestal or any hazardous residue, engage hazardous materials experts, follow environmental health regulations and coordinate with AMSA’s ongoing mercury review policies (6.6). Any plan to remove mercury will require specialist planning, approvals and careful record-keeping.
Coordinate monitoring and reporting
Ensure that Heritage Asset Condition Reports are carried out biennially and that any changes to Commonwealth heritage values are reported and reflected in updates to the management plan (5.3; Policy 7). Maintain the implementation schedule and ensure responsible AMSA officers update timeframes and deliverables (8.1).
Engage adjacent landowners and local authorities where visual setting or access is affected
Policy 15 requires engagement with adjacent landowners when changes may affect the visual and natural setting. Notify and consult local authorities and NPWS where works interface with the walking track, car park or conservation lands.
Respect obligations under the Navigation Act and operational constraints
Any changes to the AtoN equipment should preserve navigational performance and comply with AMSA’s operational standards (6.4; Appendix 3). Where removal or replacement of light sources is proposed, record the technical specifications and ensure the new configuration meets the required light characteristics.
Follow the plan’s review and amendment procedure
If the proposed works are a major alteration, the plan requires that the heritage values be reviewed and that the plan be updated earlier than the five-year cycle (Policy 7; Review). Submit amended management plans or major updates to the relevant Minister as required (6.3).
Maintain transparency and make the plan available
Provide links to the plan via AMSA’s website and supply copies to relevant personnel and contractors as required by Policy 13. Maintain public and stakeholder transparency around major works and conservation decisions.
Checklist for a proposed works application (practical)
Confirm lease area and lessor consents.
EPBC referral screening completed; referral lodged if required.
Indigenous consultation initiated and documented.
State heritage approvals and environmental approvals checked and timetabled.
Heritage impact assessment prepared against the fabric register and sensitivity ratings.
Hazardous materials assessment completed if mercury or lead is involved.
Project records and photographic baseline prepared and lodged in AMSA systems.
Implementation timetable aligned with AtoN continuity needs; outage mitigation planned.
Monitoring and reporting plan established to feed into biennial Heritage Asset Condition Report.
Plan update filed if the project constitutes a major alteration to heritage values.
All items above flow directly from the plan’s policies and implementation sections: see Part 7 (Policies 1-18), Part 8 (Implementation schedule), Part 6 (Operational requirements and proposed maintenance), and Appendix 5 (compliance with EPBC Regulations). Following these steps will put a proposer in alignment with the documented management procedures that AMSA has set for Cape Byron Lighthouse.
was used to develop the necessary policies for management of the Cape Byron Lightstation, and the Department of Environment and Energy advised on best practice management approaches.
The draft management plan was advertised in accordance with the EPBC Regulations and the comments received were incorporated into the final document. A developed draft was then submitted to the Minister through the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities and in that process the Minister’s delegate sought advice from the Australian Heritage Council.
No updates or amendments have been made in this version of the plan. Future updates and amendments will be listed here.
1.4 Status
1.4 Status
This plan has been adopted by AMSA in accordance with Schedule 7A (Management plans for Commonwealth Heritage places) and Schedule 7B (Commonwealth Heritage management principles) of the EPBC Regulations (2000) to guide the management of the place and for inclusion in the Federal Register of Legislative Instruments.
1.5 Authorship
1.5 Authorship
This plan has been prepared by AMSA. At the initial time of publication, AMSG is the contract maintenance provider for the Commonwealth Government’s AtoN network including Cape Byron Lighthouse.
1.6 Acknowledgements
1.6 Acknowledgements
AMSA acknowledges the professional assistance of
conservation architect, Peter Marquis-Kyle.
1.7 Language
1.7 Language
For clarity and consistency, some words in this plan such as restoration, reconstruction, and preservation, are used with the meanings defined in the Burra Charter 1. See Appendix 1, Glossary of heritage conservation terms.
Also see Appendix 2, Glossary of lighthouse terminology relevant to Cape Byron Lighthouse which sets out the technical terminology used in this plan.
1.8 Previous reports
1.8 Previous reports
A Supplementary Information report on Cape Byron by Graham Brooks and Associates Pty Ltd was produced for NSW NPWS in November 2001.b
A Conservation Management Plan was prepared in 2008 by Donald Ellsmore Pty Ltd (and contributors) for Freeman Ellsmore, Conservation Architects and Planners for the NSW Department of Lands and Water Conservation.c
1.9 Sources of information and images
1.9 Sources of information and images
This plan has used a number of sources of information. This includes the National Archives of Australia (NAA), the National Library of Australia (NLA), as well as the heritage collection of AMSA.
Photos with no credit are solely owned by AMSA.
Website URLs are found in Appendix 5. and are referenced via superscript letters in main text. Example: Cape Byron Reportx
1 Australia ICOMOS Burra Charter, (2013)
2. Cape Byron Lightstation site 2. Cape Byron Lightstation site
2. Cape Byron Lightstation site
2.1 Location
2.1 Location
The Cape Byron Lighthouse is located on Lighthouse Road, Cape Byron, NSW, 1.6 kilometres from Byron Bay town centre and 143 kilometres
south of Brisbane’s central business district. The Cape is considered the most easterly point of the Australian mainland.
Coordinates: 28° 38.3131’ S, 153° 38.1845’ E
2.2 Setting and landscape
2.2 Setting and landscape
The lightstation is located on Cape Byron approximately 1.6 kilometres from Byron Bay’s town centre.
Situated atop a rocky cliff, the Cape Byron Lighthouse is surrounded by coastal beaches. The Cape is considered the most easterly point of the Australian mainland.
The thick vegetation found to its south-south-east is listed under the Cape Byron State Conservation Authority, which hosts the Cape Byron walking
track, a trail that loops around the Cape. This region
is registered as a protected area.
Due to its elevated position, views from the
lightstation are uninterrupted.
Figure 5. View of Cape Byron Lighthouse and surrounding cliffs (2005)
The Cape Byron Lighthouse precinct comprises of:
• a lighthouse tower and attached pavilion rooms
• a signal house/flag room
• a head lightkeeper’s quarters – currently a visitor
information centre
• an assistant lightkeeper’s quarters
• a signal mast
• a retaining wall
• steps
• a toilet block
• a walkway
AMSA is responsible for the lighthouse tower and surrounding paved area only.
Fauna and flora Fauna and flora
Fauna and flora
The Byron Bay district is home to a number of native fauna species including flying foxes, koalas, and frogs.
A number of endangered ecological communities have been identified in the Arakwal National Park surrounding the Cape Byron Lightstation. The Graminoid Clay Heath, an endangered ecological community containing a large collective of native plants including, but not limited to, the fern-leaved banksia, hairy bushpea, kangaroo grass, and broad sword sedge.
The Themeda grasslands, another endangered ecological community, contains the following species:
The Cape Byron Lighthouse and surrounding land is owned by the New South Wales Government. AMSA lease the lighthouse and land from the NPWS.
The AMSA lease consists of two parcels with a
combined total of 639.8 metres-squared:
• Lot 1: 405.4 sq. m
• Lot 2: 234.4 sq. m
The current lease was signed on 8 October 1998 and terminates on 8 June 2022. The lease has an option to renew for a period of 25 years. The lease stipulates that AMSA must comply with any applicable management plan and state environmental laws.
Due to the popularity in tourism on the site, there was a tourist licence signed between the NSW Minister for Environment and AMSA on 1 July 1997 and terminates on 13 June 2022. There is an option to renew this licence for a further 25 years.
2.4 Access
2.4 Access
The precinct has an elevated position and there is only one vehicle access track, a well-maintained sealed road (Lighthouse Road). It terminates as a vehicle parking site at the base of Lot 2 (lighthouse block) between the assistant lighthouse keeper’s cottages and tourism facilities blocks. A restricted vehicle access road exists between the base of the lighthouse and this parking site however all visitors are required to complete the last 80 metres (approximately) by foot.
Walking access is available along the Cape Byron walking track (approximately a 3.7 kilometre loop) which includes the Cape Byron Lighthouse along its State Conservation Area route. These access points are located to the south and the north-north-east
Figure 6. View of Tallow Beach from Cape Byron Lighthouse tower (2009)
3. History 3. History
3. History
3.1 General history of lighthouses in Australia
3.1 General history of lighthouses in Australia
The first lighthouse to be constructed along Australian soil was Macquarie Lighthouse, located at the entrance to Port Jackson, NSW. First lit in 1818, the cost of the lighthouse was recovered through the introduction of a levy on shipping. This was instigated by Governor Lachlan Macquarie, who had ordered and named the light.
The following century oversaw the construction of hundreds of lighthouses around the country. Constructing and maintaining a lighthouse were costly ventures that often required the financial
Figure 10. Early technology used in lighthouses 2
support of multiple colonies. However, they were deemed necessary aids in assisting the safety of mariners at sea. Lighthouses were firstly
managed by the colony they lay within, with each colony developing their own style of lighthouse and operational system. Following Federation in 1901, which saw the various colonies unite under one Commonwealth government, lighthouse management was transferred from State hands to the Commonwealth Lighthouse Service.
Lamps and optics — an overview Lamps and optics — an overview
Lamps and optics – an overview
Lighthouse technology has altered drastically over the centuries. 18th century lighthouses were lit using parabolic mirrors and oil lamps. Documentation
of early examples of parabolic mirrors in the United Kingdom, circa 1760, were documented as consisting of wood and lined with pieces of looking
glass or plates of tin. As described by Searle, “When light hits a shiny surface, it is reflected at an angle equal to that at which it hit. With a light source is placed in the focal point of a parabolic reflector,
the light rays are reflected parallel to one another,
producing a concentrated beam”3.
In 1822, Augustin Fresnel invented the dioptric glass lens. By crafting concentric annular rings with a convex lens, Fresnel had discovered a method
to reduce the amount of light absorbed by a lens. The Dioptric System was adopted quickly with Cordouran Lighthouse (France), fitted with the first dioptric lens in 1823. The majority of heritage-
listed lighthouses in Australia house dioptric lenses made by others such as Chance Brothers (United Kingdom), Henry-LePaute (France), Barbier, Bernard & Turenne (BBT, France) and Svenska Aktiebolaget Gasaccumulator (AGA of Sweden).
These lenses were made in a range of standard sizes, called orders—see Appendix 2. Glossary of lighthouse Terms relevant to Cape Byron Lighthouse.
Early Australian lighthouses were originally fuelled by whale oil and burned in Argand lamps, and multiple wicks were required in order to create a large flame that could be observed from sea. By the 1850s, whale oil had been replaced by colza oil, which was in turn replaced by kerosene, a mineral oil.
In 1900, incandescent burners were introduced. This saw the burning of fuel inside an incandescent mantle which produced a brighter light with less fuel within a smaller volume. Light keepers were required to maintain pressure to the burner by manually pumping a handle as can be seen in Figure 11.
Figure 11. Incandescent oil vapour lamp by Chance Brothers
Figure 12. Dioptric lens on display at Narooma
3.2 The Commonwealth lighthouse service
3.2 The Commonwealth lighthouse service
When the Australian colonies federated in 1901, it was decided that the new Commonwealth Government would be responsible for coastal
lighthouses. This included only the major lights used by vessels travelling from port to port, not the minor lights used for navigat
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