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[2013] FCA 795
Federal Court of Australia
2013-07-16
Rares J
Original judgment source is linked above.
BEING SATISFIED that an order in the terms set out below is within the power of the Court, and it appearing appropriate to the Court to do so, pursuant to s 87 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth),
BY CONSENT THE COURT ORDERS THAT: 1. There be a determination of native title in the terms set out below (the "determination"). 2. Each party to the proceeding is to bear its own costs.
BY CONSENT THE COURT DETERMINES THAT: 1. The determination area is the land and waters described in Schedule 1, and depicted in the map attached to Schedule 1 (the "Determination Area"). 2. Native title exists in relation to that part of the Determination Area described in Part 1 and Part 2 of Schedule 1. 3. The native title is held by the Jangga People described in Schedule 3 (the "native title holders"). 4. Subject to paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 below the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the land and waters described in Part 1 of Schedule 1 are: (a) other than in relation to Water, the rights to possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of the area to the exclusion of all others; and (b) in relation to Water, the non-exclusive rights to: (i) hunt, fish and gather from the Water of the area; (ii) take and use the Natural Resources of the Water of the area; and (iii) take and use the Water of the area, for personal, domestic and non-commercial communal purposes. 5. Subject to paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 below the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the land and waters described in Part 2 of Schedule 1 are the non-exclusive rights to: (a) access, be present on, move about on and travel over the area; (b) camp, and live temporarily on the area as part of camping, and for that purpose build temporary shelters; (c) hunt, fish and gather on the land and waters of the area for personal, domestic and non-commercial communal purposes; (d) take, use, share and exchange Natural Resources from the land and waters of the area for personal, domestic and non-commercial communal purposes; (e) take and use the Water of the area for personal, domestic and noncommercial communal purposes; (f) conduct ceremonies on the area; (g) be buried and bury native title holders, in the ground, within the area; (h) maintain places of importance and areas of significance to the native title holders under their traditional laws and customs and protect those places and areas from physical harm; (i) teach on the area the physical and spiritual attributes of the area; (j) hold meetings on the area; and (k) light fires on the area for domestic purposes including cooking, but not for the purpose of hunting or clearing vegetation. 6. The native title rights and interests are subject to and exercisable in accordance with: (a) the Laws of the State and the Commonwealth; (b) the traditional laws acknowledged and traditional customs observed by the native title holders; and (c) the terms and conditions of the agreements referred to in paragraph 1 of Schedule 4. 7. The native title rights and interests referred to in paragraphs 4(b) and 5 do not confer possession, occupation, use or enjoyment to the exclusion of all others. 8. There are no native title rights in or in relation to minerals as defined by the Mineral Resources Act 1989 (Qld) and petroleum as defined by the Petroleum Act 1923 (Qld) and the Petroleum and Gas (Production and Safety) Act 2004 (Qld). 9. The nature and extent of any other interests in relation to the Determination Area (or respective parts thereof) are set out in Schedule 4. 10. The relationship between the native title rights and interests described in paragraphs 4 and 5 and the other interests described in Schedule 4 (the "other interests") is that: (a) the other interests continue to have effect, and the rights conferred by or held under the other interests may be exercised notwithstanding the existence of the native title rights and interests; (b) to the extent the other interests are inconsistent with the continued existence, enjoyment or exercise of the native title rights and interests in relation to the land and waters of the Determination Area, the native title continues to exist in its entirety but the native title rights and interests have no effect in relation to the other interests to the extent of the inconsistency for so long as the other interests exist; and (c) the other interests and any activity that is required or permitted by or under, and done in accordance with, the other interests, or any activity that is associated with or incidental to such an activity, prevail over the native title rights and interests and any exercise of the native title rights and interests. 11. The native title is held in trust. 12. The Bulganunna Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 7761), incorporated under the Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006 (Cth), is to: (a) be the prescribed body corporate for the purpose of ss 56(2)(b) and 56(3) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth); and (b) perform the functions mentioned in s 57(1) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) after becoming a registered native title body corporate. DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION 13. In this determination, unless the contrary intention appears: "land" and "waters", respectively, have the same meanings as in the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth); "Laws of the State and the Commonwealth" means the common law and the laws of the State of Queensland and the Commonwealth of Australia, and includes legislation, regulations, statutory instruments, local planning instruments and local laws; "Natural Resources" means: (a) any animal, plant, fish and bird life found on or in the Determination Area; and (b) any clays, soil, sand, gravel or rock found on or below the surface of the Determination Area, that have traditionally been taken and used by the native title holders, but does not include: (a) animals that are the private personal property of another; and (b) minerals as defined in the Mineral Resources Act 1989 (Qld) or petroleum as defined in the Petroleum Act 1923 (Qld) and the Petroleum and Gas (Production and Safety) Act 2004 (Qld); "stock route" has the same meaning as in the Land Act 1994 (Qld); "Water" means: (a) water which flows, whether permanently or intermittently, within a river, creek or stream; (b) any natural collection of water, whether permanent or intermittent; and (c) water from an underground water source. Other words and expressions used in this determination have the same meanings as they have in Part 15 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). Schedule 1 - DETERMINATION AREA A. Description of Determination Area The Determination Area comprises all of the land and waters described in Parts 1 and 2 below, to the extent that they are within the external boundary description as described in Part 3 below, and depicted on the determination map, excluding the areas described in Schedule 2. Part 1 Exclusive areas All of the land and waters described in the following tables and depicted in dark blue on the determination map. Area description (at time of determination) Lot Plan 2 AY18 1 AP15836 2 AP15836 10 U3511 6 CY20 3 BL24 1 K12421 3 K12421 4 M7211 18 M7212 53 M7212 38 M7213 41 M7213 42 M7213 43 M7213 1 M7215 2 M7215 3 M7215 4 M7215 5 M7215 707 MPH13507 708 MPH13507 709 MPH13507 710 MPH13507 711 MPH13507 713 MPH13507 714 MPH13507 715 MPH13507 716 MPH13507 717 MPH13507 718 MPH13507 719 MPH13507 720 MPH13507 721 MPH13507 722 MPH13507 723 MPH13507 724 MPH13507 725 MPH13507 726 MPH13507 727 MPH13507 728 MPH13507 729 MPH13507 730 MPH13507 734 MPH13507 736 MPH13507 737 MPH13507 6 MPH13513 7 MPH13513 8 MPH13513 9 MPH13513 10 MPH13513 11 MPH13513 14 MPH13513 15 MPH13513 16 MPH13513 17 MPH13513 18 MPH13513 19 MPH13513 20 MPH13513 21 MPH13513 22 MPH13513 23 MPH13513 24 MPH13513 25 MPH13513 26 MPH13513 27 MPH13513 28 MPH13513 29 MPH13513 30 MPH13513 31 MPH13513 32 MPH13513 33 MPH13513 34 MPH13513 35 MPH13513 36 MPH13513 37 MPH13513 38 MPH13513 39 MPH13513 40 MPH13513 41 MPH13513 42 MPH13513 43 MPH13513 44 MPH13513 45 MPH13513 46 MPH13513 71 MPH13513 72 MPH13513 73 MPH13513 74 MPH13513 75 MPH13513 418 AP9319 301 MPH20088 302 MPH20088 303 MPH20088 305 MPH20088 306 MPH20088 307 MPH20088 308 MPH20088 999 MPH20088 1 MPH20109 2 MPH20109 3 MPH20109 4 MPH20109 5 MPH20109 7 MPH20109 8 MPH20109 9 MPH20109 10 MPH20109 4 SM801624 6 MPH20109
Area description (at time of determination) That part of Lot 1 on Plan AP7703 previously described as Lot 703 on Plan MPH4, Lot 10 on Plan USL46693 and Lot 999 on Plan MPH13513. That part of Lot 4 on Plan AP7703 previously described as Lot 703 on Plan MPH4, Lot 10 on Plan USL46693 and Lot 999 on Plan MPH13513.
Part 2 Non-exclusive areas All of the land and waters described in the following tables and depicted in light blue on the determination map. Area description (at time of determination) Lot Plan 1 AY17 1 AY27 1 (Pt) AY31 1 SP147546 3 SP147546 10 BL49 10 (Pt) BL58 4 SP116046 3 (Pt) CP851492 1496 (Pt) CP851494 18 (Pt) SP208194 1 (Pt) CY20 6 DC112 3 (Pt) SP171922 1 DK244 14 (Pt) SP225054 4 DK31 9 (Pt) MRY36 1 (Pt) MRY40 9 (Pt) MRY50 1 (Pt) MRY54 18 AP13185 5070 PH1056 1943 SP221555 691 PH1291 3821 PH1304 1816 PH1315 1510 (Pt) SP171920 667 PH1321 3366 (Pt) PH1455 662 (Pt) PH1491 3309 PH1532 5269 (Pt) PH1533 5282 (Pt) PH1570 5305 (Pt) SP240414 3279 PH1787 4779 PH1806 656 SP138788 637 PH1980 682 (Pt) CP906890 689 PH2015 3272 SP237696 3388 PH2112 3450 (Pt) PH2118 3540 PH2135 3570 PH2142 636 PH2182 5059 PH386 5060 PH387 5068 (Pt) PH449 3615 PH681 3235 PH752 3978 (Pt) PH772 5078 PH955 1 SM10 5086 SM100 5088 SM101 1 SM15 2 CP910524 2 AP7703 4 (Pt) SM7 5 (Pt) SM7 10 SM79 5 SM84 6 SM86 2 SM9 7 SM92 3 (Pt) SM93 1 SM95 3 AY23 7 NPW199 4 AY15 2 AY16 7 AY25 8 AY6 9 AY7 5 BL3 7 BL38 9 BL51 4 (Pt) SP210553 7 DC112 5 DC113 2 DC84 5 DK103 11 DK138 4 DK148 1 DK69 3 M7214 3 M7216 7 SM1 2 SM12 3 SM17 2 SM28 1 SM41 1 SM46 1 SM47 7 SM62 5 SM70 8 U3511 9 U3511 3 MRY40 7 MRY39 1 AP14087 1 M7218 1 AP6506
Area description (at time of determination) That part of Lot 1 on Plan AP7703 previously described as Lot 4 on Plan SM61. That part of Lot 4 on Plan AP7703 previously described as Lot 4 on Plan SM61 and Lot 3 on Plan SM34. That part of Lot 4 on Plan SP210553 previously described as part of Lot 4 on Plan BL9. Save for any waters forming part of a lot on plan, all waterways, natural lakes, creeks and rivers within the external boundary. Save for any stock route forming part of a lot on plan, all stock routes wider than 300 metres within the external boundary.
Part 3 External boundary description Commencing at a point on a western boundary of Lot 1 on Plan AP10097 at Latitude 21.349144 S, and extending southerly, westerly, again southerly along the western boundaries of the said Lot 1 on Plan AP10097, Lot 1 on Plan AP14151, Lot 2 on Plan AP10097 and Lot 16 on Plan CP866443, to Latitude 21.385250° S; then generally south westerly through the following coordinate points: Longitude (East) Latitude (South) 148.095017 21.398388 148.064196 21.430311 148.029083 21.456308
Then south westerly to a northern boundary of Lot 8 on Plan GV807254 (Lenton Downs pastoral holding) at Longitude 148.018360° E, being a point on the boundary of Native Title Determination Application Q6033/99 Wiri People 3 (QC99/34). Then generally westerly and generally southerly along the northern and western boundaries of Lot 8 on Plan GV807254, and the western and southern boundaries of Lot 2 on Plan SP214117 (Dabin Pastoral holding) until Longitude 147.929977° E, also being boundaries of Q6033/99 Wiri People 3 (QC99/34). Then generally southerly, generally westerly, generally northerly and generally south easterly through the following coordinate points back to the commencement point: Longitude (East) Latitude (South) 147.928286 21.594476 147.925110 21.611076 147.921924 21.629395 147.916886 21.646562 147.912486 21.659721 147.909323 21.672885 147.906761 21.689490 147.904838 21.702087 147.902902 21.716975 147.901512 21.732674 147.900878 21.749056 147.900791 21.765673 147.900774 21.769147 147.900723 21.778853 147.900636 21.795472 147.896515 21.820494 147.889236 21.841270 147.881728 21.853844 147.872336 21.870422 147.862920 21.891011 147.856013 21.913952 147.848564 21.963410 147.845092 21.979588 147.837333 22.000385 147.823796 22.021540 147.817214 22.031893 147.808825 22.043341 147.800532 22.051780 147.798665 22.053222 147.792419 22.058044 147.781188 22.066011 147.769334 22.073973 147.753739 22.083634 147.741877 22.092167 147.731959 22.105326 147.726796 22.117309 147.721723 22.132187 147.710408 22.150470 147.699764 22.161301 147.683517 22.172672 147.667915 22.180604 147.645470 22.188491 147.623673 22.192364 147.602490 22.197385 147.580690 22.201251 147.560779 22.202260 147.542772 22.203164 147.518499 22.203164 147.499937 22.202162 147.479948 22.201828 147.459601 22.201161 147.428940 22.200083 147.408450 22.196517 147.387356 22.191182 147.366873 22.186996 147.346411 22.181087 147.330739 22.180124 147.318246 22.179456 147.302897 22.179456 147.284852 22.180541 147.260602 22.180319 147.237595 22.180103 147.215831 22.179896 147.191884 22.178788 147.169839 22.177726 147.146232 22.175768 147.124490 22.173826 147.101217 22.171442 147.079166 22.168191 147.055527 22.164430 147.035537 22.160757 147.012789 22.155999 146.990561 22.152743 146.970601 22.149215 146.947013 22.145730 146.922026 22.141390 146.900965 22.136715 146.881920 22.133260 146.854664 22.126620 146.835285 22.120354 146.810126 22.111729 146.789748 22.102868 146.769364 22.094579 146.748353 22.086850 146.734790 22.079791 146.719383 22.071559 146.705825 22.064496 146.688586 22.054516 146.671971 22.044542 146.653505 22.033967 146.643060 22.026942 146.625870 22.014661 146.615427 22.007634 146.605404 21.999811 146.590769 21.988458 146.579266 21.979025 146.566434 21.966801 146.553595 21.955148 146.541960 21.945805 146.528505 21.934141 146.513812 21.922458 146.495104 21.907651 146.475322 21.888057 146.463182 21.872968 146.450495 21.853858 146.440852 21.838232 146.429982 21.822015 146.418546 21.802922 146.409434 21.785105 146.401231 21.766541 146.394068 21.751527 146.389952 21.739426 146.385238 21.726170 146.381948 21.710641 146.380252 21.693998 146.378123 21.675054 146.377306 21.658884 146.377306 21.643524 146.378377 21.627496 146.379490 21.600584 146.379805 21.583400 146.380110 21.566789 146.381661 21.549626 146.383170 21.534754 146.384103 21.517582 146.386272 21.500429 146.388440 21.483278 146.392654 21.464545 146.398009 21.442840 146.402291 21.427146 146.405504 21.413456 146.409778 21.397120 146.415594 21.382892 146.419426 21.373719 146.426208 21.362032 146.434731 21.348826 146.442332 21.338063 146.453336 21.328307 146.465473 21.318623 146.475547 21.309939 146.486803 21.301520 146.499949 21.290838 146.512486 21.279574 146.521280 21.270543 146.524573 21.267164 146.533652 21.257850 146.544003 21.248835 146.556353 21.239567 146.572039 21.223762 146.582912 21.213439 146.591836 21.204089 146.600759 21.196075 146.610914 21.184815 146.619068 21.176342 146.626817 21.167692 146.636024 21.157116 146.642166 21.149327 146.647999 21.140681 146.655530 21.132198 146.664990 21.118591 146.674412 21.107272 146.681432 21.095901 146.690143 21.086307 146.700810 21.073858 146.710849 21.061973 146.720271 21.050080 146.727200 21.039869 146.731789 21.021614 146.733142 21.013619 146.734609 20.998185 146.734792 20.986168 146.734948 20.975868 146.735114 20.964996 146.735296 20.952980 146.734873 20.940384 146.735038 20.929513 146.735212 20.918069 146.735377 20.907199 146.734976 20.896219 146.733854 20.886005 146.734046 20.873420 146.734228 20.861405 146.734384 20.851108 146.734550 20.840238 146.734767 20.825937 146.734897 20.817356 146.734993 20.811064 146.736993 20.800791 146.738983 20.791091 146.743448 20.780280 146.750983 20.769509 146.755360 20.764418 146.765333 20.754844 146.774240 20.745956 146.783878 20.736607 146.793971 20.728881 146.803307 20.720421 146.813853 20.713119 146.824406 20.705245 146.841800 20.691162 146.860432 20.675951 146.875985 20.661271 146.889126 20.643129 146.896065 20.629486 146.905599 20.635095 146.917369 20.641439 146.932371 20.648118 146.943613 20.652933 146.956424 20.658803 146.972313 20.664136 146.994318 20.671251 147.015126 20.676062 147.043246 20.685527 147.067658 20.692528 147.087902 20.698595 147.108733 20.702248 147.131388 20.707633 147.155827 20.713230 147.174847 20.719516 147.191982 20.724833 147.214600 20.734208 147.233562 20.741255 147.245779 20.747956 147.258630 20.754968 147.275702 20.763962 147.295263 20.773295 147.316057 20.782636 147.334377 20.793667 147.356993 20.805879 147.382494 20.819079 147.410820 20.832650 147.432825 20.845989 147.454215 20.859891 147.471947 20.870901 147.489063 20.882476 147.511086 20.895803 147.531275 20.908541 147.549622 20.921262 147.566109 20.936257 147.585072 20.950124 147.602206 20.962258 147.615058 20.971501 147.624227 20.979574 147.632739 20.993365 147.641870 21.007159 147.660824 21.025023 147.677332 21.041151 147.695697 21.056717 147.711610 21.071122 147.727536 21.084380 147.744091 21.099903 147.761195 21.118916 147.773438 21.131577 147.791196 21.149991 147.811556 21.167020 147.829828 21.183967 147.847596 21.203521 147.864779 21.218489 147.882577 21.234604 147.899767 21.250141 147.916374 21.259376 147.928638 21.266527 147.951109 21.282499 147.969782 21.291235 148.010434 21.305170 148.034572 21.315974 148.075300 21.331651
Reference data and source: REFERENCE DATUM - Geographical coordinates are in decimal degrees referenced to the Australian Geodetic Datum (GDA94). • External boundary data compiled by and sourced from the Department of Natural Resources & Mines (Queensland) ("DNRM") Queensland Claim Activity Map dataset. • Non freehold cadastral data sourced from MapInfo Australia under license from DNRM (July 2012). B. Map of Determination Area Schedule 2 - AREAS NOT FORMING PART OF THE DETERMINATION AREA For the avoidance of doubt, the areas described below are excluded from the Determination Area: A. The areas in this Part are excluded from the Determination Area on the grounds that at the time at which the native title determination application was made: these areas were the subject of one or more previous exclusive possession acts, as defined in s 23B of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), despite the fact that the areas, or parts of them, may have been subject to earlier acts that extinguished native title; and in relation to the areas in paragraph 1 of this Part, none of ss 47, 47A or 47B of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) applied; and therefore, in accordance with s 61A of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), these areas could not be claimed.
IN THE FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA QUEENSLAND DISTRICT REGISTRY GENERAL DIVISION QUD 6230 of 1998
BETWEEN: COLIN MCLENNAN, THOMAS BROWN, JAMES GASTON, DOROTHY HUSTLER, MARIE MCLENNAN AND TYRONE TIERS ON BEHALF OF THE JANGGA PEOPLE
AND: STATE OF QUEENSLAND AND OTHERS (ACCORDING TO THE SCHEDULE)
JUDGE: RARES J DATE: 16 JULY 2013 PLACE: BRISBANE
REASONS FOR JUDGMENT (REVISED FROM THE TRANSCRIPT) 1 On 9 October 2012, I made a consent determination in these proceedings: McLennan on behalf of the Jangga People v State of Queensland [2012] FCA 1082. Subsequently, the State of Queensland ascertained that there were three errors in the conveyancing descriptions forming part of the consent determination. It is generally the responsibility of the State or Territory Government party to ascertain and properly identify the title details of the lands intended to be affected by, or excluded from, a consent determination for inclusion in it. The State applied, by an interlocutory application filed on 2 July 2013, to correct those errors. All of the parties consent to the corrections being made.
The errors 2 The State identified that one parcel, Lot 1 on Plan AP6506, which was within the external boundary of the determination area, should have been included as an area over which non-exclusive native title rights and interests were recognised. However, that parcel was mistakenly omitted from being so described. 3 The second parcel, being part of Lot 4 on Plan SP210553, was incompletely described. The third parcel, being Lot 2 on Plan SP245736, was listed as an area excluded in schedule 2 of the determination. However, that parcel was identified on the determination map included in the orders made on 9 October 2012 by its former lot numbering.
Consideration 4 Under r 39.05(f) of the Federal Court Rules 2011 (Cth) the Court may vary or set aside a judgment or order after it has been entered, if the party in whose favour it was made consents. Here, all parties, including the applicant, consent. 5 I raised with the parties whether it might be better to make the order pursuant to s 13(5)(b) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). However, the State pointed out that this would involve the necessity of undertaking the notification procedure in ss 61, 63 and 66 of the Act for the reasons given by North J in Lovett v Victoria (No 4) (2011) 195 FCR 198 at 200 [7]-[9]. Given the relatively minor nature of the variations in the scheme of the consent determination as a whole, and the consent of all the parties, it is manifestly in the interests of justice that a speedy and efficient procedure be utilised with the minimum of expense. 6 Accordingly, I am satisfied by the evidence in the affidavit of Lisa Joan Carmody affirmed on 25 January 2013 (but filed on 2 July 2013) that a variation should be made in the form of the amended order annexed to her affidavit. I will settle the final form of that order in chambers as I suggested in the course of argument today. I certify that the preceding six (6) numbered paragraph is a true copy of the Reasons for Judgment herein of the Honourable Justice Rares.
Associate: Dated: 8 August 2013 SCHEDULE QUD 6230 of 1998 BETWEEN: COLIN MCLENNAN, THOMAS BROWN, JAMES GASTON, DOROTHY HUSTLER, MARIE MCLENNAN AND TYRONE TIERS ON BEHALF OF THE JANGGA PEOPLE Applicant AND: STATE OF QUEENSLAND First Respondent CHARTERS TOWERS REGIONAL COUNCIL Second Respondent ISAAC REGIONAL COUNCIL Third Respondent WHITSUNDAY REGIONAL COUNCIL Fourth Respondent ERGON ENERGY CORPORATION LIMITED Fifth Respondent QCOAL PTY LTD Sixth Respondent TALBOT GROUP EXPLORATION PTY LTD Seventh Respondent XSTRATA COAL QUEENSLAND PTY LTD Eighth Respondent COLINTA HOLDINGS PTY LTD Ninth Respondent CHRISTOPER W ALLINGHAM, LORNA P ALLINGHAM, JOSEPHINE VIOLET ANGUS, BLAIR JOHN ANGUS, CLOVA MARIE ANGUS, NEIL ALAN ANGUS, BRIAN CORBETT, LORRAINE CORBETT, JOYCE IRIS CROCKER, EDWIN FRANCIS DENNIS, PATRICIA ROBYN DENNIS, LILLIAN MARY DUCKETT, ROBERT DUCKETT, ROSS WILLIAM FLOHR, MARGARET MARY FLOHR, MERYL ELIZABETH GLENWRIGHT, DAWN ELIZABETH GLENWRIGHT, JON ALAN GLENWRIGHT, WILLIAM TERENCE KENNY, KELVIN CEDRIC MALONEY, EDWARD PETER MASON, MORA ELLEN MASON, VALDA ANN MASON, HELEN PASTEGA, JOHN PETER PASTEGA, MARGARET ELVEY PHILIP, JONATHON CHARLES PHILIP, JENNIFER MARIA PLATH, STEPHEN JOHN PLATH, RICHARD MCAULAY POWELL, ROBYN JANE SIMMONS, RICHARD HUGH SIMMONS, AINSLIE BRUCE MCKENZIE TEMPLETON, MARION CATHERINE WHALAN, GEORGE EDWARD WHALAN, KRISTINE MARGARET APPLETON AND WILLIAM DALE APPLETON Tenth Respondent
McLennan on behalf of the Jangga People
State of Queensland
(2011) 195 FCR 198