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[2001] NSWSC 510
Supreme Court of NSW
1999-02-01
Levine J
Original judgment source is linked above.
CITATION : Marsden v Amalgamated Television Services Pty Ltd [2001] NSWSC 510 CURRENT JURISDICTION: Common Law FILE NUMBER(S) : SC 20223 of 1995; 20592 of 1996 HEARING DATE(S) : Interlocutory Hearings; 1 February 1999; 3 February 1999; 4 February 1999; 9 February 1999; 10 February 1999; 11 February 1999; 12 February 1999; 15 February 1999; 16 February 1999; 17 February 1999; 18 February 1999; 19 February 1999; Jury - Trial; 22 February 1999; 23 February 1999; 24 February 1999; 25 February 1999; ; Interlocutory Hearings; 26 February 1999; 1 March 1999; 2 March 1999; 3 March 1999; 4 March 1999; 8 March 1999; 9 March 1999; 12 March 1999; 15 March 1999; 18 March 1999; 19 March 1999; 22 March 1999; 23 March 1999; 24 March 1999; 25 March 1999; March 1999; 29 March 1999; 30 March 1999; 31 March 1999; 12 April 1999; 13 April 1999; 14 April 1999; 15 April 1999; 16 April 1999; 19 April 1999; 20 April 1999; 21 April 1999; 23 April 1999; 27 April 1999; 28 April 1999; 29 April 1999; 3 May 1999; 4 May 1999; 7 May 1999; 10 May 1999; 14 May 1999; 17 May 1999; 18 May 1999; 19 May 1999; 24 May 1999; 25 May 1999; 26 May 1999; 27 May 1999; 28 May 1999; 31 May 1999; 1 June 1999; 23 June 1999; 25 June 1999; 28 June 1999 (Grafton); 2 August 1999; 13 August 1999; 19 August 1999; 18 October 1999; 20 October 1999; 22 October 1999; 25 October 1999; 26 October 1999; 28 October 1999; 29 October 1999; 2 November 1999; 4 November 1999; 9 November 1999; 12 November 1999.; Trial; 15 November 1999; 16 November 1999; 17 November 1999; 18 November 1999; 22 November 1999; 23 November 1999; 24 November 1999; 25 November 1999; 26 November 1999; 29 November 1999; 30 November 1999; 1 December 1999; 2 December 1999; 6 December 1999; 7 December 1999; 8 December 1999; 9 December 1999; 13 December 1999; 14 December 1999; 15 December 1999; 16 December 1999; 17 December 1999; 31 January 2000; 1 February 2000; 2 February 2000; 3 February 2000; 7 February 2000; 8 February 2000; 9 February 2000; 10 February 2000; 11 February 2000; 14 February 2000; 15 February 2000; 16 February 2000; 18 February 2000; 21 February 2000; 22 February 2000; 23 February 2000; 24 February 2000; 25 February 2000; 28 February 2000; 29 February 2000; 1 March 2000; 2 March 2000; 3 March 2000; 6 March 2000; 7 March 2000; 8 March 2000; 9 March 2000; 10 March 2000; 13 March 2000; 14 March 2000; 15 March 2000; 16 March 2000; 20 March 2000; 21 March 2000; 22 March 2000; 23 March 2000; 24 March 2000; 27 March 2000; 28 March 2000; 29 March 2000; 30 March 2000; 31 March 2000; 3 April 2000; 4 April 2000; 5 April 2000; 6 April 2000; 7 April 2000; 10 April 2000; 11 April 2000; 12 April 2000; 13 April 2000; 14 April 2000; 1 May 2000; 2 May 2000; 3 May 2000; 4 May 2000; 5 May 2000; 8 May 2000; 9 May 2000; 10 May 2000; 12 May 2000; 15 May 2000; 16 May 2000; 17 May 2000; 18 May 2000; 19 May 2000; 22 May 2000; 23 May 2000; 24 May 2000; 25 May 2000; 26 May 2000; 29 May 2000; 30 May 2000; 31 May 2000; 1 June 2000; 2 June 2000; 5 June 2000; 6 June 2000; 7 June 2000; 8 June 2000; 9 June 2000; 13 June 2000; 14 June 2000; 15 June 2000; 16 June 2000; 19 June 2000; 20 June 2000; 21 June 2000; 22 June 2000; 23 June 2000; 26 June 2000; 27 June 2000; 28 June 2000; 29 June 2000; 3 July 2000; 4 July 2000; 5 July 2000; 6 July 2000; 7 July 2000; 10 July 2000; 11 July 2000; 12 July 2000; 14 July 2000; 17 July 2000; 18 July 2000; 19 July 2000; 21 July 2000; 25 July 2000; 28 July 2000; 22 August 2000; 12 October 2000; 30 October 2000; 31 October 2000; 1 November 2000; 2 November 2000; 3 November 2000; 6 November 2000; 7 November 2000; 8 November 2000; 9 November 2000; 10 November 2000; 13 November 2000; 14 November 2000; 15 November 2000; 16 November 2000; 17 November 2000; 20 November 2000; 21 November 2000 JUDGMENT DATE : 27 June 2001
JOHN ROBERT MARSDEN (Plaintiff)
AMALGAMATED TELEVISION SERVICES PTY LIMITED (Defendant) JUDGMENT OF : Levine J
I Barker Q.C. P Donohoe Q.C. G O'L Reynolds S.C. R G McHugh M Hall (Plaintiff)
W H Nicholas Q.C. R Stitt Q.C. J S Wheelhouse R Titterton (Defendant)
COUNSEL : Plaintiff B McClintock S.C. G O'L Reynolds S.C. J C Gibson R G McHugh E A White
Defendant J Sackar Q.C. L McCallum J Somerville S Henderson
Third Parties M Pembroke S.C. P A Johnson S.C. G Bartley P I Lakatos W Muddle J Clyne Phillips Fox (Plaintiff)
Malleson Stephen Jaques (Defendant)
Others Parties SOLICITORS : Corrs Chambers Westgarth (Plaintiff) Dylan McKimmie Eddy & Moloney Fallon Safetly Lawyers McCabes T O'Gorman Police Integrity Commission Police Service of NSW / Commissioner of Police State Crown Solicitor's Office Supreme Court of NSW - CEO & Principal Registrar CATCHWORDS : DEFAMATION - Trial of action - s 7A of Defamation Act 1974 - jury component - judge component - defence of justification - defence of qualified privilege - Defamation Act 1974 ss 15, 16 & 22 - cognate defences of truth, qualified protection in other States & Territories - damages - Defamation Act 1974 ss 46, 46A & 48 - claim for damages for psychiatric injury - aggravated damages - claim for exemplary damages Defamation Act 1974 Evidence Act 1995 LEGISLATION CITED : Listening Devices Act 1984 Police Integrity Commission Act 1996 Supreme Court Act 1970 Supreme Court Rules Abadom v Abadom (1857) 24 Beav 243 ABC v Comalco (1986) 68 ALR 259 ACP v Ettingshausen (Court of Appeal, 13 October 1993, unreported) Adam v Ward [1917] AC 309 Alexander v The Queen (1981) 145 CLR 395 Amalgamated Television Services Pty Limited v Marsden (1998) 43 NSWLR 158 Andrews v John Fairfax & Sons Pty Limited (1990) 2 NSWLR 225 Apand Pty Limited v The Kettle Chip Co. (1994) 52 FCR 474 Armstrong v Strain [1952] 1 KB 232; [1952] 1 All ER 139 (CA) Austin v Mirror Newspapers Ltd (1985) 3 NSWLR 354 Australian Consolidated Press v Uren [1969] 1 AC 590 Australian Broadcasting Commission v Comalco (1986) 68 ALR 259 Australian Consolidated Press v Uren (1966) 117 CLR 185 B v Medical Superintendent of Macquarie Hospital (1987) 10 NSWLR 440 Baden v Société Générale pour Favoriser le Développement du Commerce et de l'Industrie en France SA (1983) [1992] 4 All ER 161; [1983] BCLC 325 Barbaro v Amalgamated Television Services Limited (1989) 20 NSWLR 493 Barbaro v Amalgamated Television Services Pty Limited (1985) 1 NSWLR 30 Bellino v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1995-1996) 185 CLR 183 Bennett v Minister for Community Welfare (1992) 176 CLR 408 Bickel v John Fairfax & Sons Limited (1981) 2 NSWLR 474 Bondin v Lamaro (Court of Appeal, 14 October 1994, unreported) Bowen-Rowlands v Argus Press Limited (The Times, 10 February 1926, p.5 and 26 March 1926, p.5). Bradshaw v McEwans Pty Limited (27 April 1951) Brandi v Mingot (1976) 12 ALR 551 Briginshaw v Briginshaw (1938) 60 CLR 336 Broome v Cassell & Co [1972] AC 1027 Brown v Citizens Life Assurance Co (1902) 2 NSWR 212 BRS v The Queen (1997) 191 CLR 275 Bugg v Day (1949) 79 CLR 442 Caldwell v Caldwell (NSW Court of Appeal, unreported, 30 August 1996) Calwell v IPEC Australia Limited (1975) 135 CLR 321 Cane v R [1968] NZLR 787 Carson v John Fairfax & Sons Limited (1993) 178 CLR 44 Chamberlain v The Queen [No. 2] (1984) 153 CLR 521 Chappell v Mirror Newspapers (1984) Aust Torts Reports 80-691 Clark v Ainsworth (1996) 40 NSWLR 463 Clark v Molyneux [1877] 3 QBD 237 Clark v Ryan (1960) 103 CLR 486 Clark v Taylor (1836) 3 Scott 95 Commissioner for Railways v Small (1938) 38 SR 564 Costello & Ors v Random House Australia Pty Ltd (1999) 137 ACTR 1 Cotogno v Lamb (No 3) (1986) 5 NSWLR 559 Coyne v Citizen Finance Limited (1990-1991) 172 CLR 211 Craig v The King (1933) 49 CLR 429 Crampton v Nugawela (1996) 41 NSWLR 176 Crampton v Nugawela (1996) 41 NSWLR 176 Dare v Pulham (1982) 44 ALR 117 David Syme & Co Limited v Hore-Lacy [2000] 1 VR 667 Davies & Cody v The King (1937) 57 CLR 1; Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337 Dickson v Wilton [1859] 1 F. & E. 419 Domican v The Queen (1991-1992) 173 CLR 555 Doney v The Queen (1990) 171 CLR 207 Drummoyne Municipal Council v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1990) 21 NSWLR 135 Dwyer v Esmonde (1877) Ir R 11 CL 542 Edwards v Bell (1824) 1 Bing 403 Edwards v The Queen (1993) 178 CLR 193 Equiticorp Finance Ltd (In liq) v Bank of New Zealand (1993) 32 NSWLR 50 Ex-parte Lenehan (1948) 77 CLR 403 Falcke v The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd [1925] VLR 56 Farrel v The Queen (1998) 194 CLR 286 Feros v West Sydney Radio (Court of Appeal, unreported, 22 June 1982) Ghazal v Government Insurance of NSW (1992) 29 NSWLR 336 Giorgianni v R (1985) 156 CLR 473 at 504-7; 58 ALR 641 Gray v Motor Accident Commission (1998) 196 CLR 1; 158 ALR 485; 73 ALJR 45 Grobbelaar v News Group Newspapers Limited & Anor (unreported, 18 January 2001) Hall-Gibbs Mercantile Agency v Dunn (1910) 12 CLR 84 Hanrahan v Ainsworth (1990) 22 NSWLR 73 Hansen v Border Morning Mail Pty Limited [1987] 9 NSWLR 44 Harmony Shipping Co. SA v Davis & Ors (1979) 3 All ER 177 Hepburn v TCN Channel Nine Pty Limited [1983] 2 NSWLR 682 Hepburn v TCN Channel Nine Pty Limited [1984] 1 NSWLR 386 Herald and Weekly Times Ltd v McGregor (1928) 41 CLR 254 HG v The Queen (1999) 73 ALJR 281 Horrocks v Lowe [1935] AC 135 Hughes v Mirror Newspapers (1985) 3 NSWLR 504 Hughes v Mirror Newspapers Limited (1985) 3 NSWLR 504 In Re Davis (1947) 75 CLR 409 In re Dellow's Will Trusts [1964] 1 WLR 451 In re H. and Others (Minors) [1996] AC 563 John Fairfax & Sons Limited v Kelly (1987) 8 NSWLR 131 John Fairfax & Sons v Kelly (1987) 8 NSWLR 131 John v MGN [1997] QB 586 Johns v The Law Society of New South Wales [1982] 2 NSWLR 1 Jones v Dunkel (1959) 101 CLR 298 Jones v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd (1992) 26 NSWLR 732 Justin v Associated Newspapers Limited (1966) 86 WN (Pt 1) 17; [1967] 1 NSWR 61 King & Mergen Holdings Pty Ltd v McKenzie (1991) 24 NSWLR 305 Kural v R (1987) 162 CLR 502; 70 ALR 658 Lamb v Cotogno (1987) 164 CLR 1 Lane v The Queen (1996) 66 FCR 144 Lange v Atkinson [2000] NZCA 9 Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520 Lee v The Queen (1998) 195 CLR 594 Ley v Hamilton 153 LT 384 Liquor Marketing Group v Sadler [2000] NSWCA 161 London Computer Operators Training Limited & Ors v British Broadcasting Corporation & Ors (1973) 1 WLR 424 Longman v The Queen (1989) 168 CLR 79 Loveday v Sun Newspapers Limited (1938) 59 CLR 503 Maloney v Commissioner for Railways (NSW) (1978) 52 ALJR 292 Manson v Associated Newspapers [1965] 1 WLR 1038 March v E & M H Stramare Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 506 McCarey v Associated Newspaper [1965] 2 QB 86 McKain v Miller & Co (SA) Pty Ltd (1991) 174 CLR 1 McKenzie v Mergen Holdings Pty Ltd (1990) 22 NSWLR 73 McLean v Bell (1932) 147 LT 262 Medlin v State Government Insurance Commission (1995) 182 CLR 1 Merest v Harvey (1814) 5 Taunt 442 Meyer v Hall (1972) 26 DLR (3d) 309 Mirror Newspapers v Fitzpatrick [1984] 1 NSWLR 643 Monte v Mirror Newspapers Limited [1979] 2 NSWLR 663 Moran v Amoret Installations Pty Ltd (Court of Appeal, 12 April 2000, unreported) CASES CITED : Morgan v John Fairfax & Sons Limited (No.2) (1991) 23 NSWLR 374 Morgan v John Fairfax (1990) 20 NSWLR 511 Moriarty v London, Chatham & Dover Railway Co. (1870) LR 5 QB 314 Morosi v Mirror Newspapers Limited [1977] 2 NSWLR 749 Neat Holdings Pty Limited v Karajan Holdings Pty Limited (1992) 67 ALJR 170 NSW Aboriginal Land Council v Perkins (1998) 45 NSWLR 340 NSW County Press v Stewart (1911) 12 CLR 481 Packer v ABC (1993) 116 FLR 306 Palmer v The Queen (1998) 193 CLR 1 Paric v John Holland (Constructions) Pty Limited (1985) 59 ALJR 844 Payne v Parker (1976) 1 NSWLR 191 Peacock v The King (1911) 13 CLR 619 Pearce v Hailstone [1992] 58 SASR 240 Peisley v R (1990) CCA (NSW) 42 Petritsis v Hellenic Herald [1978] 2 NSWLR 174 Pfeiffer Pty Ltd v Rogerson [2000] HCA 36 Phillips v Eyre (1870) LR 6 QB 1 Pinniger v John Fairfax (1979) 53 ALJR 691 Planet Fisheries v La Rosa (1968) 119 CLR 118 Plumb v Australian Consolidate Press Limited (1975) 2 NSWLR 414 Pollitt v R (1992) 174 CLR 558 Qantas Airways Limited v SS Pharmaceutical Co Limited (NSW Court of Appeal, unreported, 20 July 1990; reported sub nom in SS Pharmaceutical Pty Limited v QantaAirways Limited (1991) 1 Lloyds Rep 288 Quick v Stolland Pty Limited (1998) 157 ALR 615 R v Baba [1977] 2 NSWLR 502 R v Baskerville (1916) 2 KB 658 R v Clough (1992) 28 NSWLR 396 R v Debelis (1984) 36 SASR 1 R v E (1996) 39 NSWLR 450 R v F (1995) 83 A Crim R 502 R v Field (1964) 48 Cr App R 335 R v Freeman (1985) 3 NSWLR 303 R v Galuzzo (1986) 23 A Crim R 211 R v Head & Head [1978] Crim LR 427 R v Henning (1994) 74 A Crim R 72 R v Kilbourne (1973) AC 729 R v McKenney (1983) 76 Crim App R 271 R v Skuse (NSW CCA, unreported, 24 October 1996) R v Smith [2000] NSWCCA 468 R v Stretton (1988) Crim App R 7, R v Stringer [2000] NSWCCA 293 R v Sweet-Escott (1971) 55 Cr App R 316 R v Taranto & Freeman [1999] NSWCCA 396 R v Turnbull [1977] QB 224 R v Uhrig (NSW CCA, unreported, 24 October 1996); R v Welsh (1996) 90 A Crim R 364 Radio 2UE Sydney Pty Limited v Goldsworthy [2000] NSWCA 130 Radio 2UE Sydney Pty Limited v Parker (1992) 29 NSWLR 448 Ramsay v Watson (1961) 108 CLR 642 Randwick Labor Club Ltd v Amalgamated Television Services Pty Ltd [2000] NSWSC 906 Readers Digest Services Pty Limited v Lamb (1982) 150 CLR 500 Redmond v Uebergang (1984) 1 NSWLR 311 Reg v Heyde (1990) 20 NSWLR 234 Reg v Johnston (1998) 45 NSWLR 362 Reg v Pack [1999] NSWCCA 184 (30 June 1999) Reg v Welsh (1996) 90 A Crim R Regina v AGJ (NSW CCA, unreported, 30 October 1997) Regina v Baartman [2000] NSWCCA 298 Regina v Flood [1999] NSWCCA 198 Regina v Lawson [2000] NSWCCA 214 Regina v Lewis (NSW CCA, unreported, 8 September 1998 (BC9804492)) Regina v Lucas [1981] QB 720 Regina v Paisley (1990) 54 A Crim R 42 Regina v Ward (1981) 3 A Crim R 171 Rejfek v McElroy (1965) 112 CLR 517 Rex v Watt (1905) 20 Cox CC 852 Reynolds v Nationwide News Pty Limited & Ors [2001] WASC 90 Reynolds v Times Newspapers Limited & Ors (1999) 3 WLR 1010 Riddick v Thames Bd Mills [1977] QB 881 Rigby v John Fairfax Group Pty Limited (Court of Appeal, unreported, 1 February 1996); Rigby v Mirror Newspapers (1963) 64 SR (NSW) 34 Rofe v Smiths Newspaper Limited (1924) 25 SR(NSW) 4 Royal Aquarium and Summer and Winter Garden Society Pty Ltd v Parkinson [1892] 1 QB 431 Schellenberg v Tunnel Holdings Pty Limited (2000) 74 ALJR 743 Sengos v Boyle (Levine J, 10 July 1998, unreported) Shepherd v The Queen (1990) 170 CLR 573 Sherman v Nymboida Collieries Pty Ltd (1963) 109 CLR 580 Simpson v Robinson (1948) 12 QB 511 Singleton v Ffrench [1986] 2 NSWLR 698 Smiths Newspapers Ltd v Becker (1932) 47 CLR 279 Spautz v Butterworth (1996) 41 NSWLR 1 Spill v Maule (1869) LR 4 Ex 232 Standen v South Essex Recorders Limited (1934) 50 TLR 365 Steele v Mirror Newspapers Limited [1974] 2 NSWLR 348 Steiner Wilson & Webster Pty Ltd v Amalgamated Television Services Pty Ltd [1999] ACTSC 123 (Abbey Bridal) Stephens v West Australian Newspapers Limited (1994) 182 CLR 211 Stevens v Head (1993) 176 CLR 433 Sutherland v Stopes [1925] AC 47 Tarkanyi v Mirror Newspapers Limited [1983] 2 NSWLR 698 The Herald & Weekly Times Ltd v McGregor (1928) 41 CLR 254 The Queen v Demeter (1995) 77 A Crim R 462 Theophanous v Herald and Weekly Times (1994) 182 CLR 104 Thiess v TCN Channel Nine Pty Limited (No. 5) [1994] 1 Qd R. 156 Toomey v John Fairfax & Sons Limited (1985) 1 NSWLR 291 Toomey v Mirror Newspapers Ltd (1985) 1 NSWLR 173 Transport Industries Insurance Co. v Longmuir (1997) 1 VR 125 Tumahole Bereng v The Queen (1949) AC 25 Turner v Metro-Goldwyn Mayer Pictures Ltd [1950] 1 All ER 449 Uren v John Fairfax & Sons Pty Ltd (1966) 117 CLR 118 Uren v John Fairfax (1996) 117 CLR 118 Vacik Distributors Pty Limited & Anor v Australian Broadcasting Corporation & Anor (No 8) [2000] NSWSC 732 Vacik Distributors Pty Ltd v ABC (Sperling J, 8 August 2000, unreported) Vetrovec v R (1982) 136 DLR (3d) 89 Vignoli v Sydney Harbour Casino [2000] Aust Torts Reports _ 81-541 Waterhouse v Broadcasting Station 2GB Pty Ltd (1985) 1 NSWLR 58 Waterhouse v Broadcasting Station 2GB Pty Ltd (1985) 1 NSWLR 58 Watt v Longsdon [1930] 1 KB 130 Webb v Bloch (1928) 41 CLR 331 West v Government Insurance Officer of NSW (1981) 148 CLR 62 Whelan v John Fairfax & Sons Limited (1988) 12 NSWLR 148 Whitbread v R 91995) CCA (Vic) 452 Witness v Marsden & Another (2000) 49 NSWLR 429 Wright v ABC (1977) 1 NSWLR 697 XL Petroleum (NSW) Pty Ltd v Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd (1985) 155 CLR 458 DECISION : See paragraph 5276
Last Modified: 06/29/2001 DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated.
Marsden
Amalgamated Television Services Pty Ltd
[2001] WASC 90
[1999] ACTSC 123
(1986) 68 ALR 259
(1981) 145 CLR 395
(1998) 43 NSWLR 158
(1990) 2 NSWLR 225
(1994) 52 FCR 474
(1985) 3 NSWLR 354
(1966) 117 CLR 185
(1987) 10 NSWLR 440
(1989) 20 NSWLR 493
(1985) 1 NSWLR 30
(1992) 176 CLR 408
(1981) 2 NSWLR 474
(1976) 12 ALR 551
(1938) 60 CLR 336
(1997) 191 CLR 275
(1949) 79 CLR 442
(1975) 135 CLR 321
(1993) 178 CLR 44
(1984) 153 CLR 521
(1996) 40 NSWLR 463
(1960) 103 CLR 486
(1986) 5 NSWLR 559
(1933) 49 CLR 429
(1996) 41 NSWLR 176
(1982) 44 ALR 117
(1937) 57 CLR 1
(1990) 171 CLR 207
(1990) 21 NSWLR 135
(1993) 178 CLR 193
(1993) 32 NSWLR 50
(1948) 77 CLR 403
(1998) 194 CLR 286
(1992) 29 NSWLR 336
(1985) 156 CLR 473
(1998) 196 CLR 1
(1910) 12 CLR 84
(1990) 22 NSWLR 73
(1928) 41 CLR 254
(1999) 73 ALJR 281
(1985) 3 NSWLR 504
(1947) 75 CLR 409
(1987) 8 NSWLR 131
(1959) 101 CLR 298
(1992) 26 NSWLR 732
(1991) 24 NSWLR 305
(1987) 162 CLR 502
(1987) 164 CLR 1
(1996) 66 FCR 144
(1997) 189 CLR 520
(1998) 195 CLR 594
(1989) 168 CLR 79
(1938) 59 CLR 503
(1978) 52 ALJR 292
(1991) 171 CLR 506
(1991) 174 CLR 1
(1995) 182 CLR 1
(1991) 23 NSWLR 374
(1990) 20 NSWLR 511
(1992) 67 ALJR 170
(1998) 45 NSWLR 340
(1911) 12 CLR 481
(1993) 116 FLR 306
(1998) 193 CLR 1
(1985) 59 ALJR 844
(1976) 1 NSWLR 191
(1911) 13 CLR 619
(1979) 53 ALJR 691
(1968) 119 CLR 118
(1975) 2 NSWLR 414
(1992) 174 CLR 558
(1998) 157 ALR 615
(1992) 28 NSWLR 396
(1984) 36 SASR 1
(1996) 39 NSWLR 450
(1985) 3 NSWLR 303
(1992) 29 NSWLR 448
(1961) 108 CLR 642
(1982) 150 CLR 500
(1984) 1 NSWLR 311
(1990) 20 NSWLR 234
(1998) 45 NSWLR 362
(1965) 112 CLR 517
(2000) 74 ALJR 743
(1990) 170 CLR 573
(1963) 109 CLR 580
(1932) 47 CLR 279
(1996) 41 NSWLR 1
(1994) 182 CLR 211
(1993) 176 CLR 433
(1994) 182 CLR 104
(1985) 1 NSWLR 291
(1985) 1 NSWLR 173
(1997) 1 VR 125
(1966) 117 CLR 118
(1996) 117 CLR 118
(1985) 1 NSWLR 58
(1928) 41 CLR 331
(1981) 148 CLR 62
(1988) 12 NSWLR 148
(2000) 49 NSWLR 429
(1977) 1 NSWLR 697
(1985) 155 CLR 458
[2000] HCA 36