FX v R; GX v R

Solicitors: Hanna Legal (Applicants) Solicitor for Public Prosecutions (Respondent) File Number(s): 2016/379366 (FX 2016/379411 (GX) Publication restriction: --- Decision under appeal Court or tribunal: District Court of New South Wales Jurisdiction: --- Citation: --- Date of Decision: Conviction: 13 June 2018 Sentence: 29 November 2018 Before: Her Honour Judge O'Rourke SC File Number(s): 2016/379366 (FX 2016/379411 (GX)

Judgment

1. JOHNSON J: The Applicants, FX and GX, were tried jointly at the Campbelltown District Court in 2018 before her Honour Judge O'Rourke SC and a jury upon an indictment charging each of them with sexual offences committed against the same complainant in a period between 1998 and 2005.
2. FX and GX are brothers. The complainant is their cousin. Section 578A Crimes Act 1900 prohibits the publication of any matter which is likely to lead to the identification of the complainant. I will refer to her as Sarah, which is not her real name. As the Applicants are related to the complainant, publication of their names would serve to identify the complainant. In addition, GX was under 18 years of age at the time of the incidents giving rise to the charges against him and FX was under 18 years at the time of some of the incidents for which he was charged so that each of them should not be identified: s.15A Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987. Accordingly, pseudonyms are used in this judgment to describe the Applicants to guard against identification of Sarah and each of the Applicants. FX and GX are not the true initials of the Applicants.
3. Sarah was born in June 1992. In the period of the alleged offending between 1998 and 2005, Sarah was aged about six to 12 years.

The Charges and Verdicts

1. FX and GX stood trial together at Campbelltown District Court between 28 May 2018 and 13 June 2018 upon an indictment containing 21 offences of a sexual nature alleged to have been committed against the complainant. Counts 1-10 and 19-21 concerned offences allegedly committed by FX between 1998 and 2005 when he was aged between 15 and 21 years and Sarah was aged between six and 12 years. Counts 11 to 18 concerned offences allegedly committed by GX between 2002 and 2005 when he was aged between 15 and 17 years and Sarah was aged between 10 and 12 years.
2. On 5 June 2018, at the close of the Crown case, the jury returned verdicts of not guilty (by direction) in relation to Counts 2, 6 and 21 against FX. On 13 June 2018, FX was found guilty of each of the remaining charges against him.
3. On 13 June 2018, GX was found guilty of each of the offences charged against him.
4. The following table sets out the counts in the indictment and the verdicts returned by the jury with respect to each of FX and GX: Count Person Charged Verdict 1 - On 11 December 1998, aggravated indecent assault contrary to s.61M(2) Crimes Act 1900 FX Guilty 2 -Between 11 December 1998 and 1 January 1999 aggravated indecent assault contrary to s.61M(2) Crimes Act 1900 FX Not Guilty (by direction) 3 - Between 1 April 1999 and 1 June 1999 aggravated indecent assault contrary to s.61M(2) Crimes Act 1900 FX Guilty 4 - Between 30 November 1999 and 1 February 2000 aggravated indecent assault contrary to s.61M(2) Crimes Act 1900 FX Guilty 5 - Between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 1999 aggravated indecent assault contrary to s.61M(2) Crimes Act 1900 FX Guilty 6 - Between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2000 aggravated indecent assault contrary to s.61M(2) Crimes Act 1900 FX Not Guilty (by direction) 7 - Between 23 June 2001 and 22 June 2002 aggravated indecent assault contrary to s.61M(2) Crimes Act 1900 FX Guilty 8 - Between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2001 aggravated indecent assault contrary to s.61M(2) Crimes Act 1900 FX Guilty 9 - Between 23 June 1999 and 22 June 2001 aggravated indecent assault contrary to s.61M(2) Crimes Act 1900 FX Guilty 10 - Between 1 June 2002 and 21 October 2002 aggravated indecent assault of a child under 16 years contrary to s.61M(1) Crimes Act 1900 FX Guilty 11 - Between 23 June 2002 and 2 October 2002 aggravated indecent assault of a child under 16 years contrary to s.61M(1) Crimes Act 1900 GX Guilty 12 - Between 23 June 2002 and 2 October 2002 aggravated indecent assault of a child under 16 years contrary to s.61M(1) Crimes Act 1900 GX Guilty 13 - Between 2 October 2002 and 22 June 2004 committing act of indecency towards a person under the age of 16 years contrary to s.61N(1) Crimes Act 1900 GX Guilty 14 - Between 2 October 2002 and 22 June 2004 aggravated indecent assault of a child under 16 years contrary to s.61M(1) Crimes Act 1900 GX Guilty 15 - Between 23 June 2003 and 22 June 2005 aggravated indecent assault of a child under 16 years contrary to s.61M(1) Crimes Act 1900 GX Guilty 16 - Between 23 June 2003 and 22 June 2005 aggravated indecent assault of a child under 16 years contrary to s.61M(1) Crimes Act 1900 GX Guilty 17 - Between 23 June 2003 and 22 June 2005 aggravated indecent assault of a child under 16 years contrary to s.61M(1) Crimes Act 1900 GX Guilty 18 - Between 23 June 2003 and 22 June 2005 aggravated indecent assault of a child under 16 years contrary to s.61M(1) Crimes Act 1900 GX Guilty 19 - Between 23 June 2004 and 22 June 2005 aggravated indecent assault of a child under 16 years contrary to s.61M(1) Crimes Act 1900 FX Guilty 20 - Between 23 June 2004 and 22 June 2005 having sexual intercourse with a child over the age of 10 years and under the age of 14 years contrary to s.66C(1) Crimes Act 1900 FX Guilty 21 - Between 1 January 2005 and 31 January 2005 aggravated indecent assault of a child under 16 years contrary to s.61M(1) Crimes Act 1900 FX Not Guilty (by direction)

Sentences Imposed on FX and GX

1. FX and GX were each sentenced by her Honour Judge O'Rourke SC on 29 November 2018.
2. FX was sentenced to an aggregate term of imprisonment of six years comprising a non-parole period of three years and six months commencing on 13 June 2018 and expiring on 12 December 2021 with a balance of term of two years and six months commencing on 13 December 2021 and expiring on 12 June 2024. The sentencing Judge nominated the following indicative sentences with respect to FX: 1. Count 1 - imprisonment for 12 months. 2. Count 3 - imprisonment for 12 months. 3. Count 4 - imprisonment for 18 months. 4. Count 5 - imprisonment for 18 months. 5. Count 7 - imprisonment for two years. 6. Count 8 - imprisonment for two years. 7. Count 9 - imprisonment for two years. 8. Count 10 - imprisonment for three years. 9. Count 19 - imprisonment for two years with a non-parole period of 15 months. 10. Count 20 - imprisonment for four years and six months.
3. GX was sentenced for each offence to a three-year community corrections order commencing on 29 November 2018.

Grounds of Appeal

1. By Notices of Appeal filed on 30 August 2019, each of FX and GX appealed against conviction relying upon the following identical grounds of appeal: 1. Ground 1 - a miscarriage arose as a result of the joinder of counts pertaining to FX on the one hand and GX on the other hand contrary to the requirements of s.29 Criminal Procedure Act 1986. 2. Ground 2 - alternatively, a miscarriage of justice arose as a result of FX and GX being tried jointly. 3. Ground 3 - her Honour erred in failing to direct the jury that the evidence concerning the allegations against FX were inadmissible against GX and vice versa. 4. Ground 4 - her Honour erred in failing to direct the jury that the statements made by FX and GX in the recording made by Sarah's mother, SX, (Exhibit D) were admissible only in their respective cases. 5. Ground 5 - her Honour erred in failing to direct the jury that the answers given by each of FX and GX in evidence, in response to the allegations made by Sarah, were admissible only in their respective cases. 6. Ground 6 - a miscarriage of justice arose from the Crown Prosecutor's submission to the jury that, because both FX and GX had given evidence that they had lied to SX to pacify her, therefore they must have lied when they denied having committed the offences. 7. Ground 7 - a miscarriage of justice arose as a result of the Crown Prosecutor: 8. (i) giving personal opinions; 9. (ii) making emotive suggestions; 10. (iii) appealing to the juror's individual experiences; and 11. (iv) ridiculing the defence case.
2. Neither FX nor GX sought leave to appeal with respect to sentence.
3. FX and GX require leave to appeal in relation to each of the grounds as they involve mixed questions of law and fact: s.5(1)(b) Criminal Appeal Act 1912. Leave is also required under Rule 4 Criminal Appeal Rules with respect to Grounds 3, 4 and 5.

Evidence at the Trial

1. The following narrative is drawn from the Crown submissions and trial summary which outlined the trial evidence in a manner which was not challenged before this Court. In addition, given the grounds of appeal, extracts from the cross-examination of each Applicant are included in this narrative.

The Crown Case Against FX and GX

1. FX and GX are the first cousins of Sarah. As mentioned earlier, Sarah was born in June 1992. FX was born in October 1983 and GX was born in August 1987.
2. When she was young, Sarah lived with her parents and older brother ("her immediate family") in western Sydney. For a time, they lived in a duplex house with the Applicants and their parents. In 1997, Sarah and her immediate family moved to another address in western Sydney. They continued to see the Applicants and their parents at least once a week. FX's Offences Between 1998 and 2002
3. On 11 December 1998, Sarah's brother celebrated his 14th birthday at their home. The celebration was attended by Sarah's extended family including the Applicants. After the cake was cut, Sarah was in the lounge room watching television with FX. FX sat down next to her on the lounge, his leg was touching hers. He pulled his clothing down past his genital region, exposing his penis. He took Sarah's hand, placed it on his penis and moved it back and forth (Count 1). When he had finished, FX told Sarah she should not tell anyone about what had happened or they would both be in trouble. Sarah was six years old.
4. In April 1999, Sarah and her immediate family moved to another address in western Sydney. Sarah gave evidence that there were a number of occasions when FX would take her into another room of that house and abuse her. There was an occasion in the summer of 2000 when all of her cousins were at her home after going for a swim at a leisure centre. FX took her to the storage area of the house, which was also a wine cellar. The lights were off. FX turned her around so her back was to him. He took her hand and placed it on his penis, making Sarah rub it back and forth for some time before she heard noises upstairs and became panicked (Count 4).
5. There was an occasion when Sarah's extended family, including the Applicants and their parents, came over to the western Sydney home for lunch. While everyone was in the kitchen having lunch, FX took Sarah upstairs to her room. He sat on the edge of her bed and removed his shorts or pants before taking Sarah's hand and making her rub his penis (Count 3). In cross-examination, Sarah agreed that the layout of the home was such that everyone seated in the kitchen would have seen her and FX go upstairs.
6. Sarah's father owned a business in partnership with the Applicants' father which they operated from a factory in western Sydney. Sarah gave evidence that she thought the factory opened in 1999. There was an occasion when she and the two Applicants visited the factory. Their fathers were also present. GX was upstairs with Sarah's father and uncle. She and FX were alone on the ground floor of the factory. They were under a metal staircase. FX pulled down his shorts and made Sarah rub his penis (Count 5). Sarah said she recalled FX laughing but did not know why. She felt ashamed and guilty. In cross-examination, Sarah agreed that if someone had walked down the stairs they would have seen them.
7. In 2001, Sarah would, on occasion, sleep over at the Applicants' home in the school holidays. She did so, in particular, in June of that year. Sarah slept in a bedroom adjacent to FX's bedroom and next to GX's bedroom. Sarah gave evidence that there were occasions, "too many times to count", when she would be in FX's bedroom and he would have her stand next to his bed while he was lying down, and he would rub his hand back and forth on her vagina under her clothes. Sarah later said that on one occasion when such an incident occurred "it was school holidays and I remember it being cold" (Count 7).
8. There was an occasion when Sarah was at the Applicants' home when she and FX were in his bedroom playing a computer game. He placed her on his lap. As she played the game, he held her by the hips and moved her back and forth over his lap. He kissed her on the neck (Count 8).
9. When Sarah was seven or eight years old, there was an occasion when she was at the Applicants' home. While everyone else was upstairs, FX took her downstairs to the laundry which was off the garage. He pulled his shorts down, exposing his penis. He took Sarah's hand, placed it on his erect penis and made her rub it back and forth. He tried to kiss Sarah and put his tongue in her mouth (Count 9).
10. In October 2002, the Applicants and their parents moved to a coastal town in New South Wales. Several months before they moved, Sarah, the Applicants and their families were at the home of a client of Sarah's father and uncle. The adults were out on a balcony talking while Sarah, her brother and the two Applicants were in the lounge room watching television. Sarah and FX were sitting on a two-or-three-seater couch next to each other. Her brother and GX were each on a single seater couch on either side of the two or three-seater couch. Sarah was talking to FX about a book she was reading. He took a blanket or throw, placed it over their laps and put some cushions on top of it. He then put his hand under the blanket and rubbed her vagina back and forth (Count 10). GX's Offences
11. The first incident with GX occurred in the Applicants' home before the Applicants moved to the coastal town. Sarah said she thought it was several months before the move. She had been in FX's bedroom with him and her brother. GX was in his bedroom, which was across the corridor. He told Sarah to "Come here". GX grabbed her hands, pulled her onto the bed and sat her on his hips before holding Sarah's hips and rocking her back and forth over his own hips. Sarah felt his penis against her body (Count 11). As to this occasion, Sarah said "I was very confused and surprised, and I didn't understand what was going on. I didn't know if he knew what [FX] was doing".
12. There was an occasion when Sarah, the Applicants and their parents went to the home of another family for a barbeque. In the afternoon, after they had eaten, Sarah was alone with GX at the back of the house. He took her by the hand and led her into an area of long grass. GX pulled his pants down past his waist exposing his penis. He took her hand and placed it on his penis, forcing her to rub it back and forth. He turned her around so that her back was towards him and moved his penis back and forth between her thighs (Count 12). In cross-examination, Sarah agreed that if someone had come into the backyard they would have seen what occurred.
13. When she was 10 or 11 years old, Sarah went to visit the Applicants and their parents at their home in the coastal town. The main house was single storey. The Applicants' bedrooms were at one end of the house off a corridor. Sarah heard her aunt talking to her from the kitchen at the other end of the corridor. When she went to walk up the corridor, GX who was in his bedroom, told her to "Come here". He was sitting on the edge of his bed facing the doorway. He lowered his shorts and began masturbating in front of her. She ran away (Count 13).
14. On another occasion not long after, Sarah accompanied her brother to the coastal town where he was making a delivery. She and her brother stayed in a small caravan set up in the shed on the Applicants' property. Sarah woke one morning to find GX standing near her bed. The television was on and a music video by The Offspring performing the song "Hit That" was playing. GX took Sarah's hand, put it into his shorts and made her rub his penis back and forth (Count 14). She disputed the suggestion put to her in cross-examination that there was no television in the caravan.
15. There was another occasion, during the same trip, when GX took Sarah to a smaller cabin on the property. He laid Sarah down on a couch in the living area, he then laid down on top of her and moved his body back and forth over her (Count 15). He kissed her and put his tongue in her mouth (Count 16). After a while, GX took Sarah to another part of the cabin where, having removed his shorts, he placed his penis between her thighs and moved it back and forth (Count 17). He then grabbed her hand and pulled her to the adjacent bathroom where he ejaculated into the toilet (Count 18). FX's Offences in 2004-2005
16. Sarah described an occasion at the coastal town when she was alone with FX in a shipping container that had been converted into an office. She was about 12 years old. FX was sitting in a chair and made Sarah sit on top of him, before moving her back and forth over his genital region (Count 19). He kissed her, putting his tongue in her mouth. The next thing Sarah remembered was being in front of FX who had pushed her down to a kneeling position and was attempting to put his penis in her mouth. She resisted and tried to move away from him. The tip of his penis went into her mouth for a few seconds (Count 20). FX then masturbated himself and ejaculated onto a tissue.
17. Sarah was asked in cross-examination if she could describe FX's penis. She described it as "Uncircumcised. He had pubic hair. It was light-brown nude colour". In re-examination, Sarah said that she was six years old when she first saw FX's penis.
18. Sarah's father and uncle (the Applicants' father) had a business-related falling out. As a result, the two families had no contact for a number of years. Contact between them resumed after Sarah's father later became ill. Complaint evidence
19. Sarah and her mother (SX) each gave evidence that in 2010, when Sarah was 18 years old, she told her mother that FX and GX had abused her. She did not provide further details. SX offered to take her to see a psychologist or psychiatrist, but told her not to tell her father.
20. In November 2014, Sarah's father was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. As a result of his illness, the Applicants and their parents visited her father and in the course of doing so Sarah would, on occasion, see FX and GX. She could not handle pretending to be friendly with the Applicants and would leave the room when they came to visit.
21. Some time later, GX started attending the factory where Sarah and her brother both worked. Sarah would become distressed upon seeing him at her workplace.
22. Sarah married a young man who had commenced working in the family factory in 2013. Sarah's husband and brother both commented on her behaviour around the Applicants. She told her husband and brother that she could not tell them why she behaved as she did. Not long after her father was diagnosed with cancer, Sarah disclosed the abuse to her husband, but did not discuss any details.
23. Sarah's mother, brother and husband each gave evidence that, after contact between the two families resumed, they had observed a change in Sarah's behaviour on occasions when one or both of the Applicants were in her presence.
24. After her father's death in July 2015, Sarah told her mother that FX and GX had sexually abused her between the ages of six and 12 years old. Sarah later met with her mother, brother and husband where she told them the same thing. Sarah said she believed that the later meeting took place in about September 2015.
25. The evidence of Sarah's mother, brother and husband supported Sarah's evidence in relation to both the timing and content of the disclosures made to each of them. SX described Sarah as being very upset during the meeting with herself, her brother and her husband. The iPad Conversation
26. On 11 October 2015, SX (Sarah's mother) sent GX a text message asking that he and FX come to her house alone. At this time, FX was 32 years old and GX was 28 years old. The three persons had a conversation in the kitchen. Unbeknown to either of the Applicants, SX recorded the conversation on her iPad ("the iPad conversation"). The iPad conversation, edited by agreement between the parties, became Exhibit D (a CD of the audio recording) together with Exhibit E (the transcript of the recording). As will be seen, objection was taken before trial to the tender of the iPad conversation, but the trial Judge ruled that it should be admitted into evidence at the trial of the Applicants. That ruling is not challenged in this Court.
27. During the iPad conversation, SX told the Applicants that she needed their complete honesty. She said that Sarah had revealed that they had each been involved in inappropriate sexual behaviour with her, that she was five years old when it started and 12 when it stopped and that it happened both "here" and in the coastal town.
28. Each of the Applicants said that he did not know what SX was referring to, that he could not recall any such incidents. GX said "If I did maybe accidentally touch, not deliberately". SX told them that Sarah had told her that it was deliberate and that it was "Serious stuff. That's worthy to go to the police with". SX said that Sarah had been finding it hard to deal with having contact with them since her father's illness. FX said he had noticed that every time he came into the room, Sarah would walk away.
29. Each of the Applicants made what the Crown alleged were admissions during the iPad conversation. Each of the admissions made by the Applicants was confined to his own conduct. The iPad conversation including the following (Exhibit E, pages 9-10): GX: Nah, nah, I'm trying to think of ... I can remember one incident. I was in the bedroom of where the corridor was that went to the other half of the house, the left bedroom. I was lying on the floor, I was lying on the floor in my ... I think I was in my room … I don't know what I was doing but I was on the floor. [Sarah's brother] was there [mumbles]. Some reason, I dunno, I was in my room, my I think we were playing hide and seek maybe. Maybe. I dunno but I was in my room. Because the light was off. I remember the light was off. … And [Sarah] come in, and I dunno why she would've come in, to that room, and I was lying on the floor on the other side of the bed and she lyed beside me and I didn't think of anything because I think we were playing a game of hide and seek or something like that (inaudible). But she rolled over onto me and I said she can't be on top of me because it's not allowed. And then I don't know exactly what happened but we kept playing our, our game as usual, so that's the only, the only incident I can think of right now.
30. A little later, the following was said (Exhibit E, pages 12-13): GX: I remember [the suburb where the Applicants lived] … The stairs pantry that room from the garage …. We kept our shopping or something in there. I can't remember what we fucking kept in there. But we did kiss in there that I can remember, but not like a, talking like a peck on the lips like. FX: I think there was, there was, I think there was instances [SX]. SX: What instances are we talking about. GX: Just say it because fucking it's going to go to the Police or it's gonna go. SX: Tell me. FX: Aunty [SX] there were instances that I am recalling now. SX: Right. FX: And I'm not, it wasn't what I thought but it's coming to my mind now that there was instances. SX: Mmm FX: Ermm…. Where there was yes, there was inappropriate behaviour. SX: Mmm FX: And when I think about it and I think about how stupid that was back at the age of whatever age I was, when I think back now and how stupid that was, and how that's affected someone's life I feel sick to my stomach. SX: Well tell me more about these instances. Where did this happen? … GX: Whatever it is we'll sort it out, whatever it is. FX: Majority of the time I think. On the farm. At [the Applicants' home]. SX: Right and you were the instigator. Obviously. FX. Yes. SX: Mmm. And you asked [Sarah] to do things that were beyond what a cousin would ask another cousin to do. FX: Yes and I'm, this is. This is something that is making me sick to my stomach just thinking about it because I can't understand why I would do that. SX: And it happened many times. FX: More than once. SX: It happened many times. FX: Okay yes many times.
31. Soon after, the following was said (Exhibit E, page 14): SX: What did you encourage her to do? When you were alone with her. And you need to be honest. FX: Yes I'm being honest. SX: And I need your total honesty not just this much. FX: No, no total honesty, there might have been times when I've asked her to touch me basically where it's extremely inappropriate.
32. A little later, the conversation including the following (Exhibit E, page 17): SX: No don't say yes ok. Did that happen? No, just answer that. Did that happen inappropriate sexual behaviour? Yes or no? Yes or no. No I'm sorry you're not skirting it anymore, you've been skirting it ever since you got here and you've been here for more than half an hour. You can understand my frustration now when you tell me this much but there is obviously more. Tell me now. Were you, you now I'm talking to you [GX]. Were you part of any inappropriate sexual behaviour with my daughter? The kind of behaviour that doesn't happen between cousins. GX: Yes. Yes. SX: Right so you, [FX] your turn. Were you. What you didn't give me an answer before so now I'm asking you a very direct question, yet again. Were you part of inappropriate sexual behaviour with my daughter? FX: Yes. SX: On more than one occasion? FX: Yes. SX: And you [GX] on more than one occasion? GX: Yes.
33. A little later, FX said (Exhibit E, page 18): FX: Yes there was instances on many occasions when I look back at the time it was inappropriate behaviour. I'm not trying to spin around, I'm agreeing with what you're saying. I don't know what else to say, I'm guilty, yes, I don't want to hurt you anymore and honestly when I look back at me I'm not the same person I was growing up. You can appreciate people change as they get older, we grow, we learn we change right. I've gotten married. Had kids, and so on. My life as a kid growing up I did many silly things.
34. The Applicants said the following things during the balance of the iPad conversation (Exhibit E, pages 19-21): FX: Ok, I'll start again. I'm extremely sorry for the pain and suffering I've caused to your family and to [Sarah, her brother and her husband]. I'm extremely sorry, I don't know how much more, what words to come for what words to say to you. T T To say how sorry I am, for the things that I've done in the past that I think back now, I can't understand why. What possessed me to do things like that. Honestly. … GX: There's no words. FX: There's no excuses. GX: To To explain to decide how sorry I am, to [Sarah], to you, to [Sarah's husband] to [Sarah's brother], to anyone that was affected by this. … GX: I'm deeply truly sorry that, as a young kid exploring with things, that really should never have been exploring. Should never even have been thinking like that. I don't know why. … GX: I feel so sick of myself. I feel so disgusted with myself only, that I'm older now and I know that I got a daughter. I've got a son. And the whole way you look at life now is that. I'd take for anything (inaudible) I can't believe that being a boy for not even realising that it's not games. It's not fucking … It should've been stopped the very first, the very first …. FX: It shouldn't have ever happened in the first place. GX: That incidence should've just been for. SX Were you two talking about what was happening with [Sarah]? FX: No, no. SX: No, I mean at the time. FX: No, no. GX: I didn't even know this and I that's honest, honest truth. I didn't even know that whatever … FX: And likewise, I didn't know that … GX: As I got older, it's something that, as I got older I knew it was wrong. And I didn't want anyone to know, I didn't want, because I knew it was wrong. Doing those things, and I knew that it should never have happened in the very first place. I don't know why it sort of carried on for the, why it happened. But it's something that no one. No one at all. [FX] never knew, my wife, no one, no one I've never spoken to anyone about it and I live everyday now… The Police Investigation
35. On 10 January 2016, Sarah reported the matters to police.
36. On 14 September 2016, Sarah participated in two lawfully intercepted telephone calls - one with each Applicant. The recording of the telephone call with FX became Exhibit B at the trial (the transcript was MFI3). The recording of the telephone call with GX became Exhibit C (the transcript was MFI4). Pretext Call with FX
37. During the pretext call, Sarah called FX and told him that she had been seeing a psychiatrist to help her deal with the sexual abuse he perpetrated upon her and she wanted to talk to him for some closure. He replied "Ok. Yeah". Sarah explained that she found it "weird" that FX abused her for several years and when he stopped, GX started abusing her and then when GX stopped FX started again. She asked if they were "in on it together". FX replied "Ah to be honest. [Sarah] no. Absolutely, like here in my heart did I know that it was happening". Sarah asked if he knew GX was abusing her and he replied "No, I did not know. I did not know, no. I did not know that".
38. FX told Sarah "I am so sorry because I am immensely - it makes me sick to my stomach that I could've done something like that". Sarah cut him off and stated "… If it was a one off situation or maybe a few times, maybe what you're saying would be plausible but you did this to me from when I was what 5, 6 years old until I was fucking 12 going on 13?". FX replied: "This might be hard for you to believe this right. But I have also had psychological issues due to this, OK. And I know it sounds very hard for you to believe but I … I've seen doctors and psychologists myself… OK. And I know it's not … but … my … and honestly I don't know. I've…into a lot about why it would've happened and why I was like that for that period of my life. I don't and I can't explain it. I really can't. It's, it's in the past, I'm not that person any more obviously. But I can honestly say [Sarah] that I have gone through … myself. And obviously, yes, I can understand…as well. But I honestly did not know [GX] was doing something as well, I had no idea. And but I don't want it to affect the rest of your life and I don't want it to affect the rest of my life."
39. FX told Sarah he wanted "all of us to move on". FX said that his depression started after he began abusing her. When Sarah asked if FX was depressed because he sexually abused her he answered "Yes, I was, I was immensely depressed…". FX told Sarah "looking back at it I wish I … noticed what was happening and stopped it straight away. Like I wouldn't allow anything like that to happen to my niece, my sons, I've got kids and a family".
40. Sarah asked FX if he recalled how everything started, but FX did not reply. Sarah told him "It was my brother's birthday and I was sitting on the couch watching TV by myself in the dining room in [address]". Later in that response, Sarah said "then you started touching me". FX replied that he did not remember that and said "it makes me sick to my stomach to think that I would do such a thing. I'm not that person anymore".
41. Sarah told FX "it happened so many times …" and "… And every time I was there you abused me" and "not even just one occasion, every time, it would be like three times in one visit". FX repeated he "feel[s] sick".
42. FX asked if Sarah had spoken to anyone else other than him, and she replied "No".
43. FX said that he had told his parents. Sarah said she had not spoken to his parents about this.
44. Sarah commented that FX was saying he did not remember to which FX replied "[Sarah] I didn't say I didn't remember. I said that I'm not that person any more. And I was naïve and a stupid idiot OK and I don't know what possessed me to do the things I did". FX later stated "I understand that it was … wrong. And I'm telling you that I didn't know that at the time. In my mind I was … I don't know why I was doing those things. I honestly don't know [Sarah]. I was a kid. As far as I can remember I was a naïve ignorant kid. I wasn't taught much".
45. Sarah said "That point of you saying that you weren't taught much as a kid, you think that partly excuses what you did?". FX replied "It doesn't. It does nothing to excuse what I did. I'm not saying, I'm not trying to come up with excuses. Don't get me wrong. What I did was absolutely wrong. And disgusting. There is no excuse. I'm telling you that there is no excuse and if I had, if I had to go back in time knowing what I know, now, I would not have even - that stuff would not have happened. Honestly, I'm not that person".
46. FX told Sarah that his wife knew and it had ruined his life. Sarah said "Does she [his wife] know that you were 21 when you last sexually abused me?" and FX replied "She knows what I am today, [Sarah]".
47. Sarah asked how his parents reacted "when you told them that you sexually abused me?" and FX replied "They weren't … the same, they were all the same. Because … disgusted in not … telling them. And they could hear the sincerity in my voice that the grief, how sorry I was and how disgusted I was in myself. Because I was crying my eyes out. I was extremely sick to my stomach telling them all of this. OK. I was … saddened with myself. And they were disgusted and … happened".
48. FX said "I'm so sorry. I'm so sorry" and "I'm disgusted in the way I acted and I'm extremely sorry".
49. Sarah told FX she thought at age nine she was pregnant because she did not know what sexual intercourse was and she thought what FX was doing to her was sexual intercourse and she might be pregnant because of it. She told FX that when she asked him when they were younger if she could be pregnant he laughed at her. FX replied "I don't know what was wrong with me". Pretext Call with GX
50. On the same day, Sarah called GX and told him she would like to speak to him about his sexual abuse of her. He replied "ah hmm". Sarah asked if he and FX were in on it together. GX said "no". Sarah said that he and FX took it in turns.
51. GX told Sarah he spoke to her mother (SX). Sarah said she did not know about that. GX said "Yeah apparently she called us over and we, we spoke to your mum and I didn't say anything too much because obviously your mum doesn't know the full story".
52. GX told Sarah that "it started" when he was "laying down on the floor and you [Sarah] were massaging my back or rubbing my back or something and you kissed me first". Sarah replied "really, fuck, really [GX], really … because you know what I remember, I remember you were in your room laying down on your bed and you called me and you pulled me by my arm to climb on top of you and then you moved my hips back and forth over your crotch. And I was 10, I was, or just about to turn 10, I think it was 2002 when you did that or maybe it was 2001" and then "But it was some time around then. And you made me move back and forth, I did not fucking instigate that".
53. GX told Sarah he would go on a lie detector. Sarah told him he took advantage of her and he replied "not necessarily". GX asked Sarah "how is it that two brothers didn't even know at all what was going on?". Sarah said that that was not for her to answer and GX asked "what do you want from me?".
54. GX told Sarah his wife knew. They discussed briefly that GX told Sarah's mother that they wanted to apologise to her, but Sarah's mother would not let them. GX said when he met with Sarah's mother "we were crying" and "we wanted to say sorry".
55. GX told Sarah that he "might have been older like physically … but mentally I would have [been] a whole lot younger than you. A whole lot so if anyone knew what was right or wrong it would have been you that would have known what was right and wrong". Sarah said "… it doesn't even matter that if, if you're mentally immature in comparison to me, kids don't do that to each other. And the fact that you were a few years older than me when this all started just make it all the more worse" and GX replied "Mmm".
56. Later in the call GX said "You're accusing me as if I'm like fucking 30 now doing it now". Sarah asked if it "doesn't mean anything if you're 15 and I'm 10" and GX replied "No I'm just saying the way, you're, you're, you're making it out to be as if I'm fucken doing it now".
57. GX told Sarah she should feel guilty as well and that she was blaming him. Other Evidence in the Crown Case
58. A female family friend gave brief evidence relevant only to Count 12 (a charge against GX).
59. Detective Senior Constable Russell Williams was the officer-in-charge of the investigation. He gave evidence about the circumstances in which Sarah participated in recorded telephone conversations with each Applicant (the pretext calls) on 14 September 2016.
60. The Applicants were arrested on 18 December 2016 and taken to a police station where police lawfully recorded a conversation between them that took place while they were in a custody cell together. The recording and transcript of that conversation were admitted, without objection, as Exhibits F and G respectively.
61. In the first clip of the recording, GX is recorded saying "history's happened you can't change it…".
62. Within the second clip of the recording, GX stated to FX "you know what, the strange thing is, I didn't know about you, you didn't know about me. And we've alleged to have done it, fucken together".
63. FX and GX became aware in the third clip that the iPad conversation with Sarah's mother was recorded. GX commented "I didn't think you were allowed to be recorded unless you were made aware of it, basically saying you were twenty then stopped and I was like fourteen".
64. In the fourth clip, GX said: "If they do charge us. Will they charge according to ... like l was a still minor, I was still a kid. You have to remember it's only her side. It's not our side. (inaudible) … Haven't established anything as it happened it's only her word .... We've had family problems, it could just be revenge. Out of fucking envy like out of spite. It's not how it happened probably. [Sarah]'s the one that always fucked off ... they have to do their job, the truth will come out and we can put it all behind us, if she's not careful she will shoot herself and she will be the one get locked up".
65. FX and GX discussed the iPad conversation, stating that it was taken around 12 months before and they only have Sarah's side of the story. An uncle spoke to FX and GX and commented "surely youse weren't doing anything if she was five other than fucking around" and GX replied "That's what I'm saying is that, there's things that don't make sense to the questions, because, they haven't put them in you know what l mean, she ... so there's no doubt in my mind, she didn't like that, she kissed me first ... that she instigated… I'm not saying anything, just saying that". GX commented that they were kids experimenting and Sarah kissed him first. He went on to say "The only reason it looks bad is we were older… my mental…mentally I was probably the same age as her. They people that know me…".
66. FX, GX and their uncle discussed speaking to their solicitor and not answering any of the police questions (Clip 8, page 4).

Evidence in the Defence Cases

1. Each of the Applicants gave evidence at the trial, with GX giving evidence first. Evidence of GX
2. GX gave evidence-in-chief that he was born in August 1987. He was 30 years old when he gave evidence in June 2018.
3. GX said that he thought he was going to his aunt's (SX) house on 11 October 2015 because there were disputes between his other aunties and SX. He said that during the conversation, SX appeared "on edge" whereas she was normally "very placid, very kind, well mannered".
4. In relation to an incident described in the iPad conversation (see [43] above), GX gave evidence that the incident did not take place as he described and that he gave the description found there "because [SX] didn't want to hear that her daughter came to me. So I was trying to make something sort of believable to [SX] to try and calm her down". GX said that what happened was that he was in his room on the floor playing with collectable motorbikes, Sarah came in, grabbed one and rolled it on his back and he told her "it can't happen".
5. GX said there was a further incident at the family home where Sarah pecked him on the lips as they unloaded shopping in the pantry. He said "as soon as it happened, I put a stop".
6. GX said that during the iPad conversation, he was scared because he had been threatened by SX. He explained a statement made by him in the iPad conversation saying that he was trying to tell SX in a respectful way that her daughter was "coming to me, not the other way around".
7. GX said with respect to the iPad conversation "I was trying to make something sort of believable to [SX] to try to calm her down" (T275).
8. When he said "I should have known better", he explained that he said this because everyone in his family knew he could not read and write properly, and that his IQ was a lot lower than that of Sarah.
9. In relation to a further statement made by him in the iPad conversation, GX said "I'm trying to calm her down when I say, "No, no, no" because "obviously, she's got an image in her head. And I don't want to lie to my aunty, so when I say that she touched me I'm referring to the massage or when she was touching my back. So, yeah, trying to be honest with my aunty".
10. When asked why he had said he was "truly, truly sorry" and asked SX to convey that to Sarah, GX said that he had been threatened with going to the police, media and losing his family and was scared that he had admitted to something that he hadn't done. He said that he did so hopeful that Sarah would decide to go about it another way.
11. GX said that there was an occasion when he attended the home of a family friend for a pizza party. He could not recall whether his cousins (Sarah and her brother) were present. He denied having abused Sarah (at the residence of the family friend) as she had described.
12. GX agreed that there was a pop-up caravan on the property at the coastal town, but denied that he abused Sarah in it. He said that they would not have visited them at the coastal town any more than three times after they moved there. GX was asked, in examination-in-chief, to describe FX's penis.
13. In cross-examination by the Crown, GX said that he did not know how old he was when Sarah rubbed his back with a toy motorcycle and kissed him at the family home. He said he could have been younger than 15 and said that he guessed he was between eight and 10 years old. He agreed that Sarah would have then been between three and five years old. Of the incident he had described that had taken place in the pantry at the family home, he said he guessed he was probably 10 years old. He agreed that at that time Sarah would have been five years of age.
14. GX agreed that during the iPad conversation he told SX that the only incident he could think of was an occasion when he and Sarah were in his room playing hide and seek and she rolled on top of him and he told her that she "couldn't be on top of him because it wasn't allowed". Of that passage, he said at trial "I was telling bits of the truth". He said that when Sarah had come into his room, they were not playing hide and seek - rather he was playing with his motorbikes. He agreed that the reference to Sarah lying on him was made up.
15. It was suggested to him by the Crown that he lied to SX. He answered "Not, not completely but a little bit". GX denied that he made up that incident because he had been caught out by SX or that he "was making up his evidence today". He was then asked (at T295.26): "Q. Is it your evidence that you said it to make her feel better? A. Yes. Q. To get her off your case? A. No. Q. Just to make her feel better? A. To try and calm her down."
16. GX said that he remained at SX's home and answered her questions "Out of respect". He said that he did not leave because it was coming out in the open and he thought "Well, the truth has to come out". The truth, he said, was that Sarah had kissed him. He later said that all the doors in the house were deadlocked. He said that he did not ask his aunt to open them "out of respect".
17. A little later, the Crown asked GX (T296): "Q. Well you weren't forced to remain at her house were you? A. Out of respect. Q. You weren't forced to answer questions? A. Out of respect."
18. During cross-examination, GX was asked about the iPad conversation (T299): "Q. What do you mean? What did you mean? A. I thought that's what [SX] wanted to hear. Q. So you only said that because you thought that's what your aunt wanted to hear? A. Trying to calm her down. Q. So just to be crystal clear, she's levelling serious sexual inappropriate conduct by you on a child, and you're answering to keep her happy. Is that your evidence? A. Yes. Q. Isn't the reason why you're giving a little bit of information is you're trying to stop her from going to the police because you know you're guilty? A. No. No. Q. So you feed her out just a little bit of information in the hope that that will calm her down and that information is true? A. I haven't denied what happened but when I say probably other occasions or whatever that line was-- Q. 'A couple more', it was? A. Couple more, that's because she's telling me that it happened multiple times and all she wanted to hear was that it happened multiple times so I just said, 'Okay'."
19. Later in cross-examination, GX was asked about the iPad conversation (T307-308): "Q. Now, we heard you crying at one stage. In fact, it might have been described as sobbing, do you agree with that? A. Yes. Q. It was then, I suggest, that you were crying like that because you were guilty and you got caught-out by your aunt? A. No, no. Q. That's why you made a heartfelt apology to your aunt, because the act was up and you had been exposed? A. I was terrified but I was scared. Q. So, you're crying because you were scared, is that what you're saying? A. And terrified. Q. And terrified? A. Yes. Q. Is that your evidence? A. (No verbal reply) Q. Weren't you crying when you were making your apology? A. I, I believe so, but that's because I had been threatened and I had just realised that I'd admitted to something that wasn't true. Q. See, isn't it the case that you did sexually abuse [Sarah] in the manner that she's described to the jury? A. No. Q. That's why you were crying-- A. No. Q. --because you were guilty? A. No. Q. You thought it was in the privacy of the home with [SX], no one will find out except [SX]? A. No. Q. That's why you made some admissions? A. I made admissions to what happened? Q. You made some admissions, you agree with that, didn't you? A. I've - yeah I haven't denied, I've admitted to some, but not to what the - has been described."
20. Near the end of the cross-examination by the Crown, GX was asked if he was saying that at the ages of 15 to 17 he did not know that behaving sexually inappropriately with a child was wrong, and he replied "No, I'm saying at 15 and 16, yes, more than likely, I would have known that it's wrong. But I'm trying to say that I put a stop to it when it first happened" (T308).
21. It was put to him that he continued to say on the recording "and I knew that it should never have happened in the very first place. I don't know why it sort of carried on for". When asked if it carried on as he stated he said "I don't know why it carried on because I'm not the one that instigated it. I don't know why [Sarah] c[a]me back for a second time". GX denied that it carried on more than two times (T308). GX agreed he said to SX in the recording "Yes, yes" when asked if he was part of sexually inappropriate behaviour with Sarah, "the kind of behaviour that doesn't happen between cousins" (T309). Evidence of FX
22. FX gave evidence after GX. FX said that he was born in October 1983. He was 34 years old when he gave evidence at the trial in June 2018. He said that during the iPad conversation, SX was mostly calm but at some points she was quite erratic - yelling and slamming her hand on the table which was out of character for her. When asked why he made admissions of sexual misconduct with Sarah, he said he had been threatened. FX said he felt scared and trapped, but did not leave because "She was our aunty. We had the utmost respect for her even as kids growing up. We always respected our, our aunty and felt we needed to be there to resolve the issue".
23. In relation to a statement made in the iPad conversation, FX said he was getting pressured from SX and at the same time his brother was telling him "We need to say something otherwise she will not let up or let them leave".
24. FX said that he could remember a couple of occasions of inappropriate behaviour. There was an occasion at the family home where Sarah touched him on his crotch on the outside of his clothing. He said "At the time, I didn't think much of it and pushed her hand away. Probably not quick enough pushing her hand away as I should have".
25. In later cross-examination by the Crown, FX said that he estimated that he was 14 or 15 years old at the time of this incident, and that Sarah was five or six years of age.
26. There was one other occasion that FX said that he remembered. Sarah came into her father's office at the family home and sat on his lap as they watched Sarah's brother play a computer game. Sarah moved her hand behind his lap and touched his crotch. FX pushed her hand away. In later cross-examination, FX said that he was "maybe 17 years old" at the time of this incident and said that Sarah was "grabbing" his penis. There were a few other times when he and others would be watching a movie and Sarah gave him a "peck on the lips". FX said he did not think anything of it at the time.
27. FX was asked about part of the iPad conversation (see [45] above) in which he said, amongst other things, "No, no, total honesty, there might have been more times when I've asked her to touch me basically where it's extremely inappropriate". FX gave the following response (T323): "I was trying to agree with [SX] because she was accusing herself. And she wasn't going to allow us to say that it was her daughter's fault or anything, like, of the kind. She, she clearly believed what she had been told and we had to admit that it was our fault, felt like we had to."
28. In cross-examination by the Crown, FX agreed that his evidence was that he made admissions during the iPad conversation out of respect for his aunty. A significant issue in the appeal concerns the cross-examination of FX by the Crown concerning what were said to be similarities between the evidence of GX and FX. FX was asked by the Crown (T339-340) (emphasis added): "Q. You told us yesterday that you made admissions to [SX] because you felt threatened regarding your family and the police and the like? A. Yes. Q. You told us you made admissions out of respect to your aunty, is that right? A. Yes. Q. Is that your evidence? A. Yes. Q. You heard your brother say that as well didn't you? A. Yes. Q. Do you think it's a bit of a coincidence that you're both there admitting to child molestation and you're both saying that you're doing that as respect to your aunt? A. Sorry, can you repeat what the question was? Q. Do you think that it's a bit of a coincidence that both of you make admissions to doing inappropriate things with [Sarah], sexually inappropriate things with [Sarah], and you both say, 'I said that out of respect for my aunt'? A. No, not a coincidence. Q. You don't think that is a bit of a ring of you copying him or him copying you as to the reason why? A. No. Q. Are you seriously asking this jury to accept that you would admit to child interference or child molestation out of respect for the aunt, is that your evidence? A. Can you repeat the question, I don't understand what your question is? Q. You admitted to be sexually inappropriate with [Sarah]? A. Yes. Q. On many occasions? A. Yes. Q. That's what you said? A. Yes. Q. You're telling us now that's not the case, isn't it? A. Correct. Q. You're saying there's only these two incidents that were her fault? A. Yes. Q. And these pecks and they are her fault? A. Yes. Q. So you admitted to [SX] that you had done these things on many, many occasions, your word, many, many occasions? A. Yes. Q. And you did that and you say that's a lie, is that right? A. Yes. Q. So you told a lie about molesting a child out of respect for your aunt, is that your evidence? A. Yes, I had - I felt like I had no choice but to admit. Q. I'm not asking you about the choice at this stage, I'm asking you about why you said it to your aunt because you respect your elder, is that why? A. Correct, yes. Q. It's respectful to lie to your aunt, is that correct? A. Sorry, say that again? Q. Is it respectful to lie to your aunt? A. No. Q. You agree you told lies in the recorded interview with her? A. Yes."
29. FX denied that he was copying evidence he had heard GX give to explain why he had made admissions during the same conversation. The Crown had not cross-examined GX by suggesting that GX and FX were copying each other in their explanations for things said in the iPad conversation. Nor was there any application for GX to be recalled to the witness box to allow any propositions to be put to him by the Crown before the evidence concluded and closing addresses commenced. I will return to this issue when considering Grounds 5 and 6.
30. FX agreed that, in the iPad conversation, he admitted to being sexually inappropriate with Sarah on many occasions and that his evidence was that those admissions were a lie. FX agreed that his evidence was that he lied to his aunt about molesting a child out of respect for SX. He said that he felt that he had no choice but to admit it.
31. FX agreed that his evidence was that he admitted to being sexually inappropriate with Sarah on many occasions and apologised profusely, and that it was all a lie to get out of the room and pacify his aunt, to calm her down.
32. FX agreed that he had heard GX say that he was doing the same - lying to pacify his aunt and calm her down. FX agreed that at the time of the iPad conversation he was 32 years old, married with children and had worked since he left school.
33. On the way home from SX's home, after the iPad conversation, FX said he and GX called their mother and told her that they had been accused of sexual behaviour with Sarah.
34. FX gave evidence that he made admissions in the telephone call he received from Sarah on 14 September 2016 (the pretext call, Exhibit B) because he had been living with anxiety since leaving SX's house and it had a flow-on effect.
35. FX said that he had not, as he told Sarah, had psychological issues related to his abuse of her for which he received treatment. Rather, he used a previous life experience unrelated to Sarah to try and defuse the situation. He said that during the call, his wife was telling him to say sorry and try and get Sarah off the phone.
36. During cross-examination, FX was asked (T343-4) (emphasis added): "Q. You see, this idea now that you've somehow lied in this document or in this recording, that's the version that you've made up for the jury now to cover for all the admissions you made? A. No. Q. You've rehearsed and practised what you're going to say in the witness box haven't you? A. No. Q. Whereas you didn't even know this was being recorded, did you? A. I didn't know it was recorded, no. Q. This was a private conversation, wasn't it, between you and your aunt? A. Yes. Q. A bit like what happened with you and [Sarah], it was in private, wasn't it, nobody knew? A. Nothing ever happened, nothing ever happened. Q. Nobody knew about that and you didn't know that this was going to be used did you? A. Nothing ever happened. Q. That's why you said, you thought if you apologise to her privately it would all just go away? A. No."
37. Although the Crown put to FX that he had "rehearsed and practised" what he was going to say in evidence, this proposition was not put to GX when he gave evidence.
38. Soon after, FX was asked (T344-345) (emphasis added): "Q. During a conversation that lasted an hour and a half, you agreed to being sexually inappropriate on many, many occasions, you apologise profusely, and that was all a lie? A. Yes. Q. It was all a lie just to get out of the room and to pacify your aunt? A. Correct. Q. To calm her down? A. Yes. Q. Is that right? A. Yes. Q. That's what [GX] says he was doing, calming her down, it's the same, isn't it? A. Yes. Q. It's the same, he said he lied as well just to pacify his aunt, to calm her down? A. Yes. Q. Your story and [GX's] story is exactly the same for what happened when you made your admissions on that iPad isn't it? A. Not exactly the same. Q. Well no, what you say she did, touched your penis twice, is a bit different to what [GX's] says? A. Yes. Q. The story that you're telling us today is slightly different to what [GX] says but you agree that you were seeking her forgiveness weren't you? A. Yes. Q. Extremely sorry for the pain and suffering? A. Yes. Q. That was all a lie? A. Yes. Q. Tell me this Mr [X], why would the jury believe the version that you're telling us now in the witness box and not the version in the iPad? A. Because there were being - there was threats made to us, to me. Q. Threats that she might go to the police? A. She would go to the police if she didn't get the answers she wanted to hear. Q. But if you hadn't done anything wrong what was the problem with her going to the police? A. In that moment that's what we were - that's what I was thinking about. I was worried, going to lose my family. I was going - she was going to go to the police if we didn't tell her what she wanted to hear, what she thought, she believed. Q. And you were both in absolute unison on that, weren't you? You're both thinking exactly alike -- A. Yeah. Q. -- you and your brother? A. I don't know what he was thinking. I can't comment for what he was thinking at the time. Q. Well, you heard his evidence yesterday. You heard what he said. A. Yes. Yes. Q. And your evidence is exactly the same, isn't it? A. Similar."
39. In cross-examination (T351-352), FX was taken to a portion of the call in which he had said "I am so sorry, because I am immensely - it makes me sick to my stomach that I could have done something like that". FX agreed that Sarah didn't overbear his will or threaten him. He agreed that he said "I didn't say I didn't remember. I said that I'm not that person any more" and "I was naïve and stupid idiot, and I don't know what possessed me to do the things I did", but gave evidence that he said these things because he was trying to defuse the situation. He did not hang up because it was a flow-on effect from the iPad conversation and he was worried.
40. FX was asked in cross-examination (T353-355): "Q. So you were caught out three times, weren't you? You were caught out with the iPad, you were caught out with the phone call from [Sarah] and you were caught out with the listening device in the cells, weren't you? A. No, no. Q. And on two of those occasions you made admissions to doing things to [Sarah], that's right isn't it? A. Some general admissions, yes. Q. 'I don't know what possessed me to do the things I did.'? A. Yes. Q. You see, you didn't know they were being recorded, you thought they were private, didn't you? A. I didn't know they were recorded, no. Q. So you thought they were private conversations, didn't you? A. Yes. Q. And that's why you admitted them to get her off your back? A. No. … Q. Then you go on at 8 to say, 'It doesn't - it does nothing to excuse what I did. I'm not saying - I'm not trying to come up with excuses, don't get me wrong. What I did was absolutely wrong and disgusting.' A. Yes. Q. 'There was no excuse, I'm telling you there's no excuse and if I had - if I had to go back in time, knowing what I know now, I would not have even - that stuff would not have happened. Honestly, I'm not that, um, person.' That's what you said, didn't you? A. Yes. Q. And you said that because you were trying to excuse your conduct, you were trying to excuse your conduct? A. No. Q. Then over the page at 9. 'Everybody makes mistakes, because I've made huge mistakes in my life.' And then page 10, about halfway down, 'They weren't…the same, they were all the same because…disgusted in not…telling them and they could hear the sincerity in my voice that the grief, how sorry I was and how disgusted I was in myself'. This is when you were telling your family, is it, you're relaying to her when you told your family? A. Yes. Q. 'Because I was crying my eyes out, I was extremely sick to my stomach telling them all of this.' So why were you sick to your stomach if you were simply telling your family that [Sarah] touched you twice? A. Because it's - it's - it didn't happen. Q. This is another lie, is it, this passage? A. No. I told my parents and the fact that I felt disgusted with myself is because I - how could I have even let this happen. Q. What, those two minor incidents? A. Yes, and how could it be construed into something else. Q. So you were crying your eyes out for yourself, were you, when you told your family? A. No, I was crying my eyes out because I was worried and terrified and scared. Q. You said, 'Okay, I was saddened with myself and they were disgusted'? A. Yes. Q. Then you go on to say a bit further down the page, '[Sarah] I'm trying to say it to you. I'm disgusted in the way I've acted and I'm extremely sorry. I understand what you're saying, I've - [Sarah] I'm not making excuses for myself and I'm extremely sorry'. See, isn't that your attempt to try and get [Sarah] to drop the issue and move on? That's your attempt, isn't it? That's why you're apologising? A. Yes, I'm trying to diffuse [sic] the situation and end the conversation." Other Evidence in Defence Cases
41. The Applicants each relied on evidence from their first cousins. Each gave evidence that they spent time with the Applicants when they were young and nothing of a sexual nature had occurred when they were alone together with FX or GX.
42. Evidence was given by the Applicants' mother, XX, regarding operations FX had had on his penis and its appearance. From about September 1997, the Applicants' family had installed a partition to separate the two parts of the duplex in the family home from which time XX occupied a bedroom in the main house near those of the Applicants and that, between 2 October 2002 and 2006, there were three or four times "max" that Sarah and her parents and brother had stayed on their farm in the coastal town. From late May 2004, the cabin on their coastal property was occupied by tenants. XX said that there was no television in the pop-up caravan on the property. XX said that she had spoken to both of the Applicants together on loudspeaker after their conversation with Sarah's mother and after they came home she asked them whether there had been any inappropriate behaviour and they said "No".
43. In cross-examination by the Crown, the Applicants' mother said that her sons told her that SX had threatened them and that "They had to agree to something otherwise she wouldn't let them out of the house". XX said that each of the Applicants had told her they confessed to sexually inappropriate behaviour with Sarah. XX asked them what that included. When asked what they said in response, XX stated (T369): "My younger one said that she had gone up and kissed him a couple of times. My older one said that she had sat on his legs once and then she conveniently put her hands under - under her bum and started to grab him, or his genitals, and another time they we replaying [sic] Indian wrestling and then she just grabbed his genitals."
44. Further parts of the transcript and the summing up will be referred to when considering the grounds of appeal.

Hearing in the Court of Criminal Appeal

1. It is appropriate to say something concerning the manner in which the hearing in this Court unfolded on 19 February 2020.
2. Until the day of the hearing in this Court, the Applicants were represented by Mr Lange of counsel who furnished a single set of written submissions dated 30 August 2019 on behalf of his clients.
3. At the commencement of the hearing in this Court, Mr Odgers SC announced his appearance for GX with Mr Lange continuing to appear for FX. Both were instructed by the same solicitor who had instructed different counsel at the sentencing proceedings concerning FX and GX but not at their trial. No written submissions had been furnished to the Court by Mr Odgers SC.
4. The Crown later informed the Court that the Crown was unaware that there was to be a separate appearance for GX before Mr Odgers SC announced his appearance at the commencement of the hearing (T35, 19 February 2020).
5. Mr Odgers SC informed the Court that he had been briefed some two weeks prior to the hearing and that he understood that his instructing solicitor had informed the Court that there would be a separate appearance by him for GX at the hearing. No communication had been made with the Court to this effect, and certainly the Judges who constituted the Court had no prior knowledge that there was to be separate representation for GX.
6. The hearing proceeded upon the basis that Mr Odgers SC adopted Mr Lange's written submissions with him addressing the Court in support of the grounds of appeal filed on behalf of each of the Applicants.
7. Mr Lange addressed the Court first. At one point in his submissions, Mr Lange sought leave to add a further ground of appeal. This course was opposed by the Crown and the Court declined to allow the addition of a further ground of appeal (T19, 19 February 2020).
8. When Mr Odgers SC addressed the Court, the Court formed the view that he was advancing submissions which appeared to address a ground of appeal which had not been filed. As a result, submissions were heard as to whether GX should have leave to rely upon an additional ground of appeal, a course opposed by the Crown which the Court declined to allow for reasons expressed in the transcript of the hearing (T34-36, 19 February 2020).
9. As a matter of procedure, it is important that where there is to be separate representation of an applicant who has previously been represented jointly with another applicant, the Court should be informed promptly of this development. A written submission ought be provided by the new counsel which confirms that reliance is to be placed upon the existing grounds of appeal and the submissions already made by counsel for the Applicants, accompanied by any short additional written submissions which are intended to be made. Such additional written submissions should be provided to the Crown in advance of the hearing, and at the earliest opportunity, so that the Crown is aware that separate counsel is to appear for an applicant previously represented jointly by other counsel and that further submissions are to be made for that applicant.
10. The way in which these matters unfolded at the hearing gave rise to practical difficulties which can be traced back to what was, in effect, the surprise appearance of Senior Counsel for GX previously not communicated to the Crown or the Court, and without any confirmation in writing of adherence to existing grounds and submissions, let alone provision of written submissions containing additional arguments to be advanced to the Court.
11. This Court operates upon the basis that each counsel who is to appear at the hearing of an appeal (especially a conviction appeal) is identified with written submissions being furnished by that counsel to the Crown and the Court in a timely fashion in advance of the hearing.
12. What occurred in these appeals should not be repeated in other proceedings.

Ground 1 - A Miscarriage Arose as a Result of Joinder of Counts Pertaining to FX and GX Contrary to the Requirements of s.29 Criminal Procedure Act 1986

Ground 2 - Alternatively, a Miscarriage of Justice Arose as a Result of the Applicants Being Tried Jointly Submissions for the Applicants

1. In written submissions made on behalf of the Applicants, Mr Lange invited the Court to consider these grounds together. It is convenient to adopt that approach.
2. Although no application for separate trials was made in the District Court, Mr Lange submitted that the joinder of counts concerning FX and GX was contrary to the requirements of s.29 Criminal Procedure Act 1986. He submitted that this case was unusual in that the Crown did not allege that each Applicant committed offences against Sarah jointly, but rather that FX and GX had committed offences against the same complainant on entirely different occasions.
3. It was submitted that the joinder of the counts concerning FX and GX should not have occurred as the alleged offences did not constitute "part of a series of offences of the same or a similar character" under s.29(2)(c) Criminal Procedure Act 1986. In this respect, reliance was placed upon the decision in De Jesus v The Queen (1986) 61 ALJR 1 at 9; [1986] HCA 65.
4. Whilst accepting that the offences with which each Applicant was charged formed part of a series, it was submitted that it could not be said that the offences committed by FX and the offences of GX constituted a single series. Instead, it was submitted that there were two series and that the counts relating to FX should not have been joined to those related to GX. It was submitted that, in the absence of consent by the Applicants, s.29(2) precluded the joinder of Counts 11 to 18 to the remaining counts.
5. Mr Lange noted discussions before the commencement of the trial as to whether there would be an application for separate trials. He acknowledged that counsel for the Applicants at the trial informed the Court that he would not be pressing an application for separate trials. Mr Lange submitted that the decision not to pursue a separate trial application, or to consent to the joinder of the counts (if that was what occurred), rested upon the view of trial counsel concerning the admissibility of recordings of conversations including the iPad conversation, the pretext conversations between Sarah and each of the Applicants and the recording of the conversation between the Applicants whilst they were in police custody.
6. Mr Lange submitted that the failure of counsel for the Applicants to object to their being tried on a joint indictment did not stand in the way of the first ground of appeal: De Jesus v The Queen at 3.
7. Mr Lange submitted that the Applicants had not consented to joinder for the purpose of s.29(2)(a) Criminal Procedure Act 1986. He submitted that what occurred in the District Court in this case ought be characterised as acquiescence, and not consent to joinder, with this distinction (it was submitted) being important to the proper construction and application of s.29(2).
8. Reliance was placed upon R v Halmi (2005) 62 NSWLR 263; [2005] NSWCCA 2 at [43]-[46]. It was submitted that what the law requires is actual consent, and that submission or acquiescence will not be enough: Young, "The Law of Consent", Law Book Company Limited, 1986, page 5. Mr Lange relied upon R v Sepulveda [2003] NSWCCA 131 at [33] in support of a submission that s.29(2)(a) requires express consent and that unexpressed consent will not suffice.
9. With respect to the alternative complaint in Ground 2, Mr Lange submitted that Sarah's credibility would have been significantly enhanced by the joinder because it would have been, practically speaking, impossible for the jury to limit its consideration of Sarah's allegations in respect of one of the Applicants to the evidence properly admissible against him alone. Reliance was placed upon the judgment of R S Hulme J in R v Pham [2004] NSWCCA 190 at [8] in support of this proposition.
10. Mr Lange submitted that the matters complained of in Grounds 3 to 6 supported a conclusion that a miscarriage of justice had resulted from the joint trial of the Applicants so that Ground 2 should be upheld upon this basis.
11. Mr Odgers SC adopted the submissions of Mr Lange in support of the first and second grounds of appeal. Crown Submissions
12. The Crown submitted that counsel for the Applicants in the District Court consented to joinder for the purpose of s.29(2)(a) Criminal Procedure Act 1986. It was submitted that what occurred here involved consent and not submission or acquiescence. Counsel for the Applicants took instructions from his clients and what happened thereafter reflected a considered decision to not press an application for separate trials, a decision which constituted consent in the circumstances of the case.
13. By the time that counsel for the Applicants informed the Court that there was to be no application pressed for separate trials, it was clear that rulings had been made allowing the various recordings into evidence which were capable of being treated as admissions by one or other of the Applicants of the offences charged against that Applicant. It was submitted that this supported the view that the Applicants had made a considered decision and had given instructions to their counsel that the trial should proceed as a joint trial.
14. Putting the admissions to one side, the Crown submitted that it was not the case that all of the statements made by GX in the iPad conversation were inadmissible against FX. FX relied upon pressure he claimed was brought to bear on him by SX during the iPad conversation. Although there were bodies of evidence admissible against one Applicant that were not admissible against the other, none of the inadmissible evidence implicated the other Applicant or was otherwise prejudicial to him.
15. The Crown submitted that R v Pham involved very different circumstances from the present case. It was submitted that, in the present case, the nature of the evidence admissible against each of the Applicants was very similar. Aside from the admissions made by each Applicant, which were confined to their own conduct and did not inculpate the other Applicant, the Crown submitted that there was no independent evidence corroborative of Sarah so that the present case was quite different to R v Pham.
16. The Crown relied upon Decision Restricted [2019] NSWCCA 276 at [68] where the Court (Payne JA, Harrison and N Adams JJ) said that R v Pham did not establish an additional or different test to that described in R v Middis (Supreme Court, Hunt J, 27 March 1991, unreported). Further, what R S Hulme J said in R v Pham at [8] did not constitute a statement identifying a separate principle to be applied by a trial Judge. Rather, the decision in R v Pham was highly fact dependent.
17. The Crown submitted that the present case is qualitatively different to R v Pham. It was submitted that the argument for the Applicants that Sarah's credibility was significantly enhanced by the joinder of counts is without foundation. The jury were given a firm direction that they were to treat the case against each Applicant separately and the Court should proceed on the assumption that the jury acted in accordance with those directions: Gilbert v The Queen (2000) 201 CLR 414; [2000] HCA 15 at [31].
18. The Crown submitted that the Applicants' decision to consent to the joinder of counts should be considered in the context of the absence of prejudice occasioned to either of them by the joinder, as well as other common features in the evidence that drew the matters together. Some of the offences charged against each Applicant occurred in the same locations so that evidence about when and where each of the families lived was relevant to both cases. That evidence came from a number of sources, including Sarah and her mother, SX.
19. Both Applicants were confronted at the same time and in the same circumstances during the iPad conversation recorded by SX. Further, the Applicants called their mother after the iPad conversation and together had a conversation with her about it on which they both relied. There were aspects of the evidence where one Applicant relied upon the evidence of the other at trial.
20. The Crown submitted that it is important to observe that, even if the trials of the Applicants had been separated, the iPad conversation would likely have been admitted in the form in which it was admitted in this trial. Representations made by one Applicant could not have been excised without making the conversation unintelligible. Even if the admissions made by one Applicant or some of them were severable, the Crown submitted that it would scarcely have assisted the claims of both Applicants, that they only made admissions because of the pressure brought to bear upon them by SX to have his admissions alone included in a version of the conversation placed before the jury.
21. Examined in that context, the Crown submitted that the Applicants had failed to demonstrate that their decision to consent to the joinder of counts was based upon a misunderstanding by trial counsel as to the correct principles to be applied, as distinct from a forensic decision taken in light of rulings regarding the admissibility of evidence. The Crown pointed to De Jesus v The Queen at page 3 where Gibbs CJ observed that, if counsel had deliberately refrained at the trial from submitting that joinder was impermissible in order to gain some tactical advantage, the position would be different. The Crown observed, in any event, that, unlike the present case, an application for separate trials had been made in De Jesus v The Queen.
22. The Crown submitted that it was not to the point that others might consider the forensic decision made by the Applicants' counsel to be imprudent or that they might now regret it. The decision to consent to the joinder of counts was a rational forensic decision made after the Applicants had been given an opportunity to discuss the issue with their counsel: TKWJ v The Queen (2002) 212 CLR 124; [2002] HCA 46 at [16]-[17].
23. The Crown submitted that neither of the Applicants had demonstrated that a miscarriage of justice had resulted from the joint trial of the Applicants. The Crown made further submissions concerning Grounds 3 to 6 which bear upon the question whether either Applicant has established that a miscarriage of justice resulted from their joint trial. I will refer to submissions made concerning Grounds 3 to 6 later in this judgment.
24. The Crown submitted that the first and second grounds of appeal should be rejected. Sections 21 and 29 Criminal Procedure Act 1986
25. Section 29 Criminal Procedure Act 1986 is the focal point of the first ground of appeal. That section provides as follows: "29 When more than one offence may be heard at the same time (1) A court may hear and determine together proceedings related to 2 or more offences alleged to have been committed by the same accused person in any of the following circumstances - (a) the accused person and the prosecutor consent, (b) the offences arise out of the same set of circumstances, (c) the offences form or are part of a series of offences of the same or a similar character. (2) A court may hear and determine together proceedings related to offences alleged to have been committed by 2 or more accused persons in any of the following circumstances - (a) the accused persons and the prosecutor consent, (b) the offences arise out of the same set of circumstances, (c) the offences form or are part of a series of offences of the same or a similar character. (3) Proceedings related to 2 or more offences or 2 or more accused persons may not be heard together if the court is of the opinion that the matters ought to be heard and determined separately in the interests of justice."
26. It is appropriate to note, as well, the terms of s.21 Criminal Procedure Act 1986: "21 Orders for amendment of indictment, separate trial and postponement of trial (1) If of the opinion that an indictment is defective but, having regard to the merits of the case, can be amended without injustice, the court may make such order for the amendment of the indictment as it thinks necessary to meet the circumstances of the case. (2) If of the opinion - (a) that an accused person may be prejudiced or embarrassed in his or her defence by reason of being charged with more than one offence in the same indictment, or (b) that for any other reason it is desirable to direct that an accused person be tried separately for any one or more offences charged in an indictment, the court may order a separate trial of any count or counts of the indictment. (3) If of the opinion that the postponement of an accused person's trial is expedient as a consequence of it having amended an indictment or ordered a separate trial of a count, the court may make such order as appears necessary. (4) An order under this section may be made either before trial or at any stage during the trial. (5) The following provisions apply if an order is made under this section for a separate trial or for the postponement of a trial - (a) if the order is made during the trial, the court may order that the jury be discharged from giving a verdict - (i) on the count or counts in respect of which the trial is postponed, or (ii) on the indictment, as the case may be, (b) the procedure on the separate trial of a count, and the procedure on the postponed trial, are to be the same in all respects (if the jury has been discharged) as if the trial had not commenced, (c) subject to the Bail Act 2013, the court may commit the accused person to a correctional centre. (6) Any power of the court under this section is in addition to and not in derogation of any other power of the court for the same or similar purposes."
27. Section 21 Criminal Procedure Act 1986 is the successor to s.365 Crimes Act 1900. Section 365 was repealed by the Crimes Legislation Amendment (Sentencing) Act 1999 and relocated (in an amended form) as s.64 Criminal Procedure Act 1986. Section 64 was renumbered as s.21 by the Criminal Procedure Amendment (Justices and Local Courts) Act 2001.
28. Section 29 Criminal Procedure Act 1986 is the successor to s.78A Justices Act 1902. Section 78A was repealed in 2001 and re-enacted (in an amended form) as s.29 Criminal Procedure Act 1986. Whereas s.78A Justices Act 1902 applied to summary hearings only in the Local Court, s.29 lies within Part 3 of Chapter 2 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1986 which is entitled "Criminal proceedings generally" and which Part applies, to the extent it is capable of being applied, to all offences, however arising (whether by statute or at common law), whenever committed and in whatever court dealt with: s.28(1) Criminal Procedure Act 1986.
29. Accordingly, since 2001, ss.21 and 29 Criminal Procedure Act 1986 have been applied when issues of joinder of counts against one accused person and joinder of counts against two or more accused persons arise for consideration in trials on indictment.
30. Decisions of single Judges and of this Court on separate trial applications have addressed both ss.21 and 29: see, for example, R v Qaumi and Ors (No. 3) (Severance and separate trial) [2016] NSWSC 15 at [83]-[97], [121]ff; Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions v Burrows [2017] NSWCCA 105 at [47]-[53].
31. When giving judgment on a separate trial application in R v Darwiche & Ors [2006] NSWSC 929, Bell J (as her Honour then was) referred to a submission concerning the enactment of the previous s.78A Justices Act 1902 as s.29 Criminal Procedure Act 1986. Her Honour said at [116]-[120]: "116 Ms Francis noted that the provisions of s 29 had been previously enacted in s 78A of the Justices Act 1902. In her submission the incorporation of the provision into Pt 3 of the CPA has effected a material change to the law with respect to the joinder of offences on indictment. 117 Section 78A was inserted into the Justices Act by the Justices (Amendment) Act 1987. The reason for its enactment appears to have been in order to overcome the requirement for the consent of one or more defendants, or for related charges against the one defendant, before they might be heard together by a magistrate. When the Bill was read for the second time in the Legislative Assembly the Attorney General said this: The second purpose of the Bill is to insert a new section 78A of the Justices Act to enable summary matters involving one or more defendants, or related charges against one defendant, to be heard together without the consent of the parties when the charges arise out of the same set of circumstances or are, or form part of, a series of offences of the same or a similar character. Provision is made also to enable multiple related matters to be heard together where these criteria are not met but the prosecution and the defence both consent. In all of these circumstances the magistrate hearing the matters will retain a discretion to order that the charges be heard separately if he or she considers it is interests of justice to do so. Under the existing section 78A of the Justices Act charges involving joint defendants or related charges against a single defendant may be heard together only if both parties consent. It is therefore possible for a party to force a separate hearing for each matter merely by withholding consent, even though common sense would suggest that the matters be heard together. The result is a duplication of evidence, gross inconvenience and additional expense to witnesses, and the wasting of valuable court time. By removing the prerequisite of consent the procedure in the Local Courts will be consistent with that adopted by the higher courts. In both the District Court and Supreme Court the judge has a discretion to hear charges at the same time, irrespective of the number of accused persons, and does not rely upon the consent of the accused or the prosecution. (Hansard, Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly, 11 November 1987, p 15833). 118 The Criminal Procedure Amendment (Justices and Local Courts) Act was introduced, together with the Justices Legislation Repeal and Amendment Act and the Crimes (Local Courts Appeal and Review) Act. This parcel of legislation effected a number of substantial changes to the operation of Local Courts. It is not clear that the inclusion of s 29 in Pt 3 of the CPA was intended to effect material change to the law with respect to the joinder of offences on indictment. 119 Section 23 of the Criminal Procedure Act provides inter alia that up to three counts may be inserted in the same indictment against the same person for distinct offences of the same kind committed against the same person. This provision was previously found in s 370 of the Crimes Act. It was considered by the Court of Criminal Appeal in R v Hass [1972] 1 NSWLR 589 (which is not reported on this point). In that case the Court observed: Whilst the Indictment Act 1915 has not in substantial degree been adopted in New South Wales, the common law rule as applied in this State, that any number of counts may be included in the one indictment charging different felonies, was always subject to the power of the court to call upon the Crown Prosecutor to elect upon which counts he would proceed. This is confirmed by s 365(2) of the Crimes Act 1900 [now s 21(2) of the Criminal Procedure Act] … s 365(2) is in similar terms to s 5(3) of the English Indictments Act 1915. … it is upon this background that s 370 [now s 23 of the Criminal Procedure Act] must be read. Its effect is that the Crown may not be put to its election, or a separate trial be ordered, if the indictment contains three charges of distinct offences of the same kind committed against the same person within a period of six months, with the proviso that counts alternative to those preferred may also be included. The Court rejected a contention that the inclusion of five counts in the one indictment was contrary to either the common law or to the provisions of s370 of the Crimes Act. 120 It is not necessary for me to determine what, if any, change to the law relating to the joinder of offences in the indictment has been effected by the introduction of s 29 into Pt 3 of the CPA, since I am satisfied that the offences form or are part of a series of offences of the same or of a similar character. I do not consider the circumstance that the accused Abbas Osman is not charged with each of the offences in the indictment forming part of that series to mean that the provisions of s 29(2)(c) are not met."
32. An unsuccessful appeal under s.5F Criminal Appeal Act 1912 was brought by one accused person against her Honour's refusal to order a separate trial: Osman v R [2006] NSWCCA 196. McClellan CJ at CL (with the concurrence of Latham J and myself) said at [8]-[10]: "8 There are two questions raised in this application. Firstly, in the circumstances of the case to be made against Osman, whether the offences with which he is charged form, or are part of, a series of offences of the same or a similar character within the meaning of s 29(2)(c) of the Criminal Procedure Act 1986. If the answer to the first question is 'yes', the second question raises for consideration whether the 'matters ought to be heard and determined separately in the interests of justice' (s 29(3)). 9 With respect to the question arising under s 29(2)(c) counsel for Osman accepted that the various offences alleged against Adnan Darwiche were part of a series for the purposes of s 29(1)(c) but submitted this was not determinative of the issue in relation to the co-offenders. In counsel's submission the critical issue was whether evidence which was admissible in any of the other counts was admissible against Osman in relation to the counts charged against him. If not, it was submitted that a relevant series of offences could not be identified. Reliance was placed upon the decisions in De Jesus v R (1986) 68 ALR 1; Phillips v The Queen [2006] HCA 4; Regina v Sheikh [2002] NSWCCA 136. 10 To my mind none of the decisions referred to support the construction of s 29(2) contended for by the applicant. In the present case the prospective evidence makes plain that the offences charged on the indictment are intimately related and arise from a series of killings alleged to have taken place as part of a feud between families which has resulted in a number of shootings with fatal consequences. In the ordinary meaning of the words there could be no doubt that the various killings, including the two counts against the applicant, form part of a series of offences of the same or a similar character. The distinction between s 29(1) and 29(2) is not without significance. Section 29(1) is concerned with multiple offences and one offender. Section 29(2) is concerned with both multiple offences and multiple offenders, where the offences are part of a series. This does not raise any expectation that the evidence admissible against one offender must necessarily be admissible against any other offender."
33. Later, McClellan CJ at CL said at [17]: "Having regard to the connection between the events which constitute each charge I am satisfied that her Honour was correct in finding that the requirements of s 29(2)(c) were made out. Although in many cases the evidence against one accused, charged together with another accused, may be admissible against both, and may point to there being a series of offences, this is not an essential precondition."
34. With respect to the "interests of justice" in s.29(3), McClellan CJ at CL said at [22]: "Osman's alleged involvement in two of the series of offences will be the subject of evidence which can be confined to the charges against him by appropriate directions. It is important to bear in mind that the interests of justice involve more than the interests of the accused. As was pointed out in Kray and acknowledged in Sheikh the interests of the Crown, the witnesses and the public must also be considered."
35. The phrase "part of a series of offences [or crimes] of the same or a similar character" now in s.29(2)(c) Criminal Procedure Act 1986 had its origin in the Indictments Act 1915 (UK). The meaning of the word "series" in that context was described by Dixon J as "somewhat vague, but it connotes some connection between the crimes": Packett v The King (1937) 58 CLR 190 at 207; [1937] HCA 53. In Sutton v The Queen (1983-1984) 152 CLR 528; [1984] HCA 5, Brennan J said at 540-541: "If the offences are similar in character, they may constitute a series. 'Series' does not import a clear criterion for determining what charges may be joined in the same information. Perhaps little more can be said about its meaning than Dixon J. said in Packett v. The King (1937) 58 CLR 190, at p 207 , namely, that 'it connotes some connection between the crimes'.
36. In Roach v R (2019) 344 FLR 429; [2019] NSWCCA 160, the Court (Bathurst CJ, Bell P and myself) said at [80]-[82]: "80 Section 29(1) is an important provision designed to promote and facilitate the fair and efficient disposition of criminal justice. It affords the court a broad power to hear and determine related offences. In this regard, as Mr Glissan QC accepted, the expression 'arise out of' in subsection (b) is of particularly broad ambit. It is an expression which is used in other contexts to promote the efficient resolution of related disputes: Francis Travel Marketing Pty Ltd v Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd (1996) 39 NSWLR 160 at 165. 81 Section 29(3) Criminal Procedure Act is also important: 'Proceedings related to 2 or more offences or 2 or more accused persons may not be heard together if the court is of the opinion that the matters ought to be heard and determined separately in the interests of justice.' 82 In the context of s 29(3), this Court has observed that the interests of justice extend beyond the interests of an accused person, with the interests of the Crown, witnesses and the public to be considered as well: Osman v R [2006] NSWCCA 196 at [22]. In a different context, the High Court of Australia has observed that the interests of justice will often pull in different directions, involving consideration of the interests of an appellant (an accused person) as well as the interests of the Crown and the community: Kentwell v The Queen (2014) 252 CLR 601 at 614; [2014] HCA 37 at [32]."
37. The principles in Roach v R were considered recently in Allen v R [2020] NSWCCA 173 where it was noted (at [51]) that no challenge had been made at trial by the single accused to joinder of counts so that there was an implicit acceptance that the counts were properly joined.
38. Although these principles are of assistance in understanding the operation of s.29, the real question in the present case concerns the concept of "consent" in s.29(2)(a) Criminal Procedure Act 1986.
39. The capacity to "consent" to the joint hearing of informations alleging summary offences under s.78A Justices Act 1902 has been considered in a number of decisions: Ex parte Justelius; Re Lucas (1970) 92 WN (NSW) 455; Stevancevic v Milson (1986) Petty Sessions Review 3411 (Finlay J, Supreme Court of NSW, 21 May 1986). Authorities which considered s.78A have not suggested that a particular form or expression of consent was required before informations charging different offences or persons could be heard together.
40. The Criminal Procedure Act 1986 does not specify a procedure whereby consent is to be given for the purpose of the provision. The question for consideration is whether the Applicants gave consent for the purpose of s.29(2)(a) Criminal Procedure Act 1986. Events on 28-30 May 2018
41. It is appropriate now to consider what occurred in these proceedings which culminated in counsel for each Applicant announcing that a separate trial application would not be made. Pretrial applications were made on 28 and 29 May 2018 with the trial commencing before a jury on 30 May 2018.
42. The same counsel appeared for each Applicant at the trial instructed by the same instructing solicitor. As noted earlier, the solicitor instructing counsel for each Applicant before this Court instructed different counsel at the sentencing proceedings but did not represent the Applicants at their trial.
43. At the commencement of proceedings on 28 May 2018, the following discussion took place (T1, 28 May 2018): "CROWN PROSECUTOR: This is a ten day trial involving two accused. It's a historical child sexual assault matter. The Crown have aired one indictment for both accused and there is a separate trial application on foot. HER HONOUR: Do you appear for both? [DEFENCE COUNSEL]: Yes, I do, your Honour. HER HONOUR: No conflict? [DEFENCE COUNSEL]: No. HER HONOUR: That's regardless of separate trial or not? [DEFENCE COUNSEL]: That's correct, your Honour."
44. Her Honour was informed that a pretrial application was to be made for the Applicants seeking exclusion of the iPad conversation of 11 October 2015, the two pretext calls of 14 September 2016 and the conversation between the Applicants in a cell on 18 December 2016.
45. After the Applicants were arraigned, but before the pretrial application commenced, the following was said (T6, 28 May 2018): "HER HONOUR: Well, let's first get to - what is your application on the voir dire, you're applying for a separate trial? [DEFENCE COUNSEL]: No, not at this stage, your Honour. As my learned friend and I agree, with the course she sets out that the determinations on the admissibility of evidence should be done first and then consideration be given to a separate trial."
46. The trial Judge then embarked upon a voir dire with respect to the admissibility of the two pretext calls and the iPad conversation with the objections being founded on ss.84, 85, 90 and 138 Evidence Act 1995. Objection was taken initially to the admissibility of the recorded conversation between the Applicants at the police station on 18 December 2016, but that objection was not pressed.
47. SX gave evidence on the voir dire concerning the iPad conversation (T19-23, 28 May 2018).
48. During the course of the pretrial hearing, the trial Judge asked counsel for the Applicants (T24-25, 28 May 2018): "HER HONOUR: … Like, I would like to deal with all of it now so I could deal with it all tomorrow, that plus a potential of a separate trial so we can be in a position to start or do whatever we're going to do on Wednesday rather than do it in a piecemeal fashion. On the basis, for example, …, that some aspect of [SX's] conversation goes in with the two accused, and on the basis that the pretext calls go in and the cell is going in, a separate trial application is being made is it? [DEFENCE COUNSEL]: Yes, your Honour. I think it will depend on largely the admissibility of the recorded conversation with [SX]. HER HONOUR: I'll give you fair warning, I struggle with 84 and 85 being applicable to [SX], as I probably have expressed during my questioning. So even if the recording was ruled out, and I'm not saying my position on that, but even if she was giving oral evidence, I don't understand how that could not go in. Say if that was to go in, are you then going to make a separate trial application and on what basis? [DEFENCE COUNSEL]: Probably not, but I have to take instructions from my two clients, your Honour. HER HONOUR: Because they're joint, they're together, it makes a joint trial even more a powerful argument for that because they're seated in the kitchen, doing it together, effectively, rather than one conversation where one may admit something and another conversation with a separate accused where they don't admit something and there may be - I'm not saying how strong the argument would be, but there might be an argument to say that they separate because one has made admissions and the other has not. But in that conversation conducted with the aunty and the two accused, they're both making admissions, so it would sort of fit more with a joint trial than a separate trial. [DEFENCE COUNSEL]: Yes, and hence why we need to wait for your Honour's rulings before making that, but I see there's some force in what your Honour says and I think I hold the same view, but I need to speak to my clients."
49. Shortly before the proceedings were adjourned for the day, her Honour said to counsel for the Applicants (T28, 28 May 2015): "HER HONOUR: So they're the two arguments and then we would deal with the - if we get to that stage of the separate trial then as well tomorrow. Is that right? [DEFENCE COUNSEL]: Yes."
50. At the conclusion of submissions on the voir dire on 29 May 2018, the trial Judge enquired of defence counsel (T50, 29 May 2018): "HER HONOUR: Well I'm going to have to make a ruling and give some judgment in relation to these. Where would we go from here? If it was ruled admissible, is there still a separate trial application? [DEFENCE COUNSEL]: Your Honour, I'll have to take those instructions. HER HONOUR: As they come, as it comes? [DEFENCE COUNSEL]: Yes, I have a view but I need to take those instructions from my clients."
51. The Court took the luncheon adjournment and, upon resumption, her Honour delivered an ex tempore judgment admitting into evidence the pretext calls and the iPad conversation between the Applicants and SX. Her Honour's ruling on those issues is not challenged in this Court.
52. The trial Judge had listened to the recording of the iPad conversation. In the course of her judgment admitting the recording, her Honour said (judgment, page 9, 29 May 2018): "Both accused demonstrated they understood the questions and they were fully aware of what each were saying. Both were capable of participating in the conversation on their own terms. The manner of the admissions made also point to my mind a conscious and limited acknowledgement of their involvement. A preparation to give something but not all. This demonstrates to me that the accused were both making conscious choices to maximise the advantage to themselves of the whole matter ending that day in the kitchen. It is relevant, in my view, that the conversation occurred in their aunty's home, when they were together, that no one else was around and no one or thing prevented them from leaving or remaining silent. Consistent with my earlier finding, I do not consider the mother's manner of participation in the conversation or the way that she asked questions amounted to any oppressive conduct. Therefore I am not satisfied that any basis for exclusion under s 85 has been made out."
53. After that judgment was delivered, the Applicants' counsel said to the trial Judge (T51, 29 May 2018): "[DEFENCE COUNSEL]: Your Honour, I've informed the Crown that I will not be pressing an application for separate trials."
54. The trial was adjourned to the next day when a jury was empanelled and the trial commenced.
55. Defence counsel made a short opening address to the jury immediately after the Crown opening. Given the issues raised on appeal, it is appropriate to refer to what was said in the opening. It assists an understanding of trial counsel's instructions concerning the way in which the trial of the Applicants was to be conducted. Counsel for the Applicants said (T87-88, 30 May 2018): "My job is just to raise with you the issues that are in dispute and the issues that are not in dispute, effectively. Can I say that the issues that is in dispute is that the allegations as stated occurred? What the accused will agree to is that something occurred, but it wasn't as is alleged. So, bear that in mind when you listen to what is said to be admissions from the secretly recorded iPad device when the mother of the complainant is speaking to the two accused. Bear that in mind when the two accused are speaking to the complainant over the telephone, not knowing that what they are saying is going to be used against them in a Court of law, and bear that in mind when you listen to the listening device while they were in the cells, and in fact, at one stage, [GX] says, 'She better be careful or she'll end up in trouble as well.' Unguarded comments in the cell. The Crown raised some statements that flowed from the conversation that was had between the complainant's mother and the two accused. The admissions that the Crown raised followed a statement from the complainant's mother, which is this, and it was yelling, you will hear this: 'I don't want to hear denials from you anymore, okay? We've got to get to a point where you tell me, 'Yes, I did it and I did it more than once and I'm guilty. Yes, I did it. I did it more than once and I'm guilty,' and that will be the end of the matter. I will encourage [Sarah] not to go to the police.' You'll hear this. The admissions that are made that the Crown relies on follows a statement from the complainant's mother that 'If you admit it, it ends here.' Bear that in mind when you listen to this particular recording. Also bear that in mind when you listen to the recordings of the telephone calls with each accused. That which is stated by the mother 'If you admit to it, it ends here. If you don't we go to the police.' In circumstances where something did happen or some things did happen when they were younger, perhaps that's what they were admitting to. Keep an open mind, ladies and gentlemen. You've heard 21 counts read to you. If you start from the point of - 'What have they done? Why are they here,' that's the wrong place to start. As her Honour indicated to you, they are presumed innocent. They have a clean slate. You must determine this case based on the evidence which you will hear. Keep an open mind until you hear all of the evidence, and there will be evidence called in the defence case, so please keep an open mind until you hear all the evidence." Decision on Ground 1
56. In my view, the appropriate conclusion is that the rulings of the trial Judge concerning admissibility of evidence led to a forensic decision by each Applicant to consent to a joint trial to assist each of them to best meet the evidence in the trial. The question as to whether a separate trial application was to be made was the subject of discussion with counsel for the Applicants making clear to the Court that it was a matter for instructions. The appropriate conclusion is that the Applicants provided instructions to consent to a joint trial with those instructions taking into account the ruling of the trial Judge and the factors discussed with defence counsel by the trial Judge.
57. There was an opportunity over two days for the Applicants to provide instructions concerning the question of a joint trial. There were overlapping issues as between the Applicants and a strategy whereby the Applicants adopted a common position as illustrated in the defence opening to the jury.
58. There is no evidence before this Court from either Applicant or, for that matter, trial counsel or the solicitor for the Applicants which would support a different conclusion on this aspect.
59. In my view, what occurred in this case constituted consent to a joint trial by each Applicant and the Crown for the purpose of s.29(2)(a) Criminal Procedure Act 1986. A considered decision was made with instructions being taken from each Applicant with respect to a joint trial. I would not characterise what occurred here as being submission or acquiescence on behalf of each Applicant.
60. I do not think that the Applicants are assisted by anything said in R v Sepulveda or R v Halmi. In R v Sepulveda, the Court observed (at [33]) that "in many cases there is unexpressed consent to amendment [to an indictment under s.20 Criminal Procedure Act 1986], although proper practice would ensure that consent is expressed or leave is given". In R v Halmi, Bell J (Simpson and Buddin JJ agreeing) said (concerning consent for the purpose of s.20) at [46]: "In some cases involving procedural matters the failure to object may be taken to signify consent (see the discussion in Young at 22 - 23). The requirements of s 20 seem to me to go to necessary legal formalities and not to mere practice and procedure. The appellant was not arraigned on the Favretto indictment. I do not consider that the requirement that the accused consent to the substitution of an indictment can be said to have been met by his silence on 4 June 2003."
61. In the present case, there was a course of considered conduct on the part of the Applicants and their counsel which constituted the giving of consent for the purpose of s.29 Criminal Procedure Act 1986. The circumstances in R v Sepulveda and R v Halmi concerned a failure to say anything at all regarding amendment to an indictment, with the Court in each case expressing concern as to whether this was capable of constituting consent. That scenario is far removed from events in the case of the Applicants.
62. In advance of or during a criminal trial, counsel representing an accused person will make decisions, provide advice and take instructions on a wide range of issues including those identified in the case management provisions in Division 3 of Part 3 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1986 (ss.134-149F) and evidentiary issues under the Evidence Act 1995. As a general rule, an accused person is bound by the conduct of counsel on his or her behalf with respect to pretrial and trial issues: R v Birks (1990) 19 NSWLR 677 at 683; TKWJ v The Queen at [8].
63. The Criminal Procedure Act 1986 does not prescribe any particular form or procedure for the giving of consent under s.29(2)(a) of that Act. Nor did cases which considered s.78A Justices Act 1902 require a particular form or procedure for the purpose of consent being given under that provision.
64. Other statutory provisions, where an accused person may consent or agree to a particular course in the context of a criminal trial, require some formality. Section 184(1) Evidence Act 1995 permits an accused person to admit matters of fact and give any consent that a party to a civil proceeding may make or give. Section 184(2) requires legal advice to be given first to the accused person with the Court to be satisfied that the accused person understands the consequences of making the admission or giving the consent. It was not submitted that s.184 applied in this case, with that provision being based upon admissions or consent that may be given by a party to civil proceedings.
65. Section 132(2) Criminal Procedure Act 1986 permits an accused person to agree to be tried by a Judge alone, but s.132(6) states that the Court must not make such an order unless satisfied that the accused person has sought and received legal advice in relation to the effect of the order.
66. There is no similar provision in s.29 Criminal Procedure Act 1986 to those contained in s.184(1) Evidence Act 1995 and s.132(6) Criminal Procedure Act 1986. As it happens, in this case, there was an opportunity for the Applicants to take advice from counsel and to consent to a joint trial. This was not a case of bare submission or acquiescence. The very question of joint or separate trials was considered by the Applicants in the course of giving instructions to their counsel. There is no evidence before this Court that either Applicant did not agree with a joint trial. It may be noted, in any event, that even if the additional procedural measures specified in s.184 Evidence Act 1995 and s.132 Criminal Procedure Act 1986 had some application here, there was compliance given that each Applicant took advice from trial counsel concerning the issue.
67. It is clear in the circumstances of this case that a considered decision was made by each Applicant in consultation with defence counsel with the position of each Applicant being communicated to the Court. No more was required to communicate the consent of the parties with respect to a joint trial.
68. I do not consider that FX and GX are assisted by any part of the decision in De Jesus v The Queen. There, a separate trial application was in fact made. In the present case, the Applicants consented to a joint trial so that they are not assisted by the observations of Gibbs CJ in De Jesus v The Queen at 3. It is not necessary to consider s.29(2)(b) or (c) Criminal Procedure Act 1986 as consent was given by the Applicants to a joint trial in this case.
69. If there is opposition to a joint trial of two or more accused persons, then both s.29(2) and (3) may arise for consideration (see [168]-[172] above). In circumstances where the Applicants consented to a joint trial, however, I do not consider that the interests of justice test in s.29(3) Criminal Procedure Act 1986 arose for separate consideration in this case. I should observe, however, that if an application for separate trials had been pressed in this case, it would have been open to the trial Judge to conclude that the requirements of s.29(2)(c) had been satisfied and that, for the purpose of s.29(3), the interests of justice did not require that the trials of FX and GX should proceed separately.
70. The short answer to the first ground of appeal is that the requirements of s.29(2)(a) Criminal Procedure Act 1986 were satisfied in this case so that joinder of counts concerning FX and GX was open and did not give rise to a miscarriage of justice. Approach to Ground 2
71. The second and related ground of appeal asserts that a miscarriage of justice arose as a result of the Applicants being tried jointly. This ground picks up arguments advanced in support of Grounds 3 to 6. I do not consider that Ground 2 has further work to do in the context of this case unless the Applicants make good one or more of Grounds 3 to 6 upon which each of them relies.
72. Mr Lange sought to rely upon Perish v R (2016) 92 NSWLR 161; [2016] NSWCCA 89 at [377]-[397] in support of the submission, based upon s.29 Criminal Procedure Act 1986, that a miscarriage of justice occurred as a result of the Applicants being tried together.
73. I do not think the Applicants are assisted by Perish v R. In that case, a separate trial application was made and refused. The Court noted (at [393]) that R v Pham provided little assistance given the significant factual distinctions between the two cases. The Court emphasised as well (at [396]) the expectation that a jury would comply with judicial directions in accordance with what said in Gilbert v The Queen at [31]-[32].
74. The contention in Ground 2 is that a miscarriage of justice occurred as a result of the Applicants being tried together. This involves a fact-dependent examination of what happened in this case which has given rise to complaint before this Court. I will return to this topic after considering Grounds 3 to 6, to which I now turn.

Ground 3 - Her Honour Erred In Failing To Direct The Jury That The Evidence Concerning The Allegations Against FX Were Inadmissible Against GX And Vice Versa

Ground 4 - Her Honour Erred In Failing To Direct The Jury That The Statements Made By The Applicants In The iPad Conversation With SX (Exhibit D) Were Admissible Only In Their Respective Cases

Ground 5 - Her Honour Erred In Failing To Direct The Jury That The Answers Given By Each Applicant In Evidence In Response To The Allegations Made By The Complainant Were Admissible Only In Their Respective Cases

Ground 6 - A Miscarriage Of Justice Arose From The Crown Prosecutor's Submissions To The Jury That Because Both Applicants Had Given Evidence That They Had Lied To SX To Pacify Her, Therefore They Must Have Lied When They Denied Having Committed The Offences Submissions for the Applicants

1. Counsel for the Applicants invited the Court to deal with Grounds 3 to 6 together. It is appropriate to take that course. In the context of these appeals, Grounds 5 and 6 raise overlapping issues.
2. When determining these grounds of appeal, I will set out extracts from the transcript and the summing up as well as referring back to parts of the evidence to which reference has already been made. For present purposes, it is sufficient to note shortly the submissions made with respect to the grounds of appeal.
3. Counsel for the Applicants referred to discussions which took place between counsel and the trial Judge prior to closing addresses concerning the identification of evidence admissible against one Applicant only. Reference was made as well to directions given by the trial Judge to the jury concerning this aspect.
4. Counsel for the Applicants submitted that the directions given to the jury were inadequate to explain the limitations which it was submitted ought properly to have been placed on the evidence. The Applicants submitted that the directions failed to make clear that, given the absence of any assertion that the Applicants had acted jointly, the evidence in relation to the counts charged against FX was inadmissible in relation to the counts against GX and vice versa.
5. The Applicants submitted that the directions to the jury failed to explain that any admissions which the jury might find were made to SX during the iPad conversation were admissible only against that particular Applicant bearing in mind that there was no assertion of a joint enterprise. It was submitted that the trial Judge had stated that, apart from the nominated areas, the other evidence in the trial was admitted jointly against both Applicants. The Applicants submitted that this statement to the jury was erroneous.
6. Insofar as the trial Judge directed the jury with respect to the evidence given in the trial by each Applicant, it was submitted that the direction in this case was misleading. Whilst accepting that, generally speaking, evidence of one Applicant was admissible in the trial of the other Applicant, that general proposition remains subject to the rule that any such evidence must be relevant as required by s.55 Evidence Act 1995.
7. It was submitted that, in this case, neither Applicant implicated the other in his evidence-in-chief and neither Applicant was cross-examined to elicit evidence of the other's commission of the offences charged against that Applicant.
8. Whilst noting that it would be unobjectionable for the Crown to submit that FX had lied about the meaning of his representations to SX after having heard the evidence given by GX and having essentially adopted his account, counsel for the Applicants contended that the Crown submission did not rest there. Instead, the submission was grounded on what the Crown asserted was a coincidence in the explanations given by the Applicants. Reliance was placed upon part of the Crown closing address in this respect.
9. It was submitted that the Crown's invitation to the jury was improper. It was submitted that it invited the jury to consider the cases against the Applicants collectively by referring to them as "they" on a number of occasions. It was submitted, as well, that particularly in light of the Crown's invitation to look at the cases against the two Applicants together, the submission that "those private conversations, all three of them … support the version given by [Sarah] and they bolstered her evidence" would have been understood by the jury as inviting a comparison of all three recordings when assessing the credibility and reliability of Sarah. It was emphasised that the three conversations referred to were the iPad conversation involving the Applicants and SX as well as the two pretext conversations, each of which involved only one Applicant.
10. It was submitted that it was improper for the Crown to suggest to the jury that they ought to have regard to the "parallels" between GX's explanation of the representations made during the two recordings involving him and the explanations given by FX in relation to his representations. It was submitted that any representations made by one of the Applicants were admissible only against that Applicant and that any explanation given by one Applicant in evidence at the trial as to his state of mind when making those representations must logically be relevant only in that Applicant's case.
11. It was submitted that it was improper for the Crown to suggest that the evidence of the two Applicants had been "rehearsed" (T385) in the absence of that proposition being put to either of the Applicants in cross-examination. Whilst the Crown had suggested to FX that his evidence was the same as that which had previously been given by GX, it was submitted that it had not been suggested to him that the evidence had been rehearsed, that is that the Applicants had concocted their accounts together. Nor was there any question directed to GX in cross-examination which might give rise to an inference of joint concoction.
12. Reference was made to parts of the Crown closing address where it was said that it defied belief to say that one had made "up a story about … interfering with a child … out of respect for [SX]" (T384) and that there were "parallels between what [FX] said and what [GX] said" (T385). It was submitted that the Crown Prosecutor here was inviting the jury to employ a form of coincidence reasoning that, because both Applicants gave the same explanation of their respective representations, therefore they could be disbelieved. It was submitted that such a process of reasoning was not available where the Applicants had not been charged with having jointly committed the offences and there was no evidence that the Applicants had jointly concocted their evidence.
13. It was submitted that, rather than dissuading the jury from the approach advocated by the Crown, the trial Judge repeated the Crown submission without qualification (SU67-68). By repeating the Crown submission, it was submitted that the trial Judge had sanctioned that line of reasoning. Whilst accepting that the question whether the jury accepted the argument or not was a matter for the jury, it was submitted that, by reminding the jury of the content of the argument, the trial Judge did not foreclose what was said to be the erroneous approach advocated by the Crown.
14. Mr Odgers SC made further oral submissions for GX. He relied, in particular, upon Grounds 5 and 6, contending that what occurred was unfair to GX against whom the Crown case was not as strong. It was submitted that FX had been cross-examined concerning admissions allegedly made by him in the pretext call with Sarah on 14 September 2016 and that directions given to the jury did not make clear that what FX said in this respect was not to be used against GX.
15. Mr Odgers SC submitted, as well, that the Crown submission that the Applicants had concocted an approach to explain the iPad conversation operated unfairly to GX who gave evidence first and was not cross-examined by the Crown on this issue. It was argued that what was a Crown attack upon FX for his evidence, and its similarity to that given earlier by GX, operated unfairly to GX and should have given rise to clear directions from the trial Judge which were not given.
16. Senior counsel for GX submitted that there was a weaker Crown case against GX in that what he said in the iPad conversation with SX and in his pretext call with Sarah did not involve direct admissions as seen on FX's part in the iPad conversation and in his pretext call with Sarah. A joint attack by the Crown on FX and GX operated unfairly against GX in these circumstances.
17. In these various ways, it was submitted for the Applicants that a miscarriage of justice had resulted and that leave should be granted to the Applicants under Rule 4 to rely upon Grounds 3, 4 and 5. Crown Submissions
18. With respect to the matters raised in Grounds 3, 4 and 5, the Crown noted that no complaint was made by counsel for the Applicants concerning the parts of the summing up which now give rise to complaint. No application was made to the trial Judge for further directions on these matters. Concerning Ground 6, no complaint was made by counsel for the Applicants concerning the Crown closing address nor was any application made to the trial Judge for any further directions in this regard.
19. As no request for such directions was made, the Crown submitted that Rule 4 Criminal Appeal Rules applies. It was submitted that the absence of a request for a direction is a strong indication that no miscarriage of justice was occasioned in the atmosphere of the trial: The Queen v Dookheea (2017) 262 CLR 402; [2017] HCA 36 at [37]; Greenhalgh v R [2017] NSWCCA 94 at [42].
20. With respect to the complaint by the Applicants that the trial Judge's directions failed to make clear evidence which was inadmissible against a particular Applicant, the Crown submitted that close attention is required to be given to the directions of the trial Judge and that, after such an examination, the Court should conclude that the directions were adequate.
21. The Crown pointed to directions given at various points during the trial which indicated evidence which was admissible against one Applicant only.
22. The Crown submitted that the jury was directed in relation to the use that could be made of statements relied upon as admissions in the iPad conversation, the two pretext calls and the conversation that took place between the Applicants at the police station. It was submitted that the jury could have been in no doubt, in applying the directions given by the trial Judge, that they needed to consider each statement relied upon as an admission individually.
23. The Crown submitted that the jury must have understood that any admissions made by each Applicant in the iPad conversation, if they found them to be admissions, were admissible only against that Applicant.
24. The Crown emphasised that the summing up included an exhortation by the trial Judge to consider the case against each Applicant separately.
25. With respect to the complaint in Ground 5, the Crown noted that the Applicants accepted that the trial Judge could direct the jury that they could use the evidence of one Applicant in considering the case against the other Applicant. However, the Applicants' complaint was that the trial Judge did not make it clear that that did not apply to answers by each Applicant in response to Sarah's allegations. The Crown submitted that no request was made for such a direction at the trial.
26. With respect to the complaint by the Applicants that FX was cross-examined upon the basis that he had effectively copied the explanation he heard GX give (concerning the iPad conversation with SX and things said to her "out of respect"), the Crown submitted that what was said went no further than that which the submissions for the Applicants acknowledged would be unobjectionable.
27. Concerning complaints made about the Crown Prosecutor's closing address (including the use of the word "they" to describe the Applicants), the Crown submitted that it was for the Applicants to demonstrate that there was a risk that the Crown's closing address distracted the jury from their task of considering the cases of the Applicants separately in light of the evidence admissible against each of them: GDD v R [2010] NSWCCA 62 at [129]. The Crown submitted that the Applicants had failed to do so.
28. It was submitted that the Crown closing address did not make submissions in the terms contended by the Applicants in Ground 6. The word "they" was used to refer to common features in the evidence given by each Applicant. The Crown pointed out that the same approach had been taken by counsel for the Applicants in his closing address at the trial (T397-398).
29. The essence of the Crown submission was that the jury would reject the evidence given by each Applicant because the explanation given by each was unworthy of belief and an affront to common sense. The Crown submitted that this argument related to the content of the explanations that each Applicant gave and not the fact that they both gave the same explanation that made it unworthy of belief.
30. To the extent that there was any risk that the Crown closing address would have distracted the jury from their task of considering the cases for each of the Applicants separately in light of the admissible evidence against each, it was submitted that this was cured by directions given by the trial Judge.
31. With respect to the complaint concerning the Crown submission about FX's evidence, the Crown submitted that what was said to the jury in that respect by the Crown is to be understood as following on from the cross-examination of FX, where it had been put to him that he had copied aspects of the evidence of his brother in the explanations he gave for admissions he made to SX. It was submitted that this did not involve a suggestion of joint concoction between the Applicants. The Crown noted that the Applicants' written submissions had accepted that this was an available submission to be made by the Crown.
32. Concerning the Crown submission at trial that "the private conversations, all three of them" support the versions given by Sarah, the Crown acknowledged that it was not entirely clear what private conversations the Crown was referring to in that submission. There were in fact four private recorded conversations, involving one or both of the Applicants - the iPad conversation, the two pretext calls and the conversation at the police station. The Crown had referred to each of them by that stage of the Crown closing address at trial.
33. The Crown accepted that there is a risk that the jury may have understood the Crown at trial to be referring to the iPad conversation and the two pretext calls as supporting the version given by Sarah. Plainly enough, the Crown acknowledged that the pretext calls made by each of the Applicants were not cross-admissible, and therefore not properly available to the jury in assessing the reliability and credibility of the evidence of Sarah in relation to offences committed by the other Applicant. The Crown submitted, however, that this risk did not contribute to a miscarriage of justice in the trial of either Applicant.
34. In this respect, the Crown submitted that the trial Judge gave clear directions that the pretext call made by Sarah to each Applicant was evidence only against the Applicant who was involved in the call. Whilst the trial Judge's repetition of the Crown submissions to the jury without clarification was unfortunate, it was submitted that this would not have prevailed over the clear directions given by the trial Judge. The jury would not have understood the repetition of the Crown submission as bringing with it the imprimatur of the trial Judge.
35. The Crown submitted, as well, that the admissions made by each of the Applicants were confined to their own respective conduct. Neither Applicant said anything that implicated his brother.
36. The Crown submitted that the Applicants have not demonstrated that the trial Judge erred in the manner contended for in Grounds 3, 4 or 5. It was submitted that each Applicant should be refused leave under Rule 4 to rely upon any of these grounds of appeal.
37. The Crown noted that Ground 6 appears to relate to a portion of the Crown closing address which included the submission "So they either lied to [SX] or they're lying to you today and that's what you have to resolve, that's a matter for you. They would have you believe they lied to [SX]. But ask yourself this members of the jury, who makes up a lie and says 'I'm a child molester' just to get out of a room? Who says that? Is that logical? Is it rational?" (T384).
38. It was submitted that the Crown argument to the jury was proper and uncontroversial in the context of the evidence given at the trial. The submission was directed to admissions made by each Applicant to SX during the iPad conversation. Each of the Applicants had given evidence about things that they had said during that conversation and each of the Applicants said they had been untruthful in some of what was said to their aunt.
39. The Crown submitted that an issue in the trial was whether one or both of the Applicants had lied when each spoke to SX (as they claimed) or whether each had, as the Crown argued, made salient admissions unaware that they were being recorded in an attempt to persuade SX from reporting their alleged conduct to the police. In circumstances where each Applicant gave evidence denying that he committed each of the offences described by Sarah, the Crown submitted that an argument to the jury that one of the issues that merited their consideration was whether either Applicant had lied to SX, or had lied in their evidence at trial, was an appropriate one.
40. The Crown submitted that each of Grounds 3 to 6 should be rejected. The Course of the Trial Relevant to Grounds 3-6
41. To understand and analyse these overlapping grounds of appeal, it is necessary to refer to parts of the trial and the trial Judge's summing up.
42. In her opening remarks to the jury, the trial Judge said that they were required to give separate consideration to each of the counts charged against the Applicants (T67): "Now, it's alleged by the Crown that each accused have committed a number of offences, and those charges are tried together before you as a matter of convenience. They're tried on the basis of the two accused, even though they're separate charges and multiple charges, and they're basically tried together as a matter of convenience and because there is some connection between the charges, and here we have the same complainant in relation to all 21 charges on the indictment. But you will however in due course be required to return a verdict, a separate verdict in relation to each of those 21 counts. So it is important that you consider each charge separately, and the evidence that relates to each charge separately. There is no legal requirement that the verdicts must be the same for each charge, but this will become more apparent to you and I when we become more familiar with the issues in the case and what this case is about. You also must be careful not to be prejudiced against either accused because he is facing a number of charges, or they are facing a number of charges. The accused are to be treated as being not guilty of any offence unless and until they are proven guilty by your evaluation of the evidence and applying the law that I will ultimately be explaining to you. As I said, the charges are being tried together merely because it's convenient to do so and because there is a connection between them. But that does not relieve you of considering each of those charges separately, and considering whether or not in each of those charges the Crown has proven each charge beyond a reasonable doubt."
43. Parts of the evidence at the trial, including cross-examination of GX and FX, have been set out earlier in this judgment.
44. Before the commencement of the closing addresses, discussion took place between the trial Judge and counsel concerning evidence admissible against one or other of the Applicants only (T377-380). The Crown had prepared a document in this respect which had been provided to counsel for the Applicants who agreed with its contents and stated that it "helpfully particularise[d]" that evidence (T378). It is clear from that discussion that there was agreement on this aspect with no area of controversy or concern so far as counsel for the Applicants was concerned.
45. The Crown closing address commenced with the recording of the iPad conversation (Exhibit D) being played to the jury (T383). The Crown submitted with respect to the iPad conversation and the pretext calls (T383) (emphasis added): "So, members of the jury those are some of the admissions, just some of them, as you know that were made by both accused during the recorded interview with [SX] in October 2015. They were unrehearsed, they weren't prepared for those conversation, for that conversation. It was spontaneous, there was no planning, they arrived there, they were confronted with that material by the mother and that's what they said, that, amongst other things and you've heard it played to you and you've seen me take both accused through various aspects of it. Like the phone call that [Sarah] had with each of them. Same thing, unprepared. Unprepared, apologising to her for what they had done but like the listening device in the cell, unprepared. Talking about whether one knew and the other didn't know, unrehearsed, not polished, spontaneous outbursts, spontaneous utterances about what they had done, on three different occasions. They apologised to [SX]. You'll remember [GX] sobbing as he apologised. Apologies to [Sarah] on the phone by [FX]. [FX] appearing desperate to apologise to [SX]."
46. The Crown continued (T383-385) (emphasis added): "In my submission to you, members of the jury, instead of being frightened of [SX], what they were attempting to do by confessing was they were trying to stop them from going to the police. They were being honest, they were confessing. Now, they weren't telling her everything, we know that, we know that's partial or global truths. What they told you in the witness box was that they confessed to sexually inappropriate behaviour with [Sarah] to calm [SX] down, to resolve the matter, to pacify her. In my submission to you that evidence from both of those men is simply ludicrous. It borders on the absolute ridiculous. You see, what we saw them do in public, rehearsed, polished, practiced. That's how I would describe the evidence they gave unlike the content of the recording device, unlike the iPad conversation. Polished denials, 'Ah, minor, I did minor things. Well, in fact I didn't do anything to her, she did it to me'. Both men exactly the same, accepting in the witness box no responsibility whatsoever. [GX], 'She kissed me twice'. How anyone, members of the jury, can say that a little girl pecking them on the lips is sexually inappropriate behaviour defies belief, doesn't it? And [FX] saying, 'She touched me twice'. Absolute no responsibility in the witness box. Yet contrast that with the level of responsibility, many, many occasions, 'Yes I did sexually inappropriate behaviour with [Sarah]', both of them say it. And they say it there, and they say it again on the listening device - I withdraw that, on the telephone calls. Perhaps not so much [GX] but certainly [FX]. So, once in public, a different persona and a different story and a different version was given to you members of the jury. So they either lied to [SX] or they're lying to you today and that's what you have to resolve, that's a matter for you. They would have you believe they lied to [SX]. But ask yourself this members of the jury, who makes up a lie and says 'I'm a child molester' just to get out of a room? Who says that? Is that logical? Is it rational? Then we see further, we see [FX] blame [Sarah] for the two touches on the penis, then he blames [SX] for the admissions, 'Oh, I didn't really mean that, I only said that because I was threatened'. [GX] said exactly the same 'I was threatened'. So adult men, two grown men, neither of whom request to leave, neither of whom say 'Absolute nonsense, I didn't do this', no denials, nothing in that first confrontation with [SX]. Hedging perhaps in that first 30 minutes, there's a bit of hedging, but there's not right upfront 'I'm not a child molester, I never touched your daughter', nothing of the sort. [FX] even went that one step further and blamed his wife for saying the admissions in the phone call to [Sarah]. He said 'My wife made me say it, [FX's wife]'. You heard him say that yesterday. So what I'd ask you to do is contrast the conversations that they have in private and we're just fortunate enough to have recordings of those, but the private conversations where they're prepared to admit their conduct, compared with the public evidence that they've given where there's an absolute denial of any responsibility on either of their parts. You see those private conversations, all three of them, I submit support the version given by [the complainant]. They support her. They don't support what they say in the witness box. They bolstered her evidence. I submit you would be extremely sceptical of what they said yesterday and today, or perhaps the day before as well with [GX]. You would reject the versions they gave you in the witness box outright. You would reject that as lies because it defies belief that you would make up a story about being interfering with a child, not just to pacify her but they both said this, out of respect for [SX]. Out for respect for an elder, I think they both used that word. They certainly said they did it out of respect. So on the one hand they are admitting they're sexually inappropriate with her, 'but I only said that out of respect for my elder'. The parallels, and we saw this with [FX], the parallels between what he said and what [GX] said to you, exactly the same, word for word, 'out of respect', 'wanted to resolve the matter', 'trying to calm her down'. Rehearsed, staged, acted, in my submission to you. That's what we saw from the two … men in the witness box. Members of the jury if you're accused of interfering with a child and you didn't do it, I submit you deny that till the cows come home. You are adamant and you continually deny it and you deny it from the outset when a family member confronts you. And they confessed on those various conversations because that's the truth. That's the truth of what happened and you see, I submit, they didn't think it was going to go any further. [FX] said he was hoping that 'we could resolve it and al [sic] move on'. I invite you to play all of those recordings again in the jury room, you'll have them with you, and you've got the transcripts for the first and last, you don't have the transcripts for the phone calls but it's easy to know which one is [FX] and which one is [GX]."
47. It may be seen that in these extracts from the Crown closing address, which came under significant challenge in this Court, the Crown was seeking to juxtapose what each Applicant had said at unguarded moments in the iPad conversation and in the pretext calls (see [255] above) with what each Applicant had said in evidence before the jury (see [256] above). From what had been said since the defence opening early in the trial (see [191] above), there was a common defence being addressed by each Applicant in answer to those parts of the Crown case which served to incriminate that Applicant.
48. What the Crown had done, however, was to attack each Applicant in closing to the jury as having "rehearsed" or "prepared" their accounts to be given in evidence. FX had been cross-examined by the Crown to this effect by reference to evidence which GX had given earlier to the jury (see [108], [116] and [118] above). However, GX was not cross-examined by the Crown in a manner which would lay a foundation for such an attack upon GX that he had "rehearsed" and "prepared" his evidence in conjunction with FX. Nor was there a suggestion that GX should be recalled to the witness box to allow that proposition to be put to him by the Crown. What was a joint attack upon FX and GX by the Crown was capable of operating unfairly to GX in the context of this trial. What were said to be contrivances in the evidence of FX were relied upon to attack GX by the Crown. There was no complaint by counsel for the Applicants concerning this part of the Crown address nor any application to the trial Judge to remedy what was said by directions in the summing up. The question remains, however, whether this aspect of the trial gave rise to unfairness to GX without those matters having been put to GX so that a miscarriage of justice resulted for him. I will return to this issue.
49. The Crown then took the jury through the various counts, making submissions with respect to the counts against FX (T385-388) and GX (T388-390) before turning to the remaining counts against FX (T390-391).
50. Counsel for the Applicants also commenced his closing address by playing part of the iPad conversation recording to the jury (T397).
51. It is noteworthy that counsel for the Applicants also referred to the Applicants in a plural sense concerning the iPad conversation (T397) (emphasis added): "They continued to be questioned in the manner that you've heard. It wasn't simply questioning, it was an interrogation, and they said what she wanted to hear. That's the evidence they gave, and there is support in this very document in that very recording for that proposition because for the first half an hour they deny everything. Half an hour of badgering, questioning, interrogation with their denials being dismissed, they were in jeopardy, and they had a choice and they made that choice under stress, not in calm and cool reflection in a courtroom, sit and deliberate. They were threatened with the police, loss of family, gaol, news, loss of everything. You might understand why it is that they admitted to various things in that recorded interview, or interrogation I should say."
52. Later in the defence closing address, counsel for the Applicants relied upon the evidence of each Applicant in support of the argument that Sarah was wrong when saying that FX was uncircumcised (T401).
53. It is appropriate to refer to aspects of the summing up given the matters of complaint raised, for the first time, in this Court.
54. In the course of the summing up, the trial Judge gave the jury directions including directions concerning evidence which was admissible against one or other or both of the Applicants (SU18-20) (emphasis added): "It would have also not escaped your collective observations that there is a conflict between the evidence of the complainant and the evidence on the part of each accused regarding aspects of what occurred during their childhood. As you will remember, the evidence of the complainant is essentially - and I will go through that in more detail soon, but evidence relating to that she was sexually assaulted by both accused during the course of her childhood from the ages of six to 12, whereas the defence say: [GX] refers to two incidents of a pecking on the cheek and denies all allegations that the complainant puts forward; and [FX] referred you to two incidents that he said occurred, of her touching his penis, and other instances of pecking on the cheek, and denied again all of the incidences that the complainant gave evidence about. It is most important that you understand that you are not here simply to compare competing versions as to what occurred and merely select that version that you might prefer. Even if it be the case that you prefer the evidence relied upon by the Crown to prove the charge on the indictment, you cannot convict either accused on any particular charge unless you are satisfied beyond reasonable doubt as to the reliability of the evidence relied upon by the Crown, and that is essentially the evidence of [Sarah] to prove that count, in particular, the evidence of the complainant. So that task is a very different one to simply comparing versions and picking which one you prefer. Again it essentially goes back to the onus and the standard of proof that the Crown must prove the elements of each particular offence beyond a reasonable doubt. Not all of the evidence in this trial is admissible against both accused. For example, the recorded telephone intercept between the complainant and [FX] on 14 September 2016 is evidence only for and against that particular accused, and not his brother the co-accused. So that phone call between the complainant and [FX] is only relevant to his case. Likewise, the recorded conversation between the complainant and [GX] on the same day is evidence only against that particular accused and not his brother [FX]. Other evidence led solely against the accused, [GX], was the evidence of Mrs [F]. You will remember the lady who gave evidence about holding the big pizza parties at her home. That was in relation to count 12 on the indictment, and of course the only person accused of that crime is [GX], so it is evidence solely related to him. Other evidence led only against [FX] was the RMS certificate in relation to the residential location of [AS] in that particular timeframe, and you will remember that that evidence, I think it was exhibit K, was that [AS] was living in the Lane Cove area, and that count which was relevant to count 10, one of the particulars of that charge was that it occurred at the Greater Sydney Area. Lane Cove obviously is within the Greater Sydney Area. So it goes only to count 10 and only in relation to [FX]. There was also the context evidence, and I will get to that in a minute, but there was context evidence which you may remember I gave you a direction of, which was where references around counts 6 and 7, where the complainant said that this occurred too many times for her to remember. That was in relation to - and I will give you more of a direction on that shortly, but that was in relation to [FX] and not [GX]. So that context evidence and the direction that I give to you in relation to that is solely attributable to [FX]. The other evidence though goes in jointly against both accused. Their evidence in the witness box is also different. Once an accused gives evidence in the witness box, both in evidence in chief, and cross-examination, that evidence can be used by you in assessing not only his case but the co accused's case. In other words, you can use the evidence that [GX] gave when considering the case of [FX], and vice versa. That is, the evidence he gave in chief, which is the defence asking questions of him, and of course the answers that he gave in cross examination, when cross-examined by Madam Crown. So the evidence of all of the accused is evidence for general purposes in this trial."
55. The trial Judge gave the jury directions concerning separate consideration of each count against each Applicant (SU26): "The trial itself involves, as you know now, 18 counts on the indictment and two accused. That is as a matter of convenience, which I had told you at the beginning of the trial, and because there is a connection obviously between the allegations made against the two accused, and that is of course the same complainant and in the same house and things like that. But you must, of course, consider each charge separately on the indictment and the case against each accused separately as I indicated earlier. Not in a global fashion but on each particular count."
56. Directions were given to the jury concerning what the Crown said were admissions made by one or other of the Applicants concerning the offences charged (SU34-36): "You have also heard evidence that both accused have made some admissions to sexually assaulting the complainant when she was a young girl, and that is in relation to three categories of evidence. One being the conversation between both accused and the complainant's mother on 11 October 2015. I think that was marked exhibit D, being the DVD, and exhibit E, being the transcript of that recording. You have heard that during the course of the trial, and you of course have that in your possession that you can listen to, and indeed the Crown invited you to listen to it again when you are deliberating on your verdicts. The recorded telephone conversation between each accused and the complainant on 14 September 2016, and they are exhibits F and G I think but I will double check that for you. But you have both of those calls in relation to the conversation that the complainant had with each particular accused on 14 September 2016, and finally the recorded conversation in the police station cell upon their arrest on 18 December 2016. The Crown submits that those statements made by both accused, for example in the iPad conversation, over the phone and in the cells, are clear admissions by both accused that they did touch the complainant and assault the complainant in the way that she has described to you in court. The accused have stated to you, both say that they have made those admissions but they were both pacifying their aunty, and out of respect for her, to calm her down, they admitted to sexually assaulting her daughter as they believed that she was not prepared to hear anything else. Before you could use any of those statements in the way that the Crown submits you would use them, there are several important steps that you must go through in relation to each of these three pieces of evidence, and of course you must go through these steps separately in relation to each category of admissions. Firstly, you must ask yourselves whether you are satisfied that the particular statements relied upon by the Crown were in fact said. Here, clearly, there is no dispute as to that because you have them as specific recordings rather than a person recounting a conversation that they claim that they may have had. You have the recordings themselves of the accused stating what they said. If you are satisfied that these statements were said you must then determine what those statements mean, and what the accused intended them to mean. If you are not satisfied that they have the meaning contended for by the Crown, then obviously you put them completely to one side and not allow that evidence to form any part of your consideration as to whether the Crown has proven the counts in the indictment. If you are satisfied that those statements were said and have the meaning contended for by the Crown, and the accused intended the statements to have that meaning, you must consider what weight or what significance you attach to those statements. Understand that I am not telling you that you should regard any of this evidence as being unreliable. The reliability of this evidence is a matter for you to decide. I cannot make that decision for you, nor am I trying to suggest what decision you should make. It is, however, my duty to warn you of the possibility that evidence of this kind may be unreliable and to explain why that is so. It is up to you to decide whether you accept this evidence and what weight and the significance that you place upon it. You must further understand that the statements, either alone or in combination, are not by themselves capable of proving the guilt of the accused on the counts in the indictment because of the evidence and also that you must believe effectively [Sarah] beyond reasonable doubt. That is because irrespective of the weight or the significance you attach to either or all of the statements, as I have told you several times, a finding of guilt on any count on the indictment is only possible if you accept the evidence the Crown relies upon to prove that count. In particular, the evidence of the complainant is sufficiently reliable and sufficiently accurate."
57. When reminding the jury of submissions made in the Crown closing address, the trial Judge said (SU67-68) (emphasis added): "Rather, she submits that you would find their evidence was rehearsed, it was polished and practised, unlike the iPad conversation and the phone conversations where there were clear admissions. She submitted that the incidents referred to by the accused, for example, [GX], pecking on the lips by a little girl, defies belief that they or anyone else would consider that that would constitute sexual inappropriate behaviour, and asked you to compare what was in the recorded conversations to what they said in the witness box. She also rhetorically asked you in relation to the evidence that they lied to [SX] to calm down, or out of respect, who would make up a lie that they were a child molester to simply get out of a room or to calm someone down? That that was not rational or logical. She then submitted that the accused [FX] blamed [Sarah] for touching him on his penis twice. Then he blamed [SX] saying that she threatened him, that is two grown men, neither left, neither tried to leave and neither said on the recording that this was absolute rubbish, and that [FX] also then blamed his wife for the admissions in the phone call and conceded that '[FX's wife] made me say it'. Contrast the conversations of private, she said, when prepared to admit conduct to public conversations, that all three conversations were recorded, that they supported [Sarah] and not the accused, and that they bolstered her evidence. Madam Crown submitted you would be extremely sceptical of what they said in the witness box and reject their versions of lies as it defies belief. She submitted that you may find parallels between both accused, what they said, as to their reasons for admitted to sexually assaulting a child, they were word for word, but out of respect, calm [SX] down and threats, and suggested you would find this staged, acted and rehearsed. Madam Crown submitted that they confessed because it was the truth, and they did not think it would go on any further, that it would remain in the family, that it would be resolved and everyone would move on."
58. It will be observed that the trial Judge here repeated the Crown submission concerning the evidence of FX and GX being "rehearsed" without any further direction which confined the use of such criticism to FX (who had been cross-examined to that effect), but not GX (who had not been cross-examined on these issues by the Crown). This aspect of the trial bears upon the merits of Grounds 5 and 6 with respect to GX.
59. At the conclusion of the summing up, neither counsel for the Applicants nor the Crown sought any further directions and the trial Judge invited the jury to retire to consider their verdicts at 12.47 pm on 7 June 2018 (SU75).
60. After lunch, the jury sent a note requesting the transcript for all witnesses and a copy of the complainant's police statement. The trial Judge provided the jury with the trial transcript but, in accordance with usual practice, declined to provide the complainant's police statement which was not in evidence (SU76-77). The jury continued their deliberations for the balance of the day.
61. On the morning of Friday, 8 June 2018, the jury sent a note seeking further assistance on the meaning of "sexual intercourse" in the context of oral contact and penetration. Her Honour gave further directions in response to this request (SU83-85). Jury deliberations continued until 3.51 pm when the jury were released for the day to return on Tuesday, 12 June 2018 (Monday, 11 June 2018 being the Queen's birthday public holiday).
62. On the afternoon of 12 June 2018, the jury sent a further note seeking assistance in the event of disagreement. Her Honour noted that the jury had been deliberating for some 11 hours by that time and decided to give a Black direction (Black v The Queen (1993) 179 CLR 44; [1993] HCA 71). The Black direction was given to the jury at 3.23 pm on that day (SU88-90).
63. On the morning of 13 June 2018, the jury returned the verdicts set out earlier in this judgment. What the Applicants Contend the Trial Judge Should Have Said to the Jury
64. In support of Grounds 3, 4, 5 and 6, the Applicants submitted that, despite the absence of any application for further directions being made to the trial Judge, a number of directions given to the jury operated unfairly to the Applicants so as to give rise to a miscarriage of justice.
65. To assist the Court to better understand what counsel for the Applicants submitted that the jury ought to have been told by the trial Judge, counsel were requested to furnish a document after the hearing which set out directions now said to have been required in this case. The document was furnished jointly by Mr Odgers SC for GX and Mr Lange for FX.
66. Counsel were requested to identify, with respect to each of Grounds 3, 4, 5 and 6, what it is that counsel contend the trial Judge ought to have said to the jury.
67. With respect to Ground 3, it was submitted that, in place of what was said in the final paragraph of the quotation at [264] above, the trial Judge ought to have said to the jury: "The evidence of the accused in the witness box is also different. In considering the case against [FX], you must exclude from consideration any evidence given by the complainant in relation to counts 11-18. Similarly, in considering the case against [GX], you must exclude from your consideration any evidence given by the complainant in relation to counts 1-10 and counts 19-21."
68. With respect to Ground 4, the Applicants submitted that the following additional direction should have been given at the end of the third paragraph of the quotation at [264] above: "I will be giving you directions with respect to alleged admissions made by each accused in the conversation with [SX] on 11 October 2015. At this point I direct you that, if you find that an admission was or admissions were made by one of the accused in that conversation, that admission or those admissions can only be used against that particular accused and cannot be used against the other accused."
69. Also in connection with Ground 4, the Applicants submitted that the following additional words (underlined) should have been used as part of the fourth paragraph of the quotation at [266] above: "If you are satisfied that those statements were said and have the meaning contended for by the Crown, and the accused intended the statements to have that meaning, then you may take that statement into account when considering the case of the particular accused who made the statement. As I explained to you earlier, it may not be used against the other accused. You must consider what weight… ."
70. With respect to Ground 5, the Applicants submitted that the following words should have been included immediately after the formula of words relating to Ground 3 (see [264] above): "Equally, evidence given by [GX] in relation to counts 11-18 cannot be used against [FX], and evidence given by [FX] in relation to counts 1-10 and counts 19-21 cannot be used against [GX]."
71. In the alternative, if the direction was retained, it was submitted by the Applicants that the following further direction ought to have been given: "However, an important qualification to what I have just said is that any evidence by an accused in the witness box that he had said what he is alleged to have said in a recorded telephone intercept with the complainant, or in the conversation with [SX], cannot, as I have explained, be used against the co-accused."
72. With respect to Ground 6, the Applicants submitted that, when the trial Judge was reminding the jury of the Crown submissions, the following should have been said immediately after the extract from the Crown closing address at SU68 (see [267] above): "However, I direct you that, while you may consider in the case against each accused whether you consider plausible their explanations for admitting to [SX] that they engaged in inappropriate sexual behaviour with the complainant, you must not reason that, because of the similarities in those reasons given by each accused, they had jointly concocted and rehearsed a false explanation for those admissions. That suggestion was not put explicitly to [FX] in cross-examination, and it was certainly not put to [GX], and it would be unfair for you to engage in that reasoning against either."
73. As noted earlier (at [258]), the Crown had put to FX in cross-examination that his evidence was "rehearsed" and "prepared" after hearing the evidence of GX, but GX had not been cross-examined as having constructed with FX a "rehearsed" or "prepared" account to be given in evidence. Nor was it proposed that GX be recalled to allow these propositions to be put to him before closing addresses.
74. With respect to the proposed directions contained in the document provided after the hearing, the Crown did not submit that the directions now proposed by the Applicants in respect of Grounds 3, 4 and 5 are wrong or that it would not have been appropriate for the trial Judge to give them had they been requested. However, the Crown submitted that it was not necessary for the trial Judge to direct the jury in the manner suggested under Ground 6 having regard to the submission made by the Crown Prosecutor.
75. The Crown submitted that discussion of these draft directions did not advance the ultimate issue before this Court, namely whether the trial Judge erred in failing to give any one or more of the directions now suggested on behalf of the Applicants and, if so, whether the failure to give the direction or directions gave rise to a miscarriage of justice as against either Applicant.
76. The Crown submitted that it is not to the point that counsel who now appear for the Applicants would, if they had been appearing for the Applicants at the trial, have conducted the trial differently or sought further directions or that, with the advantage of time, it might be possible to perfect the directions that were given.
77. The Crown submitted that the failure to give the directions now sought did not, either individually or in combination, give rise to a miscarriage of justice as against either Applicant.
78. With respect to the proposed directions under Ground 5, said to be in the alternative, the Crown submitted that they cannot be properly characterised as being alternative submissions. The Crown submitted that they raise different aspects of the evidence given by the Applicants at trial and that the second alternative formulation now suggested does not fall within Ground 5. Decision on Grounds 3, 4, 5 and 6
79. Rule 4 Criminal Appeal Rules applies to Grounds 3, 4 and 5.
80. In Roach v R, the relevant principles concerning Rule 4 were set out at [40]-[42]: "40 With respect to r 4, McHugh J said in Papakosmas v The Queen (1999) 196 CLR 297 at 319; [1999] HCA 37 at [72]: 'There is no case for the grant of leave under r 4 unless the Court of Criminal Appeal is satisfied that the appellant has an arguable case that the trial judge has made an error of law or is satisfied that the appellant's conviction is otherwise a miscarriage of justice. Satisfying the Court that there is an arguable case is extremely difficult where the appellant has failed to object to evidence or failed to ask for a direction concerning evidence. In such cases, the trial judge has made no error of law because he or she has not been asked for a ruling. Consequently, an appeal can only succeed if the Court of Criminal Appeal is satisfied that the admission of the evidence or the failure to give the direction has caused a miscarriage of justice, proof of which lies on the appellant.' 41 This and other authorities in relation to r 4 were collected by Heydon JA (as he then was) in R v Button; R v Griffen (2002) 129 A Crim R 242 at 253-255; [2002] NSWCCA 159 at [31]-[35]. It is also worth repeating the observations of Mahoney JA (as he then was) in R v Jeffrey (Court of Criminal Appeal (NSW), 16 December 1993, unrep): 'In my opinion, this principle plays an important part in the criminal trial process. It is important that any objection to the summing-up or that any defect or omission at the trial which can be cured or mitigated by steps taken at the trial, be raised at the time of the trial. The judge should be asked to, and should have the opportunity to, correct any error or deficiency of this kind. … But it is important that, if a citizen is to be tried, he be tried once and for all. The evil both of objections 'held in reserve' and raised only on appeal and of second and subsequent trials is great. Errors will occur and r 4 provides for them. But unless there be a convincing reason why the matter was not raised at the trial and unless the possibility of real injustice appears, an accused should be held to what was done by or for him at trial level. Not infrequently this Court is asked to act under r 4 when the reason why the defect was not dealt with at the trial has not been established and where it is at least possible that there were tactical reasons why it was not. It is not easy for the court on appeal to satisfy itself that the reason why the matter was not raised was error rather than choice. In such circumstances, the court should be slow to act under r 4. In the end, the court must exercise the power given to it by r 4 according to the merits of the individual case. However, in my opinion, in exercising that power, the court should keep steadily in mind the function which r 4 performs in the criminal trial process.' 42 In ARS v R [2011] NSWCCA 266, the Court (Bathurst CJ, James and Johnson JJ agreeing) referred to McHugh J's statement in Papakosmas v The Queen and then continued at [148]: 'Subsequent cases have established that the following matters are important in considering the operation of r 4: The requirements of r 4 are not mere technicalities. The Criminal Appeal Act does not exist to enable an accused who has been convicted on one set of issues to have a new trial under a new set of issues which could or should have been raised at the first trial: R v ITA [2003] NSWCCA 174; (2003) 139 A Crim R 340 at [94], citing with approval R v Fuge [2001] NSWCCA 208; (2001) 123 A Crim R 310, 319. See also [2011] NSWCCA 62 at [170]. The appellant must establish that he or she has lost a real chance (or a chance fairly open) of being acquitted: Picken v R [2007] NSWCCA 319 at [20]-[21]. A failure by counsel to take objection or to raise an issue on summing-up may be explicable by the fact that counsel said nothing hoping to gain an advantage at a later stage, or that counsel took no objection as, in the atmosphere of the trial, counsel saw no injustice as to what was being done: Germakian v R [2007] NSWCCA 373; (2007) 70 NSWLR 467 at [10]-[13]; Sanchez v R [2009] NSWCCA 171; (2009) 196 A Crim R 472 at [58]-[61]. An unexplained failure to take the point at the trial is usually a reasonably reliable indicator of the fairness and adequacy of the summing-up: Tekely v R [2007] NSWCCA 75 at [88], [130]."
81. The matters raised by Grounds 3, 4, 5 and 6 involve overlapping issues. They concern the way in which aspects of the evidence at the joint trial of the Applicants are now said to have given rise to error and unfairness to one or other of the Applicants so as to constitute a miscarriage of justice for one or both of them.
82. With respect to Ground 3, there is some force in the submission made for the Applicants that a clear and direct statement ought to have been made to the jury by the trial Judge that allegations against FX were inadmissible against GX and vice versa and that the absence of a clear statement to this effect raises for consideration the question whether a miscarriage of justice has resulted.
83. A related ground is contained in Ground 4 where complaint is made that there was no express statement by the trial Judge to the jury that statements made by one Applicant during the iPad conversation were not admissible against the other Applicant. Once again, the preferable course would have been for such a direction to have been given. However, the question is whether unfairness has been demonstrated to one or other or both of the Applicants in this respect and whether a miscarriage of justice has resulted in the sense that either Applicant has lost a real chance (or a chance fairly open) of acquittal.
84. With respect to Ground 5, there is force in the Crown submission that the second allegedly alternative limb of the direction sought by counsel for the Applicants in truth sought to raise a fresh ground of appeal.
85. The remaining complaint contained in Ground 5 once again gives rise to concern with respect to the blurring in the trial of the limitations upon the use of evidence of what one Applicant said and the need to ensure that the jury considered only evidence admissible against one Applicant in reaching verdicts concerning that Applicant.
86. There were some unusual features of this trial which rendered it difficult to untangle aspects of the evidence. The iPad conversation involved a three-way conversation between SX, FX and GX and, once it was held to be admissible, it would have been virtually impossible to edit it in a manner which would leave it intelligible. Further, the recording of the iPad conversation and the evidence of each of FX and GX concerning that conversation suggest that each Applicant took into account what the other said, and why he had said it, in a manner which would make it difficult to redact the iPad conversation and any transcript of it in a meaningful way.
87. Although the Applicants were not alleged to have committed any offences jointly, it was the case that each of them were brothers and that Sarah alleged that offences were committed in the same premises at different times. There was common evidence which affected the allegations in that way. Further, part of the evidence was the recording of a conversation between the Applicants when they were both located in a police cell after they had been arrested.
88. Although it is possible to identify what would have been, in several respects, preferable directions to be given to the jury in the context of this trial, the question is whether the failure to give the directions advanced in this Court has given rise to a miscarriage of justice for either Applicant in the manner explained in Roach v R at [290] above. I keep in mind that a fair trial does not mean a perfect trial: ML v R [2015] NSWCCA 27 at [69].
89. The following features are of particular relevance in the unusual circumstances of this trial.
90. Firstly, the iPad conversation was admitted at trial and that ruling is not challenged in this Court. The iPad conversation involved a discussion in which each Applicant made damaging admissions concerning his conduct towards the complainant with respect to events which did not take place in the presence of the other Applicant. It was clear that admissions made by one Applicant related to him alone. The three-way conversation between FX, GX and SX during the iPad conversation entangled the accounts given by FX and GX in a way that served to explain why a joint trial was sought by the Crown and consented to by the Applicants. This is confirmed by the opening address to the jury by counsel for the Applicants and the manner in which the trial was conducted on behalf of each Applicant.
91. Secondly, each Applicant gave evidence at the trial and gave similar explanations to the jury for admissions made by each of them to SX during the iPad conversation. It was open to the Crown to cross-examine FX (who gave evidence after GX) and to suggest that there was a desire on the part of FX to adopt the same line of defence or explanation concerning what had been said by each of them to SX in the iPad conversation. It was put to FX that his answers in evidence had been "rehearsed" (see [116] above). However, a problem arose for GX in the way in which FX was cross-examined about this in a manner which was damaging to GX without GX having been cross-examined on these matters. This was compounded by the Crown closing address which attacked GX as well as FX in this respect. The trial Judge repeated the Crown submission on this issue to the jury without qualification or further direction. Of course, her Honour was not asked to give a further direction. Thus, Rule 4 is raised and it is necessary to consider whether GX should be granted leave in this respect.
92. Thirdly, admissions had been made by each Applicant as well during the separate pretext conversations with Sarah so that it was necessary for each Applicant to seek to explain why those things had been said. It is the case that FX made clearer and more damaging admissions to Sarah than did GX in his separate telephone conversation. This was a notable area of difference between the Crown cases against each Applicant.
93. Fourthly, each Applicant sought to explain what appeared to be cogent admissions asserting sexual interest on the part of the very young complainant - there were overlapping lines of defence adopted by each Applicant which the jury was well entitled to reject.
94. Fifthly, in these ways, the trials of each Applicant were intertwined, largely by their own words in recorded conversations and in evidence at trial, so that this provides the context or setting in which the Court must consider the claim that one or both of the Applicants lost a real chance (or a chance fairly open) of being acquitted because trial counsel did not seek directions as now sought under Grounds 3, 4 and 5.
95. It is necessary to consider the position of each Applicant separately. I have considered the submissions made for each Applicant. Mr Odgers SC submitted that GX suffered unfairness through the failure of the trial Judge to give directions to the jury, in particular to remedy the matters complained of in Grounds 5 and 6.
96. In the atmosphere of this trial, the fact that counsel appearing for each Applicant made no application for any further direction is significant. It indicated that counsel did not consider there was unfairness for either Applicant as a result of the directions given to the jury. I observe that no ground or submission asserted that trial counsel for the Applicants was incompetent: TKWJ v The Queen at [79]; Davis v R [2017] NSWCCA 257 at [59]; Roach v R at [154]-[158].
97. A real area of concern and unfairness to GX arises from the cross-examining of FX in a manner adverse to GX and the Crown submission which was critical of GX, advanced in the absence of cross-examination of GX on those matters. The trial Judge repeated the Crown submission to the jury (see [267] above). I am satisfied that this combination of events gave rise to unfairness to GX in the context of this trial. GX lost a real chance of acquittal as a result so that he should be granted leave under Rule 4 to rely upon Ground 5 in this respect as a miscarriage of justice has been demonstrated. I would uphold Grounds 5 and 6 with respect to GX as a result.
98. I am not persuaded that FX lost a real chance of acquittal as a result of the matters complained of in Grounds 3, 4 and 5. FX has not demonstrated unfairness in the trial nor a basis upon which he should be granted leave to rely upon Grounds 3, 4 or 5.
99. Nor am I persuaded that FX has made good Ground 6 insofar as it relates to him. Any unfairness arising from the Crown closing address affected GX only.

Returning to Ground 2

1. It is appropriate to return at this point to Ground 2 which asserted that a miscarriage of justice arose as a result of the Applicants being tried jointly. I noted earlier (at [210]) that I would return to this ground after Grounds 3 to 6 had been considered.
2. The Applicants consented to a joint trial for the purpose of s.29(2)(a) Criminal Procedure Act 1986. For the purpose of considering Ground 2, I am prepared to assume (without deciding) that it is open to a convicted person to seek to appeal against conviction asserting a miscarriage of justice as a result of being tried jointly with another person, even where an application for a separate trial was not made.
3. It is appropriate to consider after the event whether a miscarriage of justice has occurred as a result of the Applicants being tried jointly: R v Pham; DR v R [2019] NSWCCA 320 at [18]ff.
4. This was an unusual trial where the evidence to be adduced by the Crown (in particular the iPad conversation and the conversation between the Applicants whilst in custody) and the response of each Applicant to the charges brought against him were such that a joint trial was considered appropriate by the parties. Having considered the areas of evidence which bore upon this approach, this was an understandable position so that the holding of a joint trial itself was not contrary to law nor did it give rise to any inevitable injustice.
5. The evidence of each Applicant before the jury, and the common approach of each of them in response to the charges, tended to fortify the approach that a joint trial was appropriate. Each Applicant sought to explain what he had said in the iPad conversation in a similar way.
6. However, for reasons expressed (at [300]-[307] above), I am satisfied that GX has demonstrated a miscarriage of justice arising from his joint trial with FX in the particular and confined respect arising from the cross-examination of FX, the Crown closing address and the trial Judge's summary of the Crown closing which operated unfairly to GX so that he lost a real chance of acquittal. The Crown case against GX was not as strong as the case against FX which contained telling and repeated admissions made by him to SX and (importantly) to Sarah in the pretext call.
7. Apart from that aspect of the trial, however, I am not satisfied that any other feature of the joint trial of the Applicants resulted in a miscarriage of justice for either of them.
8. I would uphold Ground 2 in this confined respect concerning GX, but otherwise dismiss the ground with respect to GX and FX.

Ground 7 - A Miscarriage of Justice Arose as a Result of Aspects of the Crown Prosecutor's Closing Address to the Jury Submissions for the Applicants

1. Counsel for the Applicants submitted that aspects of the Crown closing address to the jury gave rise to a miscarriage of justice in accordance with the principles in Livermore v R (2006) 67 NSWLR 659; [2006] NSWCCA 334 at [31].
2. Firstly, it was submitted that the Crown had contrasted the demeanour of Sarah with that of the Applicants and in doing so, expressed her personal opinion.
3. Secondly, it was submitted that the Crown improperly attempted to appeal to the jury's emotions.
4. Thirdly, it was submitted that the Crown sought to appeal to the individual experiences of each member of the jury.
5. Fourthly, it was submitted that the Crown Prosecutor had referred to the evidence of the Applicants in a belittling fashion.
6. It was submitted for the Applicants that the cumulative effect of these Crown submissions gave rise to a miscarriage of justice, especially when this ground is considered in combination with the sixth ground of appeal. Crown Submissions
7. The Crown submitted that the matters which are the subject of complaint in Ground 7 were not the subject of any complaint or application by counsel who appeared for the Applicants at trial, and that this was a strong indication that defence counsel did not regard what was said by the Crown as being improper, much less productive of a miscarriage of justice.
8. The Crown submitted that the aspects of the closing address about which complaint is made involved submissions which were open to the Crown in the context of the trial and which did not disclose a foundation for a finding that a miscarriage of justice occurred. Decision
9. Before moving to consider the areas of complaint in the Crown closing address, it is appropriate to commence with some basic principles relevant to determination of a ground such as this. In Hughes v R (2015) 93 NSWLR 474; [2015] NSWCCA 330, this Court (Beazley P, Schmidt and Button JJ) said at [265]-[275]: "265 It is convenient to begin with some basic principles governing the conduct of persons appearing as an advocate for the Crown in a criminal trial. Although what we have to say applies equally to private counsel and solicitors appearing in such a role, for convenience we shall use the term Crown prosecutor to describe such a person. 266 First, the Crown prosecutor has a special role that combines that of an advocate contending for a cause in adversarial proceedings with that of a Minister of Justice: see Subramaniam v The Queen [2004] HCA 51; 211 ALR 1 at [54] (Gleeson CJ, McHugh, Kirby, Hayne and Callinan JJ); and McCullough v The Queen (1982) 6 A Crim R 274 at 285. In that fundamental sense, the role of a Crown prosecutor is different from that of a counsel appearing for a plaintiff, who bears the onus of proof in civil proceedings, and from that of accused's counsel in criminal proceedings. 267 Secondly, a Crown prosecutor should never use language designed or calculated to inflame the jury: see Livermore v The Queen [2006] NSWCCA 334; 67 NSWLR 659 at [24]. 268 Thirdly, a Crown prosecutor should take special care not to use such language when the subject matter of a criminal trial has an inherent tendency to cause the jury to react emotionally to the evidence in the Crown case. Examples that spring readily to mind are trials of horrific murders and trials of allegations of child sexual assault, crimes for which the community reserves a special abhorrence. 269 Fourthly, a Crown prosecutor is not prohibited from forcefully and firmly putting the prosecution case to the jury: see McCullough at 285; and R v Rugari [2001] NSWCCA 64; 122 A Crim R 1 at [52] (Carruthers AJ, with whom Spigelman CJ and Sperling J agreed). Nor is a Crown prosecutor prohibited from utilising rhetoric: see Libke v The Queen [2007] HCA 30; 230 CLR 559 at 600 (Heydon J). Nor is a Crown prosecutor prohibited from firmly calling upon the jury to reject defence evidence or a defence case as inherently unbelievable. 270 Fifthly, on the other hand, the Crown prosecutor must not belittle or ridicule either an accused person, or his or her evidence, or his or her case: see Livermore at [31]. 271 Sixthly, a Crown prosecutor should especially eschew advocates' tricks designed to curry favour with the judge and especially with the jury, or to gain an ulterior advantage: see Wood v R [2012] NSWCCA 21; 84 NSWLR 581 at [605] (McClellan CJ at CL, with whom Lathan and Rothman JJ agreed). An example of what may be described as an advocate's trick, (there are many, regrettably), is asking a question in the presence of the jury that one believes or knows will be the subject of a successful objection merely in order to force that response from one's opponent, and to cause the jury to reflect upon the subject matter of the question that will remain unanswered. 272 Seventhly, the conduct of a Crown prosecutor in a criminal trial can of itself lead to a miscarriage of justice, that can found a successful appeal against conviction: see Whitehorn v The Queen [1983] HCA 42; 152 CLR 657 at 663-4 (Deane J). 273 Eighthly, speaking generally, no advocate in criminal or civil proceedings should place his or her personal opinion before the tribunal of fact or law, because it is irrelevant: see KNP v R [2006] NSWCCA 213 at [53] (McClellan CJ at CL, with whom James and Hall JJ agreed); R v Liristis [2004] NSWCCA 287 at [95] (Kirby J, with whom Studdert J and Hislop JJ agreed); and Rugari at [60]. 274 Ninthly, speaking generally, every advocate in criminal or civil proceedings is entitled to mount a firm attack on the evidence and submissions (with regard to matters of both fact and law) placed before the court by his or her opponent. Great care should be taken, however, to ensure that a personal attack is not made upon one's opponent himself or herself, unless there are very sound bases for doing so. 275 Tenthly, the determination of grounds such as these is very much a matter of this Court analysing exactly what was said or done, and considering it in the context of the entirety of the trial, including remedial steps (if any) taken by the presiding judge: see, for example, KNP."
10. This statement of principles is not affected by the decision of the High Court of Australia in Hughes v The Queen (2017) 263 CLR 338; [2017] HCA 20.
11. The first area of complaint was that the Crown Prosecutor expressed her personal opinion during the closing address to the jury. Reference was made to the emphasised words appearing in the following passage (T392): "When you are assessing her evidence I would like you also, members of the jury, to keep in mind what you observed of her when she was on the CCTV. In my submission it would be fair to say that she was overwhelmed with grief. She was highly emotional, highly distressed; you saw the trauma. It didn't look to me, members of the jury, and this is a matter for you, but it didn't look staged and it didn't look like she was acting or that she'd practised that. She answered every single question that she was asked and you saw the raw emotion flood out of her every time she got to the specific event. She could give you the surrounding details and the moment she went to talk about the sexual conduct she flooded out her emotions. In my submission that was spontaneous and real. She answered every single question including the very difficult ones; some were extremely difficult."
12. Complaint was made about the Crown closing address which referred to Sarah's evidence in the following way (T393): "Finally, just in terms of her honesty, members of the jury. She gave straightforward answers even under cross-examination when she was extremely emotional she still gave very straightforward, honest answers. And, as I said to you, when she didn't know the date she simply said, 'I don't know'. In my submission to you she was a very believable and credible witness and you would accept her evidence beyond reasonable doubt."
13. Counsel for the Applicants sought to contrast submissions made concerning the credibility of Sarah with submissions which described the evidence as the Applicants as being "rehearsed, staged, acted in my submission to you. That's what we saw from the two … men in the witness box" (T385) (the full passage appears at [256] above).
14. It was submitted that the Crown had placed her personal opinion before the jury contrary to what was said in Hughes v R at [273].
15. The Crown in this appeal accepted that the opening words of the Crown at trial at [328] above constituted an unorthodox way of suggesting a view that might be taken by the jury, but noted that the Crown had immediately corrected herself reminding the jury that "this is a matter for you".
16. I accept the Crown submission concerning this aspect. To the extent that the Crown introduced her own opinion, it was immediately qualified in an appropriate way so that there was no maintenance of a position which operated contrary to the principles in Hughes v R concerning a Crown address.
17. With respect to the other complaints made under the first heading advanced by the Applicants, I see no difficulty with the Crown submissions which sought to contrast the evidence of Sarah with the evidence of the Applicants. The Crown Prosecutor was entitled to forcefully and firmly put the prosecution case to the jury: Hughes v R at [269].
18. The second area of complaint under this ground contended that the Crown had improperly attempted to appeal to the jury's emotions. In this regard, reliance was placed upon the following part of the Crown closing address (T391): "I just want to talk to you now briefly about memory and then I want to talk about when [Sarah] gave her evidence. [Sarah] is relaying evidence or telling her version of events from when she was six years old to when she was 12 years old, and you saw the photo of her in exhibit A, her at five years old and her at eight years old, and you can see what a little girl she was, you can get an idea from those photos. What I might ask you, members of the jury, to think about is think about your sixth birthday. What were you doing on your sixth birthday?"
19. It was submitted for the Applicants that the appearance of Sarah when she was five or eight years of age could have no logical bearing on the likelihood or otherwise of her capacity to recall events said to have taken place when she was aged between six and 12 years. It was submitted that this comment must have been intended to rouse revulsion in the minds of the jury in a manner which contravened the principle referred to in Hughes v R at [268].
20. The Crown submitted with respect to this complaint that the effect of the Crown submission was to remind the jury that the young woman they saw give evidence was not the young girl who had been allegedly indecently and sexually assaulted by one or other of the Applicants. The submission drew the jury's attention to the need to have regard to the delay between the time when the offences were alleged to have been committed and the time when Sarah gave evidence and the impact of that delay on her memory. It was submitted that the fact that the Crown did so by reference to photographs did not alter the position. The use of photographs reinforced the point that Sarah was much younger when the offences were allegedly committed than when she gave evidence. A similar submission that included reference to photographs of complainants was considered in Hughes v R at [297], and was regarded as uncontroversial.
21. It is necessary to keep in mind that the Crown is entitled to advance the prosecution case forcefully and firmly using adversarial skills in that respect. In this trial, the jury had photographs of Sarah in evidence. The Crown was entitled to remind the jury of the age of Sarah at the time of the alleged offences and the passage of time between then and the occasion when she was giving evidence at the trial. It was open to the Crown to make submissions challenged under this heading.
22. The third area of complaint by the Applicants concerns the Crown submission (T391-392) which invited the jury to consider what they were doing on their sixth, eighth or 15th birthday as a means of assessing the evidence of Sarah who was relaying information which had occurred some 14 to 20 years before. It was submitted that this distracted the jury from a proper collective approach to the consideration of issues of that type: GDD v R at [105], [121].
23. The Crown submitted that it was open to the Crown to address the jury in these terms to draw upon their own experience of memory in assessing any perceived deficiencies in Sarah's memory of events which she said had occurred. In this way, it was submitted that the Crown was inviting the jury to bring to bear their collective experience in life in the sense of it being an experience that each of them had. The Crown submitted that what was said in this case was readily distinguishable from the submission which was criticised in GDD v R.
24. I accept the Crown submission on this issue. What occurred in this case is distinguishable from that which was criticised in GDD v R. It was open to the Crown to advance submissions to the tribunal of fact which invited them to consider the issue of memory of past events by reference to their own experience.
25. This was not an invitation to the jury to consider their own idiosyncratic experiences or memories singularly or on their own. Rather, the jury was being addressed as a group and were invited to consider the issue of memory, and the passage of years from childhood to adulthood, as part of the process of assessing the evidence of Sarah.
26. Nothing said in this part of the Crown closing contravened any rule or principle applicable to the conduct of the Crown at a criminal trial.
27. The fourth area of complaint concerns submissions made by the Crown to the jury with respect to the evidence of the Applicants. The Crown Prosecutor referred to the evidence of the Applicants as "simply ludicrous, it borders on the absolute ridiculous" (T383) and as "defying belief" (T384). It was submitted for the Applicants that this submission belittled or ridiculed the evidence of the Applicants in a manner which contravened what was said in Hughes v R at [270] and that the comments were improper in a similar manner to the Crown submission criticised in Hughes v R at [300].
28. The Crown submitted that what was said to the jury in this respect must be considered in context, the Crown having submitted shortly before that "They confessed to sexually inappropriate behaviour with the complainant to calm [SX] down to resolve the matter, to pacify her" with this evidence being submitted by the Crown to be "simply ludicrous" or bordering on the "absolute ridiculous". It was submitted that the Crown was entitled to use strong language in a submission with respect to a feature of the case which was reasonably open to strong challenge.
29. The Crown submitted that the prosecutor in a criminal trial is not prohibited from firmly calling upon the jury to reject a defence case as being inherently unbelievable: Libke v The Queen (2007) 230 CLR 559; [2007] HCA 30; Hughes v R at [269]. In Hughes v R, the Court held that it was not inappropriate for a Crown Prosecutor to describe a defence case or evidence as "inherently unreliable" or "incredible": Hughes v R at [283].
30. It is necessary to consider this complaint with respect to the Crown closing address in context. There had been a strong challenge in cross-examination of each Applicant with respect to this part of the evidence of each of them. Having cross-examined each Applicant in that way, it was equally open to the Crown to make a forceful submission to the jury with respect to the credibility or otherwise of the evidence of each Applicant. The Crown was submitting that the evidence of each Applicant was inherently unbelievable: Hughes v R at [269]. In reaching this conclusion, I put to one side the aspect of GX's appeal which I propose to uphold.
31. The submission made to the jury in this respect was open to the Crown and does not attract reasonable criticism.
32. I have considered the cumulative effect of the matters complained of under the seventh ground of appeal. I do not consider that the cumulative effect of these matters assists the Applicants in this case. Neither the individual nor cumulative effect of these aspects of the Crown closing address gave rise to a miscarriage of justice for either Applicant in this case.
33. I would reject the seventh ground of appeal.

Conclusion

1. I would grant GX leave under Rule 4 Criminal Appeal Rules to rely upon Ground 5 and would uphold Grounds 2, 5 and 6 arising from the particular features of the trial addressed in this judgment (at [300]-[307] above).
2. I note that the Crown did not seek to rely upon the proviso in s.6(1) Criminal Appeal Act 1912 (T56, 19 February 2020).
3. I would allow GX's appeal and order that his convictions be quashed and that a new trial be ordered.
4. FX has not made good any grounds of appeal. Leave to rely upon Grounds 3, 4 and 5 should be refused. I would grant FX leave to appeal, but dismiss his appeal.
5. I propose the following orders: 1. with respect to FX: 1. refuse leave under Rule 4 Criminal Appeal Rules to rely upon Grounds 3, 4 and 5; 2. grant leave to appeal against conviction; 3. dismiss the appeal against conviction; 1. with respect to GX: 1. grant leave under Rule 4 Criminal Appeal Rules to rely upon Ground 5; 2. grant leave to appeal against conviction; 3. allow the appeal on Grounds 2, 5 and 6; 4. quash the convictions of GX on each of Counts 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18; 5. order that there be a new trial; 6. direct that GX's matter be listed in the District Court Arraignment List on Friday, 14 August 2020 at 9.30 am.
6. PRICE J: I agree with Johnson J and the orders he proposes.
7. DAVIES J: I agree with Johnson J.

Amendments 09 October 2020 - On the joint application of the Crown and the Applicants, the Court was requested to make amendments to [127] and [178] with respect to the identity of the solicitor instructing counsel for the Applicants given erroneous information contained in the Particulars of Trial which was drawn to the attention of the Court only after judgment had been published. 20 May 2021 - Publication restriction lifted. DISCLAIMER - Every effort has been made to comply with suppression orders or statutory provisions prohibiting publication that may apply to this judgment or decision. The onus remains on any person using material in the judgment or decision to ensure that the intended use of that material does not breach any such order or provision. Further enquiries may be directed to the Registry of the Court or Tribunal in which it was generated. Decision last updated: 20 May 2021