Dixon on behalf of the Narrwan and Badpa Estate Groups v Northern Territory of Australia - [2020] FCA 1545 - FCA 2020 case summary — Zoe

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Dixon on behalf of the Narrwan and Badpa Estate Groups v Northern Territory of Australia

[2020] FCA 1545

Federal Court of Australia|2020-10-29|Before: White J

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At a glance

Source facts

Court

Federal Court of Australia

Decision date

2020-10-29

Before

White J

Catchwords

NATIVE TITLE - consent determination - requirements under s 87 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) - agreement of all parties - determination of native title by consent.

Source

Original judgment source is linked above.

Catchwords

NATIVE TITLE - consent determination - requirements under s 87 of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) - agreement of all parties - determination of native title by consent.

Judgment (19 paragraphs)

[1]

A. On 25 May 2015 the Applicant made a native title determination application over the land and waters within the bounds of the Hidden Valley Pastoral Lease (Pastoral Lease No. 936) (the "Application"). B. The Applicant and the Respondent to this proceeding (the "Parties") have reached agreement as to the terms of a proposed determination of native title in relation to the land and waters covered by the Application. C. Pursuant to ss 87(1)(a)(i) and 87(1)(b) of the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) (the "Act") the Parties have filed with the Court their signed agreement in writing (the "Determination"). The external boundaries of the area subject to the Determination (the "Determination Area") are described in Schedule A of the Determination and depicted on the map comprising Schedule B of the Determination. D. Pursuant to ss 87 and 94A of the Act, the terms of the Parties' agreement involve the making of consent orders for a determination that native title exists in relation to the Determination Area as provided by the Determination. E. The Parties acknowledge that the effect of making the Determination is that the members of the native title claim group, in accordance with the traditional laws acknowledged and the traditional customs observed by them, be recognised as the native title holders for the Determination Area as provided by the Determination. F. The Parties request that the Court hear and determine this proceeding in accordance with their agreement. BEING SATISFIED that a determination of native title in the terms of the Determination in respect of the proceeding would be within the power of the Court and, it appearing to the Court appropriate to do so, pursuant to s 87 of the Act and by the consent of the Parties:

[5]

The native title rights and interests of the estate group members referred to in clause 5 in relation to those parts of the Determination Area identified in Schedule C, being areas where there has been partial extinguishment of native title, are the rights: (a) to access, remain on and use the areas; (b) to access and to take for any purpose the resources of areas; and (c) to protect places, areas and things of traditional significance.
The native title rights and interests of the estate group members referred to in clause 7 above in relation to those parts of the Determination Area identified in Schedule C, being areas where there has been partial extinguishment of native title, are the rights: (a) to access, remain on and use the areas; and (b) to access the resources of the areas.
The native title rights and interests do not confer on the native title holders: (a) possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of those parts of the Determination Area identified in Schedule C to the exclusion of all others; (b) any right to control the access to and use of those parts of the land and waters of the areas or their resources; (c) any right to access or take: (i) water captured by the holders of Pastoral Lease No. 936; or (ii) resources that are the private or personal property of another, including but not limited to: A. infrastructure or fixtures; B. chattels, equipment, machinery or supplies; C. animals, including stock within the meaning of the Pastoral Land Act 1992 (NT) and the progeny of any such animal, that are the private or personal property of another; and D. plants, crops and grasses that are the private or personal property of another.
The native title rights and interests are subject to and exercisable in accordance with: (a) the traditional laws and customs of the native title holders; and (b) the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia and the Commonwealth of Australia.
There are no native title rights and interests in: (a) minerals (as defined in s 2 of the Minerals (Acquisition) Act 1953 (NT)); (b) petroleum (as defined in s 5 of the Petroleum Act 1984 (NT)); or (c) prescribed substances (as defined in s 3 of the Atomic Energy (Control of Materials) Act 1946 (Cth) and/or s 5(1) of the Atomic Energy Act 1953 (Cth)), in the Determination Area.

[7]

The nature and extent of other interests in relation to the Determination Area are the interests, created by the Crown or otherwise, as follows: (a) in relation to NT Portion 2724, the rights and interests of the holder of Pastoral Lease No. 936; (b) in relation to NT Portion 5028, the interest of AustralAsia Railway Corporation under Crown Lease Term 1882 CUFT 754/366; (c) the rights and interests of Telstra Corporation Limited: (i) as the owner or operator of telecommunications facilities within the Determination Area; (ii) created pursuant to the Post and Telegraph Act 1901 (Cth), the Telecommunications Act 1975 (Cth), the Australian Telecommunications Corporation Act 1989 (Cth), the Telecommunications Act 1991 (Cth) and the Telecommunications Act 1997 (Cth), including rights: A. to inspect land; B. to install and operate telecommunications facilities; and C. to alter, remove, replace, maintain, repair and ensure the proper functioning of its telecommunications facilities; D. for its employees, agents or contractors to access its telecommunications facilities in, and in the vicinity of, the Determination Area, in the performance of their duties; and E. under any licence, access agreement or easement relating to its telecommunications facilities in the Determination Area; (d) in relation to NT Portion 2724 the rights of Aboriginal persons (whether or not native title holders) pursuant to the reservation in favour of Aboriginal peoples in Pastoral Lease No. 936 made by s 38 of the Pastoral Land Act 1992 (NT); (e) the rights of Aboriginal persons (whether or not native title holders) pursuant to the Northern Territory Aboriginal Sacred Sites Act 1989 (NT); (f) rights of access by an employee, servant, agent or instrumentality of the Northern Territory or Commonwealth, or other statutory authority as required in the performance of statutory duties; (g) the rights to water lawfully captured by the holders of other interests; (h) the rights and interests of persons to whom valid and validated rights and interests have been: (i) granted by the Crown pursuant to statute or otherwise in the exercise of executive power; or (ii) otherwise conferred by statute. (i) the rights and interests of the holders of the following titles granted under the Petroleum Act 1984 (NT) and depicted in Schedule E: (i) Exploration Permit Title No. 168 granted on 10 January 2013 and expiring on 9 January 2021.

[16]

Statutory provisions and principles 8 The parties make their application under s 87(1) and (2) of the Act. Those provisions empower the Court to make a consent determination if five conditions are satisfied: (a) the parties to an application for a determination of native title have reached agreement on the terms of the orders to be made by the Court (subs (1)(a)); (b) the terms of the agreement are in writing and have been signed by or on behalf of all parties (subs 1(b)); (c) the terms of the agreement has been filed with the Court (subs (1)(b)); (d) the Court is satisfied that an order in, or consistent with, the terms on which the parties have agreed is within the power of the Court (subs (1)(c)); and (e) the Court is satisfied that it is appropriate in the exercise of the discretion vested in the Court to make the consent determination. 9 In Cronin on behalf of the Butchulla People (Land & Sea Claim #2) v State of Queensland [2019] FCA 2082, O'Bryan J summarised a number of matters bearing upon the exercise of the Court's power under s 87 and its counterpart s 87A derived from the Court's previous decisions, including the decisions of Mortimer J in Freddie v Northern Territory [2017] FCA 867 and Agius v South Australia (No 6) [2018] FCA 358. Those matters (without the citations provided by O'Bryan J to support them) include: (a) the role of the Court in considering an application for a consent determination under s 87 is different from its role in determining a disputed application. The Court's focus is on the parties' agreement; (b) the assessment of whether it is appropriate to make a consent determination takes into account the nature of the rights sought to be recognised in the determination, including the fact that they will operate against the whole world. Because of this the Court seeks to be satisfied that the proposed orders are clear in their terms and are the result of a process in which all parties have had procedural fairness. The Court also wishes to be satisfied that the parties' agreement has been entered into on a free and informed basis; (c) while the discretion as to appropriateness is wide, the Court focuses on the individual circumstances of each determination; (d) the Court also keeps in mind ss 37M and 37N of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976 (Cth) and, in particular, the objective contained in those provisions of achieving a just resolution of disputes according to law and as quickly, inexpensively and efficiently as possible; (e) while there must be some probative material by which the Court may satisfy itself that the requirements of s 225 of the Act have been met and that there is a credible and rational basis for the determination, there is no requirement that the parties provide all the material on which the determination is based or which would be necessary if the Court was making the determination after a disputed hearing; (f) the Court takes into account that the State or Territory in question has an important public responsibility when considering an application for the determination of native title and relies very much on that State or Territory to discharge that responsibility; (g) the Court takes account of the public interest in a settled outcome; and (h) the flexibility of a settled outcome allows the State or Territory to take into account a wide range of matters including, for instance, the history of dispossession.

[18]

Consideration 12 There is no difficulty in the Court concluding that the first three matters to which s 87(1) refers are satisfied. The parties have reached agreement on the terms of a determination of native title; the agreement has been reduced to writing and signed by both parties; and it has been filed in the Court. 13 There is also no difficulty in concluding that, during the long period during which the proceedings have been on foot, the Territory has engaged in a careful assessment of the evidence provided by the applicant in support of the application; that both parties, having been legally represented throughout; that all parties have entered into the consent determination on a free and informed basis; that the decision of the Territory to consent to the determination is sound and rational; and there are no "negative" factors indicating that the determination may be inappropriate. On the contrary, the materials provided by the parties indicate the appropriateness of the consent determination. 14 In relation to the Territory's assessment of the application, I note that it referred the applicant's anthropological evidence to a consultant anthropologist for review. That led to the applicant providing further material to the respondent. 15 Section 94A of the Act requires that a determination of native title by the Court set out details of the matters mentioned in s 225 of the Act. Section 225 provides: 225 Determination of native title A determination of native title is a determination whether or not native title exists in relation to a particular area (the determination area) of land or waters and, if it does exist, a determination of: (a) who the persons, or each group of persons, holding the common or group rights comprising the native title are; and (b) the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the determination area; and (c) the nature and extent of any other interests in relation to the determination area; and (d) the relationship between the rights and interests in paragraphs (b) and (c) (taking into account the effect of this Act); and (e) to the extent that the land or waters in the determination area are not covered by a non-exclusive agricultural lease or a non-exclusive pastoral lease - whether the native title rights and interests confer possession, occupation, use and enjoyment of that land or waters on the native title holders to the exclusion of all others. Note: The determination may deal with the matters in paragraphs (c) and (d) by referring to a particular kind or particular kinds of non-native title interests. 16 The terms "native title" and "native title rights and interests" appearing in s 225 are defined in s 223 of the Act. It provides (relevantly): 223 Native title Common law rights and interests (1) The expression native title or native title rights and interests means the communal, group or individual rights and interests of Aboriginal peoples or Torres Strait Islanders in relation to land or waters, where: (a) the rights and interests are possessed under the traditional laws acknowledged, and the traditional customs observed, by the Aboriginal peoples or Torres Strait Islanders; and (b) the Aboriginal peoples or Torres Strait Islanders, by those laws and customs, have a connection with the land or waters; and (c) the rights and interests are recognised by the common law of Australia. Hunting, gathering and fishing covered (2) Without limiting subsection (1), rights and interests in that subsection includes hunting, gathering, or fishing, rights and interests. … 17 The meaning of the expression "native title rights and interests" used in s 225(b) was considered by the High Court in Members of the Yorta Yorta Aboriginal Community v State of Victoria [2002] HCA 58; (2002) 214 CLR 422. The native title rights and interests to be recognised in the proposed determination are of the kind to which s 223(1) refers and as discussed in Yorta Yorta. 18 Section 225(a) of the Act requires that the determination identify the persons, or groups of persons, holding the common or group rights comprising the native title. Clauses 5-8 of the determination satisfy that requirement by indicating that the native title rights and interests are held by the members of the Narrwan and Badpa Estate Groups. They also indicate the criteria by which membership of the estate groups is determined. 19 Section 225(b) requires that the determination state the nature and extent of the native title rights and interests in relation to the determination area. Clauses 9-13 satisfy that requirement by identifying the rights and interests to which the determination refers. Those rights and interests are of a kind which have been recognised in previous determinations of the Court. I noted that cl 14 of the determination contains a non-exhaustive list of the activities permitted by the native title rights and interests. 20 Section 225(c) requires that the determination state the nature and extent of any other interest in relation to the determination area. Section 225(d) requires that the determination state the relationship between the rights and interests of the native title holders and the other interests in the area. Clauses 16 and 17 in the determination address those topics by indicating that the other rights and interests in the area, and the activities giving effect to them, prevail over (but do not extinguish) the native title rights and interests. 21 Order 2 provides that the native title is not to be held on trust. Order 3 provides that the Top End (Default PBC/CLA) Aboriginal Corporation (ICN 7848) be appointed as the prescribed body corporate for the purposes of s 57(2) of the Act in respect of the determination area.

Dixon on behalf of the Narrwan and Badpa Estate Groups v Northern Territory of Australia

At a glance

Court

Decision date

Before

Catchwords

Source

Catchwords

Judgment (19 paragraphs)

Parties

Legislation Cited (13)

Cases Cited (5)