Apriaden Pty Ltd v Seacrest Pty Ltd & Anor [2005] VSCA 139

1 In this appeal I have had the opportunity of reading the judgment which Williams, A.J.A. is about to deliver. I agree with the conclusions reached by her and I agree in substance with the reasons she gives for reaching them, so that the appeal should be dismissed.

2 I confess that at first I was uncomfortable with the concept that a lessor could re-enter premises still held by a lessee on grounds which could be justified only in terms of the law of contract. The law of landlord and tenant may be said to be so well known, with leases customarily drafted upon the assumption that that law applies to them, at least so far as the right to possession is concerned, that it might lead to commercial uncertainty if more general and arguably more flexible contractual rules were applied to them. Similar views, at least in qualified terms, have been expressed in a number of the judgments cited to us in the course of the appeal, but the question remains whether such concerns can be accommodated into the legal principles relating to leaseholds as they presently stand. Conceptually and historically those principles have always rested on somewhat uncertain bases, such that from very early times in the common law leasehold interests have been considered as personal rather than real property. Moreover the uncertainties, if not peculiarities, of the common law relating to leases have been such that the legislature has frequently intervened, more often than not to ameliorate some harshness perceived in the common law as it was then applied. So text writers writing in, say, 1880, 1920 and 1980, would have expressed (and did express) quite different views as to the current law relating to certain incidents of leaseholds because of legislation passed in the intervening years. Even views expressed as recently as 1980 must be qualified now in practical terms in this State by reference to the Retail Tenancies Reform Act 1998 (and its predecessor) and the Residential Tenancies Act 1997 (and its predecessor).

3 In truth, other than tenancies elaborately controlled by the Residential Tenancies Act and tenancies created under legislative powers, leases these days more often than not take the form of complex commercial documents more akin to contracts than demises. One need only look at the elaborate document recently discussed by this Court in Australia Pacific Airports (Melbourne) Pty Ltd v. The Nuance Group (Australia) Pty Ltd[1]. It is therefore not surprising that the High Court some twenty years ago reached a view, at least by majority, which has never been refuted by that Court and has in fact been implicitly accepted by it,[2] that "the ordinary principles of contract law, including that of termination for repudiation or fundamental breach, apply to leases": see Progressive Mailing House Pty Ltd v. Tabali Pty Ltd[3]. The only exceptions to this general approach acknowledged by the majority are cases where the lease by its very terms can be taken to have excluded conventional contractual remedies and leases of the kind where ordinary contractual remedies are effectively impossible to apply, for example, because the only consideration has been a premium and a nominal rent. It is unnecessary to examine these broad generalisations further for they are recognised and dealt with in terms of both history and principle in the judgments of Mason and Deane, JJ. The dissenting judge, Brennan, J., thought it not possible to imply a term which enabled a lessor to determine a lease, at least where a lease contains an explicit proviso for re-entry.[4] The difference from the majority was one of principle but the majority did concede that to reach a conclusion that the conduct of a lessee amounts to repudiatory behaviour or fundamental breach may be the harder when one is considering a lease and the specific covenants contained therein, having regard to the relationship between the parties as landlord and tenant and to what might fairly be inferred from the conduct of a tenant in particular circumstances.

4 In the end the difference in practical terms between the majority and Brennan, J. may not be so great but I think one must now accept that the decision of the High Court in Tabali represents the common law of Australia, for it has been effectively unchallenged by any decision of authority in the succeeding twenty years and none of the doubts expressed in a few cases in that period would deny the authority of what the High Court then said. The majority were well aware of the theoretical problems posed in the judgment of Brennan, J. but chose deliberately to prefer in the ordinary case the potential application of the law of contract as a basis for determining a leasehold interest.

5 I agree with Williams, A.J.A., and with the additional observations of Ormiston, J.A.

6 This is an appeal from orders made by a judge of the Trial Division of the Court, dismissing a claim by the appellant lessee for damages against the respondent lessors for alleged wrongful re-entry, on 1 May 1998, of retail premises known as Shop 8, Ivanhoe Shopping Plaza, Ivanhoe ("the premises"). The appellant also appeals from the learned trial judge's determinations in relation to the amount of damages which would have been awarded against the respondents, had the claim been successful. In addition, it challenges orders made in favour of the respondents on their counterclaim.

7 The premises were let by the respondents to the appellant by a deed of lease, made on 9 August 1990 ("the lease"). They were used as a coffee lounge and café. The trial judge found that the lease had been repudiated by the appellant and terminated by the respondents' acceptance of the repudiation by their re-entry. Neither that conclusion nor the factual findings upon which it was premised are challenged.

8 I have adopted his Honour's findings as to the relevant facts for the purposes of the appeal.

The lease

9 The lease was subject to the Retail Tenancies Act 1986. It was initially for a three year term, commencing on 1 May 1990, and provided the appellant with options for two further terms, each of three years. The lease was varied by a deed, made on 6 September 1993, which acknowledged the exercise of the first option for a renewed term of three years, commencing on 1 May 1993, and also provided for the extension of the terms of each of the option periods to five years. Accordingly, the first option period was to expire on 30 April 1998.

10 The lease was not registered under the Transfer of Land Act 1958, nor was it capable of registration under the relevant provision, s.66(1), because its term did not exceed three years. It is an issue of some complexity as to whether the appellant's leasehold interest was properly characterised as legal or equitable at various times. Written submissions on the question have been made by the parties. It would seem to be common ground that, despite the operation of s.40(1) of the Transfer of Land Act and any practice of the Land Titles Office not to register short term leases, [5] such a lease might be regarded as a common law tenancy from year to year, which would determine at the expiration of the three year term and would be on the terms and conditions of the agreement, in so far as they were consistent with a yearly tenancy.[6] Although counsel for the respondents argue that the appellant's breaches of the rental covenant might have precluded it from being a tenant from year to year and so might have given rise to a tenancy at will, it is not necessary, for present purposes, to decide whether that contention is correct.

11 The term of the lease was subsequently extended to one of five years, by the agreement evidenced by the 6 September 1993 deed. As a result, at all relevant times, the appellant was in possession of the premises under an agreement for a lease of five years. [7] Such a lease is registrable under s.66(1) of the Transfer of Land Act. In my view, the appellant's unregistered interest under the agreement for the extension of the lease was an equitable interest arising under the principle in Walsh v. Lonsdale,[8] commensurate with the specific enforceability of the agreement upon which it was based.[9] However, bearing in mind the characterisation of a five year unregistered lease in registrable form as an equitable lease in The Progressive Mailing House Pty. Ltd. v. Tabali Pty. Ltd.[10] and the general references to leases per se throughout the judgments in that case, it does not appear that anything turns on the distinction in the appeal.

The re-entry clause

12 The lease contained a re-entry provision, in clause 8 (b). The parties are in dispute as to its proper interpretation and effect. I will set the clause out, in full, at this point, and later return to the issue of its construction. Clause 8 (b) was in the following terms:

"Default of Lessee

(b) If and whenever the rent hereby reserved or any part thereof shall be in arrear or unpaid for twenty-one days after the same shall have become due (whether the same shall have been legally demanded or not and no demand shall be necessary ) or if the Lessee shall go or be placed in liquidation or otherwise take advantage of any law for the time being in force relating to the liquidation of companies (other than for the purpose of reconstruction or amalgamation) or be placed under official management or receivership or if the Lessee's interest in this Lease shall be taken in execution or if the business conducted therein shall be discontinued or the Demised Premises deserted or vacated or left unoccupied for the space of two weeks (unless due to circumstances beyond the control of the Lessee) or if and whenever there shall be any breach or default in the performance or observance of any of the covenants or agreements or conditions of the Lease on the part of the Lessee to be performed and observed then and in every such case it shall be lawful for the Lessor (although the Lessor may not have taken advantage of some previous breach or default of a like nature) to determine this Lease upon or at any time after the expiration of fourteen days after the date of service of the notice required to be served on the Lessee by sub-section 1 of Section 146 of the Property Law Act 1958 (which period of fourteen days is hereby fixed as the time within which the Lessee is to remedy such last-mentioned breach of [sic] default if it is capable of remedy and to make reasonable compensation in money to the satisfaction of the Lessor for that breach of [sic] default) and which section is hereby declared to apply to this Lease by giving fourteen days notice in writing to the Lessee determining this Lease and upon the expiration of that notice the term hereby created shall absolutely cease and determine and the Lessor or any person authorised by the Lessor may thereupon or at any time thereafter re-enter upon the Demised Premises or any part thereof in the name of the whole and the Lessee and all other tenants and occupiers thereof expel and remove from the Demised Premises and peaceably hold and enjoy thenceforth as if this Lease had not been made without prejudice to any right or remedy of the Lessor in respect of any antecedent breach of or default in respect of any of the covenants or agreements with the Lessor or conditions binding upon the Lessee herein contained or implied and without affecting the generality of the foregoing the Lessee hereby expressly acknowledges and agrees that it is a fundamental and essential term of this Lease that the Lessee pay the Lessor the rent reserved hereunder in the manner provided herein and the Lessor may recover as a liquidated debt due from the Lessee any loss or damage occasioned to the Lessor by non-payment for whatever reason including exercise by the Lessor of its right of re-entry under this clause of the rental hereby reserved and/ or any rental arrears due to the Lessor pursuant to this Lease and this Lease may be produced as a Notice to Quit duly given and expired PROVIDED THAT the Lessor shall not be entitled to serve any notice on the Lessee required by section 146 of the Property Law Act unless there shall have first been served upon the Lessee a notice requiring any breach capable of being remedied to be so remedied within a reasonable time having regard to the nature of such breach and the Lessee has not commenced to remedy such breach."

The dispute

13 A dispute arose between the parties in relation to the respondents' management of the shopping centre and, from about March 1997, the appellant reduced its monthly payments for rental, outgoings and a promotion levy due under the lease, from the sum of $4,488.66 to $3,000. From time to time, the respondents' agent made demands for proper payment, but the breaches continued. Mr Bodo Heller, a director of the appellant, admitted before the trial judge that he continued to make the lower payments in order to cause the respondents to address his complaints, although he was aware that the appellant was breaching its obligations under the lease as a result.

14 It was in that context that, on 29 January 1998, the appellant purported to exercise the option for a further five year term. The respondents denied that the option had been validly exercised and maintained that the lease would expire, by the effluxion of time, on 30 April 1998.

The re-entry

15 No notices were served by the respondents, under either clause 8 (b) or s. 146 of the Property Law Act 1958. Nevertheless, the respondents made a peaceable re-entry of the premises in the early hours of 1 May 1998, changing the locks. They excluded the appellant thereafter.

16 On 11 May 1998, the appellant gave notice of dispute under s. 21 of the Retail Tenancies Act 1986. In the same month, there was a mediation and subsequent correspondence relating to the possibility that the appellant might resume occupation. The respondents contended that the lease had expired. However, they did not re-let the premises and, by their solicitors' letter, dated 13 May 1998, they offered the appellant the right to re-enter, on an overholding basis, under the terms of the lease, until an arbitrator should determine the validity of the purported exercise of the option.

17 The appellant maintained its position that the lease remained on foot, under the provisions of the Retail Tenancies Act 1986. It rejected the respondents' offer, but, under protest, on 13 May 1998, it paid the sum of $21,375.93, being the amount of rental arrears, outgoings and promotional levy due to 30 April 1998. The money was placed in a trust account, pending unconditional payment. The appellant's solicitors contended that the retaking of possession would require the appellant to admit that the lease was at an end. Although the respondents' solicitors advised that no such admission was required, the appellant did not go back into possession of the premises. Mr Heller explained the failure to resume occupation on the grounds that he intended to re-enter and then to sell the business. He knew the business was unsaleable without some leasehold term. No further payments were made under the lease.

18 On 22 December 1998, the arbitrator found that the appellant's purported exercise of the option was ineffective; he concluded that, as a result of the appellant's continuing default, the case fell within both para.(a) and para.(b) of s.14(5) of the Retail Tenancies Act 1986. He concluded that the lease had terminated by the effluxion of time on 30 April 1998 and that he had no jurisdiction.

19 On 5 March 1999, the trial judge declined to give leave to appeal against the arbitrator's decision in relation to the purported exercise of the option. However, his Honour gave leave and allowed the appeal on the ground that the lease had continued, under s. 14(4) of the Retail Tenancies Act 1986, because of the respondents' failure to give the appellant at least three months' notice of the last date upon which it could exercise the option under the lease. His Honour referred the matter back to the arbitrator.

20 On 12 March 1999, the appellant's solicitors informed the respondents that it treated their re-entry as a repudiation of the lease and accepted it as terminating the lease. They advised that the appellant would seek damages. A new tenant took possession of the premises on 22 March 1999 and it was common ground that the lease was at an end, at least by that date.

21 The appellant commenced the foreshadowed proceeding for damages in relation to the alleged repudiation on 8 April 1999. The respondents counterclaimed for rent for the period of the alleged overholding between 1 May 1998 and 22 March 1999.

22 Subsequently, on 11 May 2000, this Court dismissed an appeal from the trial judge's decision of 5 March 1999.[11]

The trial judge's decision

23 The trial judge held that the appellant's "deliberate and persistent breach" of the covenants to pay rent, outgoings and, probably, the promotion levy, amounted to common law repudiation of the lease. His Honour cited Carr v. J.A. Berriman Pty Ltd[12] and Progressive Mailing House[13] and concluded that the lease was brought to an end by the respondents' acceptance of the repudiation, by their re-entry. This conclusion was reached despite the respondents' failure to serve any of the three notices, which the judge considered were perhaps required by clause 8 (b), and notwithstanding that they had re-entered on the erroneous basis that the term had expired.

24 His Honour went on to make findings as to the amount of damages which he would have awarded, had he found that the respondents had repudiated the lease by wrongful re-entry. Evidence had been given of the appellant's alleged loss of profits of $67,000, during the period from 1 May 1998 to 12 March 1999, and its alleged loss of the goodwill of its business, valued, approximately, at between $110,000 and $115,000. However, the trial judge stated that he would have assessed the loss of profits at $4,000, on the basis of what he found to be the declining profitability of the business and the appellant's failure to resume occupation and recommence business in May 1998. His Honour assessed the value of the goodwill of the business at nil, on the ground that the appellant would have been in occupation as a tenant holding over, with no long-term tenure, in March 1999. He valued the lost stock at $2,000.

25 The respondents did not pursue their claim for rental after 30 April 1998.

The appeal

26 The appellant concedes that contractual principles apply to leases. However, it challenges the conclusion that the lease was brought to an end by the respondents' re-entry, in all the circumstances. It submits that the respondents breached the lease by their wrongful re-entry, entitling the appellant to damages for their breach of the lease. The appellant also appeals in relation to the assessment of damages.

27 The grounds of appeal are stated as follows:

"1. The learned trial judge erred in finding that the Respondents had rescinded the lease dated the 9th August 1990 as extended and varied by a deed dated the 6th September 1993 by their entry into the premises on the 1st May 1998 despite the fact that the Respondents had not served the notices required by clause 8 (b) of the lease prior to such re-entry ...

2. The learned trial judge erred in failing to find that the Respondents did not and could not rescind or otherwise determine the lease by their entry into the premises on the 1st May 1998 or by any other act without first serving the notices required by clause 8 (b) of the lease and the Appellant then failing to comply with such notices.

3. The learned trial judge erred in failing to find that the term of the lease continued until the lease was rescinded by the Appellant by notice dated the 12th March 1999.

4. The learned trial judge erred in finding that the Respondents had not wrongfully excluded the Appellant from the premises for the period 1st May 1998 to the 12th March 1999 ... .

5. The learned trial judge erred in finding that loss of profit by the Appellant, if his Honour had found for the appellant, should only be assessed for a 12 week period instead of the period [from the] 1st May 1998 to the 12th March 1999 ... .

6. The learned trial judge erred in finding that the goodwill of the business conducted by the Appellant from the premises must represent the value of the business on the basis that it was being conducted by an overholding tenant with no long-term tenure ... .

7. The learned trial judge erred in failing to find that the loss of goodwill of the business conducted by the Appellant from the premises should be calculated on the basis that as from and including the 14th May 1998 to the 12th March 1999 the Appellant was entitled, upon service of the required notice under section 14(3) and (4) of the Retail Tenancies Act 1986, to exercise the option in the lease and compel the grant of a further five year term as:

(a) the Appellant had remedied any breach of which it had written notice on 13 May 1998;

(b) the Appellant could not be found to be persistently in default of the terms of the lease throughout the term as extended by section 14(4) of the Retail Tenancies Act 1986."

Grounds 1-4

28 The appellant's argument in relation to grounds 1-4 is based upon the propositions that:

(1) the respondents could not terminate the lease without terminating the appellant's leasehold interest and they did not terminate the appellant's leasehold interest by their re-entry of the premises ("the estates argument"); and

(2) further or alternatively, the respondents were required to comply with clause 8 (b) of the lease, properly construed, in order to determine both the appellant's contractual rights and its leasehold interest ("the construction argument").

29 There are two aspects to the estates argument. The appellant contends that contractual principles relating to repudiation did not supply the respondents with an additional means of termination of their leasehold estate. It goes on to argue that, even if they did, s. 146 of the Property Law Act 1958 required the respondents to give it notice of the termination of the lease by acceptance of the repudiation.

30 The respondents answer the estates argument by submitting that their acceptance of the appellant's repudiatory conduct terminated the lease, under applicable contractual principles, and that no notice of the termination was required by s. 146 of the Property Law Act 1958.

31 In relation to the construction argument, they contend that the re-entry provision, clause 8 (b) of the lease, was irrelevant to the exercise of the common law rights. Further, they argue that, in any event, clause 8(b), properly construed, did not require them to serve any notice, in order to effect a forfeiture on the basis of the appellant's failure to pay rent. They contend that the trial judge erred in so far as he concluded that clause 8 (b) required service of any notice upon the appellant, in order to justify re-entry for non- payment of rent.

The estates argument

32 Counsel for the appellant submit that a leasehold interest only comes to an end when the acceptance of repudiation terminates the estate under property law principles. This aspect of the estates argument turns largely upon the ambit of the High Court's decision in Progressive Mailing House, to which I will now refer.

33 In Progressive Mailing House the High Court considered the applicability of contractual principles to the alleged termination of an unregistered lease of Torrens system land. As noted above,[14] the High Court characterised the lease as equitable, on the basis of the doctrine of Walsh v. Lonsdale[15]. The lessor respondent had sought to exercise its right of re-entry for non-payment of rent and obtained judgment for possession from the trial judge against the appellant, as well as an award of contractual damages for the loss of the benefit of the covenants in the lease. The sole question for the High Court was the correctness of the decision to award the damages.

34 Mason, J. (with whom Dawson, J. agreed and Wilson, and Deane, JJ. generally agreed) considered whether the rights of the parties to the equitable lease were to be determined in accordance with the ordinary principles of contract law. His Honour reviewed the relevant law and concluded that:

"...the balance of authority here as well as overseas, and the reasons on which it is based, support the proposition that the ordinary principles of contract law, including that of termination for repudiation or fundamental breach, apply to leases."[16]

35 Mason, J's reference to overseas authority included a reference to the well known passage from the judgment of Laskin, J. in Highway Properties Ltd. v. Kelly, Douglas & Co. Ltd[17]:

"It is no longer sensible to pretend that a commercial lease, such as the one before this Court, is simply a conveyance and not also a contract. It is equally untenable to persist in denying resort to the full armoury of remedies ordinarily available to redress repudiation of covenants, merely because the covenants may be associated with an estate in land."

36 Citing Shevill v. The Builders Licensing Board,[18] Mason, J. also described how repudiation is to be made out:

"What needs to be established in order to constitute a repudiation is that the party evinces an intention no longer to be bound by the contract or that he intends to fulfil the contract only in a manner substantially inconsistent with his obligations and not in any other way."[19]

37 Mason, J. considered an argument that any right to terminate was excluded by an express proviso for re-entry, deciding that :

"The better view is, in my opinion, that re-entry is essential only where the parties stipulate that advantage shall not be taken of a forfeiture except by an entry upon the land: ... If it be accepted that the principles of contract law apply to leases, it is not easy to see why the mere presence of an express power to terminate should be regarded as excluding the exercise of such common law rights as may otherwise be appropriate. It is, of course, open to the parties by their contract to regulate the exercise of the common law right to determine for repudiation or fundamental breach. But in this case the parties have not attempted to do so."[20].

38 Progressive Mailing House was followed by the High Court in Chan v. Cresdon Pty. Ltd. [21] and Laurinda Pty. Ltd. & Ors v. Capalaba Park Shopping Centre Pty. Ltd.[22]

39 Counsel for the appellant submit that the ratio decidendi of Progressive Mailing House should be confined with reference to its facts. They argue that the High Court was dealing with a case in which it was common ground that the lessor had validly terminated the lease, by re-entering under its terms, with the consequence that it was not called upon to address the issue confronting this Court.

40 Counsel for the appellant contend that Mason, J. failed to address the issue of the "duality" of leases: as contracts and as demises. They submit that, whilst it is certain that a lease is capable of being rescinded at common law, it is not clear, after Progressive Mailing House, whether or not acceptance of repudiatory conduct determines in personam rights alone or what more, if anything, is required to determine both those rights and the leasehold estate. They argue that there can be no termination of the contract, unless the leasehold estate is also terminated under property law principles. They cite the following passage from the dissenting judgment of Davey, C.J.B.C. in the Highway Properties case in the British Columbia Court of Appeal_:_

"Let me say at once that I agree that there can be no right of action by a landlord for a tenant's wrongful repudiation of a lease unless the landlord not only accepts the repudiation of the contractual provisions, and so ends future performance under the contract, but also brings the tenant's estate to an end by accepting the surrender proffered by the repudiation. The demise of an estate for term of years is so intertwined with the covenants and contractual provisions relating to it, that they constitute one legal transaction. I do not understand how the contractual element can be ended by repudiation unless the estate be ended also." [23]

41 Counsel for the appellant rely, in particular, upon a number of passages in the judgment of Brennan, J. in Progressive Mailing House[24]. They characterise his Honour's approach as the preferable "middling path" which has proper regard to the lengthy history of the law relating to leases and the law of contract. The thrust of their submissions would appear to be encapsulated by Brennan, J.'s statement that:

"The lessee's interest in the land, once vested in him by the demise, may be divested by breach of a condition of defeasance ... or by exercise of a power of re-entry for breach of covenant expressly reserved by the lease. A lessee's contravention of the provisions of a lease does not otherwise empower a lessor to determine the lease ..."[25]

42 Counsel for the appellant contend that Brennan, J. was right to say :

"Unless the lessee's interest in the land is determined in some way, there can be no rescission of the contract, for the lessee continues to enjoy the benefit of the demise and to be liable to perform at least those covenants which touch and concern the land. So long as the lessee retains the interest which he took under the demise neither party can put an end unilaterally to the executory obligations under the lease. ... "[26]

43 Counsel refer to Wood Factory Pty. Ltd. v. Kiritos Pty. Ltd.[27] and urge the Court to accept the restricted interpretation given to the ratio decidendi of Progressive Mailing House by Priestley, J.A. in that case. Priestley, J.A. adopted the reasoning of Brennan, J. which, in his Honour's opinion, gave "full recognition" to the dual character of leases and suggested:

"Perhaps the most accurate way of stating that ratio is that the rules of contract law which permit a party to a contract not at fault in regard to that contract to elect to terminate it by 'accepting' either repudiatory conduct or breach of an essential term by the other party will apply to a lease when both (i) the landlord is in a position to forfeit the lease and (ii) the conditions for application of repudiation doctrine are fulfilled. (Those conditions may of course frequently be fulfilled by the same facts that put the landlord in the position to forfeit the lease.)"[28]

44 Counsel for the appellant point out that Hope, J.A. (with whom McHugh, J.A. agreed and Kirby, P. generally agreed) adopted Priestley, J.A.'s analysis in J &C. Reid Pty. Ltd. v. Abau Holdings Pty. Ltd..[29] They also rely upon Hope, J.A.'s expression of a tentative view that a lease could not be terminated "for repudiation or fundamental breach except by re-entry or its equivalent."[30] They argue that all three members of the court in J. C. Reid adopted the reasoning of Brennan, J., giving primacy to the "estate aspect" of a lease.

45 Counsel for the appellant also characterise the decision of Batt, J. in Vuksic & Ors v. Metimex & Ors[31] as consistent with the approach of Brennan, J. notwithstanding his Honour's references to the judgments of Mason, and Deane, JJ. in Progressive Mailing House. Further, they contend that there is support from academic commentators for Priestley, J.A.'s view of the ratio of Progressive Mailing House.[32]

46 The respondents, on the other hand, submit that the application to leases of contractual principles relating to repudiation provides an alternative and separate means of termination. They rely upon the passages I have quoted from the judgment of Mason, J. in Progressive Mailing House and upon what was said by Deane, J.:

"A party entitled to terminate a contract for repudiation or fundamental breach may rely upon both a specific contractual right to terminate the contract and the common law right to terminate unless, as a matter of construction, the former excludes the latter ... . More specifically, where a contractual right to terminate for past breach and the common law right to terminate for repudiation or fundamental breach exist concurrently, the reliance upon the contract involved in the exercise of the contractual right to terminate will not preclude the recovery of damages for loss of the future benefit of the contract by reason of repudiation or fundamental breach unless the contract expressly or impliedly so provides ... ."[33]

47 They more generally submit that the appellant's reliance upon Brennan, J.'s judgment in Progressive Mailing House is misplaced, given that Mason, J. delivered the leading judgment and Dawson, J. agreed with him, whilst Wilson, and Deane JJ. also generally agreed.

48 The respondents cite the Victorian authorities: Ripka Pty. Ltd. v. Maggiore Bakeries Pty. Ltd.[34] and Nangus Pty. Ltd. v. Charles Donovan Pty. Ltd. & Ors.[35] In Ripka Gray, J. followed Highway Properties (quoting the passage from the judgment of Laskin, J. relied upon by Mason, J. in Progressive Mailing House) and held that a lease was terminated by acceptance of the lessee's repudiatory persistent failure to pay the rent, even though there had been no re-entry under the terms of the lease. In Nangus Kaye and Southwell, JJ. (with whom Young, C.J. substantially agreed) referred to the judgment of Mason, J. in Progressive Mailing House and acknowledged that ordinary principles of contract law, including those relating to termination for repudiation, were applicable to leases. The defendants in that case had conceded the point[36] and there was no issue as to whether the lease had been determined under a re-entry clause, or otherwise by the application of property law doctrines.

49 The respondents also rely upon decisions of single judges in other jurisdictions, referring the Court to Leda Commercial Properties Pty. Ltd. v. D.H.K. Retailers Pty. Ltd[37] and Vickers & Vickers v. Stichtenoth Investments Pty. Ltd.[38] in support of their arguments. Further, they note the general applicability of contractual principles to what they argue is the analogous case of contracts for the sale of land, where a purchaser has also acquired an equitable interest. [39] They too call in aid the opinions of learned commentators.[40]

50 Counsel for the appellant reply that the Court should not follow Ripka, arguing that it preceded Progressive Mailing House, and that Gray, J. did not have the benefit of Brennan, J.'s analysis which, in counsels' submission, might have caused his Honour to reconsider. They also argue that Nangus should be read in light of both the concession by counsel for the defaulting lessee that Gray, J. was correct in Ripka and the resulting absence of analysis of that decision. They submit that the Court should not follow the approach adopted in Leda or Vickers and argue that Vickers should be regarded as standing only for the proposition that the duty to mitigate loss applies in relation to leases. Finally, they point to the differences between a demise effected by a lease and the proprietary interests held under a contract for sale.

51 Before expressing my conclusions on these arguments, I will consider the submissions relating to s. 146 of the Property Law Act 1958.

Section 146 of the Property Law Act 1958

52 Both parties make submissions in relation to authorities dealing with the issue as to whether s. 146 or its statutory equivalents require notice to be given of the termination of a lease by acceptance of repudiation.

53 The appellant relies generally upon the judgments of Brennan, J. in Progressive Mailing House and Priestley, J.A. in Wood Factory. Counsel for the appellant submit that Priestley, J.A. contemplated compliance with s. 146 being a pre-condition to determination of a lease under contractual principles, when his Honour stated his view that the r_atio_ of Progressive Mailing House required a lessor wishing to terminate on such a basis to be "in a position to forfeit the lease".[41]

54 The respondents rely upon Findlay & Anor v. Nut Farms of Australia Pty. Ltd.[42] in which the relevant statutory notice had been given, but it had, nevertheless, been impliedly accepted by Pidgeon, J. in the Supreme Court of Western Australia that the notice would not have been necessary in circumstances involving repudiation. They also cite the decision of Zelling, J. of the South Australian Supreme Court in Nai Pty. Ltd. v. Hassoun Nominees Pty. Ltd., [43] in which it was held that there was no need for a statutory notice, where re-entry followed the lessee's repudiation by deliberate non-payment of rates, repairs and liquor licensing fees.

55 Counsel for the appellant reply that the implicit finding in Findlay should be regarded as obiter, in light of the finding that the relevant provisions had been satisfied by the notice given. They seek support from English decisions recognising the applicability of contractual principles, subject to statutory requirements relating to the recovery of possession: Hussein & Ors v. Mehlman, [44] and Nynehead Developments Ltd. v. R. H. Fibreboard Containers Ltd. & Ors[45] and Chartered Trust plc v. Davies[46] in which Hussein was followed. They also refer to Abidogun v. Frolan Health Care Ltd. & Anor,[47] in which the Court of Appeal held that the lessor's right to bring a lease to an end for a denial of title was based on a breach of implied terms in the lease and amounted to a forfeiture, within the meaning of s. 146 of the Law of Property Act 1925 (UK), but did not, in the circumstances, arise as a result of the lessor's acceptance of repudiation.

56 The respondents urge the Court not to follow the English authorities. They argue that Australian cases have taken a different and preferable course.

57 The respondents place particular emphasis on the recent decision of the Court of Appeal of the New South Wales Supreme Court in Marshall v. Council of The Shire of Snowy River,[48] which was followed in South Australia, in 2003, in India Pty. Ltd. v. Florlim Pty. Ltd. & Ors[49]. In Marshall the lessor failed to serve the notice required by s.129 of the Conveyancing Act 1919 (NSW) (the equivalent of s. 146 of the Property Law Act 1958), before purporting to terminate an agreement for a five year lease by giving the lessee notice to vacate. The lessee had repudiated the lease by persistent breaches of covenant and the notice alleged " a fundamental breach" of the contract. Meagher J.A. considered the effect of the lessor's failure to serve the statutory notice and concluded, at 14,457:

"An examination of the decision of the High Court of Australia in [Progressive Mailing House] particularly per Deane J at 55, demonstrates that, a lease being a contract, when one party to it repudiates it or commits a fundamental breach or a breach of one of its essential terms, the other party may 'accept' the repudiation or breach and terminate the lease. In such a case the lessor, presuming him (as in the present case) to be the innocent party, will have two rights: first, a contractual right to terminate the lease by re-entry for breach of covenant ... and, secondly, on the application of ordinary principles of contract law to terminate for breach. If he relies upon the former right , he must comply with s 129 of the Conveyancing Act before re-entering; if, as here, he relies upon the latter right, s 129 becomes an irrelevance."

58 Powell, J.A. agreed with Meagher, J.A.. Kirby, P. stated that he agreed that the appeal should be dismissed "basically for the reasons given by Meagher, J. A.."[50] Nevertheless, his Honour decided that s. 129 was inapplicable, because the lessee's persistent default would have disentitled him to an order for specific performance and, by virtue of s. 128, s. 129 applied to an "agreement for lease where the lessee ha[d] become entitled to have his lease granted" and not otherwise.

59 Both parties rely upon a passage from the judgment of Young, J in Kiama Development Co Pty. Ltd. v. Wilcox.[51] In obiter dicta, his Honour expressed the view that s. 129 did not apply to termination of the subject lease for repudiation. Although no finding of repudiation was ultimately made, his Honour said:

"However, in saying [that s. 129 did not apply] the nature of repudiation must be considered. Courts do not lightly infer repudiation and they will only do so if, (in this case) the subtenants, have evinced a complete intention not to be bound by the sublease. If such a situation arose, then it would seem to be completely futile to provide for a s. 129 notice. The section speaks of a right of re-entry or forfeiture under a stipulation for breach of covenant. It would seem to me that where the complaint is not of breach of a particular covenant, but a complete repudiation of all the obligations under the sublease, the section does not apply."[52]

The respondents contend that the quoted passage supports their argument in relation to s. 146. Counsel for the appellant, however, submit that Young, J. was advocating the applicability of contractual principles to some types of repudiatory conduct and not others. They submit that such a moderate approach is preferable.

60 The respondents argue that their submissions are supported by the decision in Batiste & Ors v. Lenin.[53] In Batiste, Sheller, J.A. (with whom Santow and Giles, JJ.A. agreed) held that the trial judge was correct in finding that the lessee's breaches of covenants to complete works, to repair and to pay rent and outgoings, when due, had amounted to a repudiation of the lease. Although the lessor had re-entered on the basis of persistent breaches of the rental covenant, the trial judge had taken into account, in relation to an application for relief from forfeiture, breaches of other covenants in relation to which the lessor had failed to give the requisite statutory notice. Sheller, J.A. held that the judge's wide discretion had not miscarried and went on to state:

"It is not necessary to consider relief against forfeiture in connection with the lessor's acceptance of the lessee's repudiation of the lease as a separate basis for the order for possession ... ; compare [Progressive Mailing House] at 43 per Brennan, J. and see also Abidogun v Frolan Health Care Ltd ... ."[54]

(I note that the respondents also rely upon this passage in support of their argument that a lease may be terminated for repudiation. They submit that Sheller, J.A. assumed that the termination of a lease, brought about by the acceptance of repudiation, will, independently, justify an order for possession.)

Conclusions in relation to the estates argument

61 It is common ground that contractual principles relating to repudiation apply to leases after Progressive Mailing House and that, if the acceptance of repudiation also determines the lease under property law doctrines, contractual damages will be available to the innocent party.

62 The first issue between the parties is as to whether the contractual doctrine of repudiation provides an additional means by which a lease may be terminated by the innocent party. In my opinion, the balance of authority suggests that it does.

63 There was some early support in New South Wales[55] for Priestley, J.A.'s views in Wood Factory that the ratio of Progressive Mailing House should be confined_._ However, more recently, courts in New South Wales,[56] Western Australia,[57] South Australia,[58] the Australian Capital Territory[59] and, significantly, in this state[60], as well as academic commentators[61] have recognised the general applicability of contractual principles to leases. Further, in Laurinda, the High Court followed the same course, holding that the subject lease had been repudiated, without reference to the termination of the leasehold estate under property law doctrines, in circumstances in which it might have been argued that there had been a surrender of the lease.

64 In my view, the ramifications of the recognition of a separate contractual basis for determination of a lease are likely to be limited. It has been repeatedly stated that the courts will be slow to infer repudiation,[62] the existence of which must be objectively ascertained.[63] The proprietary nature of the interests of each party to the lease contract has special ramifications in relation to the application of contractual principles.[64] In other words, a consideration of factors such as the length of the lease and the amount of rent payable is relevant to the determination as to whether or not repudiation has occurred, particularly in the absence of abandonment of possession. In contrast, the terms of a lease and, in particular, a commercial lease, will more often than not provide for its determination for breach of covenant, and, in particular, for non-payment of rent. After Shevill, leases are also even more likely to designate covenants as essential terms.[65]

65 Further, in my respectful opinion, the position contemplated by counsel for the appellant and referred to by Brennan, J. in Progressive Mailing House,[66] of a contract of lease being terminated by repudiation at one point and then, some time later, the leasehold estate being determined by acceptance of a surrender or forfeiture would seem likely to produce uncertainty and confusion, if the parties were bound, in the interim, only by those surviving covenants of the lease touching and concerning the land.

Conclusions in relation to s.146 of the Property Law Act 1958

66 I am further of the view that the trial judge was correct in finding that the lease was terminated by the acceptance of the appellant's repudiation, notwithstanding the respondents' failure to serve a notice under s. 146 of the Property Law Act 1958.

67 Once again, in my opinion, the balance of authority and, in particular, Victorian authority, favours the respondents' position. I prefer the approach of the courts in Marshall, Florlim, Kiama and Batiste to that adopted in the English decisions relied upon by the appellant. I am also influenced by the High Court's recognition, in Laurinda of the lessee's right to accept the lessor's repudiation of the subject lease for breach of covenant, despite its failure to give effective notice to make the time for the lessor's performance of the essence of the agreement.

68 I do not agree with the appellant's submission that, in Kiama, Young, J. considered contractual principles applicable to determine leases, in the case of some forms of repudiatory conduct, but not in others. Further, in my opinion, any such approach would be likely to produce undesirable uncertainty and confusion.

69 In my view, it is unlikely that the inapplicability of the statutory notice regime will result in feared injustice to lessees,[67] given that repudiatory conduct by a party to a lease will not readily be found by the courts. It should also be borne in mind that the repudiating lessee has indicated an intention not to be bound by any of its obligations under the lease. It has put itself in quite a different position from that of a lessee who faces the risk of forfeiture or re-entry, for breach of one or more particular covenants, but who has not demonstrated such an attitude to the contract.

70 Finally, I am persuaded that the judgments of Mason, Wilson, Deane and Dawson, JJ. in Progressive Mailing House represent a majority view favouring the acceptance of the respondents' position in relation to all aspects of the estates argument.

71 The estates argument should be rejected.

The construction argument

72 The appellant submits that, even if the lease could be terminated by repudiation, it was not brought to an end on 30 April 1998, because the requisite notice of termination under clause 8(b) was not given by the respondents. The respondents contend that clause 8(b) does not apply to termination by acceptance of the appellant's repudiation. They go even further and submit, pursuant to a notice of contention, that the learned trial judge erred, in so far as he considered that any notice of re-entry for non-payment of rent might have been required.

73 Counsel for each party made complex submissions, dividing up the terms of clause 8(b) into separate sections and making some references to other clauses of the lease, in order to make good their respective arguments.

Conclusion in relation to the construction argument

74 Clause 8(b) is somewhat difficult to interpret. Nevertheless, in my view, it both makes sense and specifically refers to the facts which might result in the determination of the lease and re-entry under its provisions. The appellant's submissions have not persuaded me that clause 8(b) attempts to regulate the exercise of the common law contractual right to terminate for repudiation.[68] Further, like the relevant provision in the lease under consideration in Progressive Mailing House,[69] it expressly provides that the lease may be terminated without prejudice to any rights in the lessor arising as a result of previous breach of covenant by the lessee. The construction argument should be rejected.

The respondents' contention

75 However, if it had been necessary for the respondents to rely upon their rights under clause 8(b) of the lease, I am not persuaded that no notice of forfeiture or re-entry for non-payment of rent would otherwise have been required under clause 8(b), as they contend. I consider that the emphasised words in the analysis in the following paragraph would have required the respondents to give the appellant 14 days' written notice of the determination of the lease for breach of the covenant for rent.[70]

76 In my view, clause 8 (b) should be relevantly interpreted as follows:

"(b) If and whenever the rent hereby reserved or any part thereof shall be in arrear or unpaid for twenty-one days after the same shall have become due (whether the same shall have been legally demanded or not and no demand shall be necessary )

or if ...

then and in every such case

it shall be lawful for the Lessor

(although the Lessor may not have taken advantage of some previous breach or default of a like nature)

to determine this Lease ...

by giving fourteen days notice in writing to the Lessee determining this Lease

and upon the expiration of that notice

the term hereby created shall absolutely cease and determine

and the Lessor or any person authorised by the Lessor may thereupon or at any time thereafter re-enter upon the Demised Premises ... and the Lessee ... expel and remove from the Demised Premises and peaceably hold and enjoy thenceforth as if this Lease had not been made

without prejudice to any right or remedy of the Lessor in respect of any antecedent breach of or default in respect of any of the covenants or agreements with the Lessor or conditions binding upon the Lessee herein contained or implied

and without affecting the generality of the foregoing

the Lessee hereby expressly acknowledges and agrees that it is a fundamental and essential term of this Lease that the Lessee pay the Lessor the rent reserved hereunder in the manner provided herein ...

and this Lease may be produced as a Notice to Quit duly given and expired...."

Grounds 5-7

77 Grounds 5 to 7 challenge the correctness of the learned trial judge's assessment of the damages to which the appellant would have been entitled had it succeeded in its claim. Notwithstanding my opinion that the appeal from the judge's rejection of the claim should be dismissed, I will state my views in relation to the appeal against his Honour's findings in relation to damages, in case this matter should go further.

78 The appellant sought damages for the loss of the business resulting from the respondents' alleged repudiation by their re-entry on 1 May 1998. The appellant challenges only the trial judge's assessment of the loss of profits and his Honour's determination as to the value of the goodwill of the lost business. Ground 5 deals with the assessment relating to loss of profits and grounds 6 and 7 relate to the finding in respect of the value of lost goodwill of the business.

Ground 5

79 The appellant submits that his Honour should have assessed its loss of profits with reference to the whole of the period between the respondents' claimed repudiatory breach by their re-entry on 1 May 1998, and the appellant's termination of the lease by the acceptance of the repudiation on 12 March 1999.

80 As noted above, the learned trial judge held that the appellant would have been able to charge the respondents only with the loss of profits for a 12 week period after its exclusion on 1 May 1998. His Honour found that the appellant was, in fact, only excluded from the premises until the respondents proposed that it resume possession, on an overholding basis, later in the same month, and he allowed for a further period of loss during the re-establishment of the coffee lounge business.

81 The appellant does not challenge that it had an obligation to mitigate its loss.[71] However, counsel for the appellant argue that it would have been unreasonable, in all the circumstances, for it to go back into possession, when the respondents afforded it the opportunity to do so, later in May 1998. They also submit that his Honour's conclusion fails to give credit to his implied findings that "the parties were in a position of Mexican stand-off", each maintaining the status quo, without making any admissions, whilst awaiting the outcome of the arbitration and court proceedings.

Conclusion in relation to ground 5

82 I am not persuaded that the trial judge erred in concluding that the appellant could not charge the respondents with the consequences of its own failure to re-take possession and revive its business, in light of the invitation extended to it.

83 It was made clear that the respondents did not make the resumption of occupation conditional upon any acknowledgement that the lease was at an end. Mr Heller's explanation was to the effect that he intended to re-enter and to sell the business, but knew that the business was unsaleable without some leasehold term and so did not take up the respondents' offer. In my view, that explanation does not provide any reasonable justification for the appellant's failure to continue its business, until the issue of the validity of the exercise of the option was resolved, one way or another. The appellant maintained that the lease was current because it had exercised the option. If, indeed, it intended to sell its business, it would appear counter-productive not to try to keep it going, in the meantime.

84 Ground 5 should not be upheld.

Grounds 6 and 7

85 The appellant finally challenges the trial judge's assessment of the loss of the goodwill of the business. His Honour valued the goodwill at nil, on the basis that, when the appellant accepted the respondents' claimed repudiation on 12 March 1999, the business would have been one "conducted by an overholding tenant with no long term tenure". His Honour found that the evidence of the expert witnesses had established that a purchaser would pay nothing for the goodwill of such a business.

86 Counsel for the appellant argue that it was "open" to the judge to find that, as a result of the operation of s. 14(5) of the Retail Tenancies Act 1986, at any time prior to 12 March 1999, the appellant could have validly exercised the option for a further term of five years and that the goodwill should therefore be valued at more than nil.

87 Section 14(5) provided at the relevant time :

"14 (5) If a retail premises lease contains an option exercisable by the tenant to renew the lease for a further term, the only circumstances in which the option to renew is [sic] not exercisable is if-

(a) the tenant has not remedied any default under the lease about which the landlord has given the tenant written notice; or

(b) the tenant has persistently defaulted under the lease throughout its term and the landlord has given the tenant written notice of the defaults."

88 The appellant refers to its payment, on 13 May 1998, of the arrears outstanding under the lease as at 30 April 1998, arguing that it would not fall under para.(a) or (b) of s.14(5) in the period to 12 March 1999. It contends that it had remedied the only defaults of which it had notice by making that payment.

89 The respondents dispute the appellant's proposition by arguing that the arbitrator's findings in relation to the attempted exercise of the option on 29 January 1998 gave rise to an issue estoppel. However, as counsel for the appellant point out, the arbitrator's findings related to the validity of the purported exercise of the option on 29 January 1998 and, in particular, to the question as to whether the appellant had, as at that date, "persistently defaulted under the lease throughout its term," within the meaning of s.14(5)(b). Such a finding cannot, by being coupled with evidence of further default, give rise to an estoppel in relation to a state of affairs at the later date.[72] The respondents' argument should, at least for this reason, be rejected.

90 However, it must be borne in mind that the situation under consideration is hypothetical. The option would only have been exercisable, under s.14(4) of the Retail Tenancies Act 1986, at any time before the expiration of three months from the date upon which the appellant had been given the requisite notice under s.14(3). The appellant relies upon the 13 May 1998 payment of arrears to mount its argument that it would not have been in default at the time of the exercise of the option. In my view, the argument is flawed. It does not follow from the fact that the arrears were paid, after the appellant had been put out of possession by the respondents' re-entry, that the payment would otherwise have been made by the time of any further attempt to exercise the option.

91 In any event, as his Honour noted, the two expert accountants called by the parties agreed that the business would have no value, apart than that attaching to its tangible assets, if the appellant were entitled to possession only by virtue of the statutory overholding under s. 14(4).

Conclusions in relation to grounds 6 and 7

92 In all the circumstances, I am not persuaded that his Honour erred in his assessment of the loss of goodwill, even if he did not expressly refer to the possibility of a further attempt to exercise the option. Grounds 6 and 7 fail.

Conclusion

93 The appeal should be dismissed.

[1] [2005] VSCA 133.

[2] See Sunbird Plaza Pty Ltd v. Maloney [1988] HCA 11; (1998) 166 C.L.R. 245; Laurinda Pty Ltd v. Capalaba Park Shopping Centre Pty Ltd [1989] HCA 23; (1989) 166 C.L.R. 623 and Chan v. Cresdon Pty Ltd [1989] HCA 63; (1989) 168 C.L.R. 242, omitting for present purposes citations of Tabali in the High Court in cases relating to leases of ordinary chattels.

[3] [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C.L.R. 17 at 29 per Mason, J. with whom Wilson, Deane and Dawson, JJ. effectively concurred.

[4] It is not insignificant that in Laurinda (at 643), although the issues were not identical, Brennan, J. chose to rely on two passages from the judgment of Mason, J. in Tabali (at 32, 33).

[5] See: Bradbrook, MacCallum and Moore, Australian Real Property Law (3rd ed.) (2002) at 490, citing Robinson, Transfer of Land in Victoria (1979) at 269.

[6] See: Chan v. Cresdon Pty. Ltd [1989] HCA 63; (1989) 168 C.L.R. 242 at 249 per Mason, C.J., Brennan, Deane, and McHugh, JJ.; Carberry v. Gardiner (1936) 36 S.R. (N.S.W.) 559 at 570 per Jordan, C.J.; Moore v. Dimond (1929) C.L.R. 105 at 113, 118-22; and discussion in: Butt, Land Law (4th ed.) (2001); Sackville and Neave, Property Law Cases and Materials, (6th ed.) (1999) at 759; Sykes and Walker, The Law of Securities (5th ed.) (1993) at 224-226.

[7] See: Re Jones; Dale Caveator (1935) 35 S.R. (N.S.W.) 560.

[8] (1882) 21 Ch. D. 9 (C.A.).

[9] See: Chan v. Cresdon Pty. Ltd. [1989] HCA 63; (1989) 168 C.L.R. 242 at 252; Marshall v. Council of the Shire of Snowy River (1994) 7 BPR 14,447 at 14,449 per Kirby, P., at 14,456 per Meagher, J.A.

[10] [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C.L.R. 17 at 27 per Mason, J. (with whom Dawson, J. agreed and Wilson, and Deane, JJ. generally agreed.)

[11] Seacrest Pty. Ltd. v. Apriaden Pty. Ltd. [2000] VSCA 75; (2000) 1 V. R. 567.

[12] [1953] HCA 31; (1953) 89 C.L.R. 327.

[13] [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C.L.R. 17.

[14] At [11].

[15] (1882) 21 Ch. D. 9.

[16] [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C. L. R. 17 at 29.

[17] [1971] SCR 562 at 576; (1971) 17 D.L.R. (3d) 710 at 721.

[18] [1982] HCA 47; (1982) 149 C.L.R. 620 at 625-6.

[19] [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C. L. R. 17 at 33.

[20] [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C. L. R. 17 at 29-30.

[21] [1989] HCA 63; (1989) 168 C.L.R. 242.

[22] [1989] HCA 23; (1989) 166 C.L.R. 623.

[23] (1968) 1 D. L.R. (3d) 626 at 631.

[24] [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C.L.R. 17 at 40-41,42,43,48-9 and 49.

[25] [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C.L.R. 17 at 42.

[26] [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C.L.R. 17 at 48-9.

[27] (1985) 2 N.S.W.L.R. 105.

[28] (1985) 2 N.S.W.L.R. 105 at 132.

[29] (1988) N.S.W. ConvR para.[55-416] 57,799 at 57,809.

[30] Ibid.

[31] (1995) V ConvR para.[54-511] 66,041.

[32] They refer to Bradbrook and Croft, Commercial Tenancy Law in Australia (2nd ed.) (1997) at [16.30]-[16.31], 368-71; Mackie, "Repudiation of Leases" (1988) 62 A.L.J. 53; Teh, "Rescission: a landlord's alternative to forfeiture?" (1994) 68 L.I.J.512.

[33] [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C.L.R. 17 at 55-6.

[34] [1984] VicRp 53; [1984] V.R. 629.

[35] [1989] VicRp 17; [1989] V.R. 184.

[36] The concessions are recorded at [1989] VicRp 17; [1989] V.R. 184 at 188.

[37] (1992) 111 F.L.R. 81; (appeal dismissed: DKH Retailers Pty. Ltd. v. Leda Commercial Properties Pty. Ltd. [1993] ANZ ConvR 653; BC9304701).

[38] (1989) 52 S.A.S.R. 90.

[39] See: Nund v. McWaters [1982] VicRp 60; [1982] V.R. 575 at 589 per Brooking, J.; Sibbles v. Highfern Pty. Ltd. [1987] HCA 66; (1987) 164 C.L.R. 214.

[40] Citing: Bradbrook and Croft op. cit. at [16.26]-[16.35], 357-84; Carter, Breach of Contract (2nd ed.) (1991) at [622] [791] and [1014]; Debenham, "Contract Law and Real Property Leases" (1995) 3 A.P.L.J. 52.

[41] [1985] 2 N.S.W.L.R. 105 at 132.

[42] (1989) ANZ ConvR 41.

[43] (1985) ANZ ConvR 349 at 351.

[44] [1992] 2 EGLR 87 at 90J (a decision of Mr Stephen Sedley QC (later Sedley, L.J.) sitting as an acting judge at the Wood Green Trial Centre).

[45] [1999] 1 EGLR 7 at 12 per Judge Weeks, QC, sitting as a deputy judge of the High Court .

[46] [1997] 2 EGLR 83 (Court of Appeal).

[47] (2001) All E.R. (D) 305; [2001] EWCA 1821.

[48] (1994) 7 BPR 14,447.

[49] [2003] SASC 161 (leave to appeal granted on 20 August 2003 :[2003] SASC 292).

[50] (1994) 7 BPR 14,447 at 14,454.

[51] [1999] NSWSC 277.

[52] [1999] NSWSC 277at [106].

[53] [2002] NSWCA 316.

[54] [2002] NSWCA 316 at [63].

[55] See: J. & C. Reid Pty. Ltd. v. Abau Holdings Pty. Ltd. (1988) NSW ConvR para.[55-416] 57,799 at 57,809 per Hope J.A. (with whom McHugh J.A. agreed); compare: Kirby, P. at 57,801 and Vickers & Vickers v. Stichtenoth Investments Pty. Ltd. (1989) 52 S.A S.R. 90 at 99 per Bollen, J.

[56] See: Scarcella v. Linknarf Management Services Pty. Ltd. (in liq.) [2004] NSWSC 360; Batiste & Ors v. Lenin [2002] NSWCA 316; Liristis v. Wallville [2001] NSWSC 428; Karacominakis v. Big Country Developments Pty. Ltd. & Ors [2000] NSWCA 313; Lagouvardis v. Brett and Jane Cottee Pty. Ltd. (unreported decision of Young, J., Supreme Court of New South Wales, 3 August 1994); BC 9402842.

[57] See: Swanville Investment Pty. Ltd. & Ors v. Riana Pty. Ltd. [2003] WASCA 121.

[58] See: Nai Pty. Ltd. v. Hassoun Nominees Pty. Ltd. (1985) ANZ ConvR 349.

[59] See: Leda Commercial Properties Pty. Ltd. v. D.H.K. Retailers Pty. Ltd. (1992) 111 F.L.R. 81; (appeal dismissed: DKH Retailers Pty. Ltd. v. Leda Commercial Properties Pty. Ltd. [1993] ANZ ConvR 635; BC 9304701).

[60] Ripka Pty. Ltd. v. Maggiore Bakeries Pty. Ltd. [1984] VicRp 53; [1984] V.R. 629; Nangus Pty. Ltd. & Anor v. Charles Donovan Pty. Ltd. (in liquidation) & Anor [1989] VicRp 17; [1989] V.R. 184; Emhill Pty. Ltd. v. Bonsoc Pty. Ltd. [2003] VSC 333.

[61] See: Butt, Land Law (4th ed.) (2001) at [15-131], 336-7; Redfern, "Repudiation and Leases" (1998) 6 A.P.L.J. 153.

[62] See: Laurinda Pty. Ltd. v. Capalaba Park Shopping Centre Pty. Ltd. [1989] HCA 23; (1989) 166 C.L.R. 623 at 647 per Brennan, J.

[63] Ibid. at 643.

[64] See: The Progressive Mailing House Pty. Ltd. v. Tabali Pty. Ltd. [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C.L.R. 17 at 33-4 per Mason, J., at 53 per Deane, J.

[65] See: Duncan, Commercial Leases in Australia, (3rd ed.) (1998) at 268.

[66] [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C.L.R. 17 at 47.

[67] See: Aitken, "Diluting section 129 of the Conveyancing Act: Leases may be repudiated without notice", (2003) 41(4) L.S.J. 50.

[68] See: The Progressive Mailing House Pty. Ltd. v. Tabali Pty. Ltd. [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C.L.R. 17 at 29-30 per Mason, J.

[69] See the terms of the covenant set out in the judgment of Mason, J. [1985] HCA 14; (1985) 157 C.L.R. 17 at 21.

[70] Because s. 146 did not relevantly apply to rent, the two other notices referred to in clause 8 (b) were not required.

[71] See: Buchanan v. Byrnes (1906) 3 C.L.R. 706 at 719 per Barton, J.; Vickers & Vickers v. Stichtenoth Investments Pty. Ltd. (1989) 52 S.A.S.R. 90 at 100 per Bollen, J.

[72] See: O'Donel v. Commissioner for Road Transport and Tramways (N.S.W.) [1938] HCA 15; (1938) 59 C.L.R. 744 at 758-9 per Latham, C.J., at 763 per Evatt, J.