Commonwealth legislation

Manual of Standards Part 139 - Aerodromes

RepealedCTH

This Act has been repealed and is no longer in force. It is retained for historical reference.

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Commonwealth

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legislative instrument

Plain English Summary

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This instrument is the technical rulebook, made under the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998, that sets detailed safety, design, construction and maintenance standards for Australian aerodromes. It governs how airports are certified or registered and the infrastructure, obstacle controls, visual aids and operational practices they must meet.

It affects aerodrome operators, pilots and aircraft operators, CASA, and builders/engineers — ensuring facilities comply with international safety norms to prevent infrastructure-related accidents and protect flight paths.

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Part 9

Visual Aids Provided by Aerodrome Lighting......................9-1

Chapter 9: Visual Aids Provided by Aerodrome Lighting......................9-1

Section 9.1: General.....................................................9-1

9.1.1AA Inset runway lights — early compliance with alternative new Chapter 9 standards............................................9-1

9.1.1 Application and Definitions........................................9-2

9.1.2 Standardisation of Aerodrome Lighting..............................9-4

9.1.3 Lighting in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome............................9-4

9.1.4 Minimum Lighting System Requirements............................9-5

9.1.5 Primary Source of Electricity Supply................................9-6

9.1.6 Electrical Circuitry................................................9-6

9.1.7 Secondary Power Supply.........................................9-7

9.1.8 Switch-over Time................................................9-8

9.1.9 Standby Power Supply...........................................9-9

9.1.10 Portable Lighting................................................9-9

9.1.11 Light Fixtures and Supporting Structures...........................9-11

9.1.12 Elevated and Inset Lights.......................................9-11

9.1.13 Colour of Light Shown...........................................9-12

9.1.14 Light intensity and Control......................................9-12

9.1.15 Commissioning of Lighting Systems..............................9-16

Section 9.2: Colours for Aeronautical Ground Lights.....................9-18

9.2.1 General......................................................9-18

9.2.2 Chromaticities.................................................9-18

9.2.3 Discrimination Between Coloured Lights..........................9-19

Section 9.3: Pilot Activated Lighting Systems............................9-21

9.3.1 General......................................................9-21

9.3.2 VHF Carrier Activation Code....................................9-22

9.3.3 VHF Carrier Detector Technical Requirements.....................9-23

9.3.4 Inputs to the PAL..............................................9-23

9.3.5 Fail-safe Arrangements with PAL system.........................9-24

9.3.6 Access to Manual Switches.....................................9-24

9.3.7 Receiving Antenna.............................................9-25

9.3.8 PAL with Audio Acknowledgment................................9-25

Section 9.4: Obstacle Lighting..........................................9-26

9.4.1 General......................................................9-26

9.4.2 Types of Obstacle Lighting and Their Use.........................9-27

9.4.3 Location of Obstacle Lights.....................................9-27

9.4.4 Natural Obstacles..............................................9-33

9.4.5 Temporary Obstacles..........................................9-33

9.4.6 Characteristics of Low Intensity Obstacle Lights....................9-33

9.4.7 Characteristics of Medium Intensity Obstacle Lights................9-34

9.4.8 Characteristics of High Intensity Obstacle Lights...................9-34

9.4.9 Floodlighting of Obstacles......................................9-36

9.4.10 Ongoing Availability of Obstacle Lights...........................9-36

Section 9.5: Aerodrome Beacons........................................9-38

9.5.1 General......................................................9-38

Section 9.6: Illuminated Wind Direction Indicator.........................9-40

9.6.1 General......................................................9-40

Section 9.7: Approach Lighting Systems.................................9-42

9.7.1 Simple Approach Lighting System...............................9-42

9.7.2 Precision Approach Category I Lighting System....................9-42

9.7.3 Precision Approach Categories II and III Lighting System...........9-46

Section 9.8: Isocandela Diagrams of Approach Lighting..................9-50

9.8.1 Collective Notes...............................................9-50

Section 9.9: Visual Approach Slope Indicator Systems....................9-52

9.9.1 General......................................................9-52

9.9.2 Obstacle Assessment Surface...................................9-53

9.9.3 T-VASIS and AT-VASIS........................................9-55

9.9.4 Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) system..................9-60

Section 9.10: Runway Lighting..........................................9-68

9.10.1 Types of Runway Edge Lighting Systems.........................9-68

9.10.2 Runway Edge Lights...........................................9-68

9.10.3 Location of Runway Edge Lights.................................9-69

9.10.4 Longitudinal Spacing of Runway Edge Lights......................9-69

9.10.5 Lateral Spacing of Runway Edge Lights...........................9-70

9.10.6 Characteristics of Low and Medium Intensity Runway Edge Lights...9-70

9.10.7 Characteristics of High Intensity Runway Edge Lights...............9-70

9.10.8 Use of Bidirectional or Back-to-back Light Fittings..................9-71

9.10.9 Runway Threshold Lights.......................................9-71

9.10.10 Location of Runway Threshold Lights.............................9-71

9.10.11 Pattern of Low Intensity and Medium Intensity Runway Threshold Lights........................................................9-71

9.10.12 Pattern of High Intensity Runway Threshold Lights.................9-72

9.10.13 Characteristics of Low Intensity and Medium Intensity Runway Threshold Lights...............................................9-72

9.10.14 Characteristics of High Intensity Runway Threshold Lights..........9-73

9.10.15 Additional Lighting to Enhance Threshold Location.................9-73

9.10.16 Runway End Lights............................................9-76

9.10.17 Location of Runway End Lights..................................9-76

9.10.18 Pattern of Runway End Lights...................................9-76

9.10.19 Characteristics of Low and Medium Intensity Runway End Lights.....9-77

9.10.20 Characteristics of High Intensity Runway End Lights................9-77

9.10.21 Runway Turning Area Edge Lights...............................9-77

9.10.22 Stopway Lights................................................9-78

9.10.23 Hold Short Lights..............................................9-78

9.10.24 Runway Centreline Lights.......................................9-79

9.10.25 Runway Touchdown Zone Lights................................9-80

9.10.26 Photometric Characteristics of Runway Lights.....................9-81

9.10.27 Installation and Aiming of Light Fittings...........................9-81

9.10.28 Illustrations of Runway Lighting..................................9-81

Section 9.11: Isocandela Diagrams of Runway Lighting...................9-82

9.11.1 Collective Notes...............................................9-82

Section 9.12: Illustrations of Runway Lighting............................9-94

Section 9.13: Taxiway Lighting.........................................9-101

9.13.1 Provision of Taxiway Centreline Lights...........................9-101

9.13.2 Provision of Taxiway Edge Lights...............................9-101

9.13.3 Taxiway Markers.............................................9-101

9.13.4 Apron Taxiway Lighting........................................9-102

9.13.5 Use of Different Types of Taxiway Lights.........................9-102

9.13.6 Control of Lights on Taxiways..................................9-102

9.13.7 Location of Taxiway Centreline Lights...........................9-103

9.13.8 Spacing of Taxiway Centreline Lights............................9-103

9.13.9 Location of Taxiway Centreline Lights on Exit Taxiways............9-104

9.13.10 Location of Taxiway Centreline Lights on Rapid Exit Taxiways......9-104

9.13.11 Characteristics of Taxiway Centreline Lights......................9-105

9.13.12 Beam Dimensions and Light Distribution of Taxiway Centreline Lights.......................................................9-105

9.13.13 Location of Taxiway Edge Lights................................9-106

9.13.14 Spacing of Taxiway Edge Lights................................9-107

9.13.15 Characteristics of Taxiway Edge Lights..........................9-108

9.13.16 Provision of Runway Guard Lights..............................9-109

9.13.17 Pattern and Location of Runway Guard Lights....................9-109

9.13.18 Characteristics of Runway Guard Lights.........................9-110

9.13.19 Control of Runway Guard Lights................................9-111

9.13.20 Provision of Intermediate Holding Position Lights.................9-111

9.13.21 Pattern and Location of Intermediate Holding Position Lights.......9-112

9.13.22 Characteristics of Intermediate Holding Position Lights............9-112

9.13.23 Stop Bars....................................................9-112

9.13.24 Location of Stop Bars.........................................9-113

9.13.25 Characteristics of Stop Bars....................................9-113

9.13.26 Taxiway Edge Markers........................................9-114

9.13.27 Characteristics of Taxiway Edge Markers........................9-114

9.13.28 Taxiway Centreline Markers....................................9-114

9.13.29 Characteristics of Taxiway Centreline Markers....................9-114

9.13.30 Photometric Characteristics of Taxiway Lights....................9-114

9.13.31 Installation and Aiming of Light Fittings..........................9-115

Section 9.14: Isocandela Diagrams for Taxiway Lights...................9-116

9.14.1 Collective Notes to Figures....................................9-116

Section 9.15: Illustrations of Taxiway Lighting..........................9-123

Section 9.16: Apron Floodlighting......................................9-126

9.16.1 Introduction..................................................9-126

9.16.2 Provision of Apron Floodlighting................................9-126

9.16.3 Location of Apron Floodlighting.................................9-126

9.16.4 Characteristics of Apron Floodlighting...........................9-127

Section 9.17: Visual Docking Guidance Systems........................9-129

9.17.1 Provision of Visual Docking Guidance Systems...................9-129

9.17.2 Characteristics of Visual Docking Guidance Systems..............9-129

9.17.3 Azimuth Guidance Unit - Location...............................9-130

9.17.4 Azimuth Guidance Unit - Characteristics.........................9-130

9.17.5 Stopping Position Indicator - Location...........................9-130

9.17.6 Stopping Position Indicator - Characteristics......................9-130

9.17.7 Parking Position Identification Sign..............................9-131

9.17.8 Notification of Type of Aircraft Docking Guidance Systems.........9-131

Section 9.18: Lighting Associated with Closed and Unserviceable Areas..9-132

9.18.1 Closed Runway or Taxiway....................................9-132

9.18.2 Unserviceable Areas..........................................9-132

9.18.3 Characteristics of Unserviceability Lights.........................9-132

Section 9.19: Other Lights on an Aerodrome............................9-133

9.19.1 Vehicle Warning Lights........................................9-133

9.19.2 Works Limit Lights............................................9-133

9.19.3 Road and Car Park Lighting....................................9-133

9.19.4 Road-holding Position Light....................................9-133

Section 9.20: Monitoring, Maintenance and Serviceability of Aerodrome Lighting 9-135

9.20.1 General.....................................................9-135

9.20.2 Reporting of Aerodrome Lighting Outage........................9-135

Section 9.21: Lighting in the Vicinity of Aerodromes.....................9-139

9.21.1 Advice to Lighting Designers...................................9-139

9.21.1A Purpose of the Section........................................9-139

9.21.2 Legislative Background........................................9-139

9.21.3 General Requirement.........................................9-140

9.21.4 Light Fittings.................................................9-140

9.21.5 Coloured Lights..............................................9-141

9.21.6 Information and Correspondence...............................9-141

Section 9.22: Use of Unarmoured Cables for Aerodrome Lighting........9-143

9.22.1 Introduction..................................................9-143

9.22.2 Significant Areas of the Dispensation............................9-143

9.22.3 Conditions Governing the Dispensation..........................9-143

9.22.4 Aspects to Note..............................................9-143

9.22.5 Acceptability of an Installation to the Supply Authority.............9-144

Part 10

Operating Standards for Certified Aerodromes..................10-1

Chapter 10: Operating Standards for Certified Aerodromes..................10-1

Section 10.1: General...................................................10-1

10.1.1 Introduction...................................................10-1

10.1.2 Aerodrome Manual and Aerodrome Operating Procedures..........10-1

10.1.3 Training of Aerodrome Personnel Involved with Safety Functions.....................................................10-1

10.1.4 Aerodrome Safety Management System (SMS)....................10-2

Section 10.2: Inspecting and Reporting Aerodrome Serviceability.........10-3

10.2.1 General......................................................10-3

10.2.2 Significant Objects.............................................10-3

10.2.3 Surface Conditions of the Movement Area, Including the Presence of Water.............................................10-4

10.2.4 Aerodrome Markings, Lightings, Wind Direction Indicators and Ground Signals................................................10-4

10.2.5 Cleanliness of the Movement Area...............................10-4

10.2.6 Obstacles Infringing the Take-off, Approach and Transitional Surfaces......................................................10-5

10.2.7 Birds or Animals on, or in the Vicinity of, the Movement Area........10-5

10.2.8 Empirical Assessment of the Bearing Strength of Unrated Runway Pavements and Runway Strips..........................10-5

10.2.9 Currency of NOTAMs..........................................10-6

10.2.10 Aerodrome Fencing............................................10-6

10.2.11 Aerodrome Frequency Response Unit............................10-6

10.2.12 Inspection Logbooks...........................................10-6

Section 10.3: Initiating a NOTAM........................................10-7

10.3.1 Introduction...................................................10-7

10.3.2 Changes Reported to Australian NOTAM Office....................10-7

10.3.3 Time-Limited NOTAM..........................................10-8

10.3.4 Permanent NOTAM............................................10-8

10.3.5 Making Changes to Aerodrome Information Published in AIP-ERSA....................................................10-9

10.3.6 Bird or Animal Hazard Warning..................................10-9

10.3.7 New or Upgraded Visual Aids...................................10-9

10.3.8 Changes to Type A Chart Information............................10-9

10.3.9 Follow up Actions..............................................10-9

10.3.10 Record Keeping...............................................10-9

Section 10.4: Sample Aerodrome Report Form..........................10-10

Section 10.5: Examples of NOTAM and Listing of Abbreviations..........10-11

10.5.1 Examples....................................................10-11

10.5.2 General Word Abbreviations and Phrase Contractions to Minimise Message Length of Aerodrome NOTAMs................10-14

Section 10.6: Appointment of Reporting Officers........................10-31

10.6.1 General.....................................................10-31

10.6.2 Reporting Officer Qualifications.................................10-31

10.6.3 What to Report...............................................10-31

10.6.4 Monitoring Activities Outside Aerodrome.........................10-32

Section 10.7: Aerodrome Emergency Planning..........................10-33

10.7.1 Introduction..................................................10-33

10.7.2 Records.....................................................10-34

10.7.3 Disabled Aircraft Removal.....................................10-34

Section 10.8: Guidelines for Aerodrome Emergency Plans...............10-35

10.8.1 General.....................................................10-35

10.8.2 Medical Subcommittee........................................10-36

10.8.3 Testing Facilities and Reviewing Roles..........................10-36

10.8.4 Aerodrome Emergency Exercises................................10-36

10.8.5 Emergency Operations Centre and Mobile Command Post.........10-37

10.8.6 Definitions of Command, Control, and Coordination...............10-37

10.8.7 Role of the Police.............................................10-38

Section 10.9: Control of Airside Access Including Vehicle Control........10-39

10.9.1 Introduction..................................................10-39

10.9.2 Airside Vehicle Control........................................10-39

10.9.3 Airside drivers................................................10-39

10.9.4 Technical Standards for Electronic Surveillance Equipment Fitted to Vehicles.............................................10-40

Section 10.10: Aerodrome Works Safety................................10-42

10.10.1 Introduction..................................................10-42

10.10.2 Method of Working Plans......................................10-42

10.10.3 Time-Limited Works..........................................10-43

10.10.4 Restrictions on Carrying Out Time-Limited Works.................10-43

10.10.5 Restoration of Normal Safety Standards.........................10-44

10.10.6 Resumption of Aerodrome Works...............................10-44

10.10.7 Management and Control of Aerodrome Works...................10-44

10.10.8 Markers, Markings and Lights..................................10-45

10.10.9 Communication Equipment....................................10-45

10.10.10 Completion..................................................10-45

10.10.11 Pavement Overlay Works......................................10-46

10.10.12 Works on Runway Strips......................................10-46

Section 10.11: Method of Working Plans................................10-48

10.11.1 Introduction..................................................10-48

10.11.2 Title Page...................................................10-48

10.11.3 Works Information............................................10-48

10.11.4 Restrictions to Aircraft Operations and Issue of NOTAMs..........10-49

10.11.5 Work Stages.................................................10-49

10.11.6 Emergencies and Adverse Weather.............................10-49

10.11.7 NOTAMs....................................................10-49

10.11.8 Restrictions to Works Organisations............................10-49

10.11.9 Personnel and Equipment.....................................10-49

10.11.10 Access......................................................10-49

10.11.11 Aerodrome Markers, Markings and Lights........................10-50

10.11.12 Protection of Electrical Services................................10-50

10.11.13 Special Requirements.........................................10-50

10.11.14 Administration...............................................10-50

10.11.15 Authority....................................................10-50

10.11.16 Drawings....................................................10-50

10.11.17 Distribution List..............................................10-51

Section 10.12: Functions of a Works Safety Officer......................10-52

10.12.1 Works Safety Officer..........................................10-52

Section 10.13: Aircraft Parking.........................................10-54

10.13.1 Introduction..................................................10-54

10.13.2 Apron Congestion............................................10-54

10.13.3 Apron Safety Management.....................................10-54

Section 10.14: Bird and Animal Hazard Management.....................10-55

10.14.1 Introduction..................................................10-55

Section 10.15: Pavement Maintenance..................................10-56

10.15.1 Pavement Cleanliness........................................10-56

10.15.2 Runway Surface Friction.......................................10-56

10.15.3 Deterioration of Runway Grooves...............................10-57

10.15.4 Surface Irregularities..........................................10-58

10.15.5 Standards for Natural and Gravel Surface Runways...............10-58

Section 10.16: Maintenance Around Navigational Aids...................10-59

10.16.1 Introduction..................................................10-59

Section 10.17: Aerodrome Safety Procedures during Conditions of Reduced Visibility or Low Cloud................................10-60

10.17.1 Introduction..................................................10-60

10.17.2 Development of Low Visibility Procedures........................10-60

10.17.3 Implementation of Low Visibility Procedures......................10-61

10.17.4 Review of Low Visibility Procedures.............................10-62

Section 10.18: Aerodrome Technical Inspections........................10-63

10.18.1 Introduction..................................................10-63

Section 10.19: Runway Visibility Assessments by Ground Personnel.....10-64

10.19.1 Application...................................................10-64

10.19.2 Facilities and Procedures......................................10-64

10.19.3 Appointed Persons Conducting Runway Visibility Assessments.....10-65

10.19.4 Procedures for Conducting a Runway Visibility Assessment........10-66

Part 11

Standards for Other Aerodrome Facilities.......................11-1

Chapter 11: Standards for Other Aerodrome Facilities.......................11-1

Section 11.1: General...................................................11-1

11.1.1 Introduction...................................................11-1

11.1.2 Traffic Control Towers..........................................11-1

11.1.3 Standards For Siting and Clearance Areas for Airways Facilities on Airports 11-1

11.1.4 General Siting Requirements....................................11-2

11.1.4A Siting of Equipment and Installations on Operational Areas..........11-4

11.1.5 Navigation Aid Facilities........................................11-5

11.1.6 VOR Facilities.................................................11-6

11.1.7 DME Facilities.................................................11-6

11.1.8 Instrument Landing System.....................................11-7

11.1.9 Protection of ILS Installations....................................11-7

11.1.10 Critical and Sensitive Areas.....................................11-8

11.1.11 Obstructions around Marker Beacons............................11-9

11.1.12 Locator Beacons..............................................11-9

11.1.13 Non-Directional Beacons (NDB).................................11-9

11.1.14 Radar Sensor Sites...........................................11-10

11.1.15 Communication Facilities......................................11-11

11.1.16 Ground Earthing Points........................................11-12

11.1.17 Testing of Ground Earthing Points..............................11-13

11.1.18 Inspection of Ground Earthing Points............................11-13

11.1.19 Remedial Action..............................................11-13

11.1.20 Compass Swinging Site.......................................11-13

11.1.21 Automatic Weather Information Stations.........................11-14

11.1.22 Light Aircraft Tie-Down Facilities................................11-14

Part 12

Operating Standards for Registered Aerodromes................12-1

Chapter 12: Operating Standards for Registered Aerodromes................12-1

Section 12.1: General...................................................12-1

12.1.1 Introduction...................................................12-1

12.1.2 Aerodrome Reporting Officer....................................12-2

12.1.3 Aerodrome Serviceability Inspections.............................12-3

12.1.4 Frequency of Serviceability Inspection............................12-3

12.1.5 Record of Inspections and Remedial Actions......................12-3

12.1.6 Reporting Changes............................................12-4

12.1.7 Aerodrome Works.............................................12-4

12.1.8 Safety Inspection Report........................................12-4

12.1.9 Reporting of Obstacles.........................................12-5

Section 12.2: Sample Aerodrome Report Form...........................12-6

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Manual of Standards Part 139—Aerodromes
Version 1.15: JULY 2020<br> <br>Made under Part 139 of the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998.<br>This compilation was prepared on 27 July 2020 taking into account amendments up to Manual of Standards (MOS) – Part 139 Aerodromes Amendment Instrument 2020 (No. 1). It is a compilation of the Manual of Standards Part 139—Aerodromes as amended and in force on 26 March 2020.<br>Prepared by the Advisory and Drafting Branch, Legal and Regulatory Affairs Division, Civil Aviation Safety Authority, Canberra.<br>Compilation No. 14.

Manual of Standards Part 139—Aerodromes

Version 1.15: JULY 2020 Made under Part 139 of the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998. This compilation was prepared on 27 July 2020 taking into account amendments up to Manual of Standards (MOS) – Part 139 Aerodromes Amendment Instrument 2020 (No. 1). It is a compilation of the Manual of Standards Part 139—Aerodromes as amended and in force on 26 March 2020. Prepared by the Advisory and Drafting Branch, Legal and Regulatory Affairs Division, Civil Aviation Safety Authority, Canberra. Compilation No. 14.


Manual of Standards Part 139—Aerodromes<br> <br>© Civil Aviation Safety Authority<br> <br>This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved.<br> <br>Requests for authorisation should be directed to:<br> <br> Corporate Communications<br> Civil Aviation Safety Authority<br> GPO Box 2005<br> Canberra ACT 2601<br>Email: PublicEnquiries@casa.gov.au<br>Version 1.15: July 2020

Manual of Standards Part 139—Aerodromes © Civil Aviation Safety Authority This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requests for authorisation should be directed to: Corporate Communications Civil Aviation Safety Authority GPO Box 2005 Canberra ACT 2601 Email: PublicEnquiries@casa.gov.au Version 1.15: July 2020

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction

Section 1.1: General

1.1.1 Background and scope

1.1.2 Document Set

1.1.3 Differences Between ICAO Standards and those in MOS

1.1.4 Differences published in AIP

1.1.5 MOS Documentation Change Management

1.1.6 Related Documents

Section 1.2: Definitions

1.2.1 Unless the contrary intention appears, the following definitions apply for this MOS: