Section 5 - Greenhouse and Energy Minimum Standards (LED Lamps) Determination 2025 - Definitions—other expressions used in this instrument

5 Definitions—other expressions used in this instrument

Note 1: A number of expressions used in this instrument are defined in section 5 of the Act, including the following:

● category A product;

● covered by;

● family of models;

● GEMS;

● GEMS labelling requirements;

● GEMS level requirements;

● model;

● product classes.

Note 2: Many of the following definitions are based on ILV (the International Lighting Vocabulary) or IEV-845 (the part of the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary that deals with lighting). Where the definition of an expression below differs from the ILV or IEV definition, the definition in this instrument takes precedence.

(1) In this instrument:

Act means the Greenhouse and Energy Minimum Standards Act 2012.

average luminance, in relation to an LED lamp, means the average luminance over a light-emitting area where the luminance is more than 50% of the peak luminance (cd/mm2).

beam angle of a directional LED lamp:

(a) means the angle between 2 imaginary lines in a plane through the optical beam axis, such that these lines pass through the centre of the front face of the LED lamp and through points at which the luminous intensity is 50% of the centre beam intensity; and

(b) for LED lamps that have different beam angles in different planes—refers to the largest beam angle; and

(c) for LED lamps with a user-controllable beam angle—refers to the beam angle as measured in the reference control settings.

Note: The beam angle is a full angle measure, not a half angle measure, and is expressed in degrees (°).

cap means that part of a lamp which provides a connection to the power supply by means of a lamp-holder or lamp connector and, in most cases, also serves to retain the lamp in the lamp-holder.

Note 1: The standard code for identifying cap types can be found in IEC 60061.1: Lamp caps and holders together with gauges for the control of interchangeability and safety – Part 1: Lamp caps.

Note 2: The term ‘base’ is equivalent to ‘cap’. The term ‘cap’ is used in this instrument.

CCT: see correlated colour temperature.

centre beam intensity means the value of luminous intensity measured on the optical beam axis.

chromaticity means the property of a colour stimulus defined by:

(a) its chromaticity coordinates (u′ and v′), or (x and y); or

(b) its dominant or complementary wavelength and purity taken together.

CLL: see connected LED lamp.

colour consistency means the maximum deviation of the initial, spatially averaged chromaticity coordinates (x and y), or (u′ and v′), of an LED lamp from the rated chromaticity centre point (cx and cy) or (cu′ and cv′), expressed as the step size of:

(a) the MacAdam ellipse formed around the rated chromaticity centre point (cx and cy); or

(b) the ∆u′v′ circle formed around the rated chromaticity centre point (cu′ and cv′).

colour rendering index or CRI means the measure of the degree to which the psychophysical colour of an object illuminated by the test illuminant conforms to that of the same object illuminated by the reference illuminant, suitable allowance having been made for the state of chromatic adaptation.

colour-tuneable LED lamp means an LED lamp that can be set to emit light with a large variety of colours outside the range defined in paragraph 10(4)(a), but can also be set to emit white light within that range.

Note: The following kinds of lamps are not considered colour-tuneable:

(a) tuneable-white LED lamps that can only be set to emit light with different correlated colour temperatures within the range defined in paragraph 10(4)(a);

(b) dim-to-warm LED lamps that shift their white light output to a lower correlated colour temperature when dimmed, simulating the behaviour of incandescent lamps.

connected LED lamp or CLL means an LED lamp in which the data-connection parts that are necessary to maintain the reference control settings are physically or functionally inseparable from the light-emitting parts.

Note: This includes an LED lamp for which the data-connection parts, while physically separate, are marketed with the lamp as a single product.

control gear, in relation to an LED lamp, means a unit that:

(a) includes a control unit; and

(b) is inserted between the power supply and the lamp; and

(d) may consist of one or more separate components; and

(e) may include a power supply converter.

Note 1: The control gear may be partly or totally integrated in the LED lamp.

Note 2: Control gear is commonly referred to as ‘controlgear’ in IEC standards.

connected control gear, in relation to an LED lamp, means control gear that includes data-connection capability that is necessary to maintain the reference control settings.

Note: Connected control gear may include means for igniting, dimming, colour changing, and further control functions.

control mode, in relation to an LED lamp, means the condition of lighting control parts in which those parts:

(a) are connected to the lamp; and

(b) are performing their functions in such a way that:

(i) a control signal can be internally generated or a remotely initiated trigger can be received, by wire or wirelessly; and
(ii) the control signal can be processed to lead to a change in the light emission of the lamp.

control signal means an analogue or digital signal transmitted to an LED lamp by wire or wirelessly, either via:

(a) voltage modulation in separate control cables; or

(b) a modulated signal in the supply voltage.

Note: The signal transmission is not through a network but, for example, from an internal source or from a remote control delivered with the product.

correlated colour temperature or CCT means the temperature of a Planckian radiator having the chromaticity nearest the chromaticity associated with the given spectral distribution on a modified 1976 UCS diagram, where u′, 2/3v′ are the coordinates of the Planckian locus and the test stimulus.

cos φ1: see displacement factor.

CRI: see colour rendering index.

data-connection parts means parts that perform one or more of the following functions:

(a) receiving or transmitting, and processing, wired or wireless data signals;

(b) sensing and processing such signals;

Note: The signals mentioned in paragraphs (a) and (b) may be used to control the light emission function.

declared value means the value for a parameter relating to an LED lamp that is:

(a) established (measured or derived from measurements) under the applicable test conditions set out in section 22; and

(b) provided in an application to register the relevant model of lamp under the Act.

Note: This definition is relevant where, for instance, this instrument refers to parameters such as voltage, CCT, or CRI of an LED lamp when these are required to be measured. Declared values are those sourced from test reports whereas rated values are those used for consumer information (which can be declared values rounded off to typical nominal values). For example, declared CCT is established through measurement as 2680 K whereas the rated CCT may be the nominal value of 2700 K.

DF: see displacement factor.

DLL: see directional LED lamp.

directional LED lamp or DLL means:

(a) an LED lamp for which at least 80% of total luminous flux falls within a solid angle of π sr (corresponding to a cone with angle of 120°); or

(b) an LED lamp with a beam angle no greater than 100 in at least one plane through the lamp axis when luminous flux is measured using all forward-facing lumens.

displacement factor, DF or cos φ1 means a factor expressed by cos(φ 1), where φ1 is the phase angle between the fundamental of the mains supply voltage and the fundamental of the mains current, and is calculated from the ratio of the absolute value of the fundamental active power (P1) to the fundamental apparent power (S1), as follows

A formula to work out the value of the displacement factor calculated from the ratio of the absolute value of the fundamental active power to the fundamental apparent power.

as measured:

(a) at full-load, in the reference control settings (where applicable); and

(b) with:

(i) any lighting control parts in control mode; and
(ii) any non-lighting parts disconnected, switched off or set to minimum power consumption according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

double-capped lamp means a lamp with 2 separate caps.

Note: This includes double-capped retrofit LED lamps and double-capped conversion LED lamps, as defined in IEC 62776:2014, clauses 3.1 and 3.2.

excitation purity or pe means the quotient NC/ND of the following two collinear distances on the chromaticity diagram of the CIE 1931 or 1964 standard colorimetric systems:

(a) the distance between the point C representing the colour stimulus considered and the point N representing the specified achromatic stimulus;

(b) the distance between the point N and the point D on the spectrum locus at the dominant wavelength of the colour stimulus considered;

leading to the following expressions:

Formula using the y-chromaticity coordinates of the points C, N and D, to determine the quotient NC/ND.

and

Formula using the x-chromaticity coordinates of the points C, N and D, to determine the quotient NC/ND.

where (x, y), (xn, yn), (xd, yd) are the x, y chromaticity coordinates of the points C, N and D respectively.

Note 1: In the case of purple stimuli, the monochromatic stimulus is replaced by a stimulus the chromaticity of which is represented by a point on the purple boundary.

Note 2: The formulae in x and y are equivalent, but greater precision is given by the formula which has the greater value in the numerator.

Note 3: The excitation purity has unit one.

flicker:

(a) means the perception of visual unsteadiness induced by a light stimulus the luminance or spectral distribution of which fluctuates with time, for a static observer in a static environment; and

(b) is expressed in the metric ‘Pst LM’, where ‘st’ stands for short term and ‘LM’ for light flickermeter method, as defined in IEC TR 61547-1.

Note 1: The fluctuations of the light stimulus with time include periodic and non-periodic fluctuations and can be induced by the lamp itself, the power source or other influencing factors.

Note 2: A value Pst LM = 1 means that the average observer has a 50% probability of detecting flicker.

full-load means the condition of an LED lamp, within the rated operating conditions, in which it emits the maximum (undimmed) luminous flux.

HLLL: see high-luminance LED lamp.

high-luminance LED lamp or HLLL means an LED lamp with an average luminance greater than 30 cd/mm2 in the direction of peak intensity.

initial, in relation to the measurement of a characteristic, means the characteristic as measured at the end of the:

(a) ageing period (if any), within the meaning of clause 3.2 of AS/NZS 5341; and

(b) stabilisation time, within the meaning of clause 4.4 of CIE S 025.

Iv: see luminous intensity.

inorganic light emitting diode means an LED in which the p-n junction is composed of inorganic material.

L70B50 lifetime, for a model of an LED lamp, means the time in hours between the start of its use and the time at which, for 50% of a tested population of LED lamps of that model, the luminous flux of those lamps which were still emitting light had degraded to a value below 70% of the initial luminous flux.

Note: The L70B50 lifetime parameter relates only to the reduction of light output. Lamps in the relevant population which cease to emit light during the testing period are not included in the calculation of L70B50 lifetime.

LED or light emitting diode means a solid-state device embodying a p-n junction, emitting incoherent optical radiation when excited by an electric current.

Note 1: This definition is independent from the existence of enclosure(s) and terminals.

Note 2: The term ‘LED’ represents the LED die (or chip), or LED package.

LED lamp means an electric lamp based on LED technology.

Note: An LED lamp can be an integrated (LEDi lamp), a semi-integrated (LEDsi lamp) or a non-integrated (LEDni lamp). An LED lamp can incorporate at least one LED module.

light means radiation within the spectral range of visible radiation.

lighting control parts of an LED lamp means parts to which all of the following apply:

(a) the parts are either:

(i) integrated in the lamp; or
(ii) physically separate from but marketed together with the lamp, or with separate control gear (including separate connected control gear), as a single product;

(b) the parts are not strictly necessary for the lamp to emit light at full-load, or for the separate control gear (including separate connected control gear) to supply the electric power that enables the lamp to emit light at full-load;

(c) the parts enable manual or automatic, direct or remote control of luminous intensity, chromaticity, correlated colour temperature, light spectrum or beam angle.

Example: Dimmers are lighting control parts.

lumen maintenance factor or XLMF means the ratio, for specified operating conditions, of the luminous flux of an LED lamp at a given time in its operational life to its initial luminous flux.

Note 1: In IEC standards, ‘lumen maintenance’ is also commonly used with the same meaning.

Note 2: In CIE standards, ‘luminous flux maintenance factor’ is used with the same meaning.

Note 3: The lumen maintenance factor has unit one and is usually expressed in per cent.

luminance or Lv: see subsection (2).

luminous efficacy or ηlamp: see subsection 13(2).

luminous flux or Φv:

(a) means the change in luminous energy with time:

A formula to work out the value for luminous flux determined from the quotient of values for the change in luminous energy and the change in time. Delete: A formula to work out the value for luminous flux.

where Qv is the luminous energy emitted, transferred or received, and t is time; and

(b) for LED lamps that can be tuned to emit different light spectra or different maximum light intensities—refers to the luminous flux as measured in the reference control settings.

Note: The luminous flux is expressed in lumen (lm).

luminous intensity or Iv means the density of luminous flux with respect to a solid angle in a specified direction, calculated as follows:

A formula to work out the value for luminous intensity determined from the quotient of values for the luminous flux emitted in a specified direction and the solid angle containing that direction.

where Φv is the luminous flux emitted in a specified direction, and Ω is the solid angle containing that direction.

Note: The luminous intensity is expressed in candela (cd = lm·sr−1).

mains, mains voltage or MV means the electricity supply of 230 (+10% to -6%) volts of alternating current at 50 Hz.

mains LED lamp or MLL means an LED lamp that can be operated directly on the mains electricity supply.

Note: This includes such a lamp whether or not it can also operate indirectly on the mains using a separate control gear (including separate connected control gear) that includes a power supply converter.

mains voltage: see mains.

MLL: see mains LED lamp.

MV: see mains.

NDLL: see non-directional LED lamp.

network means an architecture (a communication infrastructure with a topology of links), and includes the physical components, organisational principles, communication procedures and formats (protocols).

networked standby mode means the condition of a CLL in which:

(a) the lamp is connected to the power supply; and

(b) the lamp is intentionally not emitting light; and

(c) the lamp or separate connected control gear is awaiting a control signal via a digital network to return to a state with light emission; and

(d) the lighting control parts are in their control mode; and

(e) where this can be done without disassembling the lamp—when the manufacturer’s instructions are followed:

(i) the non-lighting parts are disconnected from electric power or switched off; or
(ii) the power consumption of those parts is minimised.

networked standby power or Pnet means the electric power consumption of a CLL in networked standby mode.

Note: Networked standby power is expressed in watts (W).

NMLL: see the definition of non-mains LED lamp.

non-mains LED lamp or NMLL means an LED lamp that requires a separate power supply converter inserted between the power supply and lamp to operate.

non-directional LED lamp or NDLL means an LED lamp that is not a directional LED lamp.

non-lighting parts of an LED lamp means parts that are:

(a) either:

(i) integrated in the lamp or a separate control gear; or
(ii) physically separated from but marketed together with the lamp, or separate control gear (including separate connected control gear), as a single product; and

(b) not necessary for the lamp to emit light at full-load, or for the separate control gear (including separate connected control gear) to supply the electric power that enables the lamp to emit light at full-load; and

Example: Speakers (audio), cameras, repeaters for communication signals to extend the range (eg, WiFi), parts supporting grid balance (switching to own internal batteries when necessary), battery charging, visual notification of events (mail arriving, doorbell ringing, alert), and use of Light Fidelity (Li-Fi, a bidirectional, high-speed and fully networked wireless communication technology).

Note: ‘Non-lighting parts’ also include data-connection parts used for functions other than controlling the light emission function.

on-mode power or Pon:

(a) means the electric power consumption of an LED lamp in full-load, with:

(i) all lighting control parts and non-lighting parts disconnected; or
(ii) if the parts mentioned in subparagraph (i) cannot be disconnected—the parts switched off, or their power consumption minimised in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions; and

(b) for a non-mains LED lamp (NMLL) that requires a separate control gear (including separate connected control gear) to operate—can be:

(i) measured directly on the input to the LED lamp; or
(ii) determined using a separate control gear (including separate connected control gear) with known efficiency, the electric power consumption of which is subsequently subtracted from the measured mains power input value.

Note: On-mode power is expressed in watts (W).

Pe: see excitation purity.

Pnet: see networked standby power.

Pon: see on-mode power.

Psb: see standby power.

Pst LM: see paragraph (b) of the definition of flicker.

photosynthetic photon efficacy means the rate of flow of photons within the photosynthetically active radiation waveband of 400 – 700 nm from a radiation source.

Note: Photosynthetic photon efficacy is measured in µmol/Joule.

projected light-emitting surface area of an LED lamp means the surface area in mm2 (square millimetres) of the view in an orthographic projection of the light-emitting surface from the direction with the highest light intensity, where the light-emitting surface area is:

(a) for lamps with a non-clear envelope or with anti-glare shield—the entire area through which light leaves the lamp; or

(b) for lamps containing more than one light emitter—the projection of the smallest gross volume enveloping all emitters; or

Example 1: For the purposes of paragraph (c), the light-emitting surface area of an LED chip encapsulated by a flat or semi-spherical phosphor containing envelope would be the surface area of that envelope, not the surface area of the chip. When the LED chip produces light, it is the phosphor-containing envelope which emits light with the rated optical characteristics, when energised by the light produced by the chip. This is illustrated by the following diagram (showing both side and top views):

Diagram illustrating the distinction between a phosphor-containing envelope and the LED chip in that envelope.

projected light-emitting surface area = ¼ πD2

where D is the diameter of the phosphor containing envelope (and not the dimensions of the rectilinear LED chip beneath the phosphor-coated envelop).

Example 2: For the purposes of paragraph (c), the light emitting surface of an LED filament lamp encapsulated in a clear bulb would be the combined surface areas of LED filaments, not the surface area of the bulb. This is illustrated by the following side view diagram:

Diagram is a light bulb with the filaments in that bulb identified by their length with the letter L, their width with the letter D and the number of filaments with the letter N.

projected light-emitting surface area = L.D.n

where L and D respectively are the length and the width of a single LED filament, and n is the number of filaments visible (some may be obstructed) from viewing direction.

rated, in relation to a value for a parameter relating to an LED lamp, means a value:

(a) that is provided for specification purposes by a person mentioned in subsection 43(3) of the Act; and

(b) that is based on the declared value; and

(c) that is specified on, or can be ascertained by following instructions (such as a quick reference code or web link) on, the packaging supplied with the lamp.

Note: This definition is relevant where, for instance, this instrument refers to ‘rated optical characteristics’ or ‘rated voltage’ of an LED lamp. Rated values are those typically used for consumer information (which can be the declared values rounded off to typical nominal values). For example, the rated CCT may be specified as the nominal value of 2700 K whereas declared CCT (derived from the measurements) is 2680 K.

ripple-free means an r.m.s. ripple voltage that is not more than 10% of the direct current component and whose maximum peak value does not exceed:

(a) 140 volts for a nominal 120 volts ripple-free direct current system; and

(b) 70 volts for a nominal 60 volts ripple-free direct current system.

reference control settings: see section 6.

remotely initiated trigger means a signal that comes from outside the LED lamp via a network.

r.m.s. means root mean square.

separate connected control gear, in relation to an LED lamp, means a connected control gear that is physically separate from the LED lamp.

Note 1: Separate connected control gear may have physically integrated data-connection parts in a single inseparable housing or may be combined with physically separate data-connection parts placed on the market together with the separate control gear as a single product.

Note 2: Separate connected control gear includes communication gateways.

Note 3: Separate connected control gear is also known as ‘connected independent control gear’.

separate control gear, in relation to an LED lamp, means a control gear that is physically separate from the LED lamp.

SF: see survival factor.

specific effective radiant ultraviolet power means the effective power of the ultraviolet radiation of an LED lamp weighted according to the spectral correction factors and related to its luminous flux.

Note: The specific effective radiant ultraviolet power is expressed in milliwatts per kilolumens (mW·klm-1).

standby mode means the condition of an LED lamp in which:

(a) the lamp is connected to the power supply; and

(b) the lamp is intentionally not emitting light; and

(c) the lamp or separate control gear is awaiting a non-networked control signal to return to a state with light emission; and

(d) the lighting control parts enabling the standby function are in their control mode; and

(e) where this can be done without disassembling the lamp—when the manufacturer’s instructions are followed:

(i) the non-lighting parts are disconnected from electric power or switched off; or
(ii) the power consumption of those parts is minimised.

standby power or Psb means the electric power consumption of an LED lamp in standby mode.

Note: The standby power is expressed in watts (W).

stroboscopic effect:

(a) means a change in motion perception induced by a light stimulus, the luminance or spectral distribution of which fluctuates with time, for a static observer in a non-static environment; and

(b) is represented in this instrument by the metric ‘SVM’ (stroboscopic effect visibility measure), as defined in IEC TR 63158.

Note 1: The fluctuations can be periodic or non-periodic, and may be induced by the LED lamp itself, the power source or other influencing factors.

Note 2: SVM = 1 represents the visibility threshold (50% probability of detection) for an average observer.

survival factor or SF means the fraction of the total number of LED lamps that continue to operate at a given instant under defined conditions and switching frequency.

Note: The lamp survival factor has unit one.

SVM: see paragraph (b) of the definition of stroboscopic effect.

tested: a tested value or amount is one that is:

(a) determined in accordance with a test conducted in accordance with the testing requirements of this instrument; or

(b) calculated on the basis of values or amounts that have been determined in accordance with paragraph (a).

useful luminous flux or Φuse means the part of the luminous flux of an LED lamp that is considered when determining its energy efficiency, as follows:

(a) for non-directional LED lamps—the total luminous flux emitted in a solid angle of 4π sr (corresponding to a 360° sphere), Φ360;

(b) for directional LED lamps with beam angle ≥ 90° (except where paragraph (d) applies)—the luminous flux emitted in a solid angle of π sr (corresponding to a cone with angle of 120°), Φ120;

(c) for directional LED lamps with beam angle < 90° (except where paragraph (d) applies)—the luminous flux emitted in a solid angle of 0.586π sr (corresponding to a cone with angle of 90°), Φ90;

(d) for directional LED lamps where all forward-facing lumens are measured—the luminous flux emitted from the forward face of the lamp (corresponding to a cone with angle of 180°), Φ180.

Note: Where paragraph (d) applies, a different luminous efficacy factor will apply when calculating the minimum required luminous efficacy of the LED lamp, as specified in subsection 13(3).

(2) Luminance or Lv means the density of luminous intensity with respect to the projected light-emitting surface area in a specified direction at a specified point on a real or imaginary surface, calculated as follows:

A formula to work out the value of luminance (expressed in candela per square metre) using values for luminous intensity, area and the angle between the normal to the surface at the specified point and the specified direction.

where:

Iv is luminous intensity.

A is area.

α is the angle between the normal to the surface at the specified point and the specified direction.

Note: The luminance is expressed in candela per metre squared (cd.m2).

5Definitions—other expressions used in this instrument

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