Currency (Perth Mint) Determination (No. 2) 2016

This instrument, Currency (Perth Mint) Determination (No. 2) 2016, is an administrative specification under the Currency Act 1965. It operates by adding detailed denominations, standard compositions and physical specifications for a set of Perth Mint coins to the Schedule to the Currency Act, and by specifying the standard weight, allowable weight variation, design and dimensions for each listed coin. The Minister for Small Business made the determination under paragraph 13(2)(b) and subsection 13A(1) of the Currency Act 1965, recorded at s 3 of the instrument.

Mechanically, the instrument performs two linked amendments to the effect of the Act. Section 5(2) states that, from commencement, the Act is to be read "as if" the denominations listed in Part 1 of Schedule 1 were included in the Schedule to the Act and as if the standard composition opposite each denomination were specified in that Schedule. Section 6(2) then provides that each item of the table in Part 1 of Schedule 1 specifies "the standard weight, the allowable variation from that standard weight, the design and the dimensions" of the coin whose denomination and standard composition are specified. The Schedule itself contains 39 discrete item entries, each pairing a denomination with a metal composition, a precise standard weight with allowable variation, a maximum diameter, maximum thickness, shape, edge, obverse and reverse design codes.

The instrument commences as stated in s 2: the whole instrument takes effect "the day after this instrument is registered." The commencement table includes a note that column 3 is not part of the instrument; that is a technical annotation only. Sections 5(3) and 6(4) explicitly state the instrument does not affect any other provision of a determination made for the respective enabling provisions of the Currency Act, preserving other determinations made under paragraph 13(2)(b) and subsection 13A(1).

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Currency (Perth Mint) Determination (No. 2) 2016

I, Michael McCormack, Minister for Small Business, make the following determination.

Dated: 21 September 2016

Michael McCormack

Minister for Small Business

Contents

1 Name

2 Commencement

3 Authority

4 Definitions

5 Specification of denominations and standard compositions

6 Standard weight, design and dimensions of coins

Schedule 1—Standard composition, standard weight, design and dimensions of coins of specified denominations

Part 1—Specifications of coins

1 Specifications

Part 2—Explanation of symbols 6

2 Symbols used in Part 1....................................6

1 Name

This is the Currency (Perth Mint) Determination (No. 2) 2016.

2 Commencement

(1) Each provision of this instrument specified in column 1 of the table commences, or is taken to have commenced, in accordance with column 2 of the table. Any other statement in column 2 has effect according to its terms.

Commencement information
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Provisions Commencement Date/Details
1. The whole of this instrument The day after this instrument is registered.

Note: This table relates only to the provisions of this instrument as originally made. It will not be amended to deal with any later amendments of this instrument.

(2) Any information in column 3 of the table is not part of this instrument. Information may be inserted in this column, or information in it may be edited, in any published version of this instrument.

3 Authority

This instrument is made under paragraph 13(2)(b) and subsection 13A(1) of the Currency Act 1965.

4 Definitions

In this instrument:

Act means the Currency Act 1965.

5 Specification of denominations and standard compositions

(1) This section is made for paragraph 13(2)(b) of the Act.

(2) The Act has effect, on and after the day on which this instrument commences, as if:

(a) there were included in the Schedule to the Act the references to denominations of money specified in Part 1 of Schedule 1 to this instrument; and

(b) there were specified in the Schedule to the Act opposite to each such denomination, as the standard composition of coins of that denomination, the standard composition specified for the denomination in Part 1 of Schedule 1 to this instrument.

(3) This section does not affect any other provision of a determination made for paragraph 13(2)(b) of the Act.

6 Standard weight, design and dimensions of coins

(1) This section is made for subsection 13A(1) of the Act.

(2) On and after the day on which this instrument commences, each item of the table in Part 1 of Schedule 1 to this instrument specifies the standard weight, the allowable variation from that standard weight, the design and the dimensions of the coin whose denomination and standard composition is specified in that item.

(3) Each item of the table in Part 2 of Schedule 1 to this instrument explains a symbol used to describe the design of coins specified in Part 1 of Schedule 1.

(4) This section does not affect any other provision of a determination made for subsection 13A(1) of the Act.

Schedule 1—Standard composition, standard weight, design and dimensions of coins of specified denominations

Note: See sections 5 and 6.

Part 1—Specifications of coins

1 Specifications

Each item of the following table specifies the standard composition, the standard weight, the allowable variation from that standard weight, the design and the dimensions of a coin whose denomination and standard composition are specified in that item.

Specifications of coins
Item Denomination Standard composition Standard weight and allowable variation (g) Maximum diameter or other dimension (mm) Maximum thickness (mm) Shape Edge Obverse Reverse
1 $30 At least 99.9% silver 1002.502 ± 1.500 100.60 14.60 S1 E1 O2 R1
2 $30 At least 99.9% silver 1002.502 ± 1.500 100.60 14.60 S1 E1 O2 R2
3 $500 At least 99.99% gold 155.563 ± 0.030 50.50 5.50 S1 E1 O1 R3
4 $500 At least 99.99% gold 155.563 ± 0.030 40.50 9.00 S1 E1 O1 R4
5 $200 At least 99.99% gold 62.265 ± 0.050 36.60 6.00 S1 E1 O1 R4
6 $100 At least 99.99% gold 31.162 ± 0.055 27.30 5.00 S1 E1 O1 R4
7 $1 At least 99.99% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O1 R5
8 $8 At least 99.99% silver 156.533 ± 1.000 50.60 12.50 S1 E1 O1 R5
9 $1 At least 99.99% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 32.60 6.00 S1 E1 O1 R5
10 $100 At least 99.95% platinum 31.185 ± 0.065 32.60 2.70 S1 E1 O1 R6
11 $100 At least 99.99% gold 31.165 ± 0.053 32.60 2.80 S1 E1 O1 R7
12 $50 At least 99.99% gold 15.594± 0.040 25.60 2.40 S1 E1 O1 R7
13 $25 At least 99.99% gold 7.807 ± 0.030 20.60 2.00 S1 E1 O1 R7
14 $15 At least 99.99% gold 3.133 ± 0.022 16.60 1.50 S1 E1 O1 R7
15 $5 At least 99.99% gold 1.571 ± 0.015 14.60 1.40 S1 E1 O1 R7
16 $1 At least 99.9% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O1 R8
17 $1 At least 99.99% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O2 R9
18 $15 At least 99.99% gold 3.133 ± 0.022 16.60 1.50 S1 E1 O1 R10
19 $1 At least 99.99% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O2 R5
20 $1 At least 99.99% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O4 R11
21 50c At least 99.99% silver 16.053 ± 0.500 32.60 3.10 S1 E1 O4 R12
22 $100 At least 99.99% gold 31.165 ± 0.053 32.60 2.80 S1 E1 O3 R12
23 $25 At least 99.99% gold 7.807 ± 0.030 20.60 2.00 S1 E1 O3 R12
24 $15 At least 99.99% gold 3.133 ± 0.022 16.60 1.50 S1 E1 O3 R12
25 25c At least 99.99% silver 8.077 ± 0.300 25.50 2.50 S1 E1 O4 R13
26 $1 At least 99.9% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O2 R14
27 $1 At least 99.99% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O2 R15
28 $1 Aluminium and bronze 13.500 ± 1.000 30.60 3.10 S1 E1 O5 R16
29 $1 Aluminium and bronze 13.500 ± 1.000 30.60 3.10 S1 E1 O5 R17
30 $8 At least 99.99% silver 156.533 ± 1.000 60.60 7.90 S1 E1 O4 R18
31 $1 Aluminium and bronze 13.500 ± 1.000 30.60 3.10 S1 E1 O5 R19
32 $1 At least 99.9% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O2 R20
33 $1 At least 99.9% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O2 R21
34 $1 At least 99.9% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O2 R22
35 $1 At least 99.9% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O2 R23
36 $1 At least 99.9% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O2 R24
37 $1 At least 99.9% silver 31.607 ± 0.500 40.60 4.00 S1 E1 O2 R25
38 $1 Aluminium and bronze 13.500 ± 1.000 30.60 3.10 S1 E1 O5 R26
39 $1 Aluminium and bronze 13.500 ± 1.000 30.60 3.10 S1 E1 O5 R27

Part 2—Explanation of symbols

2 Symbols used in Part 1

Each item of the following table contains an explanation of a symbol used in Part 1 of this Schedule to describe the shape, edge design, obverse design and reverse design of a coin.

Explanation of symbols used in Part 1
Item Design Feature Symbol Explanation
1 Shape S1 Circular
2 Edge E1 Continuously milled
3 Edge E2 Plain
4 Obverse O1 A design consisting of an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II and the following:(a) “· ELIZABETH II”;(b) “AUSTRALIA ·”;(c) Arabic numerals for the amount, in dollars, of the denomination of the coin, followed by “DOLLARS” or “DOLLAR” as the case requires;(d) “IRB”
5 Obverse O2 A design consisting of an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II surrounded by a circle, which in turn is surrounded by the following:(a) “· ELIZABETH II”;(b) “AUSTRALIA ·”;(c) Arabic numerals for the amount, in dollars, of the denomination of the coin, followed by “DOLLARS” or “DOLLAR” as the case requires;(d) “IRB”
6 Obverse O3 A design consisting of an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II and the following:(a) “ELIZABETH II”;(b) “AUSTRALIA”;(c) “2017”;(d) Arabic numerals for the amount, in dollars, of the denomination of the coin, followed by “DOLLARS”;(e) “Xoz 9999 GOLD” (where “X” is the nominal weight in ounces, of the coin, expressed as a common fraction or a whole number in Arabic numerals);(f) “IRB”
7 Obverse O4 A design consisting of an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II and the following:(a) “ELIZABETH II”;(b) “AUSTRALIA”;(c) “2017”;(d) Arabic numerals for the amount, in dollars, of the denomination of the coin, followed by “DOLLARS”, “DOLLAR” or “CENTS” as the case requires;(e) “Xoz 9999 Ag” (where “X” is the nominal weight in ounces, of the coin, expressed as a common fraction or in a whole number in Arabic numerals);(f) “IRB”
8 Obverse O5 A design consisting of an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II and the following:(a) “· ELIZABETH II”;(b) “· AUSTRALIA 2017 ·”;(c) “1 DOLLAR”;(d) “IRB”
9 Reverse R1 A design consisting of a circle which partly encloses a representation of 2 kookaburras perched on a wooden fence with screws and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA”;(b) “2017 1KILO 999 SILVER”;(c) “NM”;(d) “P”
10 Reverse R2 A design consisting of a circle which encloses a representation of a koala sitting and a landscape featuring grass, rolling plains, trees, leaves and a hilly terrain in the background and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN KOALA”; (b) “2017 1KILO 999 SILVER”;(c) “TV”;(d) “P”
11 Reverse R3 A design consisting of a representation of a horse grazing in a pasture of grasses and flowers with trees and a field in the background and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN STOCK HORSE”;(b) “2017 5oz 9999 GOLD”;(c) “NM”;(d) “P”
12 Reverse R4 A design consisting of a circle that partly encloses a representation of an eagle perched on a tree branch and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN WEDGE-TAILED EAGLE”; (b) “2017 Xoz 9999 GOLD” (where “X” is the nominal weight in ounces of the coin expressed as a common fraction or a whole number in Arabic numerals);(c) “JM”;(d) “P”
13 Reverse R5 A design consisting of a circle that partly encloses a representation of an eagle perched on a tree branch and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN WEDGE-TAILED EAGLE”; (b) “2017 Xoz 9999 SILVER” (where “X” is the nominal weight in ounces of the coin expressed as a common fraction or a whole number in Arabic numerals);(c) “JM”; (d) “P”
14 Reverse R6 A design consisting of a circle that partly encloses a representation of an eagle perched on a tree branch and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN WEDGE-TAILED EAGLE”; (b) “2017 1oz 9995 PLATINUM”;(c) “JM”;(d) “P”
15 Reverse R7 A design consisting of a circle which partly encloses a representation of a bounding kangaroo and a landscape featuring ground, rocks, grasses and leafy foliage and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN KANGAROO”;(b) “2017 Xoz 9999 GOLD” (where “X” is the nominal weight in ounces of the coin expressed as a common fraction or a whole number in Arabic numerals);(c) “JM”;(d) “P”
16 Reverse R8 A design consisting of a circle which partly encloses a representation of 2 kookaburras perched on a wooden fence with screws and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA”; (b) “2017 1oz 999 SILVER”;(c) “NM”;(d) “P”
17 Reverse R9 A design consisting of a rearing horse, a sheaf of wheat and a landscape featuring ground, rocks and grass and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN STOCK HORSE”;(b) “2017 1oz 9999 SILVER”;(c) “JM”;(d) “P”
18 Reverse R10 A frosted table, with a design, consisting of a circle that partly encloses a representation of an eagle perched on a tree branch and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN WEDGE-TAILED EAGLE”; (b) “2017 1/10oz 9999 GOLD”;(c) “JM”;(d) “P”
19 Reverse R11 A design consisting of stylised representations of a dragon, a phoenix and a fireball and in the background a stylised representation of clouds and the following:(a) “TV”;(b) “P”
20 Reverse R12 A design consisting of a circle enclosing a representation of an eagle holding an olive branch in its talons, superimposed on a background depicting a portion of the Stars and Stripes on one side and stars in the shape of the Southern Cross on the other and the following:(a) “VICTORY IN THE PACIFIC”;(b) “1945”;(c) “TV”;(d) “P”
21 Reverse R13 A design consisting of a pattern of lines forming a circle immediately inside the rim, surrounding a coloured representation of a rooster, hen and chicks, and leafy foliage, flowers, flower buds, tendrils, garden stakes, soil and clumps of grass and the following:(a) “Year of the Rooster”; (b) The Chinese pictograph pronounced “jī” under the Pinyin system and meaning rooster;(c) “P”
22 Reverse R14 A design consisting of a circle which partly encloses a representation of a gilded bounding kangaroo and a landscape featuring, ground, rocks, grasses and leafy foliage and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN KANGAROO”;(b) “2017 1oz 999 SILVER”;(c) “JM”;(d) “P”
23 Reverse R15 A design consisting of stylised streamers and musical notes superimposed over coloured representations of gifts with bows, an iced cupcake with a cherry on top, party hat and blowers and the following:(a) “Happy Birthday”;(b) “2017 1oz 9999 SILVER”;(d) “JM”;(e) “P”
24 Reverse R16 A design consisting of an arc that partly encloses a representation of a soldier wearing a uniform, including a hat with a rifle slung over his shoulder, riding a horse wearing tack and a stylised representation of ground and the following;

“AUSTRALIAN LIGHT HORSE WWI”;
“AH”;(c) “P”

25 Reverse R17 A design consisting of a representation of 2 soldiers in uniform, looking at a map, a representation of various buildings in the background, a silhouette of a person playing a bugle; and the following:(a) “Lest We”;(b) “Forget”;(c) “April 25”;(d) “IJ”;(e) “P”
26 Reverse R18 A design consisting of a circle that partly encloses representations of a dog with an object in its mouth, a person on horseback, a person holding a swag, a windmill, a water tank, a hat, a house with smoke coming out the chimney, a kangaroo, a sheep, a campsite with a tent and 2 billies suspended over a cooking area, a stream, trees, stylised flames, grasstrees and grasses that form the silhouette representation of Henry Lawson’s profile and the following:(a) “150th ANNIVERSARY”;(b) “OF HENRY LAWSON”;(c) “NM”;(d) “P”
27 Reverse R19 A design consisting of a circle surrounded by dots and partly enclosing a silhouette of Henry Lawson’s head, two horizontal lines, and his signature and the following:(a) “15”;(b) “TH”;(c) “ANNIVERSARY”;(d) “NM”;(e) “P”
28 Reverse R20 A design consisting of a circle which partly encloses a representation of 2 kookaburras perched on a wooden fence with screws, and a circular shape enclosing a representation of a panda and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA”; (b) “2017 1oz 999 SILVER”;(c) “NM”;(d) “P”
29 Reverse R21 A design consisting of a circle which partly encloses a representation of two kookaburras perched on a wooden fence with screws, and a circular shape enclosing a representation of a shark and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA”; (b) “2017 1oz 999 SILVER”;(c) “NM”;(d) “P”
30 Reverse R22 A design consisting of a circle which partly encloses a representation of two kookaburras perched on a wooden fence with screws and a circular shape enclosing a representation of a yin yang symbol and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA”; (b) “2017 1oz 999 SILVER”;(c) “NM”;(d) “P”
31 Reverse R23 A design consisting of a circle which partly encloses a coloured representation of two kookaburras perched on a wooden fence with screws and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA”; (b) “2017 1oz 999 SILVER”;(c) “NM”;(d) “P”
32 Reverse R24 A design consisting of a circle which partly encloses a coloured representation of a bounding kangaroo and a coloured landscape featuring ground, rocks, grasses and leafy foliage and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN KANGAROO”;(b) “2017 1oz 999 SILVER” ;(c) “JM”;(d) “P”
33 Reverse R25 A design consisting of a circle which encloses a coloured representation of a koala sitting and a coloured landscape featuring grass, rolling plains, trees, leaves and a hilly terrain in the background and the following:(a) “AUSTRALIAN KOALA”; (b) “2017 1oz 999 SILVER”;(c) “TV”;(d) “P”
34 Reverse R26 A design consisting of a representation of a stylised kookaburra, its beak holding the ends of a cloth sling that contains a human baby, a representation of leaves and flowers and the following:(a) “CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR BABY”;(b) “AH”;(c) “P”
35 Reverse R27 A design consisting of a representation of a male wearing a suit and tie, holding a female wearing a veil and a long flowing layered dress and a representation of two rings entwined and the following:(a) “Congratulations”;(b) “JM”;(c) “P”

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Currency (Perth Mint) Determination (No. 2) 2016

I, Michael McCormack, Minister for Small Business, make the following determination.

Dated: 21 September 2016

Michael McCormack

Minister for Small Business

Contents

1 Name

2 Commencement

3 Authority

4 Definitions

5 Specification of denominations and standard compositions

6 Standard weight, design and dimensions of coins

Schedule 1—Standard composition, standard weight, design and dimensions of coins of specified denominations

Part 1—Specifications of coins

1 Specifications

Part 2—Explanation of symbols 6

2 Symbols used in Part 1....................................6

1 Name

This is the Currency (Perth Mint) Determination (No. 2) 2016.

2 Commencement

Commencement information
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Provisions Commencement Date/Details
1. The whole of this instrument The day after this instrument is registered.

Note: This table relates only to the provisions of this instrument as originally made. It will not be amended to deal with any later amendments of this instrument.

3 Authority

This instrument is made under paragraph 13(2)(b) and subsection 13A(1) of the Currency Act 1965.

4 Definitions

In this instrument:

Act means the Currency Act 1965.

5 Specification of denominations and standard compositions

The instrument rests on three core legal concepts: statutory specification by determination, standard composition for denominations, and specification of physical coin standards.

Statutory specification by determination: The determination is made pursuant to express powers in the Currency Act 1965. Section 3 records the authority as paragraph 13(2)(b) and subsection 13A(1) of the Act. Section 5(1) and s 6(1) explicitly state that those sections are the operational bases for the respective aspects of the instrument. The instrument therefore functions as an exercise of delegated legislative power to fill the Act's Schedule with technical particulars.
Standard composition for denominations: Section 5 is made for paragraph 13(2)(b) of the Act and operates by adding references to denominations and specifying the "standard composition" opposite each denomination, as described in Part 1 of Schedule 1. The Schedule entries list metals and minimum purities, using formulations such as "At least 99.99% gold", "At least 99.9% silver", "At least 99.95% platinum", and "Aluminium and bronze". The instrument therefore fixes the metallic content that the Act will treat as the standard for those coin denominations.
Physical standards: Section 6 is made for subsection 13A(1) of the Act and supplies the manufacturing tolerances and design particulars. Part 1 of Schedule 1 pairs each denomination with a "standard weight" and an "allowable variation" in grams, a maximum diameter or other maximum dimension in millimetres, a maximum thickness, a shape code (S1), an edge code (E1), and obverse/reverse design codes (for example O1, R3). Part 2 decodes the symbols used in Part 1, specifying that S1 is circular, E1 is continuously milled and explaining the precise legend and motifs required for each obverse and reverse design code. Several obverse codes require an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II and a set of inscriptions; several reverse codes require particular Australian motifs plus legends that identify year, mass in ounces and fineness.

Other notable structural features are administrative and drafting conventions. The commencement table in s 2 provides for the whole instrument to commence the day after registration; it contains a non-operative column 3 note that is expressly not part of the instrument. Sections 5(3) and 6(4) preserve other determinations already made under the same Act provisions, limiting the instrument to additive effect rather than overwriting unrelated determinations.

The instrument thus operates as a technical, design and metallurgical specification that the Currency Act will treat as authoritative for the listed denominations. It does not itself create procedural obligations such as issuance protocol, commercial distribution, or legal tender mechanics; those remain matters for the Act and other law.

The instrument affects multiple groups directly and indirectly by altering what the Currency Act 1965 will treat as standard compositions and physical specifications for listed coins.

Primary affected parties

Perth Mint and coin producers: The instrument provides the technical specifications that coin manufacturers, notably the Perth Mint, must meet if they produce the listed coins. Part 1 of Schedule 1 specifies metal purities, precise standard weights with allowable variations, maximum diameter and thickness, shape S1 (circular), edge E1 (continuously milled), and the obverse and reverse legends and motifs (see s 6(2) and Schedule 1 Part 1). Conformance to these standards is the instrument's concrete requirement.
The Australian Government and the Minister responsible for currencies: The instrument is an exercise of the Minister's delegated power under the Currency Act. The Minister decides which denominations and configurations are specified in the Act's Schedule, as recorded in s 3 and effected by s 5 and s 6.

Secondary affected parties

Dealers, retailers and bullion market participants: Dealers in precious metals, coin dealers, numismatists and secondary market participants will be affected because the instrument defines the standard composition and physical identifiers that distinguish authorised Perth Mint issues from other products. The presence of exact legends, mint marks and design codes (Part 2) will be relevant for authentication, grading and valuation processes conducted by market participants.
Financial institutions, cash-handling businesses and logistics providers: Although many of the listed items are clearly bullion and collector coins (for example very large silver coins such as 1002.502 g items), any entity that handles coins for transport, storage or possible circulation needs to know dimensions and weights for transport logistics, coin trays, sieves, assays and insurance.
Consumers and collectors: Buyers of the listed coins are affected because the instrument clarifies metal content and the official face value (the denomination) that accompanies each specified coin. Schedule 1 lists face values ranging from 25 cents and 50 cents up to $500, paired with specific metal compositions and precise physical dimensions.

Tertiary considerations

Regulators and compliance officers: Where obligations in the Currency Act or other law refer to the Schedule, regulators will use this instrument to determine whether particular coins meet legal standards. The instrument itself does not set out enforcement or penalties, but it creates the factual baseline that enforcement will rely upon.
Intellectual property and design rights holders: Although the instrument prescribes the explicit legends and designs (for example the inclusion of "IRB" or other initials on obverse legends, and mint identifiers such as "P", "JM", "NM", "TV", "AH", "IJ" on reverse designs), it does not address intellectual property arrangements. Rights holders and users will be affected insofar as the instrument dictates the precise graphic and textual content that must appear on authorised coins.

Limits of effect

The instrument does not address quantities, sale pricing, legal tender application beyond inclusion in the Schedule (s 5(2)), or procedures for circulation and redemption. It also expressly does not "affect any other provision of a determination" made under the same empowering sections, at s 5(3) and s 6(4). Entities seeking to determine legal or commercial obligations beyond the technical standards must consult the Currency Act and other relevant instruments.

The instrument creates technical obligations by specification and clarifies what the Currency Act will treat as standard. Those duties and rights are primarily formal and technical rather than procedural.

Duties created or reinforced by the instrument

Duty to conform to specified composition and physical tolerances in production: Section 6(2) states that each item of the table in Part 1 of Schedule 1 specifies the standard weight, allowable variation, design and dimensions for each coin. For a coin to be the specie contemplated by the Act once the instrument takes effect, its manufacture must match the stipulated metal purity, weight and size. Examples from the table include a $500 gold coin at "At least 99.99% gold" with standard weight "155.563 ± 0.030 g" (Item 3), and a $30 silver coin at "At least 99.9% silver" with standard weight "1002.502 ± 1.500 g" (Item 1). These are precise manufacturing tolerances that producers must meet.
Duty to implement specified obverse and reverse legends and motifs: Part 2 of Schedule 1 decodes obverse and reverse design symbols. Obverse codes (for example O1, O2, O3, O4, O5) require an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II and a set of inscriptions such as "ELIZABETH II", "AUSTRALIA", denomination numerals and, in some codes, weight and fineness inscriptions like "Xoz 9999 GOLD" or "Xoz 9999 Ag". Reverse codes require specific Australian motifs and legends such as "AUSTRALIAN KOOKABURRA" and mint identifiers such as "P" or "JM". Conformity to those design prescriptions is part of the standard.
Duty to adhere to shape and edge specifications: Part 1 records shape S1 for every item, and Part 2 explains S1 as circular. Similarly, E1 is the edge code applied to every item and Part 2 defines E1 as "Continuously milled". Producers must therefore provide circular coins with continuously milled edges matching the prescribed dimensions.

Rights and legal effects referenced by the instrument

The Act will treat the listed denominations and compositions as included in its Schedule: Section 5(2) makes the legal effect explicit. From commencement, the Act "has effect, on and after the day on which this instrument commences, as if" the Schedule to the Act included the denominations and standard compositions specified in Part 1 of Schedule 1 to this instrument. That establishes a legal recognition in the statutory framework for these coins.
The instrument does not itself create explicit rights such as legal tender acceptance procedures, nor does it set judicial remedies or penalties; those are matters for the Currency Act and other laws. The instrument therefore grants a statutory recognition of the technical standard, leaving operational rights and enforcement to the Act and regulators.

Limits and qualifications

The instrument expressly does not affect any other determination made for paragraph 13(2)(b) or subsection 13A(1), at s 5(3) and s 6(4). Thus, where other determinations exist under the same empowering provisions, those continue to operate.
The instrument supplies a factual baseline (composition, weight, design) that other duties and rights under the Currency Act will reference. It does not itself prescribe issuance protocols, sale or distribution mechanisms, or market-facing consumer protections. Any duty to accept these coins as legal tender, or any obligation to redeem them at face value, is not stated in this instrument and must be determined from the Currency Act or other statutory or administrative instruments.

Practical compliance duties for producers and dealers

Manufacturers must implement quality control systems to ensure weight tolerances, assay purity and design fidelity to the legends and mint marks described in Schedule 1.
Dealers and authenticators must use the instrument as the authoritative reference when assessing whether a coin matches the statutory standard composition and design for the listed denomination.

In short, the instrument creates enforceable technical standards that the Currency Act will treat as the authoritative description of certain Perth Mint coin issues, and it imposes practical production and authentication duties derived from those standards.

This determination is a specification instrument; it does not itself set out a penalty or an enforcement regime. The instrument is silent about fines, criminal sanctions, inspection powers, seizure, or civil remedies. Its enforcement implications derive from the Currency Act 1965 and any other applicable law. The instrument records the empowering provisions in s 3, indicating it was made under paragraph 13(2)(b) and subsection 13A(1) of the Currency Act, but it does not reproduce enforcement provisions from the Act.

What the instrument does specify that bears on enforcement

Authoritative standards for identification: Because Schedule 1 sets the exact metal purities, numerical weights with allowable variation, maximum diameters, maximum thicknesses, obverse and reverse inscriptions and motifs, the instrument creates an evidentiary standard for enforcement actions that rely on determining whether a coin conforms to the statutory description. For example, an enforcement agency determining whether a suspect coin is an authorised Perth Mint issue will compare its weight, dimensions, legends and mint marks against the Schedule 1 entries (see s 6(2) and Schedule 1 Part 1 and Part 2).
Precise tolerances matter: The Schedule lists tight tolerances in some cases, such as ±0.030 g for a 155.563 g gold coin (Item 3) or ±0.053 g for a 31.165 g gold coin (Item 11). Such tolerances inform technical compliance testing: assays, mass measurement and caliper/dimensional checks will be the natural enforcement tools.

What the instrument does not provide

No procedural enforcement provisions: The instrument does not authorise particular enforcement powers, inspectors, or administrative processes. It does not say who inspects, how evidence is to be collected, what sampling regimes are acceptable, or what penalties apply for non-conforming coins. Those elements will be in the Currency Act or in separate regulations.
No express criminal or civil penalties: The determination contains no standalone offences or civil sanction provisions. Any criminal liability for producing, offering or passing non-conforming coins would have to be sourced in the Act or other legislation.

Consequences for stakeholders

For producers: Non-conformance to the specifications would expose a producer to regulatory consequences only if the Currency Act or other legislation creates such consequences. The instrument, by making the specification statutory, raises the stakes for quality control because it is the authoritative standard the Act will reference.
For market participants and collectors: The instrument supplies the authoritative identification criteria relevant to disputes about authenticity and provenance. If a dispute arises and a party invokes the Currency Act, Schedule 1 as amended by this instrument will be central.

Recommended actions to prepare for enforcement risk

Maintain assay and weight records for batches produced against each Schedule 1 item.
Implement metrology and imaging logs to demonstrate conformity with obverse/reverse legends and mint marks as defined in Part 2.
Treat discrepancies seriously because this instrument makes the specified attributes the statutory baseline under the Currency Act, even though it does not itself state penalties.

In short, enforcement and penalties are outside this instrument's text. The instrument does, however, provide precise technical standards that will be used as the statutory yardstick in any enforcement, prosecution or civil dispute under the Currency Act or related laws.

This determination is explicitly an instrument under the Currency Act 1965. Section 3 records that it is made under paragraph 13(2)(b) and subsection 13A(1) of that Act, and sections 5 and 6 are made for those respective enabling provisions. The instrument therefore directly interacts with the Currency Act by adding denominations and specifying standard compositions and physical characteristics that the Act will treat as part of its Schedule, per s 5(2) and s 6(2) of this instrument.

Direct statutory interactions

Currency Act 1965: The instrument changes how the Currency Act "has effect" in respect of the Schedule. Section 5(2) states the Act has effect "as if" the Schedule to the Act included the denominations and standard compositions specified in Part 1 of Schedule 1 to the instrument. Section 6(2) performs a parallel function for weight, design and dimensions. Therefore, any provision of the Currency Act that depends upon the Schedule or upon standard composition, weight or design will be operating with these items included. The instrument, however, does not itself reproduce the Act's provisions on legal tender, circulation, issuance, or penalties; those must be read in conjunction with the Act.
Other determinations made under the Act: Sections 5(3) and 6(4) state that this instrument "does not affect any other provision of a determination made for" the related subsections of the Act. That means earlier or parallel determinations under paragraph 13(2)(b) or subsection 13A(1) remain in force unless and until amended. Practitioners should therefore read this instrument alongside other determinations that specify denominations, compositions or physical standards.

Potentially implicated legal regimes not addressed in the instrument

Intellectual property and design laws: The instrument prescribes specific legends and motifs, including initials such as "IRB", "JM", "NM", "TV", "AH", "IJ" and the mint symbol "P". The instrument does not discuss ownership or licensing of those designs, or copyright or trade mark issues. Any dispute over design ownership or licensing would therefore be resolved under general IP law rather than by this instrument, but the instrument's specification will still matter for identification and enforcement.
Consumer protection, misleading conduct and labelling laws: The instrument requires certain inscriptions, such as fineness and ounce weight expressed as "Xoz 9999 GOLD" or "Xoz 9999 Ag". Those inscriptions form part of the product labelling, but the instrument does not address consumer law obligations. Sellers and marketers will still need to ensure compliance with Australian Consumer Law and relevant labelling statutes.
Customs, taxation and excise: The instrument specifies metal content and weight, which are inputs to customs classification, duties and some tax treatments. The instrument does not address tariff or tax treatment; those remain matters for customs and taxation statutes and practice.
Criminal and counterfeit statutes: If a person produces coins that mimic the prescribed designs or purports to be an authorised issue, statutes concerning counterfeiting, fraud or unauthorised manufacture of currency may apply. The instrument itself does not add offences; it provides the statutory layout used as a reference.

Administrative and practical interactions

The instrument's Schedule includes year legends such as "2017" in several obverse and reverse descriptions while the instrument dates from 21 September 2016 and commences the day after registration (s 2). That highlights that the Schedule prescribes the legends on the face of coins independently of the instrument's date of making. Practitioners should therefore ensure consistency between coin-dating practices and the Schedule's legend requirements.
The commencement note records that column 3 in the commencement table is not part of the instrument. That is a drafting convention impacting how the instrument interacts with the Register of Legislative Instruments and any subsequent amendment tracking.

In sum, the instrument is a technical amendment to the Currency Act's Schedule and interacts directly with that Act. It has indirect but practical interactions with other statutory regimes (IP, consumer, customs, tax, criminal law) because the composition, legends and weights it prescribes are data points those regimes will use, but it leaves the substantive operation of those other laws untouched.

The instrument itself includes a limited internal amendment history commentary and otherwise records only its own making and commencement. Key points contained in the instrument are:

Date and maker: The determination is dated 21 September 2016 and was made by Michael McCormack, Minister for Small Business (as shown on the front page). The instrument identifies itself in s 1 as "Currency (Perth Mint) Determination (No. 2) 2016."
Commencement: Section 2 contains a commencement table. The operative entry shows "The whole of this instrument" commences "The day after this instrument is registered." The instrument includes a note that the table relates only to the provisions as originally made and will not be amended in the published instrument to reflect later amendments.
Preservation clauses: Sections 5(3) and 6(4) state that this instrument "does not affect any other provision of a determination made" for the relevant subsections of the Currency Act. Those provisions operate as internal safeguards against inadvertently overturning prior determinations.
Schedule history: The instrument appends Schedule 1, Parts 1 and 2, which contain the actual specifications. The Schedule is the operative substance of the instrument; any later amendment to denominations, compositions or design codes would require a fresh determination or amendment to the Schedule under the Currency Act. The instrument itself contains no amendments to prior instruments; it operates by addition.

What is absent from the instrument's amendment record

No subsequent amendment entries are recorded on the instrument text provided. The instrument contains a drafting note that the commencement table will not be updated to reflect later amendments. The text as provided contains only the original instrument and its content; it does not record any later repeals, variations, or consolidations.

Implications for practitioners researching amendment history

The instrument's internal text does not provide a consolidated history of all determinations made under paragraph 13(2)(b) and subsection 13A(1) of the Currency Act. Section 5(3) and s 6(4) preserve the effect of other determinations but do not identify them. Practitioners seeking to understand the current complete Schedule to the Currency Act should consult the Currency Act's Schedule as maintained by the Parliamentary Counsel's Office, the Register of Legislative Instruments and any subsequent determinations or amendments.
The commencement note that "This table relates only to the provisions of this instrument as originally made. It will not be amended to deal with any later amendments of this instrument" is a standard drafting annotation. It signals that the instrument's published copy may not record later variations; the authoritative consolidated picture requires consulting up-to-date legal databases.

In short, the instrument sets out a single dated determination (No. 2, 2016) with its Schedule. Any future or prior changes to the Currency Act's Schedule are not recorded within this instrument and must be located in the consolidated Schedule to the Currency Act or in subsequent determinations.

The instrument itself contains no mention of litigation, court decisions, or judicial interpretation. It is a technical determination that prescribes standards and does not reference any case law. There are no cases named in the instrument; no judicial decisions are cited or summarised. Accordingly, this instrument does not record any litigation history.

Practical implications of the absence of litigation history

No precedent within the instrument: Because the determination is purely prescriptive and does not cite or purport to apply judicial reasoning, there is no internal precedent to follow. Any legal disputes about interpretation will require looking to the Currency Act, general principles of statutory interpretation, and any relevant case law decided separately concerning the Act.
Likely domains for litigation if disputes arise: While the instrument does not contain case references, disputes that could lead to litigation would likely involve questions such as whether a produced coin conforms to the Schedule's specification, the evidentiary sufficiency of weight or assay testing, or whether a non-conforming coin can be lawfully offered or passed as an authorised issue. Such litigation would draw on the instrument for technical description but on the Currency Act and applicable criminal or civil statutes for legal consequences.
No recorded challenge to the instrument itself: The text provides no record of judicial review or challenge to this particular determination. Practitioners wishing to check whether the instrument has been subject to legal challenge must consult court records, law reports and databases for any litigation post-dating the instrument's commencement.

What to check before relying on the instrument in litigation

Consult the Currency Act: Any proceedings relying on the Schedule as amended by this instrument must link the facts to statutory rights, offences or remedies in the Currency Act 1965 or other statutes. The instrument supplies the factual standard; the Act supplies legal effect.
Obtain current consolidated law: Because the instrument's own amendment history is not consolidated in its text, litigants should ensure they use the current consolidated Schedule to the Currency Act from an authoritative source to determine whether later determinations or amendments have altered the relevant entries.
Preserve technical proof: In any dispute about conformity, record-keeping for production, assay certificates, mass and dimensional measurements, and high-resolution images of obverse and reverse legends will be central evidence. The instrument's Part 1 and Part 2 entries provide the checklist used to evaluate conformity.

In conclusion, the instrument contains no litigation history and names no cases. It is an evidentiary and technical instrument that would be invoked in litigation about coins' conformity to statutory standards, but legal outcomes will depend on the Currency Act and applicable enforcement provisions rather than on the determination alone.

This instrument contains a number of features and drafting choices that can produce practical traps for producers, dealers, legal advisers and regulators. These "gotchas" arise from what the instrument specifies and from what it omits.

Multiplicity of entries for the same face value

The Schedule lists many items with the same denomination but different metal contents, sizes and designs. For example, there are multiple $1 items with differing metals and reverse designs (Items 7, 9, 16, 17, 19, 20, 26, 27, 32-37). A practitioner who treats "a $1 coin" generically may err. The instrument makes each item a distinct statutory specification: identification requires matching the exact Schedule item by weight, diameter, thickness, obverse and reverse legends and mint mark.

Face value versus physical and metal attributes

Several entries display high intrinsic metal mass for small face values. Item 1 is a $30 silver coin weighing 1002.502 g. Item 3 is a $500 gold coin weighing 155.563 g. The instrument does not discuss market exchange, circulation intent or redemption; it only sets the composition and physical parameters. Users who assume a close parity between face value and intrinsic metal value will be mistaken; the instrument does not address market value.

Precision of weight tolerances

Several items list very narrow allowable variations, for example ±0.030 g for a 155.563 g coin (Item 3) and ±0.053 g for a 31.165 g coin (Item 11). Manufacturers must maintain strict metrological capabilities. Failure to meet these tolerances can mean a coin does not conform to the statute's standard. Quality control systems must be robust.

Design legends tied to specific years and legends

Many obverse and reverse designs explicitly include "2017" and inscriptions like "1oz 999 SILVER" or "Xoz 9999 GOLD". The instrument requires those legends as part of the statutory design. Practically, that means the face legend and year on the struck coin must match exactly. A coin struck with an incorrect year or missing the fineness legend could fail to meet the Schedule item.

Use of initials and mint letters without definitions

Part 2 prescribes initials such as "IRB", and reverse letters such as "P", "JM", "NM", "TV", "AH", and "IJ". The instrument does not define these beyond including them among required reverse content. Practitioners should not assume meanings beyond the literal inscription; the instrument treats them as required inscriptions but does not explain any legal significance beyond being part of the description.

Unused symbols and potential drafting leftovers

Part 2 includes Edge E2 defined as "Plain" but none of the items in Part 1 use E2; every Part 1 item uses E1. The presence of unused codes may reflect drafting reuse and may confuse readers about whether other code variants are authorised. Similarly, some obverse/reverse codes (for example O3, O4) include detailed legends with "Xoz 9999 GOLD/Ag" where X is to be the nominal weight in ounces; practitioners must confirm the exact numeral to be used for each item rather than assuming a standard.

Lack of enforcement and penalty text in the instrument

The instrument does not set penalties or enforcement mechanisms. That omission means that any compliance risk must be assessed against other statutes and the Currency Act. Operators cannot assume the instrument itself prescribes legal consequences for non-compliance.

Commemoration and imagery constraints

The instrument prescribes specific thematic imagery for reverse designs, including representations of military personnel, animals, and cultural motifs. These are precise and include accompanying text such as "Lest We Forget" and "VICTORY IN THE PACIFIC 1945". Producers must ensure artwork conforms not only in motif but in textual phrasing.

Drafting interplay with earlier determinations

Sections 5(3) and 6(4) preserve other determinations. Practitioners must ensure they read this instrument together with existing determinations under paragraph 13(2)(b) and subsection 13A(1) of the Currency Act to avoid conflict or duplication. The instrument's standalone Schedule does not present a consolidated view of all authorised Perth Mint issues.

Commencement timing versus coin dating

The instrument commences the day after registration (s 2) but includes legends carrying the year 2017. That is not contradictory; however, practitioners should be alert that the date appearing on coins is independent of the instrument's date, and that the statute requires the coin's face legends as specified.

In short, the primary "gotchas" are: multiplicity and specificity of entries for identical denominations, precise and narrow manufacturing tolerances, required legends and mint marks that must be reproduced exactly, and the instrument's silence on enforcement and economic consequences. These create practical risks if the Schedule is consulted or applied too cursorily.

Complying with this determination requires a combination of production practices, record-keeping, design fidelity and legal cross-referencing. The instrument makes the specified attributes the statutory baseline under the Currency Act for listed coins; the following steps translate that baseline into a compliance programme.

Read and map each Schedule 1 item to production processes

Map each coin item (Items 1-39) in Schedule 1 Part 1 to a production specification sheet. Each sheet should record the denomination, standard composition language (for example "At least 99.99% gold"), standard weight and allowable variation (for example "155.563 ± 0.030 g"), maximum diameter, maximum thickness, shape S1 (circular), edge E1 (continuously milled), obverse code and reverse code.
For obverse and reverse codes refer to Part 2’s textual prescriptions to ensure the exact inscriptions and motifs are rendered. For example, O1 requires an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II and the inscriptions "· ELIZABETH II", "AUSTRALIA ·", Arabic numerals for amount followed by "DOLLARS" or "DOLLAR", and "IRB". Reverse R3 requires the phrase "AUSTRALIAN STOCK HORSE", the legend "2017 5oz 9999 GOLD", "NM", and "P". Your production sheet must reflect these exact textual elements.

Metallurgical compliance and assay

Implement assays and certificates verifying metal purity consistent with each item’s "At least" language. For example, if an item requires "At least 99.9% silver" ensure assay certificates demonstrate the bullion meets or exceeds that threshold.
For alloys such as "Aluminium and bronze" (Items 28, 29, 31, 38, 39) document the alloy composition used and reconcile it with any applicable material standards even though the Schedule uses a descriptive phrase.

Metrology and tolerance verification

Install calibrated scales and dimensional measurement tools to verify standard weight and allowable variation for each struck coin. Given tolerances as narrow as ±0.030 g, scales must be laboratory-grade and regularly calibrated.
Maintain calibration certificates and measurement logs. The Schedule will be applied as the standard if a conformity dispute arises; retaining measurement records will be the primary evidence of compliance.

Artwork, legends and mint mark fidelity

Ensure obverse effigy and reverse motifs match the textual and artistic prescriptions in Part 2 exactly. Where the legend requires "Xoz 9999 GOLD" or "Xoz 9999 Ag" substitute the exact numeral "X" required for that listed item (check the corresponding item for nominal ounce weight). Avoid generalised legends.
Reproduce the specified mint letters and initials ("IRB", "P", "JM", "NM", "TV", "AH", "IJ") exactly as inscriptions. Maintain artwork approval records and proofsheets signed off by authorised signatories.

Quality control and batch documentation

For each production batch retain: assay report for metal purity, batch weight distribution records, diameter and thickness measurements, images of obverse and reverse for the lot, and any packaging or certificates that accompany the coin.
Label packaging and certificates with the exact statutory descriptions (metal, nominal weight, fineness and statutory denomination) as set out in the Schedule to avoid potential misleading conduct claims.

Legal cross-references and governance

Cross-check the Currency Act 1965 and any other determinations under paragraph 13(2)(b) and subsection 13A(1) to ensure no conflict or duplication. Sections 5(3) and 6(4) preserve other determinations; compliance requires understanding the entire regulatory mosaic.
Engage legal counsel to review whether any consumer law, customs, or tax reporting obligations attach to the sale and distribution of the coins, because the instrument itself does not address these matters.

Authentication and market-facing practices

Provide buyers with verifiable documentation: assay certificates, specification sheets quoting the exact Schedule item, and clear photos showing legends and mint marks.
Train customer service and sales staff to reference the specific item number in Schedule 1 when describing coins to purchasers, to avoid ambiguity when multiple coins share denominations with different metal content.

Anticipate enforcement and dispute resolution

Keep procedures for handling and retaining samples if a coin is challenged for conformity. These should include chain-of-custody logs, independent assay routes, and expert statements for dispute resolution.
Where design or legend disputes arise (for instance, an omitted or incorrect "2017" legend), adopt a remedial process for withdrawal and recall of non-conforming stock and clear communications to purchasers.

Recordkeeping for potential litigation or regulatory review

Maintain an indexed archive of production records, proofs, assay certificates, calibration certificates, and release approvals for at least the period required under applicable corporate or regulatory recordkeeping rules. The instrument supplies the statutory checklist that regulators or courts will use; complete records are essential.

Monitor for amendments

Because this instrument does not include consolidated amendment history, establish a process to monitor the Currency Act Schedule and new determinations under paragraph 13(2)(b) and subsection 13A(1). Amendments may alter the statutory baseline; staying current prevents inadvertent non-compliance.

By following a disciplined combination of metallurgical verification, metrology, design fidelity, documentation, legal cross-checking and monitoring, producers, dealers and other impacted parties can align operations with the statutory standards this instrument establishes under the Currency Act.

Currency (Perth Mint) Determination (No. 2) 2016

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