Civil Aviation Order 43.1 - Aircraft endorsements - Flight engineers (02/12/2004)

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Civil Aviation Order 43.1

as amended

made under subregulation 5.22 (1) and (2), 5.23 (1) and 5.187 (2) of the

Civil Aviation Regulations 1988

This compilation was prepared on 5 July 2006
taking into account amendments up to Civil Aviation Order 43.1 Amendment Order (No. 1) 2006

Prepared by the Legislative Drafting Branch, Legal Services Group,
Civil Aviation Safety Authority, Canberra

Contents

Aircraft endorsements — flight engineers

1A Interpretation

1 Prescription of endorsements

7 Requirements for the issue of type or class endorsements

9 Technical courses

10 Flight engineer proficiency check

11 Approval of syllabus of training

Appendix I

Appendix II

Appendix III

Appendix IV

Notes to Civil Aviation Order 43.1

Section 43.1

Aircraft endorsements — flight engineers

1A Interpretation

A reference in this section to a subregulation identified by a numerical code (for example, 5.22 (1)) is a reference to the subregulation in the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988 identified by that code.

1 Prescription of endorsements

1.1 For the purposes of subregulation 5.22 (1), the type endorsements set out in Appendix III are prescribed for flight engineer licences.

1.2 For the purposes of subregulation 5.22 (1), the class endorsements set out in column 2 of Appendix IV are prescribed for flight engineer licences.

1.3 For the purposes of subregulation 5.22 (2), the types of aeroplane specified in an item in Appendix IV constitute the class of aeroplane for which the class endorsement specified in that item may be issued.

1.4 The holder of a class endorsement must not perform the duties of a flight engineer on any aeroplane included in the class on any flight unless he or she:

(a) is familiar with the normal and abnormal or alternate operations of the particular type, including:

(i) the weight and balance requirements; and

(ii) the application of take-off and landing performance charts for the type; and

(iii) the emergency procedures set out in the relevant operations manual; and

(b) has sufficient recent experience or training in the aeroplane type, or in a comparable type, to safely complete the flight.

1.5 The owner and the operator of a type of aeroplane included in a class of aeroplane must ensure that any person who proposes to perform the duties of a flight engineer complies with the requirements set out in paragraph 1.4 and must, where necessary, require the flight engineer to provide evidence of recent experience or training in the aeroplane type, or in a comparable aeroplane type.

7 Requirements for the issue of type or class endorsements

7.1 For the purposes of subregulation 5.23 (1), the requirements for the issue of a type or class endorsement mentioned in subsection 1 are that the person seeking the endorsement must, if paragraph 7.1.1 does not apply:

(a) complete an approved technical course; and

(b) complete:

(i) a minimum of 10 hours non-revenue flight training in the aircraft type or class to the satisfaction of a check flight engineer; or

(ii) a minimum of 12 hours flight training in an approved flight simulator, as part of a normal crew complement to the satisfaction of a check flight engineer; or

(iii) any combination of non-revenue aircraft training and flight simulator training provided the total training is not less than 12 hours; and

(c) hold a flight engineer licence or a certificate of validation that has effect as if it were such a licence.

7.1.1 A person may be issued with a type or class endorsement set out in Appendix III or IV, if the person:

(a) holds, or has held, a flight engineer qualification that:

(i) CASA is satisfied is at least equivalent to the type or class endorsement sought; and

(ii) was issued by someone other than CASA for the purpose of the person’s service in the Defence Force of Australia; or

(b) holds, or has held, an overseas engineer endorsement that CASA is satisfied is at least equivalent to the type or class endorsement sought; or

(c) has successfully completed training in a Contracting State for an overseas engineer endorsement, and:

(i) CASA is satisfied that the training is at least equivalent to that required for the type or class endorsement sought; and

(ii) the responsible authority of the Contracting State where the training was completed has provided CASA with a written statement to the effect that successful completion of the training would qualify a person for the issue of the overseas engineer endorsement in that State.

7.2 For the purposes of regulation 5.25, it is a condition of each type or class endorsement set out in Appendix III or IV that the holder of the endorsement must not exercise the authority given by the endorsement until he or she has:

(a) completed a minimum of 40 hours aeronautical experience in the aircraft type or class under the supervision of a check or training flight engineer, which experience shall include a minimum of 6 sectors of normal route flying; and

(b) demonstrated to CASA or a check flight engineer his or her ability to perform the operation and procedures specified in the Flight test at Appendix I to this Part.

7.3 A maximum of 20 hours of the 40 hours aeronautical experience mentioned in paragraph 7.2 may be carried out in an approved flight simulator provided it is under the supervision of a check flight engineer, training flight engineer, or approved simulator instructor.

7.4 Where training is conducted in an approved cockpit procedures trainer, aircraft training flight time may be reduced by a ratio of aircraft training flight time to cockpit procedure trainer time, which shall be at the discretion of CASA.

7.5 CASA may approve:

(a) a technical course for the purposes of subparagraph 7.1 (a); and

(b) a flight simulator for the purposes of sub-subparagraph 7.1 (b) (ii) or paragraph 7.3; and

(c) a simulator instructor for the purposes of paragraph 7.3; and

(d) a cockpit procedures trainer for the purposes of paragraph 7.4.

7.6 In this section:

cockpit procedures trainer means a device that simulates a cockpit environment.

overseas engineer endorsement means a qualification (whether it is called an endorsement, rating or authority, or is known by some other name) that:

(a) authorises the holder of the qualification to perform the duties of a flight engineer in a type or class of aeroplane; and

(b) was issued by the responsible authority of a Contracting State.

9 Technical courses

9.1 Where a period of greater than 6 months elapses between completion of the type technical course and the commencement of flight training, the applicant shall complete an appropriate technical refresher course to the satisfaction of the training and checking organisation prior to commencing the flight training.

10 Flight engineer proficiency check

10.1 For the purposes of subregulation 217 (3), a flight engineer proficiency check is approved if it requires a person undertaking the check to carry out at least the activities set out in Appendix I.

11 Approval of syllabus of training

11.1 For the purposes of subregulation 5.187 (2), a syllabus of training for a student flight engineer is approved if it includes all the matters set out in Appendix II at the same level of detail as they are set out in that Appendix.

Appendix I

Flight test

Normal Operations

1. A flight check on an air route which must include:

(a) preparation for flight comprising full pre-flight inspection, refuelling procedures, inspection of maintenance documents and flight logs prior to flight; and

(b) all the normal procedures applicable to the flight engineer as required by the relevant operations manual.

2. A flight check which must include:

(a) a cockpit pre-flight inspection; and

(b) all normal procedures applicable to the flight engineer as required by the relevant operations manual with respect to the type of operation being conducted. This item may be conducted in an approved flight simulator once per year.

Abnormal or Alternate Operations

3. A check of the ability of the flight engineer to recognise the requirement for abnormal operations or alternate operations as required by the relevant operations manual, and to carry out the procedures contained therein.

Emergency Procedures

4. The flight engineer shall demonstrate that he is competent to carry out emergency procedures applicable to the flight engineer as set out in the relevant operations manual.

Except with the permission of CASA, both items 3 and 4 shall be conducted in an approved flight simulator.

Appendix II

Syllabus

The following syllabi specify the MINIMUM standard of knowledge required and are based on the relevant sections of the ICAO Training Manual DOC 7192 — AN/857 Part 25 for the flight engineer licence.

A knowledge of mathematics and physics, sufficient for the solution of problems applicable to the following subjects, is necessary for those preparing for the provisional flight engineer licence.

The basic subjects have been allocated a 2 letter code for computerisation of the examinations. The airframe, electrical and instrument syllabi have been divided into different parts to facilitate the granting of exemptions referred to in paragraph 3 of this Section.

With the exception of Air Legislation, qualifying letters are used to indicate the degree of knowledge required for each item within a particular subject. The significance of the qualifying letters used is as shown below, and it is intended that the progression from ‘A’ through to ‘D’ indicates a logical increase in the depth of knowledge required.

‘A’ — A basic understanding of the subject matter, sufficient for the solution of simple practical problems either by calculation or the exercise of judgement.

‘B’ — A sound understanding of the subject matter, sufficient for the solution of more advanced practical problems either by calculation or the exercise of judgement.

‘C’ — A comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, sufficient for the solution of associated practical problems either by calculation or the exercise of judgement.

‘D’ — A complete understanding of the subject matter, sufficient to apply the knowledge to the mathematical solution of specific problems with full confidence and within a reasonable time limit.

‘S.A.’ — Denotes a requirement for the ability to solve relevant problems with speed and accuracy.

(a) Air legislation

References: Civil Aviation Regulations 1988

Civil Aviation Regulations 1998

Civil Aviation Orders Parts 20, 43 and 48.

(b) Basic engines — gas turbine code BT

Qualifying

Letter

ICAO topic code 01

General principles of propulsion by jet reaction including principle of operation and basic arrangement of the various types of turbo‑prop, turbo-jet and turbo-fan (by-pass) turbo-jet engines. B

The relative merits of the turbo-prop, turbo-jet and turbo-fan (by‑pass engines). A

ICAO topic code 02

The first and Second Laws of Thermodynamics and their application to the gas turbine engine. A

Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law; the difference between isothermal and adiabatic compression and expansion as applied to the gas turbine engine. Heat engine cycles and pressure volume diagrams, the Brayton Cycle. A

The relation of force, mass and acceleration. Newton’s Laws and their relationship to the basic mechanics of jet propulsion. A

Bernoulli’s theorem as related to sub-sonic gas flows in the gas turbine engine, considering pressure, velocity, temperature, density, pressure energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, total energy, static pressure, dynamic pressure, total pressure, total (ram) temperature variations. The changes in pressure. temperature and density that occur through convergent and divergent ducts at sub-sonic and supersonic flows. A

The meaning of the terms: speed of sound. compressibility effect, mach number, critical mach number, shock waves. A

ICAO topic code 03

The purpose of the compressor inlet duct, sub-sonic and supersonic inlet ducts, ram recovery and the causes of duct losses. The principles of operation and centrifugal, axial and centriaxial compressors. Single and double spool compressors. Fixed, variable and rotating inlet guide vanes. The impeller and diffuser, the rotor and the stator. Pressure, temperature and velocity changes. A

Compressor performance and surge control: factors affecting pressure ratio and efficiency, ambient temperature and its effect on driving power. Surge control by the use of bleed valves and variable stator vanes. B

ICAO topic code 04

Requirements of the combustion system: efficiency, flame stability, pressure, temperature, structural strength and weight. A

Principle of operation of a combustion chamber including primary zone and airflow, secondary (dilution) zone and airflow, combustion fuel air ratio, overall fuel air ratio, stoichiometric fuel air ratio, flame and turbine inlet temperatures. Variations in pressures axial velocity and temperature during the combustion process.

Principles of operation of Simplex (single orifice), Duplex (dual orifice) and spill type atomising fuel nozzles, typical operating fuel pressures.

The configuration, advantages and disadvantages of can type, cannular, annular and vaporising combustion chambers. A

ICAO topic code 05

The difference between turbine power extraction requirements for turbo-prop, turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. A

The principle of impulse, reaction and free vortex turbine blading and nozzle guide vanes. Pressure. temperature and velocity changes. Forces acting on the blade and vanes, blade speed ratio, tangential and axial thrust, losses.

Stresses associated with the turbine assembly: Centrifugal tensile stresses, centrifugal bending moment, tangential and axial gas loadings, thermal stress. Types of heat-resisting materials used and creep strain/time curves. Turbine cooling and sealing. A

ICAO topic code 06

The purpose and configuration of the exhaust system including the cone, tail pipe, propelling nozzle, cooling shroud, gas flow straighteners. Temperature, pressure and velocity changes. The effect on performance of variations in propelling nozzle outlet area. The purpose of convergent, convergent-divergent and variable area nozzles. A

The purpose and principle of operation of thrust reversers, effect of thrust reverser operation on engine efficiency, re-ingestion of exhaust gases, magnitude of reverse thrust produced. A

Principle of operation of noise suppressors including the relationship of noise levels to the turbulence and energy in the exhaust gas stream, methods of reducing the noise level. A

ICAO topic code 07

The requirements of a typical gas turbine fuel system, starting, compensation for changes in temperature, altitude and aircraft speed, acceleration scheduling, overspeed governing, power limiting, over temperature limiting, shutting down the engine. B

The principles of operation and arrangement of a typical engine fuel system including low and high pressure fuel pumps, low and high pressure fuel filters, fuel filter icing system, fuel control unit. Engine variables sensed by the fuel control unit. B

ICAO topic code 08

The specification numbers and terminology associated with the identification of British and American approved kerosene and wide cut fuels. B

The relative merits of kerosene, wide cut fuels and high flash point fuels: specific gravity, calorific value, vapour pressure, flash point, freezing point, flame speed and relative fire hazard. B

The ground handling problems associated with kerosene type fuels, the release of fuel as a mist or spray, the penetrating properties and slow evaporation rate of leaking or spilled fuel, the generation of static electricity. The spillage of kerosene on hot surfaces with regard to spontaneous ignition temperature and the formation of flammable vapour. Problems associated with the checking of kerosene fuels for the presence of water. C

ICAO topic code 09

The requirements of the lubricating system: methods of lubrication and cooling of main shaft bearings, lubrication of accessory bearings and gear teeth, lubrication of propeller reduction gears. A

The principle of operation and arrangement of a typical oil lubricating system including oil tank, pressure and scavenge pumps and filters, filter by-pass valve, relief valve, check valve, air/oil and fuel/oil coolers, centrifugal breather, oil sealing, oil jets. A

The requirements of a gas turbine lubricant: load carrying properties. high temperature lubrication, low temperature circulation, thermal stability. viscosity index. The advantages of ester based synthetic lubricants over mineral based lubricants. A

Specification numbers and terminology associated with the identification of British and American approved mineral based and synthetic type lubricants. B

The precautions required when using synthetic oils due to their solvent action on certain rubber, paints and protective finishes. A

Incompatibility of mineral based and synthetic type oils. C

ICAO topic code 10

The principles and requirements of the starting system, starting speeds, inertia loads, self-sustaining speed, rate of acceleration, automatic disengagement, starter de-energising. A

The requirements of the gas turbine ignition system, large heat release, rapid vaporisation, ability to relight at altitude: point at which ignition commences and ceases. B

The principle of operation of torch igniter and high energy ignition systems. A

The safety precautions to be observed when handling gas turbine ignition systems. C

The principle of operation of the systems for measuring gas temperatures relative to the turbine: the positions at which the thermocouples may be fitted and the advantages and disadvantages of these positions. B

The methods used to measure the thrust of a turbo-jet or turbo-fan and the shaft horsepower of a turbo-prop. B

ICAO topic code 11

Thrust distribution of the turbo-jet, turbo-fan and turbo-prop engine. The distribution of turbine power in turbo-prop and turbo‑jet engines. B

Methods used for comparing turbo-prop and turbo-jet engine power outputs. B

The principles of thrust recovery and augmentation by compressor inlet and combustion chamber fuel injection. A

The principle of thrust augmentation by after burning. B

The meaning of the terms: thrust horsepower, equivalent shaft horsepower, propulsive efficiency and its relation to jet velocity and forward speed. B

The effect of variations in altitude, density, temperature and aircraft speed with reference to: thrust, thrust horsepower, propulsive efficiency, specific fuel consumption (SFC), mass airflow, compressor efficiency, fuel flow and gas temperature. Interpretation of engine operating curves. B

ICAO topic code 12

The relationship of engine rpm to mass airflow, fuel flow, specific fuel consumption, power output, thermal efficiency, turbine gas temperature. B

The effect on engine operation and indication of: thrust lever operation, engine stall and surge, malfunctioning bleed valves, bleed air extraction, compressor contamination, turbine damage and engine inlet anti-icing. B

The relationship between gas temperature, rpm and engine overhaul life. C

(c) Basic piston engine syllabus code BP

ICAO topic code 01 — engine theory

Heat engines, internal combustion engine principles, thermodynamics, thermal efficiency, the 4 stroke cycle, relative terms. B

Engine power and its measurements: piston displacement, compression ratio, IHP, FHP, BHP, prony brake, dynamometer, IMEP, FMEP, BMEP, volumetric efficiency, valve lead, lag and overlap. B

Simple torque and HP calculations, relative terms, interpretation of engine operating curves. S.A.

Factors affecting engine power: RPM and MAP, ignition advance, pre-ignition, detonation, carburettor air temperature, density and humidity, supercharging. B

Engine types: characteristics of radial, in-line and horizontally opposed design. A

ICAO topic code 02 — ignition system

Magnetos — High and low tension. Principles of operation of: rotating armature, polar inductor and rotating magnet magnetos, contact breaker mechanisms, principles of spark discharge, electrical circuit layouts. B

Ignition timing: Fixed, variable and staggered timing, internal timing, compensated cams, timing to engine. B

Principles of operation: induction vibrators, booster coils, impulse starter magnetos. A

Spark plugs: construction, temperature classification, HT, harness: screened and un-screened. A

ICAO topic code 03 — carburettors

Air bleed principles, float chambers. air metering, fuel metering, discharge nozzles, idling systems, power enrichment (economiser) systems, acceleration systems, manual and automatic mixture control. A

Fuel-air mixtures: stoichiometric (chemically correct) mixture, relationship of fuel air ratio and BHP, products of combustion, mixture strength indications. B

Induction systems: Characteristics of design. A

Effects of induction icing, types of induction icing, induction icing control. C

ICAO topic code 04 — fuel injection systems

Fuel injection carburettors, fuel injection pumps, filters, vapour separators, fuel pressure control, air metering, fuel metering, fuel manifold valves, discharge nozzles, fuel flow control, mixture control, altitude effects. B

ICAO topic code 05 — characteristics of piston engine fuels

Volatility, octane rating, performance numbers, grade identification, effect of tetraethyl lead in fuel, care and precautions in handling fuel. C

ICAO topic code 06 — lubrication of piston engines

Lubricating oils: Purity, viscosity, grading, flash point, fire point, detergent and non-detergent types. B

Principles of engine lubrication, dry sump, wet sump. A

Principles of operation of oil coolers, oil tanks, oil filters, oil temperature control. A

ICAO topic code 07 — function and operation of engine accessories

Principles of operation of fuel pumps: diaphragm, rotary vane, booster, pressure control. B

Oil pumps: gear type, pressure and scavenge, pressure control.

Vacuum pumps: rotary vane, pressure control. B

Engine starter and control systems. B

(d) Basic propeller syllabus code BX

ICAO topic code 01

Propeller terminology: definitions of terms used. A

Propeller theory: blade element theory, propeller aerodynamics, forces acting on a propeller in flight. A

ICAO topic code 02

Propeller types: configuration and relative merits of fixed, adjustable and variable pitch: constant speed feathering and reversing propellers. A

Propeller reduction gearing and negative torque limiting devices. B

ICAO topic code 03

Methods of changing and controlling pitch: Aerodynamic, mechanical, hydraulic and electric. B

Principles of operation of propeller governors. B

Propeller anti-icing and de-icing. General principles of the various methods of ice prevention and removal. B

(e) Basic airframe and associated systems code BA

Part 1 — Principles of sub-sonic flight

ICAO topic code 01

Bodies in an airflow, streamlining, fineness ratio, skin friction, boundary layer, relative airflow, indicated airspeed, true airspeed, ground speed. A

Lift, drag, and lift/drag ratio, factors affecting lift and drag, aerofoil pressure distribution, angle of attack, centre of pressure, centre of pressure movement, resultant, lift and drag vectors. A

Types of camber, aspect ratio, stalling, components of drag, flaps and high lift devices. B

ICAO topic code 02

Centre of gravity of an aircraft, loading and centre of gravity, forces in flight, wing loading. C

ICAO topic code 03

The axes and planes of reference of an aircraft, stability, stability surfaces, lateral and longitudinal dihedral, control surfaces, primary effects of controls, balanced controls, differential control, tabs and trimmers. B

Part 2 — Principles of high speed flight including control surfaces, pressurisation and air-conditioning

ICAO topic code 04

Speed of sound; transonic and supersonic speeds; incompressibility, compressibility, compressibility error, pressure disturbance and sonic waves, shock waves, critical velocity, mach number, IAS, TAS, and temperature; mach number relative to shapes, mach cone. B

ICAO topic code 05

Aerofoil shapes and basic cross-sections, sweepback wave or pressure drag, shock stalls, stability of aerofoil sections, angle of attack at supersonic speeds, best lift drag ratio. B

Stability considerations: mach trim control. B

ICAO topic code 06

Control surfaces and systems of slots, slats, flaps. (Krueger and Fowler); fences, ailerons, spoilers, vortex generators, air brakes, boundary layer control. B

Trimming control systems. Powered control systems. B

ICAO topic code 07

Structural fail-safe aspects of pressurised fuselages, sealing of pressurised areas. A

Air supply systems: principles of operation of compressors, blowers superchargers, engine air bleeds, valves, silencers, flow controllers, metering ducts and shut-off valves. A

Compressor and duct protection, pressure ratio and differential protection. A

ICAO topic code 08

Pressure Control: Types of system, principles of operation, pressure sensing and control, constant and non-constant mass airflow; system faults and remedies. B

Outflow valves — pneumatic and electric types, safety and relief valves, indicators, selectors, venturis, cabin pressure regulators. B

ICAO topic code 09

Temperature Control: terms used, principles of operation. Refrigeration: aircycle and vapour cycle units, heat exchangers, combustion heaters, heat controllers, heat sensors, indicators, auto and thermostat controls, water separators. B

ICAO topic code 10

Function and operational principles of: cooler modulating valves, circulating fans, evaporators, expansion valves, humidifiers, condensers, auto-limiting controls, duct thermostats, over-heat thermostats, anti-ice control valves, temperature limiters, pressure limiters, regulators and sensors, filters, vacuum relief valves, indicators, flow limiting devices, compressor speed controls and water traps. B

Basic airframes and associated systems code BB

Part 3 — Basic principles of the airframe structure

ICAO topic code 01

Typical structures in aluminium alloy fuselages, empennages, centre sections, stub-planes, undercarriages, mainplanes and control surfaces. A

ICAO topic code 02

Elementary knowledge of stress distribution in typical stressed skin structures. A

ICAO topic code 03

Wheel assemblies including brakes and anti-skid units. A

Fatigue — definition and common terminology. A

Corrosion in structures: effect on fatigue life. Structural damage and defects, effect of scratches, notch sensitivity on high strength aluminium alloys. A

Part 4 — Hydraulic and pneumatic systems

ICAO topic code 04

Basic hydraulic systems, reservoirs, filters; pumps: hand, mechanical, high and low speeds; cut-outs, accumulators; relief and shuttle valves, needle, ball, reducing and by-pass valves; pressure regulators, jacks, brake cylinders, deboosters, lock-outs, sequence valves. B

ICAO topic code 05

High altitude systems, high pressure systems. Hydraulic fluids, characteristics and identification of fluids. B

System malfunctioning, mechanical defects, safety devices, emergency provisions. B

ICAO topic code 06

Typical flexible pipeline assemblies, deterioration, damage and defects in hose assemblies, bonding. A

Typical rigid pipeline assemblies; defects, damage and deterioration in rigid pipelines, bonding. A

Caused of pipeline corrosion (internal and external). Pipeline materials. A

Seals and ‘O’ rings in plumbing systems. A

Standard identification marking of systems. A

ICAO topic code 07

Pneumatic systems. Compressors, oil traps, water traps, pressure regulators, valves, pneumatic rams, anti-freeze bottles, reservoirs, filters, electro-pneumatic selectors, indicators. A

Mechanical defects, systems malfunctioning, safety devices, emergency provision. B

(f) Basic electrical syllabus code BE

Part 1

ICAO topic code 01

Simple molecular theory related to magnetism and the laws of repulsion and attraction. Magnetisation of metals by contact, induction and electric current. A

Effect of heat and vibration on magnets. A

Meaning of terms associated with magnets and magnetic materials: magnetic pole axis, length, field, flux shielding, intensity, saturation magnetically hard, magnetically soft, residual magnetism, relative permeability, ferromagnetic, reluctance, retentivity. A

The effect of terrestial magnetism on a bar or needle magnet suspended in the earth’s field: magnetic variation and dip angle. A

ICAO topic code 02

Understand how electrostatic charges are produced. The laws of attraction and repulsion of charges and charged bodies. A

The Electron Theory, electric fields, potential and potential difference. A

The fundamental theory of thermo-electricity. A

ICAO topic code 03

Flow of current between points of different potential. Understand the basic electrical units emf, charge, current, resistance and conductance. B

Understanding and application of Ohm’s Law. B

The properties of conductors, insulators and resistors. A

Understand the terms — specific resistance, conductivity and the temperature co-efficient of resistance. A

Understand and know how to calculate voltage, potential drops, currents and resistances of parallel and series connections of cells and resistances. A

Understand the principles of the wheatstone bridge. A

ICAO topic code 04

Define the watt, kilowatt, joule and kilowatt-hour. Conversion from horsepower to watt, joules to kilowatt hours, joules to calories or BTU’s. A

Simple calculations involving power and energy formulae. A

The fundamental theory of capacitors and capacitance. A

ICAO topic code 05

Understand the factors which determine the magnitude and polarity of induced emf.

Fundamental theory of inductance.

Understand the generation of sinusoidal emf and current.

Understand the principles of dc generation and how a dc motor operates. The principles of mutual induction and transformer action. A

The principles used in moving coil, moving iron and dynamometer type instruments. Understand the use of ammeter shunts and voltmeter multipliers. A

Part 2

ICAO topic code 06

The construction and principles of operation of lead acid and nickel-cadmium batteries; composition of electrolytes and plates; voltage and capacity ratings. A

Checks to determine condition and serviceability of batteries; common battery defects. B

The effect of temperature on capacity, specific gravity, charge and discharge rates. A

Neutralisation of electrolytes. Importance of battery ventilation in aircraft. B

ICAO topic code 07

General knowledge of aircraft wiring systems. Methods of, and reasons for, bonding and screening. A

Know the function and principles of operation of: switches, relays, solenoids, warning horns, warning bells, aircraft lamps and light fittings, circuit breakers, fuses, current limiters, rheostats and resistors. A

Environmental considerations in relation to aircraft equipment — effect of temperature on electrical components and the need for cooling and ventilation. A

ICAO topic code 08

The principles of differential reverse current relays and voltage regulation. A

The principles involved in paralleling generators in a multi‑generator system. A

Alternating current, single phase theory. Understanding of inductance, inductive reactance, capacitive reactance and impedance. A

The principles of operation of single phase and 3 phase ac generators and inverters. A

The principles of how half-wave and full-wave rectification of single and 3 phase alternating current is achieved. A

The principles of operation of thermal switch, thermocouple and continuous loop types of fire detectors and circuits. A

(g) Basic instrument syllabus code BN

Part 1 — Instrument terminology and conversion between units. Aircraft instruments and systems

ICAO topic code 01

The meaning of error, correction, tolerance, calibration, sensitivity, hysteresis, parallax, oscillation, absolute pressure, differential pressure, gauge pressure. A

The atmosphere — knowledge of ICAO standards, understanding of QFE, QNH, QNE. A

Conversions between:

PSI, inches hg, millimetres hg, millibars. Nautical mile. statute mile, kilometre, metre, US gallons, imperial gallons and litres, Centigrade and Fahrenheit. Use of computer for conversions. S.A.

ICAO topic code 02

Principles of operation of pressure sensitive elements; capsules, diaphragms, bellows and bourdon tubes. A

Principles of operation of altimeters, airspeed indicators, vertical speed indicators, pitot heads, pitot-static lines, static selectors and moisture traps. A

ICAO topic code 03

Principles of operation of gyroscopes; rigidity, precession, random and apparent drift. A

Electrically operated turn and bank indicators, artificial horizons and directional gyros. A

Fluid quantity indicators and position indicators operated by direct current (basic moving coil, moving iron, liquidometer, desyn. dc selsyn and thermal types). A

Three phase engine rpm indicators and synchroscopes; Centrifugal governor type and magnetic drag-cup type engine rpm indicators. A

Direct reading magnetic compasses. A

Principles of operation of ac synchros. A

Part 2 — Remote indicating compasses, electric auto pilots, oxygen systems and equipment, radio navigational aids, elementary radar knowledge

ICAO topic code 04

Advantages of remote indicating compasses over direct reading compasses. A

Simple principles of operation of detector (fluxgate) elements. A

Reasons for, and advantages of, gyro stabilisation of detector elements. A

Understanding of block treatment (no electronics) of typical systems comprised of detectors, amplifiers, indicator and repeaters. A

Advantages of gyro-compass systems (compass monitored directional gyros). A

ICAO topic code 05

Function and operation of components in a typical basic type of electric auto pilot consisting of pitch and roll altitude references, heading reference, yaw reference, amplifier (no electronics), servos, turn and pitch controllers. A

Reasons for follow-up signals. A

Response of a typical system in flight and during functional checks on the ground. A

ICAO topic code 06

Understanding of the need for a supply of oxygen at high altitude. B

Familiarisation with the operating features of continuous flow, straight demand, diluter demand and pressure demand type systems. B

Functions and operation of masks, regulators, flow indicators, check valves, pressure gauges, pressure reducers, relief valves and storage bottles. B

The layout of high and low pressure systems. B

Handling and installation hazards and precautions: Danger of igniting combustible substance in oxygen rich environments; the need to avoid sources of ignition such as heat sparks, static charges; the necessity of cleanliness of equipment and clothing and avoidance of grease or oil contamination. C

Minimum permissible residual pressures at which installed bottles may be re-charged without bottle purging. A

Identification of oxygen charging bottles. B

ICAO topic code 07

Radio navigational aids, general note: throughout the radio and radar aids syllabus, theory and technical details should be restricted to a minimum consistent with the ability to appreciate the general principles of the aids under consideration. A

A knowledge is required of the presentation, use, limitations, range and accuracy of all the aids listed in the syllabus. A

Properties of radio waves, ground wave, sky wave, night effect. A

Frequency subdivision (LF, MF, VHF, UHF) and frequency range. A

Principles of operation of ADF, VAR, VOR, ILS.

Presentation of information in aircraft. Principle uses of information provided to these systems. A

Factors restricting the range of navigational radio aids. A

ICAO topic code 08

Principles of radar operation. The cathode-ray tube, basic principles and use in navigation instruments. A

Difference between primary and secondary radar. A

Weather warning radar, principles and general application. Operational limitations. A

Appendix III

Type endorsements

AIRBUS A300-B4-203 ENGINEER

AIRBUS A300-B4-600R ENGINEER

AIRBUS A310-304 ENGINEER

BOEING 767-200 ENGINEER

DOUGLAS DC8-71 ENGINEER

LOCKHEED L-188 ENGINEER

LOCKHEED L-1049 ENGINEER

Appendix IV

Class endorsements

Notes to Civil Aviation Order 43.1

Note 1

Note: The Civil Aviation Order (in force under the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988) as shown in this compilation comprises Civil Aviation Order 43.1 amended as indicated in the Tables below.

Note: > Note: Table of Orders

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:352.7pt; border-collapse:collapse"><thead><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:341.9pt; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableOfAmendHead" style="margin-right:0pt; page-break-before:always"><span class="CharENotesHeading" style="font-size:10pt; font-weight:bold">Table of Amendments</span></p><p class="TableOfAmendHead" style="margin-right:0pt; page-break-before:always"><span>ad. = added or inserted</span><span> </span><span>am. = amended</span><span> </span><span>rep. = repealed</span><span> </span><span>rs. = repealed and substituted</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:108pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableOfAmend" style="margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:3pt"><span>Provision affected</span></p></td><td style="width:223.1pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableOfAmend" style="margin-right:0pt"><span>How affected</span></p></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="width:108pt; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableOfAmendHead" style="margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:9pt">s. 43.1</span></p></td><td style="width:223.1pt; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableOfAmendHead" style="margin-right:0pt"><span style="font-size:9pt">rs. CAO 2004 No. R46</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:108pt; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableOfAmend" style="margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:3pt"><span>Appendix II</span></p></td><td style="width:223.1pt; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableOfAmend" style="margin-right:0pt"><span>am. CAO 43.1 2006 No. 1</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:108pt; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableOfAmend" style="margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:3pt"><span>Appendix III</span></p></td><td style="width:223.1pt; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableOfAmend" style="margin-right:0pt"><span>am. CAO 43.1 2006 No. 1</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:108pt; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableOfAmend" style="margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:3pt"><span>Appendix IV</span></p></td><td style="width:223.1pt; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="TableOfAmend" style="margin-right:0pt"><span>am. CAO 43.1 2006 No. 1</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Note 2

Transitional provisions

Section 4 of Civil Aviation Order 43.1 Amendment Order (No. 1) 2006 reads as follows:

A Boeing 707-300 engineer type endorsement that was in force, or suspended, immediately before the commencement of this instrument has effect after the commencement as if it were a B707 engineer class endorsement.