{"id":"F2005B00874","name":"Civil Aviation Order 43.1 - Aircraft endorsements - Flight engineers (02/12/2004)","slug":"civil-aviation-order-43-1-aircraft-endorsements-flight-engineers-02-12-2004","collection":"legislative_instrument","jurisdiction":"commonwealth","status":"repealed","isInForce":false,"actNumber":null,"makingDate":null,"administeringDepartment":null,"currentVersion":{"id":32265,"registerId":"commonwealth-F2005B00874-current","compilationNumber":null,"startDate":"2026-04-01","status":"Repealed","reasons":null,"registeredAt":null},"sections":[{"sectionNumber":"1","sectionType":"section","heading":"Civil Aviation Order 43.1 - Aircraft endorsements - Flight engineers (02/12/2004)","content":"![](image.001.png)\n\nCivil Aviation Order 43.1\n\nas amended\n\nmade under subregulation 5.22 (1) and (2), 5.23 (1) and 5.187 (2) of the\n\nCivil Aviation Regulations 1988\n\nThis compilation was prepared on 5 July 2006  \ntaking into account amendments up to Civil Aviation Order 43.1 Amendment Order (No. 1) 2006\n\nPrepared by the Legislative Drafting Branch, Legal Services Group,  \nCivil Aviation Safety Authority, Canberra\n\nContents\n\nAircraft endorsements — flight engineers\n\n1A Interpretation\n\n1 Prescription of endorsements\n\n7 Requirements for the issue of type or class endorsements\n\n9 Technical courses\n\n10 Flight engineer proficiency check\n\n11 Approval of syllabus of training\n\nAppendix I\n\nAppendix II\n\nAppendix III\n\nAppendix IV\n\nNotes to Civil Aviation Order 43.1\n\n  \nSection 43.1\n\nAircraft endorsements — flight engineers\n\n1A Interpretation\n\nA reference in this section to a subregulation identified by a numerical code (for example, 5.22 (1)) is a reference to the subregulation in the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988 identified by that code.\n\n1 Prescription of endorsements\n\n1.1 For the purposes of subregulation 5.22 (1), the type endorsements set out in Appendix III are prescribed for flight engineer licences.\n\n1.2 For the purposes of subregulation 5.22 (1), the class endorsements set out in column 2 of Appendix IV are prescribed for flight engineer licences.\n\n1.3 For the purposes of subregulation 5.22 (2), the types of aeroplane specified in an item in Appendix IV constitute the class of aeroplane for which the class endorsement specified in that item may be issued.\n\n1.4 The holder of a class endorsement must not perform the duties of a flight engineer on any aeroplane included in the class on any flight unless he or she:\n\n(a) is familiar with the normal and abnormal or alternate operations of the particular type, including:\n\n(i) the weight and balance requirements; and\n\n(ii) the application of take-off and landing performance charts for the type; and\n\n(iii) the emergency procedures set out in the relevant operations manual; and\n\n(b) has sufficient recent experience or training in the aeroplane type, or in a comparable type, to safely complete the flight.\n\n1.5 The owner and the operator of a type of aeroplane included in a class of aeroplane must ensure that any person who proposes to perform the duties of a flight engineer complies with the requirements set out in paragraph 1.4 and must, where necessary, require the flight engineer to provide evidence of recent experience or training in the aeroplane type, or in a comparable aeroplane type.\n\n7 Requirements for the issue of type or class endorsements\n\n7.1 For the purposes of subregulation 5.23 (1), the requirements for the issue of a type or class endorsement mentioned in subsection 1 are that the person seeking the endorsement must, if paragraph 7.1.1 does not apply:\n\n(a) complete an approved technical course; and\n\n(b) complete:\n\n(i) a minimum of 10 hours non-revenue flight training in the aircraft type or class to the satisfaction of a check flight engineer; or\n\n(ii) a minimum of 12 hours flight training in an approved flight simulator, as part of a normal crew complement to the satisfaction of a check flight engineer; or\n\n(iii) any combination of non-revenue aircraft training and flight simulator training provided the total training is not less than 12 hours; and\n\n(c) hold a flight engineer licence or a certificate of validation that has effect as if it were such a licence.\n\n7.1.1 A person may be issued with a type or class endorsement set out in Appendix III or IV, if the person:\n\n(a) holds, or has held, a flight engineer qualification that:\n\n(i) CASA is satisfied is at least equivalent to the type or class endorsement sought; and\n\n(ii) was issued by someone other than CASA for the purpose of the person’s service in the Defence Force of Australia; or\n\n(b) holds, or has held, an overseas engineer endorsement that CASA is satisfied is at least equivalent to the type or class endorsement sought; or\n\n(c) has successfully completed training in a Contracting State for an overseas engineer endorsement, and:\n\n(i) CASA is satisfied that the training is at least equivalent to that required for the type or class endorsement sought; and\n\n(ii) the responsible authority of the Contracting State where the training was completed has provided CASA with a written statement to the effect that successful completion of the training would qualify a person for the issue of the overseas engineer endorsement in that State.\n\n7.2 For the purposes of regulation 5.25, it is a condition of each type or class endorsement set out in Appendix III or IV that the holder of the endorsement must not exercise the authority given by the endorsement until he or she has:\n\n(a) completed a minimum of 40 hours aeronautical experience in the aircraft type or class under the supervision of a check or training flight engineer, which experience shall include a minimum of 6 sectors of normal route flying; and\n\n(b) demonstrated to CASA or a check flight engineer his or her ability to perform the operation and procedures specified in the Flight test at Appendix I to this Part.\n\n7.3 A maximum of 20 hours of the 40 hours aeronautical experience mentioned in paragraph 7.2 may be carried out in an approved flight simulator provided it is under the supervision of a check flight engineer, training flight engineer, or approved simulator instructor.\n\n7.4 Where training is conducted in an approved cockpit procedures trainer, aircraft training flight time may be reduced by a ratio of aircraft training flight time to cockpit procedure trainer time, which shall be at the discretion of CASA.\n\n7.5 CASA may approve:\n\n(a) a technical course for the purposes of subparagraph 7.1 (a); and\n\n(b) a flight simulator for the purposes of sub-subparagraph 7.1 (b) (ii) or paragraph 7.3; and\n\n(c) a simulator instructor for the purposes of paragraph 7.3; and\n\n(d) a cockpit procedures trainer for the purposes of paragraph 7.4.\n\n7.6 In this section:\n\n> cockpit procedures trainer means a device that simulates a cockpit environment.\n\n> overseas engineer endorsement means a qualification (whether it is called an endorsement, rating or authority, or is known by some other name) that:\n\n(a) authorises the holder of the qualification to perform the duties of a flight engineer in a type or class of aeroplane; and\n\n(b) was issued by the responsible authority of a Contracting State.\n\n9 Technical courses\n\n9.1 Where a period of greater than 6 months elapses between completion of the type technical course and the commencement of flight training, the applicant shall complete an appropriate technical refresher course to the satisfaction of the training and checking organisation prior to commencing the flight training.\n\n10 Flight engineer proficiency check\n\n10.1 For the purposes of subregulation 217 (3), a flight engineer proficiency check is approved if it requires a person undertaking the check to carry out at least the activities set out in Appendix I.\n\n11 Approval of syllabus of training\n\n11.1 For the purposes of subregulation 5.187 (2), a syllabus of training for a student flight engineer is approved if it includes all the matters set out in Appendix II at the same level of detail as they are set out in that Appendix.\n\n  \n\nAppendix I\n\nFlight test\n\nNormal Operations\n\n1. A flight check on an air route which must include:\n\n(a) preparation for flight comprising full pre-flight inspection, refuelling procedures, inspection of maintenance documents and flight logs prior to flight; and\n\n(b) all the normal procedures applicable to the flight engineer as required by the relevant operations manual.\n\n2. A flight check which must include:\n\n(a) a cockpit pre-flight inspection; and\n\n(b) all normal procedures applicable to the flight engineer as required by the relevant operations manual with respect to the type of operation being conducted. This item may be conducted in an approved flight simulator once per year.\n\nAbnormal or Alternate Operations\n\n3. A check of the ability of the flight engineer to recognise the requirement for abnormal operations or alternate operations as required by the relevant operations manual, and to carry out the procedures contained therein.\n\nEmergency Procedures\n\n4. The flight engineer shall demonstrate that he is competent to carry out emergency procedures applicable to the flight engineer as set out in the relevant operations manual.\n\nExcept with the permission of CASA, both items 3 and 4 shall be conducted in an approved flight simulator.\n\n  \n\nAppendix II\n\nSyllabus\n\nThe following syllabi specify the MINIMUM standard of knowledge required and are based on the relevant sections of the ICAO Training Manual DOC 7192 — AN/857 Part 25 for the flight engineer licence.\n\nA knowledge of mathematics and physics, sufficient for the solution of problems applicable to the following subjects, is necessary for those preparing for the provisional flight engineer licence.\n\nThe basic subjects have been allocated a 2 letter code for computerisation of the examinations. The airframe, electrical and instrument syllabi have been divided into different parts to facilitate the granting of exemptions referred to in paragraph 3 of this Section.\n\nWith the exception of Air Legislation, qualifying letters are used to indicate the degree of knowledge required for each item within a particular subject. The significance of the qualifying letters used is as shown below, and it is intended that the progression from ‘A’ through to ‘D’ indicates a logical increase in the depth of knowledge required.\n\n‘A’ — A basic understanding of the subject matter, sufficient for the solution of simple practical problems either by calculation or the exercise of judgement.\n\n‘B’ — A sound understanding of the subject matter, sufficient for the solution of more advanced practical problems either by calculation or the exercise of judgement.\n\n‘C’ — A comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, sufficient for the solution of associated practical problems either by calculation or the exercise of judgement.\n\n‘D’ — A complete understanding of the subject matter, sufficient to apply the knowledge to the mathematical solution of specific problems with full confidence and within a reasonable time limit.\n\n‘S.A.’ — Denotes a requirement for the ability to solve relevant problems with speed and accuracy.\n\n(a) Air legislation\n\nReferences: Civil Aviation Regulations 1988\n\nCivil Aviation Regulations 1998\n\nCivil Aviation Orders Parts 20, 43 and 48.\n\n(b) Basic engines — gas turbine code BT\n\nQualifying\n\nLetter\n\nICAO topic code 01\n\nGeneral principles of propulsion by jet reaction including principle of operation and basic arrangement of the various types of turbo‑prop, turbo-jet and turbo-fan (by-pass) turbo-jet engines. B\n\nThe relative merits of the turbo-prop, turbo-jet and turbo-fan (by‑pass engines). A\n\nICAO topic code 02\n\nThe first and Second Laws of Thermodynamics and their application to the gas turbine engine. A\n\nBoyle’s Law, Charles’ Law; the difference between isothermal and adiabatic compression and expansion as applied to the gas turbine engine. Heat engine cycles and pressure volume diagrams, the Brayton Cycle. A\n\nThe relation of force, mass and acceleration. Newton’s Laws and their relationship to the basic mechanics of jet propulsion. A\n\nBernoulli’s theorem as related to sub-sonic gas flows in the gas turbine engine, considering pressure, velocity, temperature, density, pressure energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, total energy, static pressure, dynamic pressure, total pressure, total (ram) temperature variations. The changes in pressure. temperature and density that occur through convergent and divergent ducts at sub-sonic and supersonic flows. A\n\nThe meaning of the terms: speed of sound. compressibility effect, mach number, critical mach number, shock waves. A\n\nICAO topic code 03\n\nThe purpose of the compressor inlet duct, sub-sonic and supersonic inlet ducts, ram recovery and the causes of duct losses. The principles of operation and centrifugal, axial and centriaxial compressors. Single and double spool compressors. Fixed, variable and rotating inlet guide vanes. The impeller and diffuser, the rotor and the stator. Pressure, temperature and velocity changes. A\n\nCompressor performance and surge control: factors affecting pressure ratio and efficiency, ambient temperature and its effect on driving power. Surge control by the use of bleed valves and variable stator vanes. B\n\nICAO topic code 04\n\nRequirements of the combustion system: efficiency, flame stability, pressure, temperature, structural strength and weight. A\n\nPrinciple of operation of a combustion chamber including primary zone and airflow, secondary (dilution) zone and airflow, combustion fuel air ratio, overall fuel air ratio, stoichiometric fuel air ratio, flame and turbine inlet temperatures. Variations in pressures axial velocity and temperature during the combustion process.\n\nPrinciples of operation of Simplex (single orifice), Duplex (dual orifice) and spill type atomising fuel nozzles, typical operating fuel pressures.\n\nThe configuration, advantages and disadvantages of can type, cannular, annular and vaporising combustion chambers. A\n\nICAO topic code 05\n\nThe difference between turbine power extraction requirements for turbo-prop, turbo-jet and turbo-fan engines. A\n\nThe principle of impulse, reaction and free vortex turbine blading and nozzle guide vanes. Pressure. temperature and velocity changes. Forces acting on the blade and vanes, blade speed ratio, tangential and axial thrust, losses.\n\nStresses associated with the turbine assembly: Centrifugal tensile stresses, centrifugal bending moment, tangential and axial gas loadings, thermal stress. Types of heat-resisting materials used and creep strain/time curves. Turbine cooling and sealing. A\n\nICAO topic code 06\n\nThe purpose and configuration of the exhaust system including the cone, tail pipe, propelling nozzle, cooling shroud, gas flow straighteners. Temperature, pressure and velocity changes. The effect on performance of variations in propelling nozzle outlet area. The purpose of convergent, convergent-divergent and variable area nozzles. A\n\nThe purpose and principle of operation of thrust reversers, effect of thrust reverser operation on engine efficiency, re-ingestion of exhaust gases, magnitude of reverse thrust produced. A\n\nPrinciple of operation of noise suppressors including the relationship of noise levels to the turbulence and energy in the exhaust gas stream, methods of reducing the noise level. A\n\nICAO topic code 07\n\nThe requirements of a typical gas turbine fuel system, starting, compensation for changes in temperature, altitude and aircraft speed, acceleration scheduling, overspeed governing, power limiting, over temperature limiting, shutting down the engine. B\n\nThe principles of operation and arrangement of a typical engine fuel system including low and high pressure fuel pumps, low and high pressure fuel filters, fuel filter icing system, fuel control unit. Engine variables sensed by the fuel control unit. B\n\nICAO topic code 08\n\nThe specification numbers and terminology associated with the identification of British and American approved kerosene and wide cut fuels. B\n\nThe relative merits of kerosene, wide cut fuels and high flash point fuels: specific gravity, calorific value, vapour pressure, flash point, freezing point, flame speed and relative fire hazard. B\n\nThe ground handling problems associated with kerosene type fuels, the release of fuel as a mist or spray, the penetrating properties and slow evaporation rate of leaking or spilled fuel, the generation of static electricity. The spillage of kerosene on hot surfaces with regard to spontaneous ignition temperature and the formation of flammable vapour. Problems associated with the checking of kerosene fuels for the presence of water. C\n\nICAO topic code 09\n\nThe requirements of the lubricating system: methods of lubrication and cooling of main shaft bearings, lubrication of accessory bearings and gear teeth, lubrication of propeller reduction gears. A\n\nThe principle of operation and arrangement of a typical oil lubricating system including oil tank, pressure and scavenge pumps and filters, filter by-pass valve, relief valve, check valve, air/oil and fuel/oil coolers, centrifugal breather, oil sealing, oil jets. A\n\nThe requirements of a gas turbine lubricant: load carrying properties. high temperature lubrication, low temperature circulation, thermal stability. viscosity index. The advantages of ester based synthetic lubricants over mineral based lubricants. A\n\nSpecification numbers and terminology associated with the identification of British and American approved mineral based and synthetic type lubricants. B\n\nThe precautions required when using synthetic oils due to their solvent action on certain rubber, paints and protective finishes. A\n\nIncompatibility of mineral based and synthetic type oils. C\n\nICAO topic code 10\n\nThe principles and requirements of the starting system, starting speeds, inertia loads, self-sustaining speed, rate of acceleration, automatic disengagement, starter de-energising. A\n\nThe requirements of the gas turbine ignition system, large heat release, rapid vaporisation, ability to relight at altitude: point at which ignition commences and ceases. B\n\nThe principle of operation of torch igniter and high energy ignition systems. A\n\nThe safety precautions to be observed when handling gas turbine ignition systems. C\n\nThe principle of operation of the systems for measuring gas temperatures relative to the turbine: the positions at which the thermocouples may be fitted and the advantages and disadvantages of these positions. B\n\nThe methods used to measure the thrust of a turbo-jet or turbo-fan and the shaft horsepower of a turbo-prop. B\n\nICAO topic code 11\n\nThrust distribution of the turbo-jet, turbo-fan and turbo-prop engine. The distribution of turbine power in turbo-prop and turbo‑jet engines. B\n\nMethods used for comparing turbo-prop and turbo-jet engine power outputs. B\n\nThe principles of thrust recovery and augmentation by compressor inlet and combustion chamber fuel injection. A\n\nThe principle of thrust augmentation by after burning. B\n\nThe meaning of the terms: thrust horsepower, equivalent shaft horsepower, propulsive efficiency and its relation to jet velocity and forward speed. B\n\nThe effect of variations in altitude, density, temperature and aircraft speed with reference to: thrust, thrust horsepower, propulsive efficiency, specific fuel consumption (SFC), mass airflow, compressor efficiency, fuel flow and gas temperature. Interpretation of engine operating curves. B\n\nICAO topic code 12\n\nThe relationship of engine rpm to mass airflow, fuel flow, specific fuel consumption, power output, thermal efficiency, turbine gas temperature. B\n\nThe effect on engine operation and indication of: thrust lever operation, engine stall and surge, malfunctioning bleed valves, bleed air extraction, compressor contamination, turbine damage and engine inlet anti-icing. B\n\nThe relationship between gas temperature, rpm and engine overhaul life. C\n\n(c) Basic piston engine syllabus code BP\n\nICAO topic code 01 — engine theory\n\nHeat engines, internal combustion engine principles, thermodynamics, thermal efficiency, the 4 stroke cycle, relative terms. B\n\nEngine power and its measurements: piston displacement, compression ratio, IHP, FHP, BHP, prony brake, dynamometer, IMEP, FMEP, BMEP, volumetric efficiency, valve lead, lag and overlap. B\n\nSimple torque and HP calculations, relative terms, interpretation of engine operating curves. S.A.\n\nFactors affecting engine power: RPM and MAP, ignition advance, pre-ignition, detonation, carburettor air temperature, density and humidity, supercharging. B\n\nEngine types: characteristics of radial, in-line and horizontally opposed design. A\n\nICAO topic code 02 — ignition system\n\nMagnetos — High and low tension. Principles of operation of: rotating armature, polar inductor and rotating magnet magnetos, contact breaker mechanisms, principles of spark discharge, electrical circuit layouts. B\n\nIgnition timing: Fixed, variable and staggered timing, internal timing, compensated cams, timing to engine. B\n\nPrinciples of operation: induction vibrators, booster coils, impulse starter magnetos. A\n\nSpark plugs: construction, temperature classification, HT, harness: screened and un-screened. A\n\nICAO topic code 03 — carburettors\n\nAir bleed principles, float chambers. air metering, fuel metering, discharge nozzles, idling systems, power enrichment (economiser) systems, acceleration systems, manual and automatic mixture control. A\n\nFuel-air mixtures: stoichiometric (chemically correct) mixture, relationship of fuel air ratio and BHP, products of combustion, mixture strength indications. B\n\nInduction systems: Characteristics of design. A\n\nEffects of induction icing, types of induction icing, induction icing control. C\n\nICAO topic code 04 — fuel injection systems\n\nFuel injection carburettors, fuel injection pumps, filters, vapour separators, fuel pressure control, air metering, fuel metering, fuel manifold valves, discharge nozzles, fuel flow control, mixture control, altitude effects. B\n\nICAO topic code 05 — characteristics of piston engine fuels\n\nVolatility, octane rating, performance numbers, grade identification, effect of tetraethyl lead in fuel, care and precautions in handling fuel. C\n\nICAO topic code 06 — lubrication of piston engines\n\nLubricating oils: Purity, viscosity, grading, flash point, fire point, detergent and non-detergent types. B\n\nPrinciples of engine lubrication, dry sump, wet sump. A\n\nPrinciples of operation of oil coolers, oil tanks, oil filters, oil temperature control. A\n\nICAO topic code 07 — function and operation of engine accessories\n\nPrinciples of operation of fuel pumps: diaphragm, rotary vane, booster, pressure control. B\n\nOil pumps: gear type, pressure and scavenge, pressure control.\n\nVacuum pumps: rotary vane, pressure control. B\n\nEngine starter and control systems. B\n\n(d) Basic propeller syllabus code BX\n\nICAO topic code 01\n\nPropeller terminology: definitions of terms used. A\n\nPropeller theory: blade element theory, propeller aerodynamics, forces acting on a propeller in flight. A\n\nICAO topic code 02\n\nPropeller types: configuration and relative merits of fixed, adjustable and variable pitch: constant speed feathering and reversing propellers. A\n\nPropeller reduction gearing and negative torque limiting devices. B\n\nICAO topic code 03\n\nMethods of changing and controlling pitch: Aerodynamic, mechanical, hydraulic and electric. B\n\nPrinciples of operation of propeller governors. B\n\nPropeller anti-icing and de-icing. General principles of the various methods of ice prevention and removal. B\n\n(e) Basic airframe and associated systems code BA\n\nPart 1 — Principles of sub-sonic flight\n\nICAO topic code 01\n\nBodies in an airflow, streamlining, fineness ratio, skin friction, boundary layer, relative airflow, indicated airspeed, true airspeed, ground speed. A\n\nLift, drag, and lift/drag ratio, factors affecting lift and drag, aerofoil pressure distribution, angle of attack, centre of pressure, centre of pressure movement, resultant, lift and drag vectors. A\n\nTypes of camber, aspect ratio, stalling, components of drag, flaps and high lift devices. B\n\nICAO topic code 02\n\nCentre of gravity of an aircraft, loading and centre of gravity, forces in flight, wing loading. C\n\nICAO topic code 03\n\nThe axes and planes of reference of an aircraft, stability, stability surfaces, lateral and longitudinal dihedral, control surfaces, primary effects of controls, balanced controls, differential control, tabs and trimmers. B\n\nPart 2 — Principles of high speed flight including control surfaces, pressurisation and air-conditioning\n\nICAO topic code 04\n\nSpeed of sound; transonic and supersonic speeds; incompressibility, compressibility, compressibility error, pressure disturbance and sonic waves, shock waves, critical velocity, mach number, IAS, TAS, and temperature; mach number relative to shapes, mach cone. B\n\nICAO topic code 05\n\nAerofoil shapes and basic cross-sections, sweepback wave or pressure drag, shock stalls, stability of aerofoil sections, angle of attack at supersonic speeds, best lift drag ratio. B\n\nStability considerations: mach trim control. B\n\nICAO topic code 06\n\nControl surfaces and systems of slots, slats, flaps. (Krueger and Fowler); fences, ailerons, spoilers, vortex generators, air brakes, boundary layer control. B\n\nTrimming control systems. Powered control systems. B\n\nICAO topic code 07\n\nStructural fail-safe aspects of pressurised fuselages, sealing of pressurised areas. A\n\nAir supply systems: principles of operation of compressors, blowers superchargers, engine air bleeds, valves, silencers, flow controllers, metering ducts and shut-off valves. A\n\nCompressor and duct protection, pressure ratio and differential protection. A\n\nICAO topic code 08\n\nPressure Control: Types of system, principles of operation, pressure sensing and control, constant and non-constant mass airflow; system faults and remedies. B\n\nOutflow valves — pneumatic and electric types, safety and relief valves, indicators, selectors, venturis, cabin pressure regulators. B\n\nICAO topic code 09\n\nTemperature Control: terms used, principles of operation. Refrigeration: aircycle and vapour cycle units, heat exchangers, combustion heaters, heat controllers, heat sensors, indicators, auto and thermostat controls, water separators. B\n\nICAO topic code 10\n\nFunction and operational principles of: cooler modulating valves, circulating fans, evaporators, expansion valves, humidifiers, condensers, auto-limiting controls, duct thermostats, over-heat thermostats, anti-ice control valves, temperature limiters, pressure limiters, regulators and sensors, filters, vacuum relief valves, indicators, flow limiting devices, compressor speed controls and water traps. B\n\nBasic airframes and associated systems code BB\n\nPart 3 — Basic principles of the airframe structure\n\nICAO topic code 01\n\nTypical structures in aluminium alloy fuselages, empennages, centre sections, stub-planes, undercarriages, mainplanes and control surfaces. A\n\nICAO topic code 02\n\nElementary knowledge of stress distribution in typical stressed skin structures. A\n\nICAO topic code 03\n\nWheel assemblies including brakes and anti-skid units. A\n\nFatigue — definition and common terminology. A\n\nCorrosion in structures: effect on fatigue life. Structural damage and defects, effect of scratches, notch sensitivity on high strength aluminium alloys. A\n\nPart 4 — Hydraulic and pneumatic systems\n\nICAO topic code 04\n\nBasic hydraulic systems, reservoirs, filters; pumps: hand, mechanical, high and low speeds; cut-outs, accumulators; relief and shuttle valves, needle, ball, reducing and by-pass valves; pressure regulators, jacks, brake cylinders, deboosters, lock-outs, sequence valves. B\n\nICAO topic code 05\n\nHigh altitude systems, high pressure systems. Hydraulic fluids, characteristics and identification of fluids. B\n\nSystem malfunctioning, mechanical defects, safety devices, emergency provisions. B\n\nICAO topic code 06\n\nTypical flexible pipeline assemblies, deterioration, damage and defects in hose assemblies, bonding. A\n\nTypical rigid pipeline assemblies; defects, damage and deterioration in rigid pipelines, bonding. A\n\nCaused of pipeline corrosion (internal and external). Pipeline materials. A\n\nSeals and ‘O’ rings in plumbing systems. A\n\nStandard identification marking of systems. A\n\nICAO topic code 07\n\nPneumatic systems. Compressors, oil traps, water traps, pressure regulators, valves, pneumatic rams, anti-freeze bottles, reservoirs, filters, electro-pneumatic selectors, indicators. A\n\nMechanical defects, systems malfunctioning, safety devices, emergency provision. B\n\n(f) Basic electrical syllabus code BE\n\nPart 1\n\nICAO topic code 01\n\nSimple molecular theory related to magnetism and the laws of repulsion and attraction. Magnetisation of metals by contact, induction and electric current. A\n\nEffect of heat and vibration on magnets. A\n\nMeaning of terms associated with magnets and magnetic materials: magnetic pole axis, length, field, flux shielding, intensity, saturation magnetically hard, magnetically soft, residual magnetism, relative permeability, ferromagnetic, reluctance, retentivity. A\n\nThe effect of terrestial magnetism on a bar or needle magnet suspended in the earth’s field: magnetic variation and dip angle. A\n\nICAO topic code 02\n\nUnderstand how electrostatic charges are produced. The laws of attraction and repulsion of charges and charged bodies. A\n\nThe Electron Theory, electric fields, potential and potential difference. A\n\nThe fundamental theory of thermo-electricity. A\n\nICAO topic code 03\n\nFlow of current between points of different potential. Understand the basic electrical units emf, charge, current, resistance and conductance. B\n\nUnderstanding and application of Ohm’s Law. B\n\nThe properties of conductors, insulators and resistors. A\n\nUnderstand the terms — specific resistance, conductivity and the temperature co-efficient of resistance. A\n\nUnderstand and know how to calculate voltage, potential drops, currents and resistances of parallel and series connections of cells and resistances. A\n\nUnderstand the principles of the wheatstone bridge. A\n\nICAO topic code 04\n\nDefine the watt, kilowatt, joule and kilowatt-hour. Conversion from horsepower to watt, joules to kilowatt hours, joules to calories or BTU’s. A\n\nSimple calculations involving power and energy formulae. A\n\nThe fundamental theory of capacitors and capacitance. A\n\nICAO topic code 05\n\nUnderstand the factors which determine the magnitude and polarity of induced emf.\n\nFundamental theory of inductance.\n\nUnderstand the generation of sinusoidal emf and current.\n\nUnderstand the principles of dc generation and how a dc motor operates. The principles of mutual induction and transformer action. A\n\nThe principles used in moving coil, moving iron and dynamometer type instruments. Understand the use of ammeter shunts and voltmeter multipliers. A\n\nPart 2\n\nICAO topic code 06\n\nThe construction and principles of operation of lead acid and nickel-cadmium batteries; composition of electrolytes and plates; voltage and capacity ratings. A\n\nChecks to determine condition and serviceability of batteries; common battery defects. B\n\nThe effect of temperature on capacity, specific gravity, charge and discharge rates. A\n\nNeutralisation of electrolytes. Importance of battery ventilation in aircraft. B\n\nICAO topic code 07\n\nGeneral knowledge of aircraft wiring systems. Methods of, and reasons for, bonding and screening. A\n\nKnow the function and principles of operation of: switches, relays, solenoids, warning horns, warning bells, aircraft lamps and light fittings, circuit breakers, fuses, current limiters, rheostats and resistors. A\n\nEnvironmental considerations in relation to aircraft equipment — effect of temperature on electrical components and the need for cooling and ventilation. A\n\nICAO topic code 08\n\nThe principles of differential reverse current relays and voltage regulation. A\n\nThe principles involved in paralleling generators in a multi‑generator system. A\n\nAlternating current, single phase theory. Understanding of inductance, inductive reactance, capacitive reactance and impedance. A\n\nThe principles of operation of single phase and 3 phase ac generators and inverters. A\n\nThe principles of how half-wave and full-wave rectification of single and 3 phase alternating current is achieved. A\n\nThe principles of operation of thermal switch, thermocouple and continuous loop types of fire detectors and circuits. A\n\n(g) Basic instrument syllabus code BN\n\nPart 1 — Instrument terminology and conversion between units. Aircraft instruments and systems\n\nICAO topic code 01\n\nThe meaning of error, correction, tolerance, calibration, sensitivity, hysteresis, parallax, oscillation, absolute pressure, differential pressure, gauge pressure. A\n\nThe atmosphere — knowledge of ICAO standards, understanding of QFE, QNH, QNE. A\n\nConversions between:\n\nPSI, inches hg, millimetres hg, millibars. Nautical mile. statute mile, kilometre, metre, US gallons, imperial gallons and litres, Centigrade and Fahrenheit. Use of computer for conversions. S.A.\n\nICAO topic code 02\n\nPrinciples of operation of pressure sensitive elements; capsules, diaphragms, bellows and bourdon tubes. A\n\nPrinciples of operation of altimeters, airspeed indicators, vertical speed indicators, pitot heads, pitot-static lines, static selectors and moisture traps. A\n\nICAO topic code 03\n\nPrinciples of operation of gyroscopes; rigidity, precession, random and apparent drift. A\n\nElectrically operated turn and bank indicators, artificial horizons and directional gyros. A\n\nFluid quantity indicators and position indicators operated by direct current (basic moving coil, moving iron, liquidometer, desyn. dc selsyn and thermal types). A\n\nThree phase engine rpm indicators and synchroscopes; Centrifugal governor type and magnetic drag-cup type engine rpm indicators. A\n\nDirect reading magnetic compasses. A\n\nPrinciples of operation of ac synchros. A\n\nPart 2 — Remote indicating compasses, electric auto pilots, oxygen systems and equipment, radio navigational aids, elementary radar knowledge\n\nICAO topic code 04\n\nAdvantages of remote indicating compasses over direct reading compasses. A\n\nSimple principles of operation of detector (fluxgate) elements. A\n\nReasons for, and advantages of, gyro stabilisation of detector elements. A\n\nUnderstanding of block treatment (no electronics) of typical systems comprised of detectors, amplifiers, indicator and repeaters. A\n\nAdvantages of gyro-compass systems (compass monitored directional gyros). A\n\nICAO topic code 05\n\nFunction and operation of components in a typical basic type of electric auto pilot consisting of pitch and roll altitude references, heading reference, yaw reference, amplifier (no electronics), servos, turn and pitch controllers. A\n\nReasons for follow-up signals. A\n\nResponse of a typical system in flight and during functional checks on the ground. A\n\nICAO topic code 06\n\nUnderstanding of the need for a supply of oxygen at high altitude. B\n\nFamiliarisation with the operating features of continuous flow, straight demand, diluter demand and pressure demand type systems. B\n\nFunctions and operation of masks, regulators, flow indicators, check valves, pressure gauges, pressure reducers, relief valves and storage bottles. B\n\nThe layout of high and low pressure systems. B\n\nHandling and installation hazards and precautions: Danger of igniting combustible substance in oxygen rich environments; the need to avoid sources of ignition such as heat sparks, static charges; the necessity of cleanliness of equipment and clothing and avoidance of grease or oil contamination. C\n\nMinimum permissible residual pressures at which installed bottles may be re-charged without bottle purging. A\n\nIdentification of oxygen charging bottles. B\n\nICAO topic code 07\n\nRadio navigational aids, general note: throughout the radio and radar aids syllabus, theory and technical details should be restricted to a minimum consistent with the ability to appreciate the general principles of the aids under consideration. A\n\nA knowledge is required of the presentation, use, limitations, range and accuracy of all the aids listed in the syllabus. A\n\nProperties of radio waves, ground wave, sky wave, night effect. A\n\nFrequency subdivision (LF, MF, VHF, UHF) and frequency range. A\n\nPrinciples of operation of ADF, VAR, VOR, ILS.\n\nPresentation of information in aircraft. Principle uses of information provided to these systems. A\n\nFactors restricting the range of navigational radio aids. A\n\nICAO topic code 08\n\nPrinciples of radar operation. The cathode-ray tube, basic principles and use in navigation instruments. A\n\nDifference between primary and secondary radar. A\n\nWeather warning radar, principles and general application. Operational limitations. A\n\n  \n\nAppendix III\n\nType endorsements\n\nAIRBUS A300-B4-203 ENGINEER\n\nAIRBUS A300-B4-600R ENGINEER\n\nAIRBUS A310-304 ENGINEER\n\nBOEING 767-200 ENGINEER\n\nDOUGLAS DC8-71 ENGINEER\n\nLOCKHEED L-188 ENGINEER\n\nLOCKHEED L-1049 ENGINEER\n\n  \n\nAppendix IV\n\nClass endorsements\n\n| Item | Class endorsement | Types of aeroplane                                                      |\n| ---- | ----------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- |\n| 1    | B747 Engineer     | Boeing 747-100Boeing 747-200Boeing 747-300Boeing 747-SPBoeing 747-SP-38 |\n| 2    | B727 Engineer     | Boeing 727-100Boeing 727-200                                            |\n| 3    | B707 Engineer     | Boeing 707 (all models)                                                 |\n| 4    | L-382 Engineer    | L-382 (all 3 crew models)                                               |\n\n> Notes to Civil Aviation Order 43.1\n\n> Note 1\n\n> Note: The Civil Aviation Order (in force under the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988) as shown in this compilation comprises Civil Aviation Order 43.1 amended as indicated in the Tables below.\n\n> Note: > Note: Table of Orders\n\n| Year andnumber      | Date of notificationin Gazette/registration on FRLI | Date ofcommencement        | Application, saving ortransitional provisions |\n| ------------------- | --------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- |\n| CAO 2004 No. R46    | 8 December 2004                                     | 8 December 2004 (see s. 2) |                                               |\n| CAO 43.1 2006 No. 1 | FRLI 5 July 2006                                    | 6 July 2006 (see s. 2)     | See Note 2                                    |\n\n```html\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"width:352.7pt; border-collapse:collapse\"><thead><tr><td colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:341.9pt; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"TableOfAmendHead\" style=\"margin-right:0pt; page-break-before:always\"><span class=\"CharENotesHeading\" style=\"font-size:10pt; font-weight:bold\">Table of Amendments</span></p><p class=\"TableOfAmendHead\" style=\"margin-right:0pt; page-break-before:always\"><span>ad. = added or inserted</span><span> </span><span>am. = amended</span><span> </span><span>rep. = repealed</span><span> </span><span>rs. = repealed and substituted</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:108pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"TableOfAmend\" style=\"margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:3pt\"><span>Provision affected</span></p></td><td style=\"width:223.1pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"TableOfAmend\" style=\"margin-right:0pt\"><span>How affected</span></p></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"width:108pt; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"TableOfAmendHead\" style=\"margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:9pt\">s. 43.1</span></p></td><td style=\"width:223.1pt; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"TableOfAmendHead\" style=\"margin-right:0pt\"><span style=\"font-size:9pt\">rs. CAO 2004 No. R46</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:108pt; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"TableOfAmend\" style=\"margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:3pt\"><span>Appendix II</span></p></td><td style=\"width:223.1pt; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"TableOfAmend\" style=\"margin-right:0pt\"><span>am. CAO 43.1 2006 No. 1</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:108pt; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"TableOfAmend\" style=\"margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:3pt\"><span>Appendix III</span></p></td><td style=\"width:223.1pt; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"TableOfAmend\" style=\"margin-right:0pt\"><span>am. CAO 43.1 2006 No. 1</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"width:108pt; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"TableOfAmend\" style=\"margin-right:0pt; margin-bottom:3pt\"><span>Appendix IV</span></p></td><td style=\"width:223.1pt; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top\"><p class=\"TableOfAmend\" style=\"margin-right:0pt\"><span>am. CAO 43.1 2006 No. 1</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>\n```\n\n> Note 2\n\nTransitional provisions\n\nSection 4 of Civil Aviation Order 43.1 Amendment Order (No. 1) 2006 reads as follows:\n\nA Boeing 707-300 engineer type endorsement that was in force, or suspended, immediately before the commencement of this instrument has effect after the commencement as if it were a B707 engineer class endorsement.","sortOrder":0}],"analysis":{"kimi_summary":{"_metrics":{"model":"kimi-k2.5","source":"moonshot-realtime","completionTokens":2703},"content_quality":"ok","complexity_score":7,"scope_assessment":{"changed":false,"description":"The instrument maintains its original purpose of prescribing aircraft endorsements and training standards for flight engineers. The inclusion of transitional provisions for Boeing 707 endorsements represents minor administrative updating rather than scope expansion."},"complexity_factors":["Extensive technical syllabus in Appendix II spanning 7 major subject areas (engines, propellers, airframes, hydraulics, electrics, instruments) with graduated knowledge levels (A-D, S.A.)","Multiple qualification pathways including standard, Defence Force equivalent, and overseas recognition (section 7.1.1)","Cross-references to Civil Aviation Regulations 1988 subregulations 5.22, 5.23, 5.187 and 217","Conditional training hour calculations allowing combinations of simulator and aircraft time with specific ratios (sections 7.1, 7.3, 7.4)","Post-endorsement supervision requirements specifying 40 hours including 6 sectors of route flying (section 7.2)","Class endorsement operational restrictions creating conditional duties based on familiarity and recency (section 1.4)","Defined technical terms including 'cockpit procedures trainer' and 'overseas engineer endorsement' (section 7.6)"],"plain_english_summary":"This Order establishes Australia’s rules for qualifying flight engineers to work on specific aircraft by setting endorsement standards (type and class), required training and testing, and supervised operating experience before independent duty. It also allows CASA recognition of equivalent military or overseas qualifications and requires operators to verify engineers’ type-specific knowledge and recent experience. It affects flight engineers, airlines, training organisations and aircraft owners."}},"importantCases":[],"_links":{"self":"/api/acts/civil-aviation-order-43-1-aircraft-endorsements-flight-engineers-02-12-2004","history":"/api/acts/civil-aviation-order-43-1-aircraft-endorsements-flight-engineers-02-12-2004/history","analysis":"/api/acts/civil-aviation-order-43-1-aircraft-endorsements-flight-engineers-02-12-2004/analysis","conflicts":"/api/acts/civil-aviation-order-43-1-aircraft-endorsements-flight-engineers-02-12-2004/conflicts","importantCases":"/api/acts/civil-aviation-order-43-1-aircraft-endorsements-flight-engineers-02-12-2004/important-cases","documents":"/api/acts/civil-aviation-order-43-1-aircraft-endorsements-flight-engineers-02-12-2004/documents"}}