Fair Work Act 2009

s.394 - Unfair dismissal

Application for relief from unfair dismissal - random alcohol testing - positive result - alleged serious misconduct - policy did not specify that conduct was serious misconduct - policy provided for lesser disciplinary measures - dismissal was unreasonable and therefore unfair - application granted - reinstatement ordered with continuity of service - no order to restore lost pay.

[1] Mr Medhat Morcos has made an application to the Fair Work Commission (Commission) under s.394 of the Fair Work Act 2009 (the Act), alleging that he was unfairly dismissed by Serco Australia Pty Ltd (Serco). Mr Morcos seeks an order from the Commission to be reinstated with back pay or, in the alternative, compensation equivalent to six months' wages, less any Commission-determined deductions.

[2] Both the Applicant and the Respondent sought permission to be legally represented before the Commission. Taking into account the complexity of the matter, the Commission was satisfied that, pursuant to s.596(2)(a) of the Act, legal representation would enable the matter to be dealt with more efficiently. Accordingly, permission was granted for both parties to be legally represented.

[3] As was evident in the presentation of both parties' cases before the Commission, including the examination of witnesses, legal representation did in fact enable the matter to be dealt with more efficiently than may otherwise have occurred.

[4] Mr Morcos is 67 years of age. He was born in Egypt and settled in Australia in 1984. In May 2011, he commenced working full-time for the respondent as a Client Service Officer at the Christmas Island Detention Centre, where there was a demand for employees who spoke Arabic, as Mr Morcos does. He would travel back to Sydney every six months to see his family.

[5] In April 2016, Mr Morcos transferred to the Villawood Immigration Detention Centre in New South Wales (Villawood) as a Detainee Service Officer to be closer to his family, where he remained until his summary dismissal on 18 April 2019.

[6] The reason for Mr Morcos' summary dismissal is contained in correspondence from the Villawood Immigration Detention Centre Facility General Manager Mr Don Taylor, dated 18 April 2019. It refers to five specific allegations said to have been substantiated after conducting an investigation and considering Mr Morcos' response to the allegations. As a consequence, Mr Morcos was said to have breached the following:

• Contract of Employment

• Serco Code of Conduct

• Serco Immigration Services Agreement 2018

• DSO Position Description

• Serco Drug and Alcohol Policy

[7] Serco has a Drug and Alcohol Policy[1] (the Policy) and a Drug and Alcohol Procedure (the Procedure).[2] In summary, the substantiated allegations as put by Serco in the dismissal letter are that Mr Morcos:

1. On Saturday, 16 March 2019, on his day off, accepted an additional shift without declaring that he had consumed alcohol prior to attending work, knowing that the required breath alcohol limit is 0.00.

2. Prior to undertaking a random alcohol breath test, knowingly misinformed the certified alcohol breath collector of the number of alcoholic drinks he had consumed. He stated in the first instance that he had consumed one beer at lunch. However, following the first positive test result reading of 0.037 taken at 5:44 pm, he then disclosed his last beer was at 4:00 pm and that he had also consumed a beer at 3:30 pm.

3. Did not take reasonable care for his health and safety and that of others by registering over the required limit of 0.00.

4. Knowingly accepted a shift after consuming alcohol and commenced a shift knowing the limit is 0.00.

5. Knowingly breached a provision of the Policy and the Fair Work Regulations 2009 by commencing work knowing that having consumed alcohol it placed him over the 0.00 limit.

[8] Prior to Mr Morcos' summary dismissal, Mr Taylor advised Mr Morcos in writing on 20 March 2019 that he was suspended on ordinary time pay and was not required to attend work while the matter was investigated.

[9] On 26 March 2019, Mr Morcos received further correspondence from Mr Taylor, advising that Serco had completed its workplace investigation into the events on Saturday 16 March and required him to attend a formal disciplinary meeting on 28 March 2019, where a number of allegations would be put to him. The allegations were stipulated in the correspondence and were the same as listed and found to be sustained in the dismissal letter summarised above. Mr Morcos attended the disciplinary meeting with a support person.

[10] On 1 April 2019, Mr Morcos provided Serco with a written response to the allegations.

[11] As seen from the above, the thrust of the employer's reasons for dismissing Mr Morcos are that he "knowingly" attended for a work shift over the specified alcohol limit of 0.00 and was not honest about the number of alcoholic drinks he had consumed prior to presenting to work on his day off to work an additional shift.

[12] Mr Morcos gave evidence on his own behalf, provided two witness statements in the form of statutory declarations[3] and was cross-examined on his evidence.

[13] Mr Morcos stated that he was enjoying seven days off from his rostered shifts beginning on 14 March 2019, so he was not due back to work until 21 March 2019. At approximately 4:45 pm on Saturday, 16 March 2019, a rostered day off, Serco's Operation Service Centre contacted him to offer a shift commencing that evening, which he accepted. Mr Morcos stated that he was often contacted to work shifts on his days off, which he normally accepted; he was one of several employees that could be contacted to work an extra shift.

[14] Mr Morcos stated that on the day in question, he had consumed two beers during the afternoon and was mistakenly of the belief that he would be at the required level of 0.00 by the commencement of the shift, so he had accepted for that evening. Although he had consumed two beers that afternoon, one around lunchtime (12:00 pm) and the other finishing at around 4:00 pm, he felt fine to attend work, which was why he accepted the shift to start at 6:00 pm. In cross-examination, Mr Morcos conceded that he took a chance that he may have been over the 0.00 limit.[4]

[15] It was not entirely clear from the evidence of Mr Morcos at what time in the afternoon of 16 March 2019 he consumed the alcoholic drinks.[5] He drove to work, which takes about 15 minutes, and clocked in around 5:40 pm. Mr Morcos accepted that he could have declined the shift, or put himself forward for alcohol testing on arrival at site.[6] Having made himself available to commence work, Mr Morcos underwent a random alcohol breath test. His first reading was 0.037 and the second, 10 minutes later, was 0.032. He was then told to go home. He then left the work site and drove home. Mr Morcos stated that there was no discussion about his ability to drive home. Mr Morcos stated that he was not offered a taxi to travel home and that Serco's alcohol tester, Mr Drury, stated to him that as he was under the legal limit, he could drive home.

[16] Mr Morcos stated that the following day, Sunday, 17 March 2019, the call centre contacted him again at home to ask if he could work a night shift, which he accepted. He worked from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am the following morning. He was not asked about his fitness to work, nor did he undertake any alcohol testing prior to commencing the shift on 17 March 2019.

[17] Mr Morcos readily conceded that he was aware of Serco's 0.00 breath alcohol limit when attending for work. He had been subject to random alcohol breath testing previously, and always produced a negative result.[7]

[18] On Wednesday, 20 March 2019, he received a telephone call from Lorraine Travis, the People & Capability Manager at Villawood, advising he was stood down from work pending an investigation. He also received correspondence dated 20 March 2019 stating the same.

[19] On 26 March 2019, Mr Morcos received a letter notifying him of a disciplinary meeting on 28 March 2019, which he attended. On 1 April 2019, he provided a written response to the allegations regarding his conduct. On 17 April 2019, he received a letter advising him of a meeting to be held on 18 April 2019. He attended this meeting, where he was told he was summarily dismissed.

[20] Mr Morcos stated that during his employment with Serco, commencing in 2011, he was not aware of any performance or conduct issues ever having arisen.

[21] As at the time of the hearing, Mr Morcos had been unsuccessful in finding alternate work, despite actively searching and applying for positions. He attached to his witness statement of 1 July 2019 evidence of the numerous jobs he had applied for. Mr Morcos has also applied for the Age Pension with Centrelink and a determination is pending.

[22] A statutory declaration of Mr Terry Hugo dated 29 June 2019 was also tendered in evidence.[8] Mr Hugo is a Detainee Service Officer with Serco and the representative for the union United Voice. He was not required for cross-examination. Mr Hugo's declaration stated that he was Mr Morcos' support person at a meeting held on 28 March 2019.

[23] Counsel for Mr Morcos accepted that Mr Morcos was not totally forthcoming when advising Serco how many beers he had consumed, a fact that Mr Morcos himself accepted in cross-examination.[9] However, at the same time, Mr Morcos did not deny having consumed alcohol or attempt to avoid the testing process. On this basis, it was submitted that the failure to be candid regarding the number of drinks consumed was immaterial in relation to the testing result. It was further put that the alcohol reading was low, and nothing was put to demonstrate that he would not be able to perform his work functions. The lack of impairment was validated by Mr Morcos being legally able to drive his motor vehicle home.

[24] It was submitted on behalf of Mr Morcos that he was not provided with a final warning in accordance with the Policy where a worker returns a breath alcohol reading between 0.01 and 0.05.

[25] It was contended that the Policy breach was not wilful or premeditated, considering Mr Morcos was given only a short period of notice before the shift (which he was not obliged to accept) commenced. It was submitted that the penalty of dismissal was disproportionate to the misconduct. Mr Morcos had eight years of unblemished service, other employees who have tested positive have not been dismissed, and Mr Morcos' chances of obtaining alternative employment were negligible.

[26] Mr Logan Drury was, at the time of Mr Morcos' dismissal, employed by Serco in the role of Health Safety Environment and Wellbeing Professional at Villawood. Mr Drury is a certified drug and alcohol collector and in his role is routinely involved in the conducting of random drug and alcohol testing.

[27] At approximately 5:17 pm on 16 March 2019, Mr Morcos' name was one of eight randomly selected to be subject to a drug and alcohol test. Mr Drury stated that immediately before testing, he asked Mr Morcos whether he was taking any medication that may affect the outcome of the test. Mr Morcos responded that he had a beer at lunch and asked whether that would be OK.

[28] Mr Morcos' first test result for alcohol was 0.037. Prior to conducting a second test, Mr Drury asked Mr Morcos what time he had consumed the beer he had earlier mentioned. Mr Morcos replied that it was at 4:00 pm and that he had had two beers. Mr Morcos stated that he consumed the second beer around 3:30 pm and that he had been asked to work the shift at 4:30 pm.

[29] A second test was conducted 15 minutes after the first test, which produced a reading of 0.032. Mr Morcos then asked whether he needed to go home. Mr Drury responded that this was the process and asked whether he could call him a taxi. Mr Morcos indicated as he lived close, he would drive home, to which Mr Drury responded that he thought it better that he went by taxi or at least wait a bit before driving home. Mr Morcos was then advised that the results would be passed to the Site Manager.

[30] Mr Drury attached to his witness statement[10] a copy of an email he sent to the General Manager at 9:10 am the following morning, 17 March 2019, advising Mr Taylor of the breath alcohol testing results. The email states that he explained to Mr Morcos that while he was not able to work onsite, the reading was below the legal limit to drive. Mr Drury's email does not mention that he offered to call a taxi for Mr Morcos and that Mr Morcos declined the offer.

[31] Ms Lorraine Travis occupies the position of People & Capability Manager for Serco, based at the Villawood Immigration Detention Centre. Ms Travis testified that Mr Morcos had attended all relevant training relating to Serco's Code of Conduct and policies, including the Policy and the Procedure.[11]

[32] Ms Travis stated that in the evening of 16 March 2019, Mr Drury advised her of the circumstances involving Mr Morcos. It is the practice to stand down on full pay an employee who produces a positive alcohol reading. On Wednesday 20 March 2019, Ms Travis rang the applicant, telling him that he would be receiving a letter stating he was stood down on full pay and that details of a meeting would be advised. Mr Morcos asked whether his employment would be terminated. Ms Travis responded that the process needed to be followed and a finding would be made.

[33] Ms Travis then prepared a letter to be sent to Mr Morcos, which was signed by Mr Don Taylor, the General Manager, and dated 20 March 2019.

[34] Mr Morcos received a further letter dated 26 March 2019, advising of a disciplinary meeting to be held on 28 March 2019. The letter set out his alleged breaches of Serco's values, the Code of Conduct, the Policy, the Serco Immigration Services Agreement 2018 and the Workplace Health and Safety Act 2011. Mr Paul Rushton, Residential Manager, Mr Morcos, his support person Mr Hugo, and Ms Travis attended the meeting.

[35] Ms Travis made a written record of the meeting and forwarded a copy to Mr Morcos on 29 March 2019. Mr Morcos responded that afternoon, stating that the record was incorrect because it said he had consumed only one beer, when he had stated he had consumed two beers, one at lunchtime and a second that he finished at 4:00 pm.

[36] Following this meeting, Mr Morcos submitted a written response to the allegations on 1 April 2019.

[37] Ms Travis' evidence was that the General Manager made the decision to dismiss Mr Morcos. She did not make any recommendations to Mr Taylor concerning the outcome of the investigation. Mr Taylor notified Ms Travis on or around 17 April 2019 that he was going to dismiss Mr Morcos. Mr Morcos was then asked to attend a meeting on 18 April 2019. This meeting was attended by Mr Morcos, Mr Hugo as a support person, Mr Taylor and herself. At the meeting, Mr Morcos was handed his dismissal letter.

[38] Ms Travis stated that she did not believe that it would be appropriate for Mr Morcos to be reinstated for a number of reasons, including that she would have no trust and confidence in Mr Morcos as an employee. Despite expressing this view, Ms Travis accepted during cross-examination that she would have no role in any reinstatement of Mr Morcos and on that basis, her views on the appropriateness of his reinstatement were irrelevant.[12]

[39] Mr Morcos remained stood down on full pay until his dismissal on 18 April 2019.

[40] Mr Taylor is Serco's General Manager, based at Villawood. He is responsible for the overall day-to-day management and operations of the Centre, including safety and security staff, detainees, visitors and contractors. Mr Taylor commenced with Serco in September 2017. At the time of Mr Taylor's evidence, Villawood held 410 detainees. Mr Morcos was one of approximately 40 Detainee Service Officers that formed part of the operational crew for a given shift.

[41] Mr Taylor stated that he was the decision-maker in respect of Mr Morcos' dismissal. He was responsible for the correspondence sent to Mr Morcos on 20 and 26 March 2019 and his dismissal letter of 18 April 2019,[13] having decided on 17 April 2019 that Mr Morcos was to be dismissed. Mr Taylor acted of his own volition and did not receive any recommendations from others.[14]

[42] Mr Taylor did not attend the 28 March 2019 disciplinary meeting but considered the notes of the meeting written by Ms Travis and Mr Morcos' response to the notes. Mr Taylor also had regard to Mr Morcos' written response of 1 April 2019. Mr Taylor attended the termination meeting on 18 April 2019.

[43] Mr Taylor stated that he would have little trust or confidence in Mr Morcos as an employee were Mr Morcos to be reinstated. Mr Taylor was concerned that Mr Morcos, having been prepared to attend work under the influence of alcohol, would undermine Serco's attempts to ensure the health and safety of its workforce and detainees. Mr Taylor's witness statement outlined the issues faced by Detainee Service Officers with detainees who can engage in self-harm and engage in abusive and violent behaviour.

[44] Under cross-examination, it did not appear to the Commission that Mr Taylor was fully conversant with the Policy, particularly the meaning of 'Intoxication' as a defined term therein.

[45] Mr Taylor agreed that the allegation in the 26 March 2019 letter he signed that Mr Morcos breached cl 3.2 of the Policy could not be substantiated, as clause 3.2 only prescribes the alcohol testing procedure.[15]

[46] Mr Taylor's evidence under cross-examination was that there was proven intoxication. In his view, that equated to the presence of alcohol,[16] which could be a reading of 0.01. Mr Taylor agreed that there was no evidence that Mr Morcos was impaired when he attended for work.[17]

[47] In explaining why alternatives to dismissal were not actioned as the Policy allows, in particular under the heading "in respect of Alcohol testing only", Mr Taylor stated that he reverted to another part of the Policy in cl 4.2, which states:

"if the misconduct is sufficiently serious to justify summary dismissal, the worker shall be dismissed and paid up to the time of dismissal only".

[48] Mr Taylor's evidence was that he was surprised that Mr Morcos worked a shift the day after his positive alcohol test. Mr Taylor acknowledged during cross-examination that he was aware of other employees who had been 'found to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol' but had continued in their employment with Serco.[18]

[49] Mr Taylor stated that Mr Morcos was dishonest in initially declaring that he had had one beer around lunchtime before his breath test, then only stating he had consumed a second beer within an hour and a half of coming to work after the first positive reading.[19] Further contributing to the seriousness of Mr Morcos' behaviour was that he attended work a short time after drinking, and of 'extreme seriousness' was the reputational damage to Serco as a contracted service provider.[20]

[50] Mr Taylor stated that among other reasons he had regard to cl 1.1 Purpose of the Policy when terminating Mr Morcos' employment.[21]

[51] Serco submitted that the dismissal was not unfair and the reasons for his dismissal were justified and substantiated. Serco submitted in particular that Mr Morcos was well aware of the Policy and the need to attend for work with a zero-alcohol reading. Mr Morcos had had the opportunity to decline the additional shift, but instead took a calculated risk in accepting it. When asked how many alcoholic drinks he had consumed, Mr Morcos was not entirely truthful in responding to Mr Drury's questions.

[52] Serco submitted that the dismissal process was carried out in a procedurally fair manner. Mr Morcos was provided with every opportunity to respond to the allegations regarding his conduct. Due to the nature of the work and the special circumstances of a detention facility environment, the dismissal could not be considered to be unfair. Mr Morcos' actions were deliberate and constituted acts and omissions that justified summary dismissal. It was further put that should unfairness be found, Mr Morcos should not be reinstated, as the employer no longer had the necessary level of trust and confidence in Mr Morcos. Serco said this was evident from the evidence of Ms Travis and Mr Taylor.

Was the dismissal harsh, unjust or unreasonable?

[53] Section 387 of the Act provides that, in considering whether it is satisfied that a dismissal was harsh, unjust or unreasonable, the Commission must take into account:

"(a) whether there was a valid reason for the dismissal related to the person's capacity or conduct (including its effect on the safety and welfare of other employees); and

(b) whether the person was notified of that reason; and

(c) whether the person was given an opportunity to respond to any reason related to the capacity or conduct of the person; and

(d) any unreasonable refusal by the employer to allow the person to have a support person present to assist at any discussions relating to dismissal; and

(e) if the dismissal related to unsatisfactory performance by the person - whether the person had been warned about that unsatisfactory performance before the dismissal; and

(f) the degree to which the size of the employer's enterprise would be likely to impact on the procedures followed in effecting the dismissal; and

(g) the degree to which the absence of dedicated human resource management specialists or expertise in the enterprise would be likely to impact on the procedures followed in effecting the dismissal; and

(h) any other matters that the FWC considers relevant."

[54] I am required to consider each of these criteria, to the extent they are relevant to the circumstances of the unfair dismissal application.[22]

[55] I set out my consideration of each below.

Was there a valid reason for the dismissal related to the Applicant's capacity or conduct?

[56] The term "valid reason" was considered by Northrop J in Selvachandran v Petron Plastics Pty Ltd,[23] in relation to s.170DE of the Industrial Relations Act 1988. While under a different legislative framework, the below comments of Northrop J remain apposite:

"Section 170DE(1) refers to 'a valid reason, or valid reasons', but the Act does not give a meaning to those phrases or the adjective `valid'. A reference to dictionaries shows that the word `valid' has a number of different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. In the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, the relevant meaning given is: `2. Of an argument, assertion, objection, etc.; well founded and applicable, sound, defensible: Effective, having some force, pertinency, or value.' In the Macquarie Dictionary the relevant meaning is `sound, just or well founded; a valid reason.'

In its context in s 170DE(1), the adjective `valid' should be given the meaning of sound, defensible or well founded. A reason which is capricious, fanciful, spiteful or prejudiced could never be a valid reason for the purposes of s 170DE(1). At the same time the reason must be valid in the context of the employee's capacity or conduct or based upon the operational requirements of the employer's business. Further, in considering whether a reason is valid, it must be remembered that the requirement applies in the practical sphere of the relationship between an employer and an employee where each has rights and privileges and duties and obligations conferred and imposed on them. The provisions must `be applied in a practical, common-sense way to ensure that' the employer and employee are each treated fairly, see what was said by Wilcox CJ in Gibson v Bosmac Pty Ltd (1995) 60 IR 1, when considering the construction and application of a s 170DC."

[57] In B, C and D v Australian Postal Corporation T/A Australia Post,[24] a Full Bench of the Commission commented on the approach to assessing whether there is a valid reason for an employee's dismissal pursuant to s.387(a) of the Act, relating to their capacity or conduct, where the employee is alleged to have committed misconduct:

"[34] In considering whether there was a valid reason for a dismissal under s.387(a), the reason(s) being considered are the employer's reason(s). In a misconduct case, the Commission is concerned with whether the misconduct in fact occurred, not with whether the employer has reasonable grounds to believe that it occurred (eg. Yew v ACI Glass Packaging Pty Ltd,[25] Sherman v Peabody Coal Ltd,[26] Australian Meat Holdings Pty Ltd v McLauchlan.[27]

[35] Subject to that, as indicated by Northrop J in Selvachandran,[28] "valid reason" is assessed from the perspective of the employer and by reference to the acts or omissions that constitute the alleged misconduct on which the employer relied, considered in isolation from the broader context in which they occurred. It is the reason of the employer, assessed from the perspective of the employer, that must be a "valid reason" where "valid" has its ordinary meaning of "sound, defensible or well founded". As Northrop J noted, the requirement for a valid reason "should not impose a severe barrier to the right of an employer to dismiss an employee.

[36] A failure to comply with a lawful and reasonable policy is a breach of the fundamental term of the contract of employment that obliges employees to comply with the lawful and reasonable directions of the employer. In this way, a substantial and wilful breach of a policy will often, if not usually, constitute a "valid reason" for dismissal." (emphases in original)

[58] The above cases provide authority for holding that a 'valid reason' means the reason for the dismissal must be sound, defensible or well founded, and should not be 'capricious, fanciful, spiteful or prejudiced'. The Commission continues to adopt this approach to determining whether a valid reason exists in unfair dismissal matters.

[59] Mr Morcos tested positive after being subject to a random drug and alcohol test. Serco then summarily terminated Mr Morcos' employment because it found he had committed numerous breaches outlined in the dismissal letter, as follows:

• Clause 1(b) - Organisation Arrangements-Failed to perform his duties and responsibilities to work to the best of his ability to promote the interests of the company
• Clause 10 - Company Policies - Failed to comply with Company Policies

• Failed to ensure actions did not bring SIS or the Immigration Detention Facilities into disrepute.
• Be honest, courteous and helpful.
• Provide prompt attention, accurate information and meet commitments.
• Observe the spirit and letter of the law, and company policies governing the workplace.
• Ensure that the Department's "duty of care" obligations are met where I am involved.
• Providing high standards of service to detainees and staff.

Breach of the Serco Immigration Services Agreement- 2018

• Clause 11 (I) - It is a condition of employment that employees maintain a state of readiness on duty and conduct themselves in a manner which ensures their ability to respond throughout their period of duty.

• Failed to take reasonable care to ensure his own safety and health at work and to avoid adversely affecting the safety and health of any other person by their act or omission at work.

• Clause 1.1 Purpose of this Policy - ... Serco has a zero-tolerance approach to any Worker working under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs. Under no circumstances shall any work be conducted where the Worker has consumed or is under the influence of Alcohol or Drugs"

[60] I accept, as put by the applicant's counsel, that having regard to the above, the reasons for dismissal appear to be "a grab bag of allegations".[29]

[61] There is no dispute between the parties that Mr Morcos attended for work with a level of alcohol concentration above 0.00, as measured by a breathalyser. On this basis, under the Policy, he would be unable to commence work. This is established having regard to the purpose of the Policy at clause 1.1 that "[u]nder no circumstances shall any work be conducted where the Worker has consumed... Alcohol". The reference to having consumed alcohol is taken to mean registering a reading above 0.00.

[62] It is not a requirement, in establishing whether a valid reason for a dismissal exists, to conclude that the reason for the dismissal was serious enough to justify summary dismissal, as occurred in this case. The Commission need only be concerned that the reason for the dismissal is well founded and not capricious, fanciful, spiteful or prejudiced. Mr Morcos accepted a shift knowing that he had consumed alcohol earlier that day and was therefore at a risk of being above 0.00 in respect of his blood alcohol content, contrary to the employer's Policy, of which he had full knowledge. In addition, having arrived at the worksite, he then misled the person conducting the random drug and alcohol testing as to his level of alcohol consumption.

[63] Having regard to the matters above, I find that there was a valid reason for the dismissal related to the applicant's conduct being that Mr Morcos agreed to attend work despite knowing that he could be in excess of 0.00 while performing work in breach of the Policy.

[64] While it is not necessary to further consider the other breaches that Serco relies on to establish a valid reason for Mr Morcos' dismissal, I would have had difficulty accepting that all the listed breaches were made out to the requisite standard.

[65] Having found that a valid reason for the dismissal exists, the Commission is obliged to consider the other factors contained in ss.387(b)-(h) of the Act. As stated by the Full Bench in Container Terminals Australia Limited v Toby[30]:

"In our view, the consideration of whether there was a valid reason for termination is a separate issue from the determination of whether a termination was harsh, unjust or unreasonable."

Was the Applicant notified of the valid reason?

[66] There was no controversy regarding Mr Morcos having been notified of the reason for his dismissal. The dismissal letter sets out the employer's reasons for dismissing him.

Was the Applicant given an opportunity to respond to any valid reason related to their capacity or conduct?

[67] This was not in dispute. Mr Morcos was advised of the allegations made against him in correspondence dated 26 March 2019, attended a meeting on 28 March 2019 and provided a written response to the allegations on 1 April 2019.

Was the Applicant warned about unsatisfactory performance before the dismissal?

[68] As the dismissal did not relate to unsatisfactory performance, but rather a one-off incident that the employer deemed to be serious misconduct, this factor is not relevant to the present circumstances.

To what degree would the size of the Respondent's enterprise be likely to impact on the procedures followed in effecting the dismissal?

[69] Neither party submitted that the size of the employer's enterprise was likely to impact on the procedures followed in effecting the dismissal. Serco stated in its initial response (Form F3) to the application that it had 2,400 employees. I find that the size of Serco's enterprise had no impact on the procedures followed in effecting the dismissal.

To what degree would the absence of dedicated human resource management specialists or expertise in the Respondent's enterprise be likely to impact on the procedures followed in effecting the dismissal?

[70] There was no evidence that Serco lacked dedicated human resource management specialists and expertise. While Ms Travis, the People and Capability Manager, said she had no input into the General Manager, Mr Taylor's decision to dismiss Mr Morcos, she did assist in preparing correspondence signed off by Mr Taylor, and arranged and attended the two meetings with Mr Morcos.

[71] Section 387(h) of the Act requires the Commission to take into account any other matters that it considers relevant. It is well-established and accepted that a dismissal may still be harsh notwithstanding that there is a valid reason for dismissal. In Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd,[31] McHugh and Gummow JJ said:

"It may be that the termination is harsh but not unjust or unreasonable, unjust but not harsh or unreasonable, or unreasonable but not harsh or unjust. In many cases the concepts will overlap. Thus, the one termination of employment may be unjust because the employee was not guilty of the misconduct on which the employer acted, may be unreasonable because it was decided upon inferences which could not reasonably have been drawn from the material before the employer, and may be harsh in its consequences for the personal and economic situation of the employee or because it is disproportionate to the gravity of the misconduct in respect of which the employer acted."[32]

[72] In the circumstances of Mr Morcos' dismissal, there are a number of other matters that I consider relevant.

[73] There was no dispute that Mr Morcos was aware of the Policy. I am, however, concerned that the decision maker, Mr Taylor, was not aware of the details of the Policy, and that he interpreted and applied it incorrectly.

[74] The Policy states at cl 1.1, under the heading "Purpose of this Policy":

"Serco Immigration Services (Serco) is committed to a safe, healthy and secure environment for all Workers, and for those affected by its operations and activities, including clients, visitors and stakeholders. As a result of this commitment, Serco has a zero tolerance approach to any Worker working under the influence of Alcohol or Drugs. Under no circumstances shall any work be conducted where the Worker has consumed or is under the influence of Alcohol or Drugs."

[75] It is noted that the Policy refers to a zero-tolerance approach to an employee working who has consumed or is under the "influence" of alcohol. Having regard to the Policy in its entity, the zero-tolerance approach is limited to not allowing a worker to perform any work where they have consumed or are under the influence of alcohol. The definition of having consumed alcohol is, presumedly, where they return a breath alcohol reading greater than 0.00. One may also assume any worker under the influence of alcohol must have also consumed alcohol.

[76] Mr Taylor explained that "zero tolerance" meant that no work could be performed, but any disciplinary action arising from testing positive was discretionary.[33] In this regard, Serco's zero tolerance approach to alcohol does not automatically result (as is the case with some drug and alcohol policies, particularly in safety-critical industries and occupations) in summary dismissal where an employee tests positive to the presence of alcohol above prescribed tolerances.

[77] Clause 3.1 of the Policy states that drug and alcohol testing, which may include random testing, may occur for a number of reasons. Where random alcohol testing is conducted, clause 3.2 of the Policy states it will be undertaken via the use of a breathalyser by a suitably trained and authorised collector who has been deemed competent under Australian law. Where a worker returns a positive reading of above 0.01, the procedures in section 4 of the Policy apply.

[78] Clause 4.2 of the Policy is titled "Non Negative results". In the first part of clause 4.2, it refers to Serco treating "proven Intoxication" as serious misconduct justifying dismissal. In dealing with allegations of Intoxication:

"if Intoxication has occurred, Serco will in its absolute discretion and depending on the circumstances take action according to one or more of the following options:

● direct the Worker to undergo independent medical assessment by a Serco designated medical practitioner,

● make findings of fact and, if the facts prove serious misconduct due to intoxication or on safety reasons:

• Dismiss the Worker with or without notice,
• Consider disciplinary action short of dismissal, such as a warning or some lawful direction including that the Worker must undergo a rehabilitation program under the EAP, or
• as above, but failure to undergo the rehabilitation program or failure to successfully complete the program as a separate form of serious misconduct due to failure to comply with a reasonable and lawful direction

● if the misconduct is sufficiently serious to justify summary dismissal, the worker shall be dismissed and paid up to the time of dismissal only..."

[79] At cl 4.2, the Policy also sets out what is to occur "in respect of Alcohol testing only":

• where testing is undertaken within the first hour of the Worker's shift and returns a reading between 0.00 and 0.01, the test will be retaken after 30 minutes. If the result is still above 0.00, the Worker will be required to undertake formal counselling,

• where a Worker returns a reading of between 0.01 and 0.05, the Worker will be stood down from their work duties immediately and will be given a formal warning at the commencement of their next shift. Another positive reading of above 0.01 may result in disciplinary action (including dismissal), and

• where a Worker returns a reading of over 0.05, the Worker will be required to undergo an accredited rehabilitation program and may only return to normal work duties following the provision of certification (that the Worker has completed the accredited rehabilitation program) to the Human Resources Manager. Another positive reading of any level may result in disciplinary action (including dismissal)."

[80] As seen above, where an employee returns a reading of between 0.01 and 0.05, as Mr Morcos did, they are to be stood down immediately and given a formal warning at the commencement of their next shift. There is no reference to dismissal being an outcome unless another positive reading of above 0.01 occurs (presumably, on another shift). Then disciplinary action, which may include dismissal, may be taken. Of course, Serco retains the overriding ability to dismiss an employee if, as the Policy states, the misconduct is sufficiently serious to justify summary dismissal, as Mr Taylor concluded in Mr Morcos' case.

[81] Where testing produces a non-negative test result, clause 4.2 of the Policy, "Non Negative results", also sets out what is to occur where a worker is found to be "Intoxicated". This is presumed to apply to alcohol or drug consumption:

● in accordance with Regulation 1.07 of the Fair Work Regulations 2009:[34]

○ treat proven Intoxication as serious misconduct justifying dismissal..."

although the Policy goes on to state that Serco may "consider disciplinary action short of dismissal", such as a warning or direction to undergo a rehabilitation program.

[82] It is noted that the Policy refers to "Intoxication" with a capital 'I', indicating it is a defined term. At clause 1.2 of the Policy, "Definitions", "Intoxicated" is defined as follows:

"means, in respect of a Worker, that a Worker's faculties are by reason of the Worker being under the influence of Alcohol or Drugs, so impaired that the Worker is unfit to be entrusted with the Worker's duties or with any duty that the Worker may be called upon to perform. A Worker who is intoxicated may show Signs of Impairment or Signs of Intoxication, or both. "Intoxication" has a corresponding meaning."

[83] The Policy also defines at 1.2 the terms "Signs of Impairment" and "Signs of Intoxication".

[84] "Signs of Impairment" are said to include:

• problems with coordination, forgetfulness or near miss incidents, and
• possible time management issues."

[85] "Signs of Intoxication" are defined under the Policy to include:

• slurred or incoherent speech,
• poor balance or unsteadiness on feet,
• red, bloodshot or watery eyes,
• flushed or ruddy face,
• noticeably smaller or larger pupils,
• lack of, or poor, motor coordination,
• being aggressive or argumentative,
• being overexcited or agitated,
• being unable to follow simple instruction,
• drowsiness or falling asleep during job break,
• difficulty in concentrating on tasks or conversation, and
• loss of inhibitions."

[86] When asked during cross-examination whether there was "proven Intoxication" in Mr Morcos' case, Mr Taylor stated that in his view, intoxication was the presence of alcohol, and so, a reading of 0.01 would mean an employee is intoxicated.[35] This understanding is contrary to the plain wording of the Policy, which defines intoxication as being so impaired that the employee is unfit to be entrusted with their duties.

[87] In the concluding paragraph of Mr Taylor's witness statement, he states:

"The Applicant demonstrated to me that he was prepared to attend work under the influence of alcohol ... "

[88] The Policy does not define the meaning of being under the "influence" of alcohol, though that word is used in the definition of Intoxication. However, Mr Taylor was of the view, consistent with his understanding of the meaning of intoxication, that being "under the influence of alcohol" was equivalent to the presence of any alcohol in one's system.[36]

[89] The Policy provides under the heading "in respect of Alcohol testing only"[37] that where a worker returns a reading of between 0.01 and 0.05, they will be stood down from their work duties immediately and given a formal warning at the commencement of their next shift. Serco did not apply this aspect of the Policy to Mr Morcos, on the basis that his actions constituted serious misconduct.

[90] Mr Taylor explained that the key contributing factors to the seriousness of Mr Morcos' misconduct were that he willingly attended work after drinking alcohol only a short period before his shift and had taken a risk of not being detected. Secondly, and described as being extremely serious, was the reputational damage to Serco as a contracted service provider.[38]

[91] Wilful or deliberate behaviour amounting to serious misconduct is conduct which strikes at the heart of the employment relationship. In North v Television Corporation Ltd, [39] Franki J stated:

"It is clear that a single act of disobedience may be sufficient to justify dismissal on the ground of misconduct but it was held in Laws v London Chronicle (Indicator Newspapers) Ltd [1959] 2 All ER 285, that to justify summary dismissal a single act must be such as to show that the employee was repudiating the contract of service or one of its essential conditions."

[92] The decision of Laws v London Chronicle (Indicator Newspapers) Ltd, referred to above, makes it plain that an act of disobedience or misconduct (justifying summary dismissal) requires that the disobedience must be also be 'wilful':

"... I do, however, think (following the passages which I have already cited) that one act of disobedience or misconduct can justify dismissal only if it is of a nature which goes to show (in effect) that the servant is repudiating the contract, or one of its essential conditions; and for that reason, therefore, I think that one finds in the passages which I have read that the disobedience must at least have the quality that it is "wilful": it does (in other words) connote a deliberate flouting of the essential contractual conditions."

[93] In Buitendag v Ravensthorpe Nickel Operations Pty Ltd,[40] Le Miere J made the following observation at [48]:

"The defendant [the employer] bears the onus of establishing the serious misconduct. The applicable standard of proof is on the balance of probabilities, but both commonsense and authority dictate that findings of serious misconduct should not be made lightly: Carter v Dennis Family Corporation[41] [46] (Habersberger J)."

[94] Serco did not explain, in view of the perceived seriousness of Mr Morcos' conduct, why it invited him to work an additional 12-hour shift (which he did) commencing at 6:00 pm the following day, despite the details of his positive reading having been sent to Mr Taylor at 9:10 am that morning.[42] Mr Taylor appeared to be unaware of this fact, notwithstanding it being raised in Mr Morcos' witness statement, which Mr Taylor acknowledged he had read.[43]

[95] The Policy, as extracted above, provides that employees testing up to a reading of 0.05 receive a warning at the commencement of their next shift. Those returning a reading over 0.05 are required to undergo a rehabilitation program. On this basis, it was not explained how employees receiving these sanctions would not have attended work willingly knowing they were at a risk of detection like Mr Morcos did.

[96] Serco also did not explain how Mr Morcos' positive reading would cause serious reputational damage when the Policy provides for employees with a positive alcohol reading to return to work on their following shift if recording between 0.01 and 0.05, or, if recording over 0.05, after completing a rehabilitation program.[44]

[97] Mr Taylor acknowledged that there were Serco employees who had tested positive to the presence of alcohol who had not been dismissed.[45] While the circumstances of other employees will never be identical to those of Mr Morcos, exhibits A4 to A7 demonstrated that a positive alcohol reading did not always result in dismissal of the employee.

[98] The seriousness of Mr Morcos' conduct included his misleading responses to Mr Drury when asked how many alcoholic drinks he had consumed. Although this aspect was not dealt with in Mr Taylor's witness statement, it is referred to in the dismissal letter.

[99] It should be noted that irrespective of how many drinks Mr Morcos consumed or stated he had consumed, the breathalyser result, together with whether the circumstances constitute serious misconduct, determines what action Serco takes under its Policy, unless it is demonstrated to be inaccurate.[46] Mr Morcos did not dispute that he was not entirely frank when first discussing with Mr Drury his alcohol consumption, having commenced by saying he had had one beer and later saying he had consumed two. However, he also did not at any stage deny he had consumed alcohol prior to attending for work.

[100] In considering all the circumstances and having regard to the evidence of the decision-maker, Mr Taylor, I do not accept that Mr Morcos' conduct could be described as serious misconduct. Under Serco's Policy, which states that attending for work with a reading of between 0.01 and 0.05 results in a warning and over 0.05, a requirement to attend a rehabilitation program. The only exception to this procedure is where serious misconduct occurs.

[101] Even where the facts prove serious misconduct due to intoxication or for safety reasons, in addition to the option of dismissal without notice, the Policy provides for the consideration of:

"disciplinary action short of dismissal, such as a warning or some lawful direction including that the Worker must undergo a rehabilitation program under the EAP..."[47]

[102] In accordance with Serco's own Policy, Mr Morcos was supposed to be given a warning at the commencement of his next shift. The Policy does not state that knowingly attending work having consumed alcohol is considered serious misconduct. Alleged reputational damage coupled with attending for work having consumed alcohol cannot reasonably be viewed as serious misconduct when the Policy contemplates the possibility of a lesser sanction for that same conduct.

[103] It appears that Serco had no or little regard to the fact that Mr Morcos was on a day off when it asked him at 4:45 pm to work an extra shift that would commence with a briefing at 5:45 pm.[48] Although it was common for Mr Morcos to be asked to work on a day off, he had not consumed alcohol at a time when he knew he was shortly to commence work.

[104] Where an employee has not been entirely frank, or even where they have been misleading, it does not follow that that a dismissal was not harsh, unjust or unreasonable. As stated in Woodman v Hoyts Corporation Pty Ltd,[49] "[i]t is the totality of the relevant facts in each case which must be considered in the context both of the particular employment relationship and the employer's undertaking."

[105] Where an employer's disciplinary actions are judged to lie outside the description of a reasonable and just response to the relevant conduct, and are disproportionate, a finding of unreasonableness or injustice may be made.[50] Having considered each of the matters specified in s.387 of the Act, I am satisfied that Mr Morcos' dismissal was unreasonable. In all the circumstances, I am therefore satisfied that he was unfairly dismissed within the meaning of s.385 of the Act.

[106] Being satisfied that Mr Morcos was unfairly dismissed the Commission may, subject to the provisions of the Act, order reinstatement, or the payment of compensation. The primary remedy for a finding of unfair dismissal is reinstatement;[51] compensation alone is not to be awarded unless the Commission is satisfied that reinstatement is inappropriate. This is reflected at s.390(3) of the Act, where it states that the Commission must not order the payment of compensation unless:

"(a) the FWC is satisfied that reinstatement of the person is inappropriate; and

(b) the FWC considers an order for payment of compensation is appropriate in all the circumstances of the case."

Is reinstatement of the Applicant inappropriate?

[107] Mr Morcos sought reinstatement as a remedy. On his evidence, I accept that he has encountered difficulties in finding alternative employment, which may continue for some time.

[108] Serco submitted that reinstatement should not be entertained on the basis that they had lost trust and confidence in Mr Morcos. This was the evidence of Ms Travis and Mr Taylor, who both stated that employees must take personal responsibility for ensuring safety and compliance with Serco policies. Mr Taylor also expressed the view that reinstatement had the potential to cause reputational damage to Serco and would significantly undermine Serco's attempts to ensure the health and safety of its workforce and detainees.

[109] Serco referred to the Full Bench decision of Nguyen v Vietnamese Community in Australia t/a Vietnamese Community Ethnic School South Australia Chapter.[52] In this decision at [27], the Full Bench distilled from a collection of decided cases a number of propositions relevant to the impact of loss of trust and confidence on the appropriateness of an order for reinstatement:

"• Whether there has been a loss of trust and confidence is a relevant consideration in determining whether reinstatement is appropriate but while it will often be an important consideration it is not the sole criterion or even a necessary one in determining whether or not to order reinstatement.

• Each case must be decided on its own facts, including the nature of the employment concerned. There may be a limited number of circumstances in which any ripple on the surface of the employment relationship will destroy its viability but in most cases the employment relationship is capable of withstanding some friction and doubts.

• An allegation that there has been a loss of trust and confidence must be soundly and rationally based and it is important to carefully scrutinise a claim that reinstatement is inappropriate because of a loss of confidence in the employee. The onus of establishing a loss of trust and confidence rests on the party making the assertion.

• The reluctance of an employer to shift from a view, despite a tribunal's assessment that the employee was not guilty of serious wrongdoing or misconduct, does not provide a sound basis to conclude that the relationship of trust and confidence is irreparably damaged or destroyed.

• The fact that it may be difficult or embarrassing for an employer to be required to re-employ an employee whom the employer believed to have been guilty of serious wrongdoing or misconduct are not necessarily indicative of a loss of trust and confidence so as to make restoring the employment relationship inappropriate."

[110] The Full Bench also stated at [28] that in making an assessment it is appropriate to consider the "rationality of any attitude taken by a party".

[111] The Full Court of the Federal Court in Perkins v Grace Worldwide (Aust) Pty Ltd,[53] in discussing the concept of trust and confidence, stated:

"In most cases, the employment relationship is capable of withstanding some friction and doubts. Trust and confidence are concepts of degree. It is rare for any human being to have total trust in another."

[112] In Regional Express Holdings Limited trading as REX Airlines v Richards, [54] the Full Bench made the following observations regarding loss of trust and confidence:

"Whenever an employer dismisses an employee for misconduct, assuming the employer is acting honestly, there is an implied loss of trust and confidence in the employee. If it is subsequently found that the termination was harsh, unjust or unreasonable it is appropriate to consider whether the relationship can be restored if the employee is reinstated. That question cannot be answered solely by reference to the views of management witnesses. All of the circumstances should be taken into account."

[113] The following reasons indicate that Serco has overstated the impact Mr Morcos' reinstatement would have on its operations. First, Serco has a Policy that accepts employees may test positive to alcohol and still remain employed unless serious misconduct is involved. The applicant has provided examples of such employees.[55] Secondly, Mr Morcos consumed alcohol on his rostered day off, as opposed to doing so knowing he was rostered to work the same or following day. Finally, Serco invited Mr Morcos to return to work the following day and commence another 12-hour shift, despite having tested positive the previous day.

[114] Mr Morcos acknowledged that he was not upfront in explaining to Mr Drury details of his actual alcohol consumption. Serco have not submitted that Mr Morcos continues to be untruthful. I do not consider Mr Morcos' lack of candour to questions from Mr Drury to be so critical that his reinstatement should be ruled out.

[115] Other than Mr Taylor's reference to reputational damage, nothing further was put to support Serco's position.

[116] Despite Serco's submissions, I am not satisfied that the working relationship between Mr Morcos and Serco would be so untenable that it should prevent Mr Morcos being reinstated.

[117] Section 391(1)(a) of the Act provides that an order for the applicant's reinstatement must be an order that the employer at the time of the dismissal reinstate the applicant by:

"(a) reappointing the Applicant to the position in which the Applicant was employed immediately before the dismissal; or..."

[118] I am satisfied that it is open to the Commission to make an order reinstating Mr Morcos to the position in which he was employed immediately before the dismissal and such an order will issue.

Reinstatement - is it appropriate to make an order to maintain continuity?

[119] Section 391(2) of the Act provides that, if the Commission makes an order for reinstatement and considers it appropriate to do so, the Commission may also make any order that the Commission considers appropriate to maintain:

(b) the period of the person's continuous service with the employer..."

[120] In all the circumstances, I consider it appropriate to make an order to maintain Mr Morcos' continuity of employment and the period of his continuous service with Serco.

[121] As explained by the Full Bench in Kenley v JB Hi Fi,[56] continuity of employment ensures that the period specified is taken into account when determining any entitlement to service-related benefits.

Reinstatement - is it appropriate to make an order to restore lost pay?

[122] Section 391(3) of the Act provides that, if the Commission makes an order for reinstatement and considers it appropriate to do so, the Commission may also make any order that the Commission considers appropriate to cause the employer to pay to the applicant an amount for the remuneration lost, or likely to have been lost, by the applicant because of the dismissal.

[123] Section 391(4) of the Act provides that, in determining an amount for the purposes of such an order, the Commission must take into account:

"(a) the amount of any remuneration earned by the person from employment or other work during the period between the dismissal and the making of the order for reinstatement; and

(b) the amount of any remuneration reasonably likely to be so earned by the person during the period between the making of the order for reinstatement and the actual reinstatement."

[124] An order to restore lost pay does not necessarily follow an order for reinstatement. The Commission "may make any order that it considers appropriate"; thus, it is a discretionary exercise to be undertaken by the Commission.

[125] Mr Morcos' evidence was that while he had looked for worked since his dismissal, he had not been successful and had applied for the Age Pension.

[126] Where an employee has engaged in misconduct, the Commission may refuse to make any order to restore lost pay.[57] In the circumstances of this matter, I do not intend to make any order for lost pay. I consider that although Mr Morcos' conduct did not warrant termination of employment in the circumstances; it was still inappropriate. As he acknowledged in his written response to Serco of 1 April 2019, he understood despite believing he would not test positive if subject to random testing, he had made a mistake by attending work after having consumed alcohol. I have also taken into consideration the reinstatement order that will maintain his continuity of employment and period of continuous service in declining to make any order to restore lost pay.

[127] The applicant's claim that he was unfairly dismissed is upheld. An order for reinstatement with an order to maintain continuity of employment and his period of continuous service will issue with this decision. The order will come into effect 14 days from the date of the order.

Mr I Latham of Counsel and Mr Y Maksisi, Solicitor, for the Applicant.

Mr P Brown, Solicitor, and Ms L Tran for the Respondent.

[1] Attachment LT5 to the witness statement of Ms Lorraine Travis, Exhibit R2.

[2] Attachment LT7 to the witness statement of Ms Lorraine Travis, Exhibit R2.

[5] PN360-3, 392-424; paragraph [4] of Exhibit A2.

[11] Witness statement of 22 July 2019 at [18]-[19], Exhibit R2.

[13] Witness statement of 24 July 2019, Exhibit R3.

[22] Sayer v Melsteel Pty Ltd [2011] FWAFB 7498 [14]; Smith & Ors v Moore Paragon Australia Ltd PR915674 (AIRCFB, Ross VP, Lacy SDP, Simmonds C, 21 March 2002) [69].

[23] (1995) 62 IR 371, 373.

[24] [2013] FWCFB 6191; (2013) 238 IR 1.

[25] (1996) 71 IR 201.

[26] (1998) 88 IR 408.

[27] (1998) 84 IR 1.

[28] Selvachandran v Peteron Plastics Pty Ltd (1995) 62 IR 371.

[29] Applicant's written submissions 23 August 2019 [5].

[34] This regulation provides guidance on what may be considered serious misconduct where the term is used in the Act. However, the term is not used in the Act's unfair dismissal provisions; see Owen Sharp v BCS Infrastructure Support Pty Limited [2015] FWCFB 1033 [33].

[37]Attachment LT5 to the witness statement of Ms Lorraine Travis at page 17, Exhibit R2.

[39] [1976] CthArbRp 1465; (1976) 11 ALR 599, 616.

[40] [2012] WASC 425.

[41] Carter v The Dennis Family Corporation Pty Ltd [2010] VSC 406.

[42] Annexure LD2 to the statement of Mr Drury, Exhibit R1. Mr Taylor acknowledged he had received the email at [10] of his witness statement, Exhibit R3.

[44] Recording exactly 0.05 is presumed to be a reading between 0.01 and 0.05.

[46] Unless some other acceptable explanation is provided for the reading.

[48] Witness statement of Mr Morcos of 1 July 2019, Exhibit A1 [21]-[23].

[49] (2001) 107 IR 172 [30].

[50] DP World Sydney Ltd v Lambley [2012] FWAFB 4810 [26].

[51] Explanatory Memorandum, Fair Work Bill 2008 [1555].

[52] [2014] FWCFB 7198.

[53] (1997) 72 IR 186, at 191.

[54] [2010] FWAFB 8753; (2010) 206 IR 17 at 24 paragraph [26].

[56] Print S7235 (AIRCFB, Ross VP, Watson SDP, Holmes C, 22 June 2000) [34].

[57] See Regional Express Holdings Ltd v Richards [2010] FWAFB 8753; (2010) 206 IR 17 [29].

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