1.1. The glass pane to be tested shall not be rigidly secured; it may however be fastened on an identical glass pane by means of adhesive tape applied all round the edge.
1.2. To obtain fragmentation, a hammer of about 75 g or some other appliance giving equivalent results shall be used. The radius of curvature of the point shall be 0.2 ± 0.05 mm.
1.3. One test shall be carried out at each prescribed point of impact.
1.4. The examination of the fragments shall be made using any method validated on its accuracy of the counting itself and on its ability to find the correct location where the minimum and the maximum counting shall be done.
Permanent recording of the fragmentation pattern shall start within 10 seconds and shall end within 3 minutes after the impact. The technical service shall keep the permanent recordings of the fragmentation pattern.
Ball-Impact Tests
2.1. 227 g ball test
2.1.1. Apparatus
2.1.1.1. Hardened-steel ball with a mass of 227 g ± 2 g and a diameter of approximately 38 mm.
2.1.1.2. Means for dropping the ball freely from a height to be specified, or a means for giving the ball a velocity equivalent to that obtained by the free fall. When a device to project the ball is used, the tolerance on velocity shall be ±1 per cent of the velocity equivalent to that obtained by the free fall.
2.1.1.3. Supporting fixture, such as that shown in Figure 1, composed of steel frames, with machined borders 15 mm wide, fitting one over the other and faced with rubber gaskets about 3 mm thick and 15 mm wide and of hardness 50 IRHD.
The lower frame rests on a steel box about 150 mm high. The test piece is held in place by the upper frame, the mass of which is about 3 kg. The supporting frame is welded onto a sheet of steel of about 12 mm thick resting on the floor with an interposed sheet of rubber about 3 mm thick and of hardness 50 IRHD.
Figure 1
Support for ball tests
Image unavailable in extracted text
2.1.2. Test conditions
Temperature: 20 °C ± 5 °C
Pressure: 860 to 1,060 mbar
Relative humidity: 60 ± 20 per cent
2.1.3. Test piece
The test piece shall be a flat square of side 300 + 10/-0 mm or shall be cut from the flattest part of a windscreen or other curved pane.
Alternatively a curved pane may be tested. In this case care shall be taken to ensure adequate contact between the safety glazing and the support.
2.1.4. Procedure
Condition the test piece at the specified temperature for at least four hours immediately preceding the test.
Place the test piece in the fixture (paragraph 2.1.1.3.). The plane of the test piece shall be perpendicular, within 3°, to the incident direction of the ball.
In the case of flexible plastic glazing the test piece shall be clamped to the support.
The point of impact shall be within 25 mm of the geometric centre of the test piece for a drop height less than or equal to 6 m, and within 50 mm of the centre of the test piece for a drop height greater than 6 m. The ball shall strike that face of the test piece which represents the outside face of the safety glazing pane when mounted on the vehicle. The ball shall be allowed to make only one impact.
2.2. 2,260 g ball test
2.2.1. Apparatus
2.2.1.1. Hardened-steel ball with a mass of 2,260 g ± 20 g and a diameter of approximately 82 mm.
2.2.1.2. Means for dropping the ball freely from height to be specified, or means for giving the ball a velocity equivalent to that obtained by the free fall. When a device to project the ball is used, the tolerance on velocity shall be ±1 per cent of the velocity equivalent to that obtained by the free fall.
2.2.1.3. The supporting fixture shall be as shown in Figure 1 and identical with that described in paragraph 2.1.1.3.
2.2.2. Test conditions
Temperature: 20 °C ± 5 °C
Pressure: 860 to 1,060 mbar
Relative humidity: 60 ± 20 per cent.
2.2.3. Test piece
The test piece shall be a flat square of side 300 + 10/-0 mm or shall be cut out from the flattest part of a windscreen or other curved pane of safety glazing.
Alternatively, the whole windscreen or other curved pane of safety glazing may be tested. In this case care shall be taken to ensure adequate contact between the safety glazing pane and the support.
2.2.4. Procedure
Condition the test piece at the specified temperature for at least four hours immediately preceding the test.
Place the test piece in the fixture (paragraph 2.1.1.3.). The plane of the test piece shall be perpendicular, within 3°, to the incident direction of the ball.
In the case of glass-plastics glazing the test piece shall be clamped to the support.
The point of impact shall be within 25 mm of the geometric centre of the test piece.
The ball shall strike that face of the test piece which represents the inward face of the safety-glass pane when the latter is mounted on the vehicle.
The ball shall be allowed to make only one impact.
Headform test
3.1. Headform test without deceleration measurement
3.1.1. Apparatus
Headform weight with a spherical or semi-spherical headform made of laminated hardwood covered with replaceable felt and with or without a cross-beam made of wood. There is a neck-shaped intermediate piece between the spherical part and the cross-beam and a mounting rod on the other side of the cross-beam.
The dimensions shall be in accordance with Figure 2. The total mass of the apparatus shall be 10 kg ± 0.2 kg.
Figure 2
Headform weight
Image unavailable in extracted text
3.1.2. Means for dropping the headform weight freely from a height to be specified, or means for giving the weight a velocity equivalent to that obtained by the free fall. When a device to project the headform weight is used, the tolerance on velocity shall be ±1 per cent of the velocity equivalent to that obtained by the free fall.
3.1.3. Supporting fixture, as shown in Figure 3, for testing flat test pieces. The fixture is composed of two steel frames, with machined borders 50 mm wide, fitting one over the other and faced with rubber gaskets about 3 mm thick and 15 mm ± 1 mm wide and of hardness 70 IRHD. The upper frame is held pressed against the lower frame by at least eight bolts.
3.1.4. Test conditions
Temperature: 20 °C ± 5 °C
Pressure: 860 to 1,060 mbar
Relative humidity: 60 ± 20 per cent.
3.1.5. Procedure
3.1.5.1. Test on a flat test piece
The flat test piece, having a length of 1,100 + 5/-2 mm and a width
of 500 + 5/-2 mm, shall be kept at a constant temperature of 20 °C ± 5 °C for at least four hours immediately preceding the test.
Image unavailable in extracted text Fix the test piece in the supporting frames (paragraph 3.1.3.); the torque on the bolts shall ensure that the movement of the test piece during the test will not exceed 2 mm. The plane of the test piece shall be substantially perpendicular to the incident direction of the weight. The weight shall strike the test piece within 40 mm of its geometric centre on that face which represents the inward face of the safety glazing when the latter is mounted on the vehicle, and shall be allowed to make only one impact.
The impact surface of the felt cover shall be replaced after 12 tests.
3.1.5.2. Tests on a complete windscreen (used only for a drop height of less than or equal to 1.5 m)
Place the windscreen freely on a support with an interposed strip of rubber of hardness 70 IRHD and thickness about 3 mm, the width of contact over the whole perimeter being about 15 mm.
The support shall consist of a rigid piece corresponding to the shape of the windscreen so that the headform weight strikes the internal surface. If necessary the windscreen shall be clamped to the support.
The support shall rest on a rigid stand with an interposed sheet of rubber of hardness 70 IRHD and thickness about 3 mm. The surface of the windscreen shall be substantially perpendicular to the incident direction of the headform weight.
The headform weight shall strike the windscreen at a point within 40 mm of its geometric centre on that face which represents the inward face of the safety glazing when the latter is mounted on the vehicle, and shall be allowed to make only one impact.
The impact surface of the felt cover shall be replaced after 12 tests.
3.2. Headform test with deceleration measurement
3.2.1 Apparatus
In the case of headform tests with simultaneous determination of HIC-values the drop body is the phantom head as in Figure 2.1. The total mass of the phantom head should be 10.0 + 0.2/ -0.0 kg.
In the middle of the base plate (24) the triaxial mounting block (26) is mounted in the centre of gravity to receive the acceleration gauges (27). The acceleration gauges should be arranged vertically to each other.
The basin (18) and cover (19) situated under the base plate (24) share, to a great extent, the elastic properties of the human skull. The elastic properties of the phantom head on impact are determined by the hardness and the thickness of the intermediate ring (13) and the basin.
Figure 2.1
10 kg Headform
Reg43 Rev2 Ann3 fig 2
List of pieces for the 10 kg headform concerning Figure 2.1
Position No.
Number of pieces
Standard notation
Material
Remarks
1
1
Magnetic holding device
Steel DIN 17100
-
2
1
Vibration damper
Rubber / Steel
Diameter: 50 mmThickness: 30 mmThread: M10
3
4
HF connector BNC
-
-
4
1
Hexagonal nut DIN 985
-
-
5
6
Disc DIN 125
-
-
6
3
Transition piece
-
-
7
6
Cylinder screw DIN 912
-
-
8
3
Hexagonal nut
-
-
9
3
Disc
Steel DIN 17100
Hole Diameter: 8 mmOuter Diameter: 35 mmThickness: 1.5 mm
10
3
Rubber ring
Rubber, hardness 60 IRHD
Hole Diameter: 8 mmOuter Diameter: 30 mmThickness: 10 mm
11
1
Damping ring
Packing with paper
Hole Diameter: 120 mmOuter Diameter: 199 mmThickness: 0.5 mm
12
-
-
-
-
13
1
Intermediate ring
Butadien-rubber, hardness IRHD about 80
Hole Diameter: 129 mmOuter Diameter: 192 mmThickness: 4 mm
14
3
Guide tube
Polytetra-fluorethen (PTFE)
Inner Diameter: 8 mmOuter Diameter: 10 mmLength: 40 mm
15
3
Hexagonal nut
-
-
16
3
Threaded bolt DIN 976
-
-
17
3
Screwed insert
Cast alloy DIN 1709-GD- CuZn 37Pb
-
18
1
Basin
Polyamid 12
-
19
1
Cover
Butadien-rubber
Thickness: 6 mmRib on one side
20
1
Guide bush
Steel DIN 17100
-
21
4
Counter sunk screw
-
-
22
1
Damping disc
Packing with paper
Diameter: 65 mmThickness: 0.5 mm
23
-
-
-
-
24
1
Base plate
Steel DIN 17100
-
25
1
Set screw with hexagonal socket
Class of strength 45H
-
26
1
Triaxial mounting block
-
-
27
3
Acceleration gauge
-
-
28
1
Wood component
Hornbeam, glued in layers
-
29
1
Cover plate
Alloy (AlMg5)
-
30
1
Protective cap
Polyamid 12
-
3.2.2. Adjustment and calibration
To perform the headform test the phantom head is fixed to the cross arm of the guide system (Figure 2.2) and moved to the required drop height by means of a lifting device. During the headform test the cross arm with the phantom head is released. After passing the height adjustable light barrier the phantom head is released from the cross arm, the cross arm's fall is dampened and the phantom head falls onto the sample.
No impulse may be given to the phantom head by the drop appliance or by the measuring cable, so that it is accelerated only by gravity and falls vertically.
Figure 2.2
Test apparatus for the headform experiment with deceleration measurement
Image unavailable in extracted text
3.2.2.1. Measuring device which allows determining HIC-values with the headform described under paragraph 3.2.1.
3.2.2.2. Equipment to calibrate the phantom head
The drop appliance shall allow drop heights between 50 mm and 254 mm to be adjusted exactly to within 1 mm. A guide system is not necessary for these small drop heights.
A steel impact plate which is made of steel is 600 mm x 600 mm in size and at least 50 mm thick. The impact surface shall be polished:
surface roughness Rmax = 1 m, flatness tolerance t = 0.05 mm.
3.2.2.3. Calibration and adjustment of the phantom head
Before each test series and no later than each 50 tests within a series, the phantom head shall be calibrated and adjusted if necessary.
The impact plate shall be clean and dry and during the test shall lie non-positively on a concrete base.
The phantom head is allowed to hit the impact plate vertically. The drop heights (measured from the lowest point of the phantom head to the surface of the impact plate) are 50, 100, 150 and 254 mm. The deceleration curves should be recorded.
The greatest deceleration az from the various drop heights on the z-axis shall lie within the limits given in the table:
Drop height mm
Greatest deceleration az as a multiple of acceleration due to gravity g
50100150254
64 ± 5107 ± 5150 ± 7222 ± 12
The deceleration curves should be based on a unimodel vibration. The deceleration curve of the drop height of 254 mm shall run at least 1.2 ms and at most 1.5 ms over 100 g.
If the requirements given in paragraph 3.2.2.3. are not met, the elastic properties of the phantom head shall be adjusted by varying the thickness of the intermediate ring (13) in the base plate (24). Corrections can be carried out by adjusting the three self-locking hexagonal nuts (8) on the threaded bolts (16) with which the basin (18) is fixed to the base plate (24). The rubber rings (10) under the hexagon nuts (8) should not be brittle or cracked.
The cover (19) of the impact surface and the intermediate ring (13) should always be replaced immediately if damaged, especially when the phantom head can no longer be adjusted.
3.2.3. Supporting fixture for testing flat test pieces is as described in paragraph 3.1.3.
3.2.4. Test conditions are specified in paragraph 3.1.4.
3.2.5. Tests on complete glazing (used for a drop height between 1.5 m and 3 m). Place the glazing freely on a support with an interposed strip of rubber of hardness 70 IRHD and thickness of about 3 mm.
The glazing shall be clamped to the supporting structure by means of appropriate devices. The surface of the glazing shall be substantia11y perpendicular to the incident direction of the headform weight. The headform weight shall strike the glazing at a point within 40 mm of its geometric centre on that face which represents the inward face of the plastic glazing when the latter is mounted on the vehicle, and shall be allowed to make only one impact.
Starting from a selected initial drop height, the drop heights should be raised by 0.5 m respectively in each further experiment. The deceleration curves occurring on impact on the sample for ax, ay and az should be recorded according to time t.
After the headform test, it should be checked whether a glazing edge has moved more than 2 mm in the mount and whether the requirement for the point of impact was met. The acceleration components ax and ay should be smaller for vertical impact than 0.1 az.
3.2.6. Evaluation
The deceleration curves should be evaluated as follows:
The resulting deceleration ares(t) in the centre of gravity according to equation (1) from the measured deceleration curves ax(t), ay(t) and az(t) is to be compounded as multiples of the acceleration due to gravity.
(1) Image unavailable in extracted text
The time for which a deceleration of 80 g with ares is continually exceeded and the greatest deceleration of ares should be determined. The HIC-value should be calculated as a measurement of the danger of blunt skull-brain-injuries using the following equation (2):
(2) Image unavailable in extracted text
The integral limits t1 and t2 should be selected in such a way that the integral takes a maximal value.
Test of resistance to abrasion
4.1. Apparatus
4.1.1. Abrading instrument[10] shown diagrammatically in Figure 4 and consisting of: A horizontal turntable, with centre clamp, which revolves counter-clockwise at 65 to 75 rev/min.;
Figure 4
Diagram of abrading instrument
figur 4
Two weighted parallel arms each carrying a special abrasive wheel freely rotating on a ball-bearing horizontal spindle; each wheel rests on the test specimen under the pressure exerted by a mass of 500 g.
The turntable of the abrading instrument shall rotate regularly, substantially in one plane (the deviation from this plane shall not be greater than ±0.05 mm at a distance of 1.6 mm from the turntable periphery).
The wheels shall be mounted in such a way that when they are in contact with the rotating test piece they rotate in opposite directions so as to exert, twice during each rotation of the test piece, a compressive and abrasive action along curved lines over an annular area of about 30 cm2.
4.1.2. Abrasive wheels[11], each 45 to 50 mm in diameter and 12.5 mm thick, composed of a special finely-screened abrasive embedded in a medium-hard rubber. The wheels shall have a hardness of 72 ± 5 IRHD, as measured at four points equally spaced on the centreline of the abrading surface, the pressure being applied vertically along a diameter of the wheel and the readings being taken 10 seconds after full application of the pressure.
The abrasive wheels shall be prepared for use by very slow rotation against a sheet of flat glass to ensure that their surface is completely even.
4.1.3. Light source consisting of an incandescent lamp with its filament contained within a parallelepiped measuring 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm x 3 mm. The voltage at the lamp filament shall be such that the colour temperature is 2,856 ± 50 K. This voltage shall be stabilized within ±1/1,000. The instrument used to check the voltage shall be of appropriate accuracy.
4.1.4. Optical system consisting of a lens with a focal length f of at least 500 mm and corrected for chromatic aberrations. The full aperture of the lens shall not exceed f/20. The distance between the lens and the light source shall be adjusted in order to obtain a light beam which is substantially parallel. A diaphragm shall be inserted to limit the diameter of the light beam
to 7 mm ± 1 mm. This diaphragm shall be situated at a distance of
100 mm ± 50 mm from the lens on the side remote from the light source.
4.1.5. Equipment for measuring scattered light (see Figure 5), consisting of a photoelectric cell with an integrating sphere 200 to 250 mm in diameter. The sphere shall be equipped with entrance and exit ports for the light. The entrance port shall be circular and have a diameter at least twice that of the light beam. The exit port of the sphere shall be provided with either a light trap or a reflectance standard, according to the procedure described in paragraph 4.4.3. below. The light trap shall absorb all the light when no test piece is inserted in the light beam.
The axis of the light beam shall pass through the centre of the entrance and exit ports. The diameter b of the light-exit port shall be equal to 2 a.tan 4°, where a. is the diameter of the sphere. The photoelectric cell shall be mounted in such a way that it cannot be reached by light coming directly from the entrance port or from the reflectance standard.
The surfaces of the interior of the integrating sphere and the reflectance standard shall be of substantially equal reflectance and shall be matt and non-selective.
The output of the photoelectric cell shall be linear within ±2 per cent over the range of luminous intensities used. The design of the instrument shall be such that there is no galvanometer deflection when the sphere is dark.
The whole apparatus shall be checked at regular intervals by means of calibration standards of defined haze.
If haze measurements are made using equipment or methods differing from those defined above, the results shall be corrected, if necessary, to bring them into agreement with those obtained by the apparatus described above.
Figure 5
Hazemeter
Image unavailable in extracted text
4.2. Test conditions
Temperature: 20 °C ± 5 °C
Pressure: 860 to 1,060 mbar
Relative humidity: 60 ± 20 per cent.
4.3. Test pieces
Image unavailable in extracted text The test pieces shall be flat squares of side 100 mm having both surfaces substantially plane and parallel and having a fixing hole 6.4 mm in diameter drilled in the center, if necessary.
4.4. Procedure
The abrasion test shall be carried out on that surface of the test piece which represents the outside face of the glazing when the latter is mounted on the vehicle and also on the inner face if of plastics material.
4.4.1. Immediately before and after the abrasion, clean the test pieces in the following manner:
(a) Wipe with a linen cloth under clear running water,
(b) Rinse with distilled or demineralized water,
(c) Blow dry with oxygen or nitrogen,
(d) Remove possible traces of water by dabbing softly with a damp linen cloth. If necessary, dry by pressing lightly between two linen cloths.
Any treatment with ultrasonic equipment shall be avoided. After cleaning, the test pieces shall be handled only by their edges and shall be stored to prevent damage to, or contamination of, their surfaces.
4.4.2. Condition the test pieces for a minimum time of 48 hours at
20 °C ± 5 °C and 60 ± 20 per cent relative humidity.
4.4.3. Immediately place the test piece against the entrance port of the integrating sphere. The angle between the normal (perpendicular) to the surface of the test piece and the axis of the light beam shall not exceed 8°.
Take four readings as indicated in the following table:
Reading
With test piece
With light-trap
With reflectance standard
Quantity represented
T1
No
No
Yes
Incident light
T2
Yes
No
Yes
Total light transmitted by test-piece
T3
No
Yes
No
Light scattered by instrument
T4
Yes
Yes
No
Light scattered by instrument and test piece
Repeat readings for T1, T2, T3, and T4 with other specified positions of the test piece to determine uniformity.
Calculate the total transmittance Tt = T2/T1.
Calculate the total transmittance Td as follows:
Image unavailable in extracted text
Image unavailable in extracted text Calculate the percentage haze, or light, or both, scattered, as follows:
Haze, or light, or both, scattered, =
Measure the initial haze of the test piece at a minimum of four equally-spaced points in the unabraded area in accordance with the formula above. Average the results for each test piece. In lieu of the four measurements, an average value may be obtained by rotating the piece uniformly at 3 rev/sec or more.
For each type of safety glazing, carry out three tests with the same load. Use the haze as a measure of the subsurface abrasion, after the test piece has been subjected to the abrasion test.
Measure the light scattered by the abraded track at a minimum of four equally-spaced points along the track in accordance with the formula above. Average the results for each test piece. In lieu of the four measurements, an average value may be obtained by rotating the piece uniformly at 3 rev/sec or more.
4.5. The abrasion test will be carried out only at the discretion of the laboratory conducting the test with due regard to the information already at its disposal.
Except for glass-plastics materials, changes in the interlayer or materials thickness will not normally necessitate further testing.
4.6. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics
No secondary characteristics are involved.
Test of resistance to high temperature
5.1. Procedure
Heat to 100 °C three samples or three square test pieces of at least
300 mm x 300 mm which have been cut by the laboratory from three windscreens or three glass panes as the case may be, one edge of which corresponds to the upper edge of the glazing. Maintain this temperature for a period of two hours, then allow the samples or test pieces to cool to room temperature. If the safety glazing has both external surfaces of inorganic material, the test may be carried out by immersing the sample vertically in boiling water for the specified period of time, care being taken to avoid undue thermal shock. If samples are cut from windscreens, one edge of each such sample shall be part of an edge of the windscreen.
5.2. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics
Colourless Tinted
Colouring of the interlayer 1 2
The other secondary characteristics are not involved.
5.3. Interpretation of results
5.3.1. The test for resistance to high temperature shall be considered to give a positive result if bubbles or other defects are not formed more than 15 mm from an uncut edge or 25 mm from a cut edge of the test piece or sample or more than 10 mm away of any cracks which may occur during the test.
5.3.2. A set of test pieces or samples submitted for approval shall be considered satisfactory from the point of view of the test for resistance to high temperature if all the tests have given a satisfactory result.
Resistance-to-radiation test
6.1 Test method
6.1.1. Apparatus
6.1.1.1. Radiation source consisting of a medium-pressure mercury-vapour arc lamp with a tubular quartz bulb of ozone-free type; the bulb axis shall be vertical. The nominal dimensions of the lamp shall be 360 mm in length by 9.5 mm in diameter. The arc length shall be 300 mm ± 4 mm. The lamp shall be operated at 750 W ± 50 W.
Any other source of radiation which produces the same effect as the lamp specified above may be used. To check that the effects of another source are the same, a comparison shall be made by measuring the amount of energy emitted within a wavelength range of 300 to 450 nanometers, all other wavelengths being removed by the use of suitable filters. The alternative source shall then be used with these filters.
In the case of safety glazing for which there is no satisfactory correlation between this test and the conditions of use it will be necessary to review the test conditions.
6.1.1.2. Power-supply transformer and capacitor capable of supplying to the lamp (paragraph 6.1.1.1.) a starting peak voltage of 1,100 V minimum and an operating voltage of 500 V ± 50 V.
6.1.1.3. Device for mounting and rotating the test pieces at 1 to 5 rev/min about the centrally-located radiation source in order to ensure even exposure.
6.1.2. Test pieces
6.1.2.1. The size of the test pieces shall be 76 mm x 300 mm.
6.1.2.2. The test pieces shall be cut by the laboratory from the upper part of the glazing in such a way that:
In the case of glass panes, the upper edge of the test piece coincides with the upper edge of the glass pane.
In the case of windscreens, the upper edge of the test piece coincides with the upper limit of the zone in which regular transmittance shall be measured, determined in accordance with paragraph 9.1.2.2. of this annex.
6.1.3. Procedure
Check the regular light transmittance, determined according to paragraphs 9.1.1. to 9.1.2. of this annex, of three test pieces before exposure. Protect a portion of each test piece from the radiation, and then place the test pieces in the test apparatus 230 mm from and parallel lengthwise to the lamp axis. Maintain the temperature of the test pieces at 45 °C ± 5 °C throughout the test.
That face of each test piece which would constitute a glazed exterior part of the vehicle shall face the lamp. For the type of lamp specified in paragraph 6.1.1.1. the exposure time shall be 100 hours. After exposure, measure the regular light transmittance again in the exposed area of each test piece.
6.1.4. Each test piece or sample (total number 3 pieces) shall be subjected, in accordance with the procedure above, to radiation such that the radiation on each point of the test piece or sample produces on the interlayer used the same effect as that which would be produced by solar radiation of 1,400 W/m2 for 100 hours.
6.2. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics
Colourless Tinted
Colouring of glass 2 1
Colouring of interlayer 1 2
The other secondary characteristics are not involved.
6.3. Interpretation of results
6.3.1. The test for resistance to radiation shall be deemed to have given a positive result if the following conditions are fulfilled:
6.3.1.1. The total light transmittance when measured pursuant to paragraphs 9.1.1. and 9.1.2. of this annex does not fall below 95 per cent of the original value before irradiation and in any event does not fall:
6.3.1.1.1. Below 70 per cent in the case of windscreens and other glazing located in a position requisite for driving visibility.
6.3.2. A set of test pieces or samples submitted for approval shall be considered satisfactory from the point of view of the resistance to radiation test if all the tests have given a satisfactory result.
6.4. Resistance to simulated weathering
6.4.1. Test method
6.4.1.1. Apparatus
6.4.1.1.1. Long arc xenon lamp
The exposure apparatus[12] shall utilize a long arc xenon lamp as the source of irradiation, but other methods giving the required level of ultraviolet radiant exposure shall be allowed. The long arc xenon lamp is advantageous in that it can, when correctly filtered and maintained, yield a spectrum most closely approximating that of natural sunlight. To this end, the quartz xenon burner tube shall be fitted with suitable borosilicate glass optical filter(s)[13]. The xenon lamps employed shall be operated, from a suitable 50 or 60 Hz power supply suitable reactance transformers and electrical equipment.
The exposure apparatus shall include equipment necessary for measuring and/or controlling the following:
(a) Irradiance
(b) Black standard temperature
(c) Water spray
(d) Operating schedule or cycle
The exposure apparatus shall be made from inert materials which do not contaminate the water employed in the test.
Irradiance shall be measured at the surface of the test piece surface and shall be controlled according to the recommendations of the exposure apparatus manufacturer.
Total ultraviolet[14] radiant exposure (Joules per square metre) shall be measured or computed and shall be considered the primary measure of test piece exposure.
6.4.1.2. Test pieces
The dimensions of the test pieces shall norma11y be those specified in the appropriate test method for the property or properties to be measured after exposure.
The number of control and test pieces for each test condition or exposure stage shall be determined, in addition to those required for visual evaluations by the number required by the test methods.
It is recommended that visual evaluations be conducted on the largest test pieces tested.
6.4.1.3. Procedure
Measure, according to paragraph 9.1. of this annex the luminous transmission of the test specimen(s) to be exposed. Measure, according to paragraph 4. of this annex, the resistance to abrasion of the surface(s) of the control piece(s). That face of each test pieces, which would represent the surface glazed to the exterior of the road vehicle, shall face the lamp. Other exposure conditions shall be as follows:
6.4.1.3.1. The irradiance shall not vary more than ±10 per cent over the whole test specimen area.
6.4.1.3.2. At appropriate intervals, clean lamp filters by washing with detergent and water. Xenon arc filters shall be replaced according to the recommendations of the equipment manufacturer.
6.4.1.3.3. The temperature within the exposure apparatus during the dry portion of the cycle shall be controlled by circulation of sufficient air to maintain a constant black standard temperature.
In the xenon arc exposure apparatus, this temperature shall be 70 °C ± 3 °C as indicated by a Black standard thermometer or equivalent.
The black panel thermometer shall be mounted in the test specimen rack and readings shall be taken at the point where maximum heat is developed due to light exposure.
6.4.1.3.4. The relative humidity within the exposure apparatus shall be controlled at
50 ± 5 per cent during the dry portions of the cycle.
6.4.1.3.5. The deionized water used in the spray cycle shall contain less than 1 ppm silicon dioxide solids and shall leave no permanent deposit or residue on the test specimens which would interfere with subsequent measurements.
6.4.1.3.6. The pH of the water shall be between 6.0 and 8.0, and the conductivity shall be less than 5 microsiemens.
6.4.1.3.7. The temperature of the water in the line where it enters the exposure apparatus shall be the ambient water temperature.
6.4.1.3.8. The water shall strike the test specimens in the form of a fine spray in sufficient volume to wet the test specimens uniformly, immediately upon impact.
Water spray will be directed only against the test specimen surface facing the light source. No recirculation of the spray water or immersion of the test specimens in the water shall be permitted.
6.4.1.3.9. The test specimens shall be rotated about the arc in order to provide uniform distribution of the light. All positions in the exposure apparatus shall be filled with test specimens or surrogates to ensure that a uniform temperature distribution is maintained. Test specimens shall be held in frames with backs exposed to the cabinet environment. However, reflections from cabinet walls shall not be permitted to strike the back surface of specimens. If necessary, samples may be backed to block such reflections so long as free circulation of air at the specimen surface is not impeded.
6.4.1.3.10. The exposure apparatus shall be operated to provide continuous light and intermittent water spray in 2 h cycles. Each 2 h cycle shall be divided into periods during which the test specimens are exposed to light without water spray for 102 minutes and to light with water spray for 18 minutes.
6.4.1.4. Evaluation
After exposure, the test pieces may be cleaned, if necessary, by a practice recommended by their manufacturer to remove any residues present.
Evaluate the exposed test pieces visually with respect to the following properties:
(a) Bubbles
(b) Colour
(c) Haze
(d) Noticeable decomposition
Measure the luminous transmission of the exposed test pieces.
6.4.1.5. Expression of results
Report visual evaluations of exposed test pieces, comparing the appearance of each with that of the unexposed control.
The regular light transmittance measured shall not differ from the original test on unexposed samples by more than 5 per cent and shall not fall below:
70 per cent in the case of a windscreen and other glazing that is located in a position requisite for driving visibility.
Resistance-to-humidity test
7.1. Procedure
Keep three samples or three square test pieces of at least 300 mm x 300 mm in a vertical position for two weeks in a closed container in which the temperature is maintained at 50 °C ± 2 °C and the relative humidity at 95 ± 4 per cent. In the case of rigid plastic glazings and rigid plastic double glazed units, the number of samples shall be ten.
The test pieces shall be prepared in such a way that:
(a) At least one edge of the test pieces coincides with an original edge of the glass pane,
(b) If several test pieces are tested at the same time, adequate spacing shall be provided between them.
Precautions shall be taken to prevent condensate from the walls or ceiling of the test chamber from falling on the test pieces.
7.2. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics
Colourless Tinted
Colouring of interlayer 1 2
The other secondary characteristics are not involved.
7.3. Interpretation of results
7.3.1. Safety glazing shall be deemed to be satisfactory from the point of view of resistance to humidity if no significant change is observed more than 10 mm from the uncut edges and more than 15 mm from the cut edges after ordinary and treated laminated glass glazing have been maintained for two hours in the ambient atmosphere, and plastics-faced and glass-plastics glazing have been maintained for 48 hours in the ambient atmosphere.
7.3.2. A set of test pieces or samples submitted for approval shall be considered satisfactory from the point of view of the test for resistance to humidity if all the tests have given a satisfactory result.
Test of resistance to temperature changes
8.1. Test method
Two test pieces 300 mm x 300 mm shall be placed in an enclosure at a temperature of -40 °C ± 5 °C for a period of 6 hours; they shall then be placed in the open air at a temperature of 23 °C ± 2 °C for one hour or until temperature equilibrium has been reached by the test pieces. These shall then be placed in circulating air at a temperature of 72 °C ± 2 °C for 3 hours. After being placed again in the open air at 23 °C ± 2 °C and cooled to that temperature, the test pieces shall be examined.
8.2. Indices of difficulty of secondary characteristics
Colourless
Tinted
Colouring of the interlayeror of the plastics coating
1
2
The other secondary characteristics are not involved.
8.3 Interpretation of results
The test for resistance to temperature changes shall be considered to have given a satisfactory result if the test pieces do not show any evidence of cracking, clouding, separation of layers or other apparent deterioration.
Optical qualities
9.1. Light transmission test
9.1.1. Apparatus
9.1.1.1. Light source consisting of an incandescent lamp with its filament contained within a parallelepiped measuring 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm x 3 mm. The voltage at the lamp filament shall be such that the colour temperature is 2,856 K ± 50 K. This voltage shall be stabilized within ±1/1,000. The instrument used to check the voltage shall be of appropriate accuracy.
9.1.1.2. Optical system consisting of a lens with a focal length f of at least 500 mm and corrected for chromatic aberrations. The full aperture of the lens shall not exceed f/20. The distance between the lens and the light source shall be adjusted in order to obtain a light beam which is substantially parallel. A diaphragm shall be inserted to limit the diameter of the light beam to
7 mm ± 1 mm. This diaphragm shall be situated at a distance of
100 mm ± 50 mm from the lens on the side remote from the light source. The point of measurement shall be taken at the centre of the light beam.
9.1.1.3. Measuring equipment
The receiver shall have a relative spectral sensitivity in substantial agreement with the relative spectral luminous efficiency for the ICI[15] standard photometric observer for photopic vision. The sensitive surface of the receiver shall be covered with a diffusing medium and shall have at least twice the cross-section of the light beam emitted by the optical system. If an integrating sphere is used, the aperture of the sphere shall have a cross-sectional area at least twice that of the parallel portion of the beam.
The linearity of the receiver and the associated indicating instrument shall be better than 2 per cent of the effective part of the scale.
The receiver shall be centred on the axis of the light beam.
9.1.2. Procedure
The sensitivity of the measuring system shall be adjusted in such a way that the instrument indicating the response of the receiver indicates 100 divisions when the test piece is not inserted in the light path. When no light is falling on the receiver, the instrument shall read zero.
Place the test piece at a distance from the receiver equal to approximately five times the diameter of the receiver. Insert the safety-glass pane between the diaphragm and the receiver and adjust its orientation in such a way that the angle of incidence of the light beam is equal to 0 ± 5°. The regular transmittance shall be measured on the test piece, and for every point measured the number of divisions, n, shown on the indicating instrument, shall be read. The regular transmittance r is equal to n/100.
9.1.2.1. In the case of windscreens, alternative test methods may be applied using either a test piece cut from the flattest part of a windscreen or a specifically-prepared flat square with material and thickness characteristics identical to those of the actual windscreen, the measurements being taken normal (perpendicular) to the glass pane.
9.1.2.2. For the windscreens of M1 vehicles[16] the test shall be carried out in test area B defined in Annex 18, paragraph 2.3., excluding any opaque obscuration impinging on it.
For the windscreens of N1 vehicles, the manufacturer may request that the same test may be carried out either in test area B defined in Annex 18, paragraph 2.3., excluding any opaque obscuration impinging on it, or in the zone I defined in paragraph 9.2.5.2.3. of this annex.
For windscreens of other categories of vehicles, the test shall be carried out in the zone I defined in paragraph 9.2.5.2.3. of this annex.
However, for agricultural and forestry tractors and for construction-site vehicles for which it is not possible to determine zone I, the test shall be carried out in zone I' as defined in paragraph 9.2.5.3. of this annex.
9.1.3. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics
Colourless
Tinted
Colouring of the glassColouring of the interlayer(in the case of laminated windscreens)
11
22
Not included
Included
Shade and/or opaque obscuration
1
2
The other secondary characteristics are not involved.
9.1.4. Interpretation of results
The regular light transmittance shall be measured according to paragraph 9.1.2. of this annex and the result shall be recorded. In the case of a windscreen, it shall not be less than 70 per cent. In the case of glazing other than a windscreen, the requirements are specified in Annex 21.
9.2. Optical distortion test
9.2.1. Scope
The method specified is a projection method which permits evaluation of the optical distortion of a safety glazing.
9.2.1.1. Definitions
9.2.1.1.1. "Optical deviation" means the angle between the true and the apparent direction of a point viewed through the windscreen, the magnitude of the angle being a function of the angle of incidence of the line of sight, the thickness and inclination of the windscreen, and the radius of curvature "r" at the point of incidence.
9.2.1.1.2. Optical distortion in a direction M-M': The algebraic difference in angular deviation measured between two points M and M' on the surface of the glass pane, the distance between the two points being such that their projections in a plane at right angles to the direction of vision are separated by a given distance x (see Figure 6).
Anti-clockwise deviation should be regarded as positive and clockwise deviation as negative.
9.2.1.1.3. Optical distortion at a point M: The optical-distortion maximum for all directions M-M' from the point M.
Figure 6
Diagrammatic representation of optical distortion
Image unavailable in extracted text
Notes:
= 1 - 2, i.e. the optical distortion in the direction M-M'.
x = MC i.e. the distance between two straight lines parallel to the direction of vision and passing through the points M and M'.
9.2.1.2. Apparatus
This method entails the projection of an appropriate slide (raster) onto the display screen through the safety glazing being tested. The change caused in the shape of the projected image by the insertion of the safety glazing in the line of light provides a measure of the distortion.
The apparatus shall comprise the following items, arranged as shown in Figure 9.
9.2.1.2.1. Projector, of good quality, with a high-intensity point light source, having for example the following characteristics:
focal length at least 90 mm,
aperture approximately 1/2.5,
150-W quartz halogen lamp (if used without a filter),
250-W quartz halogen lamp (if a green filter is used).
The projector is shown schematically in Figure 7. A diaphragm of 8 mm in diameter is positioned approximately 10 mm from the front lens.
Figure 7
Optical arrangement of the projector
Image unavailable in extracted text
9.2.1.2.2. Slides (rasters) consisting, for example, of an array of bright circular shapes on a dark background (see Figure 8). The slides shall be of sufficiently high quality and contrast to enable measurement to be carried out with an error of less than 5 per cent.
In the absence of the safety glazing to be examined, the dimensions of the circular shapes shall be such that when the circular shapes are projected they form an array of circles of diameter
Image unavailable in extracted text, where x = 4 mm (see Figures 6 and 9).
Figure 8
Enlarged section of the slide
Image unavailable in extracted text
Figure 9
Arrangement of the apparatus for the optical distortion test
Image unavailable in extracted text
9.2.1.2.3. Support stand, preferably one permitting vertical and horizontal scanning, as well as rotation of the safety glazing.
9.2.1.2.4. Checking template for measuring changes in dimensions where a rapid assessment is required. A suitable design is shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10
Design for a suitable checking template
Image unavailable in extracted text
9.2.1.3. Procedure
9.2.1.3.1. General
Mount the windscreen on the support stand (paragraph 9.2.1.2.3.) at the designed rake angle. Project the test image through the area being examined. Rotate the windscreen or move it either horizontally or vertically in order to examine the whole of the specified area.
9.2.1.3.2. Assessment using a checking template
When a rapid assessment with a possible margin of error of up to 20 per cent is sufficient, calculate the value of A (see Figure 10) from the limit value L for the change in deviation and the value of R2, the distance from the safety glazing to the display screen:
A = 0.145 L - R2
The relationship between the change in diameter of the projected image d and the change in angular deviation is given by
d = 0.29 R2
where:
d is in millimetres,
A is in millimetres,
L is in minutes of arc,
is in minutes of arc,
R2 is in metres.
9.2.1.3.3. Measurement using a photoelectric device
Where a precise measurement with a possible margin of error of less than 10 per cent of the limit value is required, measure d on the projection axis, the value of the spot width being taken at the point where the luminance is 0.5 times the maximum spot-luminance value.
9.2.1.4. Expression of results
Evaluate the optical distortion of the windscreen by measuring d at any point of the surface and in all directions in order to find d max.
9.2.1.5. Alternative method
In addition, a strioscopic technique is permitted as an alternative to the projection techniques, provided that the accuracy of the measurements given in paragraphs 9.2.1.3.2. and 9.2.1.3.3. is maintained.
9.2.1.6. The distance x shall be 4 mm.
9.2.1.7. The windscreen shall be mounted at the same angle of inclination as on the vehicle.
9.2.1.8. The projection axis in the horizontal plane shall be maintained approximately normal to the trace of the windscreen in that plane.
9.2.2. The measurements shall be performed:
9.2.2.1. For vehicle category M1 in test area A, extended to the median plane of the vehicle, and in the corresponding part of the windscreen symmetrical to it about the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, and also in the reduced test area B according to paragraph 2.4. of Annex 18.
9.2.2.2. For vehicles of categories M and N other than M1:
(a) In zone I as defined in paragraph 9.2.5.2. of this annex for M2, M3, N2 and N3 vehicles;
(b) Either in zone I as defined in paragraph 9.2.5.2. of this annex or in test area A, extended to the median plane of the vehicle, and in the corresponding part of the windscreen symmetrical to it about the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle, and also in the reduced test area B according to paragraph 2.4. of Annex 18 for N1 vehicles.
9.2.2.3. For agricultural and forestry tractors and for construction-site vehicles for which it is not possible to determine zone I, in zone I' as defined in paragraph 9.2.5.3. of this annex.
9.2.2.4. Vehicle type
The test shall be repeated if the windscreen is to be fitted to a vehicle of a type in which the forward field of vision differs from that of the vehicle type for which the windscreen has already been approved.
9.2.3. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics
9.2.3.1. Nature of the material
Polished (plate) glass Float glass Sheet glass
1 1 2
9.2.3.2. Other secondary characteristics
No other secondary characteristics are involved.
9.2.4. Number of windscreens
Four test pieces shall be submitted for testing.
9.2.5. Definitions of zones
9.2.5.1. Zones A and B of windscreens for vehicle category M1 and N1 are defined in Annex 18 to this Regulation.
9.2.5.2. Zones of windscreens for vehicles of categories M and N other than M1 are defined on the basis of:
9.2.5.2.1. The "eye-point" or the "O" point" means the point located 625 mm above the R point of the driver's seat in the vertical plane parallel to the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle for which the windscreen is intended, passing through the axis of the steering wheel.
9.2.5.2.2. The straight line OQ which is the horizontal straight line passing through the eye point 0 and perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle.
9.2.5.2.3. Zone I is the windscreen zone determined by the intersection of the windscreen with the four planes defined below:
Pl - A vertical plane passing through 0 and forming an angle of 15° to the left of the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle;
P2 - A vertical plane symmetrical to Pl about the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle.
If this is not possible (in the absence of a symmetrical median longitudinal plane, for instance) P2 shall be the plane symmetrical to Pl about the longitudinal plane of the vehicle passing through point 0.
P3 - A plane passing through the straight line OQ and forming an angle of 10° above the horizontal plane;
P4 - A plane passing through the straight line OQ and forming an angle of 8° below the horizontal plane.
9.2.5.3. For agricultural and forestry tractors and for construction-site vehicles for which it is not possible to determine zone I, zone I' consists in the whole surface of the windscreen.
9.2.6. Interpretation of results
A windscreen type shall be considered satisfactory with respect to optical distortion if, in the four windscreens submitted for testing, optical distortion does not exceed the values given below for each zone or test area.
9.2.6.1. No measurements shall be made in a peripheral area 25 mm inboard of the design glass outline and of any opaque obscuration, provided that it does not impinge into the extended zone A or zone I.
9.2.6.2. For agricultural and forestry tractors and for construction-site vehicles, no measurements shall be made in a peripheral area 100 mm wide.
9.2.6.3. In the case of split windscreens, no measurements shall be made in a strip 35 mm from the edge of the windscreen, which is adjacent to the dividing, pillar.
9.2.6.4. A maximum value of 6' of arc is permitted for all portions of zone I or zone A in a peripheral area 100 mm inboard of the design glass outline.
9.2.6.5. Slight deviations from the requirements may be allowed in the reduced test area B according to paragraph 2.4. of Annex 18 provided they are localized and recorded in the report.
9.3. Secondary-image-separation test
9.3.1. Scope
Two test methods are recognized:
Target test, and
Collimation-telescope test.
These test methods may be used for approval, quality-control or product-evaluation purposes, as appropriate.
9.3.1.1. Target test
9.3.1.1.1. Apparatus
This method involves viewing an illuminated target through the safety glazing. The target may be designed in such a way that the test can be carried out on a simple 'go-no go' basis.
The target shall preferably be of one of the following types; that is to say, either
(a) An illuminated 'ring' target whose outer diameter, D, subtends an angle of n minutes of arc at a point situated at x metres (Figure 11(a)), or
(b) An illuminated 'ring and spot' target whose dimensions are such that the distance D from a point on the edge of the spot to the nearest point on the inside of the circle subtends an angle of n minutes of arc at a point situated at x metres (Figure 11(b)), where
n is the limit value of secondary-image separation,
x is the distance from the safety glazing to the target (not less than 7 m),
D is given by the formula: D = x . tg n
The illuminated target consists of a light box, approximately
300 mm x 300 mm x 150 mm, whose front is most conveniently constructed of glass masked with opaque black paper or coated with matt black paint.
The box shall be illuminated by a suitable light source. It may be convenient to use other forms of target, such as that shown in Figure 14. It is also acceptable to replace the target system by a projection system and to view the resulting images on a screen.
9.3.1.1.2. Procedure
Mount the windscreen at the specified rake angle on a suitable stand in such a way that the observation is carried out in the horizontal plane passing through the centre of the target. The light box shall be viewed in a dark or semi-dark room, through each part of the area being examined, in order to detect the presence of any secondary image associated with the illuminated target. Rotate the windscreen as necessary to ensure that the correct direction of view is maintained. A monocular may be used for viewing.
9.3.1.1.3. Expression of results
Determine whether,
When target (a) (see Figure 11(a)) is used, the primary and secondary images of the circle separate, i.e. whether the limit value of n is exceeded, or
When target (b) (see Figure 11(b)) is used, the secondary image of the spot shifts beyond the point of tangency with the inside edge of the circle, i.e. whether the limit value of n is exceeded.
Figure 11
Dimensions of targets
Image unavailable in extracted text
Figure 12
Arrangement of apparatus
Image unavailable in extracted text
Figure 13
Apparatus for collimation-telescope test
Image unavailable in extracted text
9.3.1.2. Collimation-telescope test
If necessary, the procedure described in this paragraph shall be applied.
9.3.1.2.1. Apparatus
The apparatus comprises a collimator and a telescope and may be set up in accordance with Figure 13. However, any equivalent optical system may be used.
9.3.1.2.2. Procedure
The collimation telescope forms at infinity the image of a polar co-ordinate system with a bright point at its centre (see Figure 14).
In the focal plane of the observation telescope, a small opaque spot with a diameter slightly larger than of the projected bright point is placed on the optical axis, thus obscuring the bright point.
When a windscreen which exhibits a secondary image is placed between the telescope and the collimator, a second, less bright point appears at a certain distance from the centre of the polar co-ordinate system. The secondary-image separation can be read out as the distance between the points seen through the observation telescope (see Figure 14). (The distance between the dark spot and the bright point at the centre of the polar coordinate system-represents the optical deviation).
9.3.1.2.3. Expression of results
The windscreen shall first be examined by a simple scanning technique to establish the area giving the strongest secondary image. That area shall then be examined by the collimation-telescope system at the appropriate angle of incidence. The maximum secondary-image separation shall be measured.
9.3.1.3. The direction of observation in the horizontal plane shall be maintained approximately normal to the trace of the windscreen in that plane.
9.3.2. The measurements shall be performed in the zones as defined in paragraph 9.2.2. above according to the vehicle categories.
9.3.2.1. Vehicle type
The test shall be repeated if the windscreen is to be fitted to a vehicle of a type in which the forward field of vision differs from that of the vehicle type for which the windscreen has already been approved.
9.3.3. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics
9.3.3.1. Nature of the material
Polished (plate) glass
Float glass
Sheet glass
1
1
2
9.3.3.2. Other secondary characteristics
No other secondary characteristics are involved.
9.3.4. Number of windscreens
Four windscreens shall be submitted for testing.
Figure 14
Example of observation by the collimation-telescope test method
Reg43 Ann1 fig 14
9.3.5. Interpretation of Results
A windscreen type shall be considered satisfactory with respect to secondary image separation if, in the four windscreens submitted for testing, separation of the primary and secondary – images does not exceed the values given below for each zone or test area.
9.3.5.1. No measurements shall be made in a peripheral area 25 mm inboard of the design glass outline and of any opaque obscuration, provided that it does not impinge into the extended zone A or zone I.
9.3.5.2. For agricultural and forestry tractors and for construction-site vehicles, no measurements shall be made in a peripheral area 100 mm wide.
9.3.5.3. In the case of split windscreens, no measurements shall be made in a strip 35 mm from the edge of the windscreen, which is adjacent to the dividing pillar.
9.3.5.4. A maximum value of 25' of arc is permitted for all portions of zone I or zone A in a peripheral area 100 mm inboard of the design glass outline.
9.3.5.5. Slight deviations from the requirements may be allowed in the reduced test area B according to paragraph 2.4. of Annex 18 provided they are localized and recorded in the report.
Burning behaviour (fire-resistance) test
10.1. Purpose and scope of application
This method enables the horizontal burning rate of materials used in the passenger compartment of motor vehicles (for example, private passenger cars, lorries (trucks), estate cars, motor coaches) after exposure to a small flame to be determined.
This method permits testing of materials and components of a vehicle's interior equipment individually or in combination up to a thickness of 13 mm. It is used to judge the uniformity of production lots of such materials with respect to their burning behaviour.
Because of the many differences between the real-world situation (application and orientation within a vehicle, conditions of use, ignition source, etc.) and the precise test conditions prescribed herein, this method cannot be considered as suitable for evaluation of all true in-vehicle burning characteristics.
10.2. Definitions
10.2.1. Burning rate: The quotient of the burnt distance measured according to this method and the time taken to burn that distance. It is expressed in millimetres per minute.
10.2.2. Composite material: A material composed of several layers of similar or different materials intimately held together at their surfaces by cementing, bonding, cladding, welding, etc.
When different materials are connected together intermittently (for example, by sewing, high-frequency-welding, riveting), then in order to permit the preparation of individual samples in accordance with paragraph 10.5. below such materials shall not be considered as composite materials.
10.2.3. Exposed side: The side which is facing towards the passenger compartment when the material is mounted in the vehicle.
10.3. Principle
A sample is held horizontally in a U-shaped holder and is exposed to the action of a defined low-energy flame for 15 seconds in a combustion chamber, the flame acting on the free end of the sample. The test determines whether and when the flame is extinguished or the time which the flame requires to proceed over a measured distance.
10.4. Apparatus
10.4.1. Combustion chamber (Figure 15), preferably of stainless steel, having the dimensions given in Figure 16.
The front of the chamber contains a flame-resistant observation window, which may cover the entire front and which can be constructed as an access panel.
The bottom of the chamber has vent holes, and the top has a vent slot all around. The combustion chamber is placed on four feet, 10 mm high. The chamber may have a hole at one end for the introduction of the sample holder containing the sample; in the opposite end, a hole is provided for the gas-supply line. Melted material is caught in a pan (see Figure 17) which is placed on the bottom of the chamber between vent holes without covering any vent hole area.
Figure 15
Example of combustion chamber with sample holder and drip pan
figur 15
10.4.2. Sample holder, consisting of two U-shaped metal plates or frames of corrosion-proof material. Dimensions are given in Figure 18.
The lower plate is equipped with pins and the upper one with corresponding holes, in order to ensure a consistent holding of the sample. The pins also serve as measuring points at the beginning and end of the burning distance.
A support shall be provided in the form of heat-resistant wires 0.25 mm in diameter spanning the frame at 25-mm intervals over the bottom U-shaped frame (see Figure 19).
The plane of the lower side of samples shall be 178 mm above the floor plate. The distance of the front edge of the sample holder from the end of the chamber shall be 22 mm; the distance of the longitudinal sides of the sample holder from the sides of the chamber shall be 50 mm (all inside dimensions). (See Figures 15 and 16).
\*10.4.3. Gas burner
The small ignition source is provided by a Bunsen burner having an inside diameter of 9.5 mm. It is so located in the test cabinet that the centre of its nozzle is 19 mm below the centre of the bottom edge of the open end of the sample (see Figure 16).
10.4.4. Test gas
The gas supplied to the burner shall have a calorific value of about 38 MJ/m3 (for example natural gas).
10.4.5. Metal comb, at least 110 mm in length, with seven or eight smooth rounded teeth per 25 mm.
Figure 16
Example of combustion chamber
Image unavailable in extracted text
Figure 17
Typical drip pan
Reg43 Rev2 Ann3 fig 16
Figure 18
Example of sample holder
Image unavailable in extracted text
Figure 19
Example of section of lower U-frame design for wire support facility
Reg43 Rev2 Ann3 fig 19
10.4.6. Stop-watch, accurate to 0.5 sec.
10.4.7. Fume cupboard
The combustion chamber may be placed in a fume-cupboard assembly provided that the latter's internal volume is at least 20 times, but not more than 110 times, greater than the volume of the combustion chamber and provided that no single height, width, or length dimension of the fume cupboard is greater than 2.5 times either of the other two dimensions.
Before the test, the vertical velocity of the air through the fume cupboard shall be measured 100 mm forward of and to the rear of the ultimate site of the combustion chamber. It shall be between 0.10 and 0.30 m/s in order to avoid possible discomfort to the operator from combustion products. It is possible to use a fume cupboard with natural ventilation and an appropriate air velocity.
10.5. Samples
10.5.1. Shape and dimensions
The shape and dimensions of samples are given in Figure 20. The thickness of the sample corresponds to the thickness of the product to be tested. It shall not be more than 13 mm. When sample-taking so permits, the sample shall have a constant section over its entire length. When the shape and dimensions of a product do not permit taking a sample of the given size, the following minimum dimensions shall be observed:
(a) For samples having a width of 3 to 60 mm, the length shall be 356 mm. In this case the material is tested over the product's width;
(b) For samples having a width of 60 to 100 mm, the length shall be at least 138 mm. In this case the potential burning distance corresponds to the length of the sample, the measurement starting at the first measuring point;
(c) Samples less than 60 mm wide and less than 356 mm long, and samples 60 to 100 mm wide and less than 138 mm long, cannot be tested according to the present method, nor can samples less than 3 mm wide.
Figure 20
Sample
Image unavailable in extracted text
10.5.2. Sampling
At least five samples shall be taken from the material under test. In materials having burning rates differing according to the direction of the material (this being established by preliminary tests) the five (or more) samples shall be taken and be placed in the test apparatus in such a way that the highest burning rate will be measured.
When the material is supplied in set widths, a length of at least 500 mm covering the entire width shall be cut. From the piece so cut, the samples shall be taken at not less than 100 mm from the edge of the material and at points equidistant from each other.
Samples shall be taken in the same way from finished products when the shape of the product so permits. If the thickness of the product is over 13 mm it shall be reduced to 13 mm by a mechanical process applied to the side which does not face the passenger compartment.
Composite materials (see paragraph 10.2.2.) shall be tested as if they were homogeneous.
In the case of materials comprising superimposed layers of different composition which are not composite materials, all the layers of material included within a depth of 13 mm from the surface facing towards the passenger compartment shall be tested individually.
10.5.3. Conditioning
The samples shall be conditioned for at least 24 hours, but not more than 7 days, at a temperature of 23 °C ± 2 °C and a relative humidity of 50 ± 5 per cent, and shall be maintained under these conditions until immediately prior to testing.
10.6. Procedure
10.6.1. Place samples with napped or tufted surfaces on a flat surface, and comb twice against the nap using the comb (paragraph 10.4.5.).
10.6.2. So place the sample in the sample holder (paragraph 10.4.2.) that the exposed side faces downwards, towards the flame.
10.6.3. Adjust the gas flame to a height of 38 mm using the mark in the chamber, the air intake of the burner being closed. The flame shall burn for at least one minute, for stabilization, before the first test is started.
10.6.4. Push the sample holder into the combustion chamber so that the end of the sample is exposed to the flame, and after 15 seconds cut off the gas flow.
10.6.5. Measurement of burning time starts at the moment when the foot of the flame passes the first measuring point. Observe the flame propagation on the side (upper or lower) which burns faster.
10.6.6. Measurement of burning time is completed when the flame has come to the last measuring point or when the flame is extinguished before reaching that point. If the flame does not reach the last measuring point, measure the burnt distance up to the point where the flame was extinguished. Burnt distance is the part of the sample destroyed, on the surface or inside, by burning.
10.6.7. If the sample does not ignite or does not continue burning after the burner has been extinguished, or the flame goes out before reaching the first measuring point, so that no burning time is measured, note in the test report that the burning rate is 0 mm/min.
10.6.8. When running a series of tests or performing repeat tests, make sure before starting a test that the temperature of the combustion chamber and sample holder does not exceed 30 °C.
10.7. Calculation
The burning rate B, in millimetres per minute, is given by the formula:
B = s/t x 60;
where:
s is the burnt distance, in millimetres,
t is the time, in seconds, taken to burn the distance s.
10.8. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics
No secondary characteristics are involved.
10.9. Interpretation of results
10.9.1. Safety glazing faced with plastics material (paragraph 2.4. of this Regulation) and glass-plastics (paragraph 2.5. of this Regulation) shall be considered satisfactory from the point of view of the fire-resistance test if the burn rate does not exceed 90 mm/min.
10.9.2 Rigid plastic panes (paragraph 2.6.1. of this Regulation), flexible plastic panes (paragraph 2.6.2. of this Regulation) and rigid plastic double glazed units shall be considered satisfactory from the point of view of the fire resistance test if the burn rate does not exceed 110 mm/min.
11. Test of resistance to chemicals
11.1. Chemicals used for the test
11.1.1. Non-abrasive soap solution: 1 per cent by weight of potassium oleate in deionised water;
11.1.2. Window-cleaning-solution: an aqueous solution of isopropanol and dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether in concentration between 5 and 10 per cent by weight each and ammonium hydroxide in concentration between 1 and 5 per cent by weight;
11.1.3. Undiluted denatured alcohol: 1 part by volume methyl alcohol in 10 parts by volume ethyl alcohol;
11.1.4. Petrol or equivalent reference petrol: a mixture of 50 per cent by volume toluene, 30 per cent by volume 2,2,4\-trimethylpentane, 15 per cent by volume 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and 5 per cent by volume ethyl alcohol:
N.B. The composition of the petrol used shall be recorded in the test report;
11.1.5. Reference kerosene: a mixture of 50 per cent by volume n-octane and 50 per cent by volume n-decane.
11.2. Test method
11.2.1. Immersion test
Four samples 180 mm x 25 mm shall be tested for each test and each chemical specified in paragraph 11.1. above, using a new test piece for each test and each cleaning product.
Before each test, samples shall be cleaned according to the manufacturer’s instructions, then conditioned for 48 hours at a temperature of 23 °C ± 2 °C and a relative humidity of 50 ± 5 per cent. These conditions shall be maintained throughout the tests.
The samples shall be completely immersed in the test fluid and held for one minute, then removed and immediately wiped dry with a clean absorbent cotton cloth.
11.2.2. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics
Colourless
Tinted
Colouring of the interlayer or of the plastics coating
2
2
The other secondary characteristics are not concerned.
11.2.3. Interpretation of results
11.2.3.1. The test for resistance to chemical agents shall be considered to have given a satisfactory result if the sample does not exhibit any softening, tackiness, crazing or apparent loss of transparency.
11.2.3.2. A set of samples shall be considered satisfactory with regard to the test for resistance to chemical agents if at least three of the four tests carried out with each chemical have given a satisfactory result.
11.2.4. Test procedure under load
11.2.4.1. The sample shall be simply supported as a horizontal level arm between a fixed supporting edge at one end in such a way that the entire width will rest on a cutting edge (fulcrum) which is 51 mm from the fixed end support. A load shall be suspended from the free end of the test specimen at a distance of 102 mm from the fulcrum as shown in Figure 21 below:
Figure 21
Method of setting up the sample
Reg43 Rev2 Ann3 fig 21
11.2.4.2. The load mass shall be 28.7 . t2 g where t is the thickness in mm of the test specimen. The resulting stress on the outer fibre of the sample is approximately 6.9 MPa.
Example: For a 3 mm thick sample placed horizontally between a downward fixed edge and an upward fulcrum edge separated by 51 mm the applied downward load at 102 mm from the fulcrum is to be 258 g.
11.2.4.3. While the sample is stressed, one of the prescribed chemicals shall be applied to the top surface of the sample above the fulcrum point. The chemical shall be applied with a soft, 13 mm wide brush, wetted before each stroke. Ten individual strokes at 1 s intervals across the width of the sample, avoiding the end and edges, shall be required (see Figure 22).
Figure 22
Method of applying chemicals to the sample
Reg43 Rev2 Ann3 fig 22
11.2.5. Indices of difficulty of the secondary characteristics
Colourless
Tinted
Colouring of the plastics coating or plastic glazing
1
2
The other secondary characteristics are not concerned.
11.2.6. Interpretation of results
11.2.6.1. The test for resistance to chemical agents shall be considered to have given a satisfactory result if the sample does not exhibit any softening, tackiness, crazing or apparent loss of transparency.
11.2.6.2. A set of samples shall be considered satisfactory with regard to the test for resistance to chemical agents if one of the following conditions is met:
11.2.6.2.1. All the tests have given a satisfactory result;
11.2.6.2.2. One test having given an unsatisfactory result, a new series of tests carried out on a new set of samples has given a satisfactory result.
12. Flexibility test and fold test
12.1. Scope
With this test has to be found out whether a plastic is to be classed into the categories of rigid or flexible plastics.
12.2. Test method
From the material of the nominal thickness a rectangular flat sample 300 mm long and 25 mm wide is cut out and horizontally clamped into a clamping device in such a way that 275 mm of the length of the sample freely extend over the holding device. This free end shall be supported horizontally by an appropriate device until the test begins. Sixty seconds after removal of this support the vertical deviation of the free end is indicated in mm. If this deviation exceeds 50 mm a 180° fold test is performed subsequently. The sample is folded concisely, after that it is folded round 0.5 mm thick piece of sheet metal in such a way that it tightly contacts it on both sides.
12.3. Test conditions
Temperature: 20 °C ± 2 °C
Relative humidity: 60 ± 5 per cent
12.4. Requirements
The vertical deviation shall be more than 50 mm for flexible plastics, and 10 seconds after a 180° - folding the material shall not show any fracture-like damages at the point of buckling (see Figure 23).
13. Cross-cut test
13.1 Scope
This test gives a simple method to determine the adhesion of coatings to the subsurface. The brittleness and other strength characteristics can be evaluated.
13.2. Apparatus
Cutting tool with 6 blades set at 1 mm apart. A magnifying glass with an enlargement of 2 x to examine the crosscut specimen (see Figure 24).
Figure 23
Arrangement of flexibility test
Reg43 Rev2 Ann3 fig 23
Figure 24
Tool with six blades
Reg43 Rev2 Ann3 fig 24
13.3. Test Method
Cut through the coating on to the subsurface a pattern with 6 cuts and perpendicular to this, another one so that a grid with 25 squares arises (grid-cut).
The cutting tool should be drawn steadily with a speed of 2 to 5 cm/s so that the cuts reach the subsurface but do not penetrate too deeply.
The cutting is conducted in such a way that the two leading heads at the edge of the apparatus touch the surface uniformly. After the test the cuts are examined with a magnifying glass to check that they reach the subsurface. The test is carried out at least at two different positions of the sample. After the cuts have been produced they are brushed 5 times with slight pressure in both diagonal directions with a hand brush with polyamide bristles.
13.4. Interpretation of results
The grid cuts are examined with a magnifying glass. If the cut edges are perfectly smooth and if no part of the coating is detached then it will be given a cross cut value of Gt0. If there are small fragments detached at the intersection of the cuts and if the exposed area amounts to about 5 per cent of the grid area the cut value is Gt1.
Larger areas of detachment will be graded in the range Gt2 to Gt5.
Cut value grade
Exposed area of the grid area
Gt2Gt3Gt4Gt5
between 5 and 15 per centbetween 15 and 35 per centbetween 35 and 65 per centhigher than 65 per cent