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A16R. Assertions are used by practitioners to consider the different types of potential misstatements that may occur when identifying and assessing, and responding to, the risks of material misstatement in a reasonable assurance engagement. Examples of assertions are provided in paragraph A415R.
Component
The framework criteria may specify that the sustainability information to be reported should be for the same reporting entity as the related financial report (see also paragraph A35). For purposes of the ASSAs, components that include entities or business units required to be included in the reporting entity’s group financial report (e.g., subsidiaries of a parent entity) are referred to as group components. The framework criteria may also require the sustainability information to be extended to include information from other entities that are part of the reporting entity’s upstream or downstream value chain. For purposes of the ASSAs, components that include such entities are referred to as value chain components.
Component Practitioner
A component practitioner may comprise individuals from a network firm, a firm that is not a network firm, or another office within the practitioner’s firm.
In limited circumstances, the practitioner may be able to be sufficiently and appropriately involved in the work of another firm at a value chain component. For example, the reporting entity may have a direct business relationship with a supplier that allows management to arrange for the practitioner to obtain access to information at that entity or access to the firm that has performed work on that information. In those circumstances, if the practitioner intends to use such work and is able to be sufficiently and appropriately involved in the work, the other firm is a component practitioner for purposes of the ASSAs.
Criteria
The criteria, particularly framework criteria, may include guidance about the sustainability matters (including the topics and aspects of topics) to be reported. The criteria also may establish how those sustainability matters are to be measured or evaluated, and how they are to be presented or disclosed.
Disclosure(s)
The term “disclosure(s)” is used in this ASSA in the context of sustainability assurance engagements and refers to sustainability information about an aspect of a topic. Accordingly, it is not intended to have the same meaning as “financial statement disclosures” as defined or described in financial reporting frameworks.
Appendix 1 explains the relationship between sustainability matters, sustainability information and the related disclosures. Disclosure(s) may include quantitative or qualitative information and can vary in form and length. Management’s disclosures provide a starting point in considering whether and how certain disclosures may be combined by the practitioner for the purpose of planning and performing the engagement (see also paragraphs A285–A287).
Engagement Leader
The individual appointed as the engagement leader may be a partner or another senior staff member in the firm (e.g., a director or principal). Whether the individual is permitted to be an engagement leader in accordance with this ASSA depends on how the firm assigns responsibilities, and whether law, regulation or professional requirements include requirements that specify who may be permitted to accept responsibility for the engagement.
The term engagement leader in this ASSA is the equivalent of “engagement partner” in ASQM 1.
Engagement Risk
Engagement risk does not refer to, or include, the practitioner’s business risks, such as loss from litigation, adverse publicity, or other events arising in connection with particular sustainability matters.
In general, engagement risk can be represented by the following components:
Risks that the practitioner does not directly influence, which consist of:
The susceptibility of the sustainability information to a material misstatement before consideration of any related controls applied by the entity (inherent risk); and
The risk that a material misstatement that occurs in the sustainability information will not be prevented, or detected and corrected, on a timely basis by the entity’s internal control (control risk); and
The risk that the practitioner does directly influence, which is the risk that the procedures performed by the practitioner will not detect a material misstatement (detection risk).
A27R. Reducing engagement risk to zero is very rarely attainable or cost-beneficial. Therefore, reasonable assurance is less than absolute assurance due to factors such as the following:
The use of selective testing.
The inherent limitations of internal control.
The fact that much of the evidence available to the practitioner is persuasive rather than conclusive.
The use of professional judgement in gathering and evaluating evidence and forming conclusions based on that evidence.
In some cases, the characteristics of the sustainability matters (e.g., forward-looking information).
Engagement Team
The engagement team includes personnel, which includes any internal experts, and, if applicable, component practitioners. Another practitioner is not part of the engagement team.
[Deleted by the AUASB.]
Aus A29.1 Internal auditors who provide direct assistance refers to the use of internal auditors to perform procedures under the direction, supervision and review of the practitioner. Although they may perform procedures similar to those performed by the practitioner, such internal auditors are not independent of the entity as is required of the practitioner. They are therefore not members of the engagement team. In Australia, the practitioners is prohibited from using internal auditors to provide direct assistance.
Entity
An example of an identifiable portion of a legal or economic entity is a single factory or other form of facility, such as a landfill site.
Firm
The legal nature of the organisation performing the assurance engagement may take many forms and may not be described as a firm.
Fraud
Although some form of management bias is inherent in subjective decisions relating to sustainability information, when there is intention to mislead, management bias is fraudulent in nature.
Paragraphs A323, A473 and A479 provide examples of matters related to material misstatements due to fraud or management bias in sustainability information, examples of where or how misstatements in sustainability information may arise and examples of misstatements due to fraud in sustainability information, respectively.
Group
A single legal entity organised with branches or divisions is also a group for purposes of this ASSA if the sustainability information for those branches and divisions is included in the single legal entity’s sustainability information through an aggregation process.
Group Sustainability Information
The framework criteria may specify that the sustainability information to be reported should be for the same reporting entity as the related financial report. For example, if consolidated financial report are required to be prepared in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework, then the sustainability information would include information for the same entities or business units included in the consolidated financial report. The criteria may also require the sustainability information to be extended to include information from other entities that are part of the upstream or downstream value chain. Such sustainability information, including information from the value chain, is referred to as “group sustainability information” in the ASSAs.
Intended Users
Examples of intended users include shareholders, investors, lenders and other creditors who may use sustainability information to make resource allocation decisions. Other intended users who may be interested in the sustainability information reported by the organisation include consumers, taxpayers, employees, competitors, prudential authorities, central banks and bodies in charge of financial stability oversight, those granting public contracts, partners, suppliers, community, Indigenous Peoples, government, regulators, and interest groups.
In some cases, there may be intended users other than those to whom the assurance report is addressed. The practitioner may not be able to identify all those who will read the assurance report, particularly when a large number of people have access to it. In such cases, particularly when possible users are likely to have a broad range of interests in the sustainability matters, intended users may be limited to major stakeholders with significant and common interests. Intended users may be identified in different ways, for example, by agreement between the practitioner and management or those charged with governance, or by law or regulation.
In some cases, specific users (for example, lenders) may request the appropriate party(ies) to arrange for an assurance engagement to be performed on sustainability information that has been prepared using criteria that are designed for a specific purpose. When engagements use criteria that are designed for a specific purpose, paragraph 200 requires a statement alerting readers to this fact. In addition, the practitioner may consider it appropriate to indicate that the assurance report is intended solely for specific users. Depending on the engagement circumstances, this may be achieved by restricting the distribution or use of the assurance report (see paragraph A584).
Partner
As noted in paragraph A31, the entity performing the assurance engagement may not be described as a firm. Therefore, the individual with authority to bind the organisation with respect to the performance of the engagement may not carry the title of partner.
Reporting Boundary
In some cases, framework criteria may specify the reporting boundary. In other circumstances, the reporting boundary may be determined by the entity, in which case the reporting boundary will be part of the entity-developed criteria. The reporting boundary may vary for different topics or aspects of topics (e.g., some key performance indicators may have different boundaries from other key performance indicators because of the nature of the sustainability matters).
Although the entity’s sustainability information and financial report may relate to the same reporting entity, the reporting boundary for sustainability information may differ from the boundary for purposes of preparing financial report. For example, the reporting boundary for sustainability information may include activities, operations, relationships, or resources up and down the entity’s value chain. An entity’s supply chain is part of the value chain.
Substantive Procedures
Analytical procedures performed to respond to an assessed risk of material misstatement are substantive in nature and therefore this ASSA requires the practitioner to develop an expectation as the basis for evaluating the results of those procedures (see paragraphs 143L and 143R). Analytical procedures may also be used as risk assessment procedures to help identify inconsistencies, unusual events or conditions, and amounts, ratios, and trends that indicate matters that may have implications for the engagement. Unusual or unexpected relationships that are identified may assist the practitioner in identifying risks of material misstatement, including risks of material misstatement due to fraud.
Sustainability Information
As explained in paragraph 2, sustainability information is information about sustainability matters and may cover a number of topics and aspects of those topics. Paragraph 2 also explains that law or regulation or sustainability reporting frameworks may describe sustainability matters, topics or aspects of topics in different ways. Examples of topics and aspects of topics include the following:
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:423.75pt; margin-left:26.75pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse"><thead><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:412.2pt; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="ParaPlain" style="margin-top:3pt; margin-bottom:3pt"><span style="font-weight:bold">Topics</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:65.4pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt"><p class="ParaPlain" style="margin-top:3pt; margin-bottom:3pt"><span style="font-style:italic">Environmental</span></p></td><td style="width:336pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top"><ul style="margin:0pt; padding-left:0pt"><li class="ParaPlain" style="margin-top:3pt; margin-left:10.06pt; margin-bottom:6pt; padding-left:16.14pt; font-family:serif"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Climate, including emissions</span></li><li class="ParaPlain" style="margin-top:6pt; margin-left:10.06pt; margin-bottom:6pt; padding-left:16.14pt; font-family:serif"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Energy, such as type of energy and consumption</span></li><li class="ParaPlain" style="margin-top:6pt; margin-left:10.06pt; margin-bottom:6pt; padding-left:16.14pt; font-family:serif"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Water and effluents, such as water consumption and water discharge</span></li><li class="ParaPlain" style="margin-top:6pt; margin-left:10.06pt; margin-bottom:3pt; padding-left:16.14pt; font-family:serif"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Biodiversity, such as impacts on biodiversity or habitats protected and restored</span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="width:65.4pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt"><p class="ParaPlain" style="margin-top:3pt; margin-bottom:3pt"><span style="font-style:italic">Social</span></p></td><td style="width:336pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top"><ul style="margin:0pt; padding-left:0pt"><li class="ParaPlain" style="margin-top:3pt; margin-left:10.06pt; margin-bottom:6pt; padding-left:16.14pt; font-family:serif"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Labour practices, such as diversity and equal opportunity, training and education, and occupational health and safety</span></li><li class="ParaPlain" style="margin-top:6pt; margin-left:10.06pt; margin-bottom:6pt; padding-left:16.14pt; font-family:serif"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Human rights and community relations, such as local community engagement, impact assessments and development programs</span></li><li class="ParaPlain" style="margin-top:6pt; margin-left:10.06pt; margin-bottom:3pt; padding-left:16.14pt; font-family:serif"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Customer health and safety</span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="width:65.4pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top"><p class="ParaPlain" style="margin-top:3pt; margin-bottom:3pt"><span style="font-style:italic">Governance</span></p></td><td style="width:336pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top"><ul style="margin:0pt; padding-left:0pt"><li class="ParaPlain" style="margin-top:3pt; margin-left:10.06pt; margin-bottom:3pt; padding-left:16.14pt; font-family:serif"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Monitoring, managing and overseeing sustainability matters and their related impacts</span></li></ul></td></tr></thead></table>
Aspects of Topics
Impact analysis, including magnitude of impactStrategy and business modelRisks and opportunitiesInnovation to address risks and opportunitiesFinancial effects arising from risks and opportunitiesRisk management or mitigationGovernanceMetrics and key performance indicatorsTargetsInternal control over monitoring and managing riskScenario analysis
As explained in paragraph 5, the scope of the assurance engagement may not extend to the entirety of the sustainability information reported. Therefore, for purposes of the ASSAs, the term “sustainability information” is to be read as the information that is subject to assurance. Sustainability information not subject to the assurance engagement that is included in a document or documents containing the sustainability information subject to the assurance engagement and the assurance report thereon is other information.
Sustainability Matters
Law or regulation or sustainability reporting frameworks may define or describe sustainability matters in different ways. Depending on the criteria, sustainability matters may address:
The impacts on the entity’s strategy, business model or performance;
The impacts of the entity’s activities, products and services on the environment, society or economy; or
The entity’s sustainability policies, plans, goals or targets.
In addition to impacts, the criteria may also refer to risks and opportunities (e.g., how sustainability-related risks and opportunities could reasonably be expected to affect the entity’s prospects) or dependencies (e.g., resources and relationships throughout the entity’s value chain that may affect the entity’s strategy or business model).