Seas and Submerged Lands (Territorial Sea Baseline) Proclamation 2016

This Proclamation, made under section 7 of the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 (see s 3), establishes the legal baselines from which the breadth of Australia’s territorial sea is to be measured. Mechanically, it replaces the 2006 territorial sea baseline proclamation (Schedule 3 repeals the earlier instrument). The instrument came into force the day after registration and is taken to have commenced on 12 March 2016 (s 2).

Concretely the Proclamation does the following:

Defines key geometric and tidal terms that govern baseline calculation (s 5), including the meaning of low-water as lowest astronomical tide and straight line as a geodesic line (s 5(1)).
Prescribes how to treat particular coastal features when drawing baselines: ordinary low-water lines, rivers, bays, historic bays, islands and groups of islands, low-tide elevations and naturally formed areas that project seaward (ss 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12).
Specifies coordinate reference systems to be used for locating the points in the schedules: the Geocentric Datum of Australia for most positions and the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000 for points specified in items 4012 to 4039 of Part 4 of Schedule 2 (s 5(4); Schedule 1).
Lays down a set of straight baseline points as geodesic joins in Schedule 2. Those points are grouped in Part 1 for the mainland coast, Part 2 for declared historic bays, Part 3 for the coast of Tasmania, and Part 4 for islands off the coasts of the States and the Northern Territory (Schedules 2 Parts 1-4; ss 7-9).
Establishes specific exclusions for some islands and island groups for the purposes of applying ss 9, 10, 11 and 12 (s 13).
Provides technical realisation details for the Geocentric Datum of Australia used in the instrument, including the reference ellipsoid and a list of fiducial stations and coordinates (Schedule 1).

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Seas and Submerged Lands (Territorial Sea Baseline) Proclamation 2016

I, General the Honourable Sir Peter Cosgrove AK MC (Ret’d), Governor‑General of the Commonwealth of Australia, acting with the advice of the Federal Executive Council, make the following Proclamation.

Signed and Sealed with the Great Seal of Australia on

10 March 2016

Peter Cosgrove

Governor‑General

By His Excellency’s Command

George Brandis QC

Attorney‑General

Contents

1 Name

2 Commencement

3 Authority

4 Schedules

5 Definitions

6 Bays

7 Baseline—mainland of Australia

8 Baseline—mainland of Tasmania

9 Baseline—islands off the coast of the States or the Northern Territory

10 Low‑tide elevations

11 Low‑water line of naturally formed area

12 Low‑water line of island

13 Excluded islands and excluded group of islands

Schedule 1—Geocentric Datum of Australia

1 Reference ellipsoid

2 Reference frame

Schedule 2—Straight baseline points under Article 7 of the Convention

Part 1—Coast of the mainland of Australia

Part 2—Historic bays

Part 3—Coast of the mainland of Tasmania

Part 4—Islands off the coasts of the States and the Northern Territory

Schedule 3—Repeals

Seas and Submerged Lands (Territorial Sea Baseline) Proclamation 2006

1 Name

This is the Seas and Submerged Lands (Territorial Sea Baseline) Proclamation 2016.

2 Commencement

(1) Each provision of this instrument specified in column 1 of the table commences, or is taken to have commenced, in accordance with column 2 of the table. Any other statement in column 2 has effect according to its terms.

Commencement information
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
Provisions Commencement Date/Details
1. The whole of this instrument The day after this instrument is registered. 12 March 2016

Note: This table relates only to the provisions of this instrument as originally made. It will not be amended to deal with any later amendments of this instrument.

(2) Any information in column 3 of the table is not part of this instrument. Information may be inserted in this column, or information in it may be edited, in any published version of this instrument.

3 Authority

This instrument is made under section 7 of the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973.

4 Schedules

Each instrument that is specified in a Schedule to this instrument is amended or repealed as set out in the applicable items in the Schedule concerned, and any other item in a Schedule to this instrument has effect according to its terms.

5 Definitions

Note: A number of expressions used in this instrument are defined in the Act, including the following:

(a) the Convention;

(b) territorial sea.

(1) In this instrument:

Act means the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973.

area of the indentation means the area lying between the low‑water mark around the shore of the indentation and a line joining the low‑water marks of its natural entrance points, and includes the area of any island within the indentation as if it were part of the water area.

baseline of the mainland, in relation to a State or the Northern Territory, means:

(a) for a State (other than Tasmania) or the Northern Territory—the line determined in accordance with sections 7, 10, 11 and 12; or

(b) for Tasmania—the line determined in accordance with sections 8, 10, 11 and 12.

bay has the meaning given by section 6.

Geocentric Datum of Australia means the datum described in Schedule 1.

historic bay means a bay that is declared by an instrument under paragraph 8(a) of the Act to be an historic bay.

low‑tide elevation has the same meaning as in Article 13 of the Convention.

low‑water means lowest astronomical tide.

mile means an international nautical mile, being 1 852 metres.

straight line means a geodesic line.

(2) For the purposes of this instrument, the outermost permanent harbour works (other than offshore installations and artificial islands) which form an integral part of a harbour system are regarded as forming part of the coast.

(3) For the purposes of paragraphs 7(d), 8(d) and 9(d), the low‑water line of a low‑tide elevation must not be taken into account unless a lighthouse or similar installation that is permanently above sea level has been built on the low‑tide elevation.

(4) For the purposes of this instrument, the position on the surface of the Earth of a point, line or area is to be determined by reference to:

(a) if the position is to be determined by reference to any of the points of latitude and longitude specified in items 4012 to 4039 of Part 4 of Schedule 2—the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000, as defined by the International Earth Rotation Service at epoch 1 January 2000; or

(b) otherwise—the Geocentric Datum of Australia.

6 Bays

(1) Subject to subsection (2), an indentation is a bay if the distance between the low‑water marks of the natural entrance points of the indentation does not exceed 24 miles.

(2) An indentation is not a bay if:

(a) for an indentation that has one mouth—the area of the indentation is less than that of the semi‑circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of the indentation; and

(b) for an indentation that, because of the presence of islands, has more than one mouth—the area of the indentation is less than that of the semi‑circle drawn on a line as long as the sum total of the lengths of the lines across the different mouths.

7 Baseline—mainland of Australia

Subject to sections 10, 11 and 12, the baseline from which the breadth of the part of the territorial sea adjacent to the mainland of Australia is to be measured is the line constituted by the following:

(a) the low‑water line along the coast, except where that low‑water line is landward of a line mentioned in paragraph (b), (c), (d) or (e);

(b) for each river that flows directly into the sea on the coast—the straight line drawn across the mouth of the river between points on the low‑water lines of its banks, except where that line is landward of a line mentioned in paragraph (c) or (d);

(c) for each bay (other than an historic bay) on the coast—the straight line drawn between the low‑water marks of the natural entrance points of the bay, except where that line is landward of, or identical with, a line mentioned in paragraph (d);

(d) the straight lines joining each of the points on the low‑water line of the coast that are on, or closest to, the points of latitude and longitude specified in an item in Part 1 of Schedule 2;

(e) for each historic bay specified in column 1 of an item in Part 2 of Schedule 2:

(i) if 2 points of latitude and longitude are specified in column 2 of the item—the straight line joining each of the points on the low‑water line of the coast that are on, or closest to, those points; and

(ii) if more than 2 points of latitude and longitude are specified in column 2 of the item—the line constituted by each of the straight lines joining, respectively, each of the points on the low‑water line of the coast that are on, or closest to, 2 points specified opposite each other in that column of that item.

8 Baseline—mainland of Tasmania

Subject to sections 10, 11 and 12, the baseline from which the breadth of the part of the territorial sea adjacent to the mainland of Tasmania is to be measured is the line constituted by the following:

(a) the low‑water line along the coast, except where that low‑water line is landward of a line mentioned in paragraph (b), (c) or (d);

(c) for each bay on the coast—the straight line drawn between the low‑water marks of the natural entrance points of the bay, except where that line is landward of, or identical with, a line mentioned in paragraph (d);

(d) the straight lines joining each of the points on the low‑water line of the coast that are on, or closest to, the points of latitude and longitude specified in an item in Part 3 of Schedule 2.

9 Baseline—islands off the coast of the States or the Northern Territory

Subject to sections 10, 11 and 12, the baseline from which the breadth of the part of the territorial sea adjacent to an island, or a group of islands, located within a State or the Northern Territory, and seaward of the baseline of the mainland of that State or Territory, is to be measured is the line constituted by the following:

(a) the low‑water line along the coast of the island, or along the coast of each island included in the group of islands, except where that low‑water line is landward of a line mentioned in paragraph (b), (c) or (d);

(b) for each river that flows directly into the sea on the coast of the island, or on the coast of an island included in the group of islands—the straight line drawn across the mouth of the river between points on the low‑water lines of its banks, except where the line is landward of a line mentioned in paragraph (c) or (d);

(c) for each bay on the coast of the island, or on the coast of an island included in the group of islands—the straight line drawn between the respective low‑water marks of the natural entrance points of the bay, except where the line is landward of, or identical with, a line mentioned in paragraph (d);

(d) the straight lines joining each of the points on the low‑water line of the coast of the island, or on the low‑water line of the coast of an island included in the group of islands, that are on, or closest to, the points of latitude and longitude specified in an item in Part 4 of Schedule 2.

Note: See also section 13.

10 Low‑tide elevations

The baseline from which the breadth of the part of the territorial sea adjacent to a low‑tide elevation, situated wholly or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island, is to be measured is the low‑water line on the low‑tide elevation.

Note: See also section 13.

11 Low‑water line of naturally formed area

(1) If the low‑water line of a naturally formed area of land which is above water at high‑tide would intersect a straight baseline drawn in accordance with this instrument, the part of the straight baseline that would be between the points of intersection of the low‑water line and that baseline is to be substituted with the line that would be the baseline between those points if the seaward part of the area of land were part of the coast of the mainland of the State or Territory within which the naturally formed area of land is located.

(2) For subsection (1):

(a) if the low‑water line and baseline intersect at more than 2 points, the points of intersection of the low‑water line of an area of land and a straight baseline are taken to be the 2 outermost points of intersection; and

(b) the seaward part of the area of land is the part, or parts, of the area of land on the seaward side of the straight baseline.

Note: See also section 13.

12 Low‑water line of island

(1) If straight lines mentioned in paragraph 7(d), 7(e), 8(d) or 9(d) join different points on the low‑water line of the same island, the baseline from which the breadth of the part of the territorial sea adjacent to that island, or the group of islands in which that island is included, between those points is to be measured is the line that would be the baseline if the seaward part of the coast of the island between those points were part of the coast of the mainland of the State or Territory within which the island is located.

(2) For subsection (1), the seaward part of the coast of an island between 2 points is the part of the coast of the island between those points that includes the most seaward part of the island.

Note: See also section 13.

13 Excluded islands and excluded group of islands

(1) For the purposes of sections 9, 10, 11 and 12, an island does not include:

(a) each of the following islands located within Queensland:

(i) Pearce Cay;

(ii) Turnagain Island;

(iii) Turu Cay; and

(b) an island included in a group of islands mentioned in subsection (2).

(2) For the purposes of sections 9, 10, 11 and 12, a group of islands does not include each of the following groups of islands located within Queensland:

(a) the group of islands known as Aubusi, Boigu and Moimi;

(b) the group of islands known as Dauan, Kaumag and Saibai;

(d) the group of islands known as Black Rocks and Bramble Cay;

(e) the group of islands known as Deliverance Island and Kerr Islet.

Schedule 1—Geocentric Datum of Australia

Note: See the definition of Geocentric Datum of Australia in subsection 5(1).

1 Reference ellipsoid

Geodetic Reference System 1980 ellipsoid with a semi‑major axis of 6 378 137 metres and an inverse flattening of 298.257 222 101.

2 Reference frame

The Geocentric Datum of Australia is realised by the coordinates of the following Australian Fiducial Network geodetic stations referred to the Geodetic Reference System 1980 ellipsoid determined within the International Earth Rotation Service Terrestrial Reference Frame 1992 at the epoch of 1994.0.

Reference frame
Item Geodetic station South latitude East longitude Ellipsoidal height (metres)
1 AU 012 Alice Springs 23°40′12.44592″ 133°53′07.84757″ 603.358
2 AU 013 Karratha 20°58′53.17004″ 117°05′49.87255″ 109.246
3 AU 014 Darwin 12°50′37.35839″ 131°07′57.84838″ 125.197
4 AU 015 Townsville 19°20′50.42839″ 146°46′30.79057″ 587.077
5 AU 016 Hobart 42°48′16.98506″ 147°26′19.43548″ 41.126
6 AU 017 Tidbinbilla 35°23′57.15627″ 148°58′47.98425″ 665.440
7 AU 019 Ceduna 31°52′00.01664″ 133°48′35.37527″ 144.802
8 AU 029 Yaragadee 29°02′47.61687″ 115°20′49.10049″ 241.291

Schedule 2—Straight baseline points under Article 7 of the Convention

Note: See sections 7, 8 and 9.

Part 1—Coast of the mainland of Australia

Coast of the mainland of Australia
Item Description
1001 From 32°44′27.0″S 152°11′09.5″E to 32°44′23.9″S 152°11′30.6″E
1002 From 32°44′23.9″S 152°11′41.1″E to 32°44′24.3″S 152°11′56.5″E
1003 From 32°44′24.4″S 152°11′58.2″E to 32°44′31.5″S 152°12′18.3″E
1004 From 32°44′31.8″S 152°12′19.6″E to 32°44′32.2″S 152°12′20.9″E
1005 From 32°44′32.5″S 152°12′21.6″E to 32°44′33.5″S 152°12′22.4″E
1006 From 32°44′33.7″S 152°12′22.6″E to 32°44′40.1″S 152°12′27.0″E
1007 From 32°44′41.0″S 152°12′27.1″E to 32°44′51.4″S 152°12′21.7″E
1008 From 32°44′53.1″S 152°12′21.0″E to 32°44′59.9″S 152°12′18.1″E
1009 From 32°45′00.9″S 152°12′16.7″E to 32°45′01.3″S 152°12′15.0″E
1010 From 32°45′02.0″S 152°12′12.7″E to 32°45′13.2″S 152°11′18.6″E
1011 From 32°45′13.2″S 152°11′18.6″E to 32°45′22.9″S 152°10′46.4″E
1012 From 32°45′22.9″S 152°10′46.4″E to 32°45′45.4″S 152°10′24.0″E
1013 From 32°45′46.5″S 152°10′21.4″E to 32°45′55.2″S 152°09′42.0″E
1014 From 32°45′55.2″S 152°09′42.0″E to 32°46′05.5″S 152°09′11.7″E
1015 From 32°46′06.3″S 152°09′06.8″E to 32°46′07.2″S 152°08′42.7″E
1016 From 32°46′07.2″S 152°08′42.7″E to 32°47′05.1″S 152°07′28.1″E
1017 From 36°43′31.9″S 149°59′30.2″E to 36°43′47.6″S 149°59′27.4″E
1018 From 36°43′49.4″S 149°59′26.9″E to 36°45′14.2″S 149°59′02.3″E
1019 From 36°45′14.2″S 149°59′02.3″E to 36°45′24.0″S 149°58′58.2″E
1020 From 36°45′25.4″S 149°58′57.8″E to 36°46′04.4″S 149°58′44.7″E
1021 From 36°46′04.4″S 149°58′44.7″E to 36°46′42.6″S 149°58′24.9″E
1022 From 36°46′44.8″S 149°58′23.4″E to 36°47′08.7″S 149°58′11.8″E
1023 From 36°47′13.1″S 149°58′09.8″E to 36°47′27.8″S 149°57′46.3″E
1024 From 36°47′28.6″S 149°57′45.8″E to 36°47′28.6″S 149°57′44.4″E
1025 From 39°08′12.3″S 146°22′25.7″E to 39°08′23.9″S 146°22′05.2″E
1026 From 39°08′24.9″S 146°22′01.1″E to 39°09′29.6″S 146°18′52.3″E
1027 From 39°09′30.9″S 146°18′41.9″E to 39°09′32.2″S 146°17′42.1″E
1028 From 39°09′30.1″S 146°17′33.2″E to 39°07′03.9″S 146°14′13.7″E
1029 From 39°06′53.4″S 146°14′02.0″E to 39°05′07.5″S 146°13′30.7″E
1030 From 39°04′16.8″S 146°13′19.8″E to 39°01′20.4″S 146°14′11.1″E
1031 From 39°01′16.4″S 146°14′12.6″E to 38°59′41.7″S 146°14′47.4″E
1032 From 38°59′39.8″S 146°14′48.8″E to 38°59′37.8″S 146°14′54.0″E
1033 From 35°38′35.0″S 138°31′23.1″E to 35°45′32.6″S 138°18′13.2″E
1034 From 35°45′32.6″S 138°18′13.2″E to 35°46′33.9″S 138°17′35.8″E
1035 From 35°46′41.6″S 138°17′30.7″E to 35°46′57.7″S 138°17′24.2″E
1036 From 35°47′07.0″S 138°17′16.1″E to 35°50′38.3″S 138°08′03.0″E
1037 From 35°53′11.3″S 136°32′03.8″E to 34°57′06.2″S 135°37′29.7″E
1038 From 34°56′57.9″S 135°37′29.5″E to 34°56′48.3″S 135°37′27.1″E
1039 From 32°54′22.8″S 134°03′32.7″E to 32°43′30.7″S 133°57′50.3″E
1040 From 32°43′30.7″S 133°57′50.3″E to 32°35′19.6″S 133°16′52.8″E
1041 From 32°34′59.3″S 133°16′36.0″E to 32°33′55.3″S 133°16′31.3″E
1042 From 32°33′55.3″S 133°16′31.3″E to 32°30′49.4″S 133°15′04.9″E
1043 From 32°30′20.7″S 133°14′55.8″E to 32°13′27.9″S 133°06′38.3″E
1044 From 32°13′27.9″S 133°06′38.3″E to 32°08′40.6″S 132°59′25.0″E
1045 From 32°08′35.4″S 132°59′21.9″E to 32°07′34.0″S 132° 58′49.0″E
1046 From 32°07′34.0″S 132°58′49.0″E to 32°01′48.3″S 132°28′23.6″E
1047 From 33°58′47.4″S 123°17′15.3″E to 34°00′53.9″S 123°17′38.5″E
1048 From 34°01′27.4″S 123°17′29.6″E to 34°03′07.4″S 123°15′36.5″E
1049 From 34°03′11.1″S 123°15′32.4″E to 34°04′17.2″S 123°14′15.7″E
1050 From 34°04′17.2″S 123°14′15.7″E to 34°06′23.8″S 123°12′57.0″E
1051 From 34°07′09.0″S 123°12′26.3″E to 34°09′57.0″S 123°08′51.4″E
1052 From 34°09′53.4″S 123°08′06.7″E to 34°07′48.6″S 122°50′49.8″E
1053 From 34°07′48.6″S 122°50′49.8″E to 34°11′51.3″S 122°29′49.7″E
1054 From 34°11′51.3″S 122°29′49.7″E to 34°12′36.3″S 122°20′56.2″E
1055 From 34°12′36.4″S 122°20′55.1″E to 34°13′27.5″S 122°08′58.6″E
1056 From 34°13′27.8″S 122°08′55.1″E to 34°13′53.7″S 122°03′59.5″E
1057 From 34°13′53.8″S 122°03′55.7″E to 34°10′46.7″S 121°56′38.6″E
1058 From 34°10′46.5″S 121°56′38.1″E to 34°02′35.8″S 121°36′14.2″E
1059 From 34°02′35.2″S 121°36′13.9″E to 33°52′22.3″S 121°20′44.0″E
1060 From 33°52′22.3″S 121°20′44.0″E to 33°51′03.3″S 121°16′05.6″E
1061 From 32°22′15.1″S 115°42′50.8″E to 32°21′17.0″S 115°41′21.7″E
1062 From 32°21′08.8″S 115°41′17.5″E to 32°19′50.0″S 115°41′29.8″E
1063 From 32°19′50.0″S 115°41′29.8″E to 32°19′22.8″S 115°41′26.5″E
1064 From 32°19′15.3″S 115°41′26.3″E to 32°18′10.6″S 115°41′14.3″E
1065 From 32°18′05.1″S 115°41′14.3″E to 32°16′16.3″S 115°41′08.9″E
1066 From 32°15′52.2″S 115°41′09.0″E to 32°14′39.5″S 115°40′50.7″E
1067 From 32°09′21.9″S 115°39′38.9″E to 32°07′14.9″S 115°39′28.3″E
1068 From 32°07′14.9″S 115°39′28.3″E to 32°03′58.9″S 115°38′07.0″E
1069 From 32°03′58.9″S 115°38′07.0″E to 32°01′38.8″S 115°31′44.1″E
1070 From 31°59′13.2″S 115°32′19.5″E to 31°56′19.6″S 115°45′13.0″E
1071 From 26°08′35.1″S 113°09′32.7″E to 26°07′22.7″S 113°10′51.5″E
1072 From 25°28′46.3″S 112°58′15.6″E to 25°16′27.4″S 113°04′27.4″E
1073 From 24°59′31.5″S 113°07′00.8″E to 24°59′11.2″S 113°07′05.2″E
1074 From 24°45′26.9″S 113°09′14.8″E to 24°45′00.7″S 113°09′36.1″E
1075 From 24°44′53.5″S 113°09′39.8″E to 24°29′20.1″S 113°24′28.0″E
1076 From 21°46′53.3″S 114°09′44.1″E to 21°43′03.6″S 114°18′01.3″E
1077 From 21°39′27.3″S 114°20′56.6″E to 21°38′59.8″S 114°21′23.0″E
1078 From 21°37′19.5″S 114°23′33.6″E to 21°35′52.2″S 114°30′10.7″E
1079 From 21°35′50.5″S 114°30′28.5″E to 21°31′33.6″S 114°45′24.9″E
1080 From 21°31′06.7″S 114°45′52.2″E to 21°15′42.7″S 115°01′24.8″E
1081 From 21°15′42.7″S 115°01′24.8″E to 20°58′19.9″S 115°19′25.1″E
1082 From 20°56′49.4″S 115°18′28.2″E to 20°56′22.1″S 115°18′34.8″E
1083 From 20°53′45.8″S 115°19′01.5″E to 20°53′32.6″S 115°19′00.5″E
1084 From 20°39′58.9″S 115°25′57.8″E to 20°26′00.6″S 115°30′01.8″E
1085 From 20°26′00.6″S 115°30′01.8″E to 20°21′50.7″S 115°30′45.7″E
1086 From 20°22′01.3″S 115°32′21.8″E to 20°22′37.4″S 115°33′32.3″E
1087 From 20°24′10.6″S 115°35′09.5″E to 20°28′35.5″S 116°32′18.6″E
1088 From 20°28′35.5″S 116°32′18.6″E to 20°26′24.6″S 116°36′47.4″E
1089 From 20°26′18.4″S 116°37′07.1″E to 20°21′12.3″S 116°49′55.5″E
1090 From 20°25′16.2″S 116°57′37.5″E to 20°25′46.3″S 117°04′09.7″E
1091 From 20°26′17.8″S 117°06′12.9″E to 20°32′49.0″S 117°10′36.3″E
1092 From 20°32′57.2″S 117°10′43.9″E to 20°34′32.9″S 117°12′10.8″E
1093 From 20°34′33.2″S 117°12′11.1″E to 20°37′36.8″S 117°12′13.0″E
1094 From 16°23′58.1″S 122°55′24.4″E to 16°23′18.0″S 122°55′04.1″E
1095 From 16°23′02.3″S 122°55′25.1″E to 16°16′32.7″S 123°03′25.9″E
1096 From 16°16′24.7″S 123°03′36.3″E to 16°02′27.6″S 123°16′13.9″E
1097 From 16°01′55.8″S 123°18′41.0″E to 15°52′26.9″S 123°37′58.8″E
1098 From 15°51′42.3″S 123°38′24.4″E to 15°50′52.4″S 123°40′19.7″E
1099 From 15°50′52.4″S 123°40′19.7″E to 15°20′14.4″S 124°10′58.5″E
1100 From 15°20′14.4″S 124°10′58.5″E to 15°12′43.1″S 124°15′31.6″E
1101 From 15°12′36.4″S 124°15′34.4″E to 15°03′33.7″S 124°19′08.9″E
1102 From 15°02′43.4″S 124°19′34.8″E to 14°59′08.7″S 124°32′03.7″E
1103 From 14°59′08.7″S 124°32′03.7″E to 14°51′37.6″S 124°42′28.4″E
1104 From 14°51′37.6″S 124°42′28.4″E to 14°30′36.9″S 124°55′09.1″E
1105 From 14°30′34.6″S 124°55′10.3″E to 14°24′16.6″S 124°57′17.3″E
1106 From 14°22′59.5″S 124°58′24.4″E to 14°16′57.8″S 125°13′18.0″E
1107 From 14°16′57.8″S 125°13′18.0″E to 14°14′22.5″S 125°19′11.7″E
1108 From 14°14′22.5″S 125°19′11.7″E to 14°05′56.0″S 125°33′14.8″E
1109 From 14°05′56.0″S 125°33′14.8″E to 13°55′51.9″S 125°37′08.6″E
1110 From 13°55′02.6″S 125°37′35.8″E to 13°47′45.3″S 125°48′19.8″E
1111 From 13°47′45.3″S 125°48′19.8″E to 13°44′23.5″S 126°08′29.1″E
1112 From 13°44′18.6″S 126°09′23.1″E to 13°44′38.8″S 126°20′53.5″E
1113 From 13°45′00.5″S 126°22′38.7″E to 13°43′48.3″S 126°46′32.8″E
1114 From 14°50′43.9″S 129°02′30.8″E to 14°25′51.3″S 129°20′55.1″E
1115 From 12°38′51.8″S 130°19′47.6″E to 11°49′32.8″S 130°02′54.9″E
1116 From 11°20′20.7″S 130°14′45.8″E to 11°06′04.1″S 130°18′55.3″E
1117 From 11°11′14.2″S 131°16′51.2″E to 11°09′21.8″S 131°51′49.8″E
1118 From 11°09′21.8″S 131°51′49.8″E to 11°07′11.9″S 131°58′10.2″E
1119 From 11°07′17.2″S 132°08′14.3″E to 11°06′39.6″S 132°11′23.7″E
1120 From 11°06′39.8″S 132°11′26.3″E to 11°05′52.0″S 132°17′12.6″E
1121 From 11°05′49.7″S 132°17′31.7″E to 11°01′11.3″S 132°27′23.0″E
1122 From 10°57′57.6″S 132°35′39.0″E to 10°57′53.5″S 132°49′14.8″E
1123 From 10°57′56.6″S 132°49′57.2″E to 11°01′51.1″S 132°58′18.3″E
1124 From 11°05′29.1″S 132°59′59.8″E to 11°10′03.3″S 132°55′41.6″E
1125 From 11°10′09.4″S 132°55′39.7″E to 11°19′54.2″S 132°55′05.5″E
1126 From 11°56′50.2″S 134°44′54.8″E to 11°54′20.9″S 135°01′47.1″E
1127 From 11°55′06.1″S 135°07′22.6″E to 11°54′47.5″S 135°07′54.5″E
1128 From 11°54′18.0″S 135°09′14.7″E to 11°56′54.7″S 135°35′36.8″E
1129 From 11°44′35.6″S 135°52′18.8″E to 11°41′35.7″S 135°56′24.9″E
1130 From 11°37′53.3″S 136°01′22.0″E to 11°37′20.0″S 136°01′34.2″E
1131 From 11°36′02.7″S 136°03′26.8″E to 11°35′01.0″S 136°04′07.7″E
1132 From 11°34′14.9″S 136°05′32.3″E to 11°33′35.7″S 136°06′11.2″E
1133 From 11°32′26.6″S 136°07′24.8″E to 11°28′24.1″S 136°25′42.7″E
1134 From 11°28′22.8″S 136°25′46.0″E to 11°24′52.0″S 136°28′56.1″E
1135 From 11°24′47.2″S 136°28′59.4″E to 11°23′33.9″S 136°29′47.6″E
1136 From 11°02′20.1″S 136°43′28.9″E to 11°01′56.2″S 136°43′44.1″E
1137 From 11°01′35.0″S 136°43′50.6″E to 11°00′18.6″S 136°44′04.7″E
1138 From 11°00′21.4″S 136°45′48.4″E to 11°01′24.3″S 136°46′02.1″E
1139 From 11°01′26.0″S 136°46′02.2″E to 11°01′39.6″S 136°46′01.7″E
1140 From 11°02′08.9″S 136°46′01.7″E to 11°39′13.8″S 136°50′18.1″E
1141 From 11°39′13.8″S 136°50′18.1″E to 12°01′50.7″S 136°53′03.3″E
1142 From 12°01′50.7″S 136°53′03.3″E to 12°20′31.0″S 136°58′45.6″E
1143 From 12°30′20.8″S 136°48′20.1″E to 12°30′26.1″S 136°48′26.3″E
1144 From 12°30′34.8″S 136°48′31.2″E to 12°30′51.3″S 136°48′44.8″E
1145 From 12°30′59.5″S 136°48′46.3″E to 12°34′54.3″S 136°46′42.0″E
1146 From 12°35′06.6″S 136°46′24.3″E to 12°35′11.3″S 136°46′17.5″E
1147 From 12°35′25.2″S 136°46′01.4″E to 12°43′02.6″S 136°43′59.0″E
1148 From 12°43′06.6″S 136°43′58.3″E to 12°44′42.4″S 136°43′33.0″E
1149 From 12°44′42.4″S 136°43′33.0″E to 12°46′43.8″S 136°43′27.2″E
1150 From 12°46′43.8″S 136°43′27.2″E to 12°52′56.2″S 136°43′53.0″E
1151 From 12°53′17.9″S 136°43′51.9″E to 13°00′15.8″S 136°40′08.2″E
1152 From 13°00′15.8″S 136°40′08.2″E to 13°37′28.4″S 136°57′39.1″E
1153 From 13°37′37.7″S 136°57′47.2″E to 13°37′38.7″S 136°57′48.2″E
1154 From 13°37′42.0″S 136°57′49.2″E to 13°48′21.8″S 136°55′31.3″E
1155 From 13°48′21.8″S 136°55′31.3″E to 14°10′14.2″S 136°59′06.9″E
1156 From 14°10′18.3″S 136°59′07.4″E to 14°13′02.7″S 136°58′52.4″E
1157 From 14°13′06.6″S 136°58′52.3″E to 14°15′25.4″S 136°59′07.3″E
1158 From 14°15′44.9″S 136°59′05.6″E to 14°18′04.5″S 136°57′53.6″E
1159 From 14°18′04.5″S 136°57′53.6″E to 14°20′56.0″S 136°57′15.6″E
1160 From 14°21′10.8″S 136°56′55.3″E to 14°21′06.3″S 136°56′35.4″E
1161 From 14°21′12.2″S 136°55′40.0″E to 14°20′53.6″S 136°50′10.7″E
1162 From 14°20′53.5″S 136°50′10.5″E to 14°18′46.7″S 136°39′39.3″E
1163 From 14°18′28.7″S 136°39′24.2″E to 14°17′49.5″S 136°38′56.1″E
1164 From 14°14′46.9″S 136°19′32.1″E to 14°11′46.8″S 135°53′50.2″E
1165 From 15°24′03.4″S 136°15′25.9″E to 15°29′36.3″S 136°34′45.2″E
1166 From 15°29′36.3″S 136°34′45.2″E to 15°30′12.7″S 136°52′10.2″E
1167 From 15°29′55.7″S 136°53′19.2″E to 15°29′31.5″S 136°55′09.4″E
1168 From 15°29′32.9″S 136°55′16.0″E to 15°29′56.7″S 136°57′14.4″E
1169 From 15°29′56.9″S 136°57′28.9″E to 15°36′59.2″S 137°05′46.4″E
1170 From 15°37′12.1″S 137°05′47.3″E to 15°44′51.4″S 137°06′26.0″E
1171 From 15°45′15.5″S 137°06′25.4″E to 15°46′12.4″S 137°06′29.9″E
1172 From 15°51′11.0″S 137°04′44.4″E to 15°51′21.2″S 137°04′31.8″E
1173 From 15°52′00.3″S 137°04′10.3″E to 15°57′58.7″S 137°09′38.6″E
1174 From 16°53′03.9″S 139°00′58.2″E to 16°52′44.6″S 139°02′26.7″E
1175 From 16°51′27.0″S 139°02′58.4″E to 16°48′41.6″S 139°05′27.6″E
1176 From 16°48′37.4″S 139°05′31.5″E to 16°45′08.8″S 139°08′15.0″E
1177 From 16°40′34.5″S 139°09′34.0″E to 16°39′57.0″S 139°09′36.4″E
1178 From 16°30′17.4″S 139°14′27.8″E to 16°13′52.0″S 139°15′02.2″E
1179 From 16°13′44.8″S 139°15′14.4″E to 16°23′21.1″S 139°33′05.0″E
1180 From 16°27′02.8″S 139°40′37.0″E to 16°26′42.6″S 139°43′33.1″E
1181 From 16°26′42.6″S 139°43′33.1″E to 16°26′24.6″S 139°46′12.1″E
1182 From 16°26′26.6″S 139°46′25.1″E to 16°29′25.0″S 139°48′52.7″E
1183 From 16°29′46.0″S 139°49′05.4″E to 16°38′36.6″S 139°53′57.6″E
1184 From 16°38′43.1″S 139°53′57.4″E to 16°39′12.4″S 139°53′47.5″E
1185 From 16°39′36.8″S 139°53′34.1″E to 16°42′24.9″S 139°50′37.8″E
1186 From 16°42′36.2″S 139°50′30.2″E to 17°04′29.0″S 139°38′23.0″E
1187 From 17°08′36.7″S 139°37′01.2″E to 17°24′34.4″S 139°30′07.5″E
1188 From 11°04′09.7″S 142°07′46.7″E to 10°59′49.7″S 142°06′10.5″E
1189 From 10°58′40.0″S 142°05′16.2″E to 10°53′11.1″S 142°01′24.5″E
1190 From 10°52′53.7″S 142°01′26.2″E to 10°51′06.6″S 142°01′15.9″E
1191 From 10°50′59.5″S 142°01′14.7″E to 10°36′26.4″S 141°54′34.3″E
1192 From 10°36′14.5″S 141°54′29.0″E to 10°21′23.1″S 142°02′33.3″E
1193 From 10°21′23.1″S 142°02′33.3″E to 10°15′30.8″S 142°02′14.5″E
1194 From 10°15′27.9″S 142°02′14.4″E to 10°15′01.8″S 142°02′13.0″E
1195 From 10°14′59.9″S 142°02′12.3″E to 10°13′08.9″S 142°03′05.3″E
1196 From 10°12′58.6″S 142°03′06.9″E to 10°07′19.6″S 142°03′06.0″E
1197 From 10°07′19.6″S 142°03′06.0″E to 10°02′41.1″S 142°03′34.5″E
1198 From 10°02′32.6″S 142°03′39.8″E to 09°57′53.2″S 142°04′40.0″E
1199 From 09°57′51.4″S 142°04′42.2″E to 09°56′54.0″S 142°05′00.5″E
1200 From 09°55′52.3″S 142°10′09.6″E to 09°56′08.9″S 142°10′41.9″E
1201 From 09°56′09.7″S 142°10′44.7″E to 09°56′31.3″S 142°12′10.7″E
1202 From 09°56′53.4″S 142°12′48.6″E to 09°58′29.4″S 142°14′14.2″E
1203 From 09°58′38.1″S 142°14′26.0″E to 10°04′45.7″S 142°19′37.7″E
1204 From 10°04′54.5″S 142°19′47.9″E to 10°09′12.1″S 142°30′14.6″E
1205 From 10°09′45.9″S 142°31′02.0″E to 10°10′46.9″S 142°31′17.0″E
1206 From 10°10′52.7″S 142°31′16.6″E to 10°11′09.5″S 142°31′19.5″E
1207 From 10°11′51.8″S 142°31′03.2″E to 10°14′46.3″S 142°29′36.0″E
1208 From 10°15′39.4″S 142°29′10.4″E to 10°27′44.9″S 142°27′04.7″E
1209 From 10°27′44.9″S 142°27′04.7″E to 10°35′46.3″S 142°38′34.5″E
1210 From 10°35′48.2″S 142°38′37.7″E to 10°39′17.5″S 142°45′16.1″E
1211 From 10°39′42.4″S 142°45′42.6″E to 10°42′46.4″S 142°46′29.9″E
1212 From 10°43′37.3″S 142°46′46.7″E to 10°50′14.4″S 142°47′01.2″E
1213 From 10°50′14.4″S 142°47′01.2″E to 11°00′07.7″S 142°59′25.1″E
1214 From 11°00′32.8″S 142°59′50.1″E to 11°09′13.9″S 143°04′45.5″E
1215 From 11°11′29.5″S 143°07′21.4″E to 11°23′48.2″S 143°04′59.7″E
1216 From 11°23′48.2″S 143°04′59.7″E to 11°42′01.5″S 143°11′44.3″E
1217 From 11°42′01.5″S 143°11′44.3″E to 11°49′01.3″S 143°29′17.4″E
1218 From 11°49′55.0″S 143°29′48.6″E to 11°55′59.5″S 143°29′25.8″E
1219 From 11°56′03.8″S 143°29′25.6″E to 12°17′42.1″S 143°25′11.8″E
1220 From 12°17′42.1″S 143°25′11.8″E to 12°24′09.4″S 143°29′22.4″E
1221 From 12°24′21.2″S 143°29′23.9″E to 12°48′36.0″S 143°36′45.0″E
1222 From 12°48′41.0″S 143°36′44.9″E to 12°53′11.6″S 143°36′21.0″E
1223 From 12°53′11.6″S 143°36′21.0″E to 12°59′02.2″S 143°37′01.5″E
1224 From 12°59′32.9″S 143°37′04.7″E to 13°01′55.1″S 143°38′24.4″E
1225 From 13°02′09.7″S 143°38′27.3″E to 13°18′29.3″S 143°40′25.4″E
1226 From 13°18′29.3″S 143°40′25.4″E to 13°27′54.8″S 143°45′35.3″E
1227 From 13°27′54.8″S 143°45′35.3″E to 13°38′21.8″S 143°56′02.3″E
1228 From 13°38′24.8″S 143°56′06.6″E to 13°46′53.3″S 144°00′12.2″E
1229 From 13°46′53.3″S 144°00′12.2″E to 14°02′53.1″S 144°15′32.9″E
1230 From 14°03′05.4″S 144°16′09.9″E to 14°05′04.4″S 144°20′04.5″E
1231 From 14°05′08.4″S 144°20′21.1″E to 14°06′39.5″S 144°31′30.8″E
1232 From 14°06′59.3″S 144°31′57.4″E to 14°18′32.0″S 144°51′50.1″E
1233 From 14°18′42.8″S 144°52′06.3″E to 14°23′55.1″S 144°58′50.9″E
1234 From 14°24′05.7″S 144°59′08.5″E to 14°38′41.0″S 145°27′14.9″E
1235 From 14°40′14.7″S 145°28′42.3″E to 14°44′46.8″S 145°31′00.0″E
1236 From 14°44′50.3″S 145°31′01.0″E to 14°49′18.6″S 145°33′18.2″E
1237 From 14°49′28.5″S 145°33′15.7″E to 15°01′30.2″S 145°26′57.5″E
1238 From 15°01′30.2″S 145°26′57.5″E to 15°06′49.0″S 145°25′46.2″E
1239 From 15°07′14.1″S 145°25′39.8″E to 15°16′29.2″S 145°21′27.0″E
1240 From 17°38′55.0″S 146°08′57.1″E to 17°39′08.2″S 146°09′25.4″E
1241 From 17°39′23.1″S 146°09′38.0″E to 17°40′27.7″S 146°10′48.8″E
1242 From 17°40′40.8″S 146°10′55.2″E to 17°44′17.0″S 146°09′49.8″E
1243 From 17°44′17.0″S 146°09′49.8″E to 17°58′03.0″S 146°10′50.5″E
1244 From 17°58′06.6″S 146°10′51.2″E to 18°02′14.4″S 146°12′06.8″E
1245 From 18°02′14.4″S 146°12′06.8″E to 18°09′14.6″S 146°18′20.7″E
1246 From 18°09′27.2″S 146°18′29.3″E to 18°14′07.2″S 146°19′38.1″E
1247 From 18°14′07.8″S 146°19′38.5″E to 18°25′06.2″S 146°21′26.7″E
1248 From 18°25′08.5″S 146°21′27.6″E to 18°32′16.2″S 146°29′43.7″E
1249 From 18°32′34.2″S 146°30′08.3″E to 18°44′15.8″S 146°41′06.9″E
1250 From 18°44′34.9″S 146°41′23.0″E to 18°46′18.1″S 146°43′03.7″E
1251 From 18°46′20.3″S 146°43′06.4″E to 19°06′30.2″S 146°52′52.6″E
1252 From 19°06′30.2″S 146°52′52.6″E to 19°10′53.3″S 147°00′49.1″E
1253 From 19°57′14.8″S 148°13′24.1″E to 19°58′18.7″S 148°26′53.0″E
1254 From 19°58′21.7″S 148°27′23.4″E to 19°59′18.9″S 148°33′36.2″E
1255 From 19°59′19.0″S 148°33′36.7″E to 20°00′49.1″S 148°37′31.7″E
1256 From 20°00′49.1″S 148°37′31.7″E to 20°02′11.4″S 148°52′53.9″E
1257 From 20°02′14.6″S 148°53′13.6″E to 20°03′34.7″S 148°57′54.9″E
1258 From 20°03′34.9″S 148°57′55.7″E to 20°14′25.7″S 149°10′27.6″E
1259 From 20°14′34.8″S 149°10′31.7″E to 20°15′10.5″S 149°11′07.4″E
1260 From 20°15′14.2″S 149°11′08.5″E to 20°28′49.5″S 149°08′02.6″E
1261 From 20°28′49.5″S 149°08′02.6″E to 20°36′03.3″S 149°11′15.3″E
1262 From 20°36′03.3″S 149°11′15.3″E to 20°43′37.5″S 149°28′00.8″E
1263 From 20°43′37.5″S 149°28′00.8″E to 20°45′38.9″S 149°37′23.3″E
1264 From 20°46′23.1″S 149°37′39.6″E to 20°56′37.8″S 149°44′27.6″E
1265 From 20°56′37.8″S 149°44′27.6″E to 20°59′14.6″S 149°48′07.3″E
1266 From 20°59′14.6″S 149°48′07.3″E to 21°00′03.0″S 149°53′41.4″E
1267 From 21°00′03.4″S 149°53′43.2″E to 21°00′08.1″S 149°53′52.5″E
1268 From 21°01′24.8″S 149°54′57.2″E to 21°06′28.0″S 149°58′00.0″E
1269 From 21°06′28.0″S 149°58′00.0″E to 21°27′59.6″S 150°18′33.3″E
1270 From 21°28′08.0″S 150°18′38.6″E to 21°40′22.4″S 150°21′24.7″E
1271 From 21°40′22.4″S 150°21′24.7″E to 21°45′45.8″S 150°26′28.0″E
1272 From 21°45′45.8″S 150°26′28.0″E to 21°56′15.1″S 150°41′31.0″E
1273 From 21°56′15.1″S 150°41′31.0″E to 21°57′02.6″S 150°42′08.5″E
1274 From 21°57′02.6″S 150°42′08.5″E to 21°57′07.3″S 150°42′10.6″E
1275 From 21°57′14.0″S 150°42′09.0″E to 22°05′24.5″S 150°40′37.0″E
1276 From 22°05′24.5″S 150°40′37.0″E to 22°20′12.0″S 150°43′18.3″E
1277 From 22°20′12.0″S 150°43′18.3″E to 22°24′40.5″S 150°44′58.2″E
1278 From 22°24′40.5″S 150°44′58.2″E to 22°26′50.9″S 150°45′54.3″E
1279 From 22°26′54.1″S 150°45′56.6″E to 22°28′36.8″S 150°46′26.9″E
1280 From 22°28′36.8″S 150°46′26.9″E to 22°39′14.9″S 150°57′41.7″E
1281 From 22°39′16.6″S 150°57′43.2″E to 22°43′32.7″S 150°59′28.8″E
1282 From 22°44′05.2″S 150°59′53.5″E to 23°09′13.9″S 151°05′10.6″E
1283 From 23°09′13.9″S 151°05′10.6″E to 23°11′52.1″S 151°06′08.7″E
1284 From 23°11′52.1″S 151°06′08.7″E to 23°24′31.3″S 151°11′05.6″E
1285 From 23°24′31.3″S 151°11′05.6″E to 23°28′54.9″S 151°14′01.6″E
1286 From 23°29′14.1″S 151°14′18.8″E to 23°31′43.9″S 151°16′33.3″E
1287 From 23°31′55.2″S 151°16′41.8″E to 23°45′11.6″S 151°20′06.6″E
1288 From 23°48′18.5″S 151°22′06.6″E to 23°48′48.6″S 151°23′16.3″E
1289 From 23°48′50.8″S 151°23′19.7″E to 23°57′05.2″S 151°29′26.3″E
1290 From 23°57′05.2″S 151°29′26.3″E to 23°58′24.5″S 151°37′33.9″E
1291 From 23°58′24.5″S 151°37′33.9″E to 23°58′34.0″S 151°46′31.2″E
1292 From 23°58′35.4″S 151°46′34.3″E to 24°08′52.3″S 151°53′08.8″E
1293 From 24°45′10.7″S 152°24′26.0″E to 24°41′53.6″S 153°14′50.4″E
1294 From 25°47′37.4″S 153°04′38.3″E to 25°48′38.1″S 153°04′22.4″E
1295 From 26°48′06.4″S 153°09′07.0″E to 27°01′39.3″S 153°28′05.3″E
1296 From 27°01′42.8″S 153°28′07.2″E to 27°23′27.8″S 153°33′11.3″E
1297 From 27°23′28.6″S 153°33′11.4″E to 27°25′06.8″S 153°33′19.4″E
1298 From 27°25′07.4″S 153°33′19.3″E to 27°26′11.1″S 153°32′48.2″E
1299 From 27°43′36.5″S 153°27′10.3″E to 27°44′39.1″S 153°26′48.1″E
1300 From 27°55′58.5″S 153°25′52.1″E to 27°56′06.0″S 153°26′00.0″E

Part 2—Historic bays

Historic bays
Column 1 Column 2
Item Historic bay Description
2001 Anxious Bay From 33°11′58.9″S 134°19′43.1″E to 33°35′35.9″S 134°45′08.0″EFrom 33°35′45.2″S 134°46′00.3″E to 33°35′53.9″S 134°46′35.0″EFrom 33°36′37.9″S 134°48′25.0″E to 33°37′22.9″S 134°49′45.0″E
2002 Encounter Bay From 35°35′42.6″S 138°36′09.4″E to 35°35′42.8″S 138°57′29.0″E
2003 Lacepede Bay From 36°35′47.4″S 139°50′02.8″E to 36°56′32.5″S 139°40′30.4″E
2004 Rivoli Bay From 37°29′59.1″S 140°00′53.4″E to 37°33′54.9″S 140°06′24.4″EFrom 37°29′46.8″S 140°00′43.0″E to 37°29′51.8″S 140°00′46.0″E

Part 3—Coast of the mainland of Tasmania

Coast of the mainland of Tasmania
Item Description
3001 From 41°51′12.9″S 148°16′39.8″E to 41°51′22.2″S 148°17′24.0″E
3002 From 41°51′23.4″S 148°17′28.3″E to 41°52′12.4″S 148°18′56.3″E
3003 From 41°52′12.9″S 148°18′57.1″E to 41°52′35.7″S 148°18′58.3″E
3004 From 41°52′37.0″S 148°18′58.1″E to 41°53′18.8″S 148°18′36.4″E
3005 From 41°53′19.7″S 148°18′35.7″E to 41°53′40.5″S 148°18′33.0″E
3006 From 42°13′21.3″S 148°20′48.6″E to 42°20′27.0″S 148°20′45.3″E
3007 From 42°20′30.9″S 148°20′44.7″E to 42°38′58.6″S 148°10′09.1″E
3008 From 42°38′58.6″S 148°10′09.1″E to 43°07′21.7″S 148°03′25.1″E
3009 From 43°07′22.0″S 148°03′25.0″E to 43°13′18.0″S 148°00′41.5″E
3010 From 43°13′18.0″S 148°00′41.5″E to 43°14′10.1″S 148°00′34.1″E
3011 From 43°14′37.6″S 148°00′26.2″E to 43°14′45.8″S 148°00′19.2″E
3012 From 43°14′46.0″S 148°00′18.7″E to 43°31′58.0″S 147°17′59.5″E
3013 From 43°31′58.6″S 147°17′57.5″E to 43°38′18.8″S 146°52′16.2″E
3014 From 43°38′34.4″S 146°49′32.5″E to 43°39′50.4″S 146°15′40.3″E
3015 From 43°39′50.4″S 146°15′38.9″E to 43°39′49.9″S 146°14′57.0″E
3016 From 43°39′48.9″S 146°14′51.7″E to 43°39′44.8″S 146°14′35.3″E
3017 From 43°39′44.6″S 146°14′34.9″E to 43°34′20.6″S 146°01′50.4″E
3018 From 43°29′16.3″S 146°01′38.3″E to 43°29′01.2″S 146°01′32.9″E
3019 From 43°29′01.2″S 146°01′32.9″E to 43°28′10.2″S 146°00′30.1″E
3020 From 43°28′00.7″S 146°00′22.6″E to 43°27′59.7″S 146°00′22.0″E
3021 From 43°27′57.9″S 146°00′20.6″E to 43°26′02.9″S 145°59′50.8″E
3022 From 43°26′02.9″S 145°59′50.8″E to 43°25′41.9″S 145°58′01.8″E
3023 From 43°25′41.1″S 145°57′59.6″E to 43°25′41.1″S 145°57′58.7″E
3024 From 43°25′41.1″S 145°57′57.6″E to 43°25′17.6″S 145°55′58.6″E
3025 From 43°25′17.6″S 145°55′58.3″E to 43°25′12.2″S 145°55′21.1″E
3026 From 43°25′12.1″S 145°55′20.2″E to 43°25′09.7″S 145°55′14.8″E
3027 From 43°25′04.4″S 145°55′13.3″E to 43°22′56.0″S 145°55′09.2″E
3028 From 43°22′54.2″S 145°55′08.6″E to 43°19′21.4″S 145°52′14.0″E
3029 From 40°50′09.7″S 144°42′39.6″E to 40°50′00.3″S 144°42′19.0″E
3030 From 40°49′59.1″S 144°42′17.6″E to 40°49′39.0″S 144°41′59.7″E
3031 From 40°49′36.8″S 144°41′59.2″E to 40°49′17.4″S 144°41′50.9″E
3032 From 40°49′14.9″S 144°41′50.6″E to 40°48′46.0″S 144°41′43.3″E
3033 From 40°48′43.3″S 144°41′43.4″E to 40°48′14.3″S 144°41′46.2″E
3034 From 40°48′13.8″S 144°41′46.3″E to 40°48′06.3″S 144°41′48.1″E
3035 From 40°48′06.3″S 144°41′48.1″E to 40°48′00.6″S 144°41′48.8″E
3036 From 40°47′59.9″S 144°41′49.9″E to 40°47′52.3″S 144°42′07.0″E
3037 From 40°44′06.9″S 144°41′03.2″E to 40°43′32.3″S 144°40′39.8″E
3038 From 40°43′27.6″S 144°40′36.7″E to 40°43′05.3″S 144°40′31.6″E
3039 From 40°43′03.9″S 144°40′31.1″E to 40°40′16.0″S 144°40′10.1″E
3040 From 40°40′14.8″S 144°40′10.2″E to 40°37′33.8″S 144°40′41.5″E
3041 From 40°37′33.1″S 144°40′41.7″E to 40°36′29.2″S 144°40′57.7″E
3042 From 40°36′29.2″S 144°40′57.7″E to 40°35′00.8″S 144°40′45.1″E
3043 From 40°34′59.5″S 144°40′45.2″E to 40°33′55.0″S 144°40′39.3″E
3044 From 40°33′53.5″S 144°40′38.8″E to 40°33′45.5″S 144°40′42.4″E
3045 From 40°33′45.4″S 144°40′42.5″E to 40°30′21.1″S 144°42′14.2″E
3046 From 40°30′21.1″S 144°42′14.2″E to 40°30′15.8″S 144°42′13.4″E
3047 From 40°30′14.7″S 144°42′13.1″E to 40°29′36.8″S 144°42′07.5″E
3048 From 40°29′36.4″S 144°42′07.7″E to 40°29′09.2″S 144°42′29.1″E
3049 From 40°23′57.7″S 144°47′05.8″E to 40°23′19.0″S 144°53′04.4″E
3050 From 40°25′35.2″S 144°58′14.0″E to 40°42′37.4″S 145°16′27.2″E

Part 4—Islands off the coasts of the States and the Northern Territory

Islands off the coasts of the States and the Northern Territory
Item Description
4001 From 40°12′34.1″S 148°20′03.7″E to 40°17′30.6″S 148°20′00.5″E
4002 From 40°29′22.3″S 148°23′52.8″E to 40°31′07.9″S 148°20′58.9″E
4003 From 40°31′22.3″S 148°20′48.8″E to 40°33′44.6″S 148°14′50.1″E
4004 From 40°33′44.6″S 148°14′50.1″E to 40°35′25.1″S 148°11′56.4″E
4005 From 40°33′55.0″S 148°06′47.6″E to 40°33′24.3″S 148°05′53.3″E
4006 From 40°33′22.6″S 148°05′49.6″E to 40°29′49.0″S 148°01′08.2″E
4007 From 40°29′48.2″S 148°01′07.0″E to 40°22′48.3″S 147°53′31.0″E
4008 From 40°22′48.3″S 147°53′31.0″E to 40°18′57.1″S 147°48′07.6″E
4009 From 40°17′52.1″S 147°47′05.4″E to 40°17′47.8″S 147°47′00.0″E
4010 From 40°17′37.9″S 147°46′49.5″E to 40°07′48.0″S 147°43′11.2″E
4011 From 40°07′46.5″S 147°43′11.4″E to 40°06′13.3″S 147°43′32.4″E
4012 From 40°05′29.3″S 147°43′21.8″E to 39°52′28.5″S 147°44′50.2″E
4013 From 54°46′40.4″S 158°50′14.9″E to 54°46′49.6″S 158°48′57.1″E
4014 From 54°46′49.7″S 158°48′54.7″E to 54°46′50.9″S 158°48′13.2″E
4015 From 54°46′51.9″S 158°48′04.0″E to 54°46′29.3″S 158°46′30.5″E
4016 From 54°46′28.3″S 158°46′27.9″E to 54°45′59.2″S 158°46′30.7″E
4017 From 54°45′59.2″S 158°46′30.7″E to 54°45′30.0″S 158°46′31.8″E
4018 From 54°45′29.3″S 158°46′32.0″E to 54°44′33.1″S 158°46′58.0″E
4019 From 54°44′32.4″S 158°46′58.3″E to 54°43′49.9″S 158°47′21.5″E
4020 From 54°43′49.9″S 158°47′21.5″E to 54°41′19.8″S 158°47′53.7″E
4021 From 54°41′13.2″S 158°47′55.6″E to 54°38′15.1″S 158°48′51.7″E
4022 From 54°38′11.6″S 158°48′52.6″E to 54°36′25.0″S 158°49′11.9″E
4023 From 54°36′22.7″S 158°49′13.6″E to 54°35′28.8″S 158°49′50.4″E
4024 From 54°35′28.8″S 158°49′50.4″E to 54°35′03.0″S 158°50′06.2″E
4025 From 54°35′02.3″S 158°50′06.6″E to 54°34′16.7″S 158°50′34.8″E
4026 From 54°34′16.7″S 158°50′34.8″E to 54°31′51.8″S 158°50′49.8″E
4027 From 54°31′48.3″S 158°50′51.4″E to 54°31′10.6″S 158°51′04.4″E
4028 From 54°31′04.7″S 158°51′08.7″E to 54°30′56.3″S 158°51′16.1″E
4029 From 54°30′51.3″S 158°51′20.5″E to 54°29′47.2″S 158°52′30.8″E
4030 From 54°29′46.4″S 158°54′29.5″E to 54°29′50.7″S 158°55′44.4″E
4031 From 54°29′50.7″S 158°55′44.4″E to 54°29′13.3″S 158°55′53.9″E
4032 From 54°29′13.0″S 158°55′53.9″E to 54°28′38.8″S 158°55′50.2″E
4033 From 54°28′36.9″S 158°55′51.9″E to 54°28′11.5″S 158°56′08.1″E
4034 From 54°28′11.6″S 158°56′10.3″E to 54°28′17.9″S 158°56′23.7″E
4035 From 54°28′18.6″S 158°56′24.9″E to 54°28′22.2″S 158°56′27.0″E
4036 From 54°28′23.0″S 158°56′27.9″E to 54°29′27.5″S 158°57′09.7″E
4037 From 54°29′29.3″S 158°57′09.8″E to 54°29′56.7″S 158°56′46.9″E
4038 From 54°29′56.7″S 158°56′46.9″E to 54°30′01.8″S 158°56′42.7″E
4039 From 54°30′01.6″S 158°56′42.2″E to 54°29′59.9″S 158°56′36.0″E
4040 From 28°52′36.2″S 113°48′33.8″E to 28°47′36.8″S 113°44′33.8″E
4041 From 28°43′43.2″S 113°42′19.8″E to 28°28′44.7″S 113°39′38.4″E
4042 From 28°28′44.7″S 113°39′38.4″E to 28°20′20.3″S 113°35′26.4″E
4043 From 28°17′52.3″S 113°36′26.6″E to 28°25′33.2″S 113°44′46.4″E
4044 From 28°25′33.2″S 113°44′46.4″E to 28°27′26.7″S 113°48′41.8″E
4045 From 28°27′46.1″S 113°49′01.2″E to 28°37′38.7″S 113°53′14.0″E
4046 From 28°37′38.7″S 113°53′14.0″E to 28°47′55.9″S 114°02′31.8″E
4047 From 28°48′05.2″S 114°02′33.8″E to 28°53′39.8″S 114°00′42.1″E

Schedule 3—Repeals

Seas and Submerged Lands (Territorial Sea Baseline) Proclamation 2006

1 The whole of the Proclamation

Repeal the Proclamation.

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Seas and Submerged Lands (Territorial Sea Baseline) Proclamation 2016

Signed and Sealed with the Great Seal of Australia on

10 March 2016

Peter Cosgrove

Governor‑General

By His Excellency’s Command

George Brandis QC

Attorney‑General

Contents

1 Name

2 Commencement

3 Authority

4 Schedules

5 Definitions

6 Bays

7 Baseline—mainland of Australia

8 Baseline—mainland of Tasmania

9 Baseline—islands off the coast of the States or the Northern Territory

10 Low‑tide elevations

11 Low‑water line of naturally formed area

12 Low‑water line of island

13 Excluded islands and excluded group of islands

Schedule 1—Geocentric Datum of Australia

1 Reference ellipsoid

2 Reference frame

Schedule 2—Straight baseline points under Article 7 of the Convention

Part 1—Coast of the mainland of Australia

Part 2—Historic bays

Part 3—Coast of the mainland of Tasmania

Part 4—Islands off the coasts of the States and the Northern Territory

Schedule 3—Repeals

Seas and Submerged Lands (Territorial Sea Baseline) Proclamation 2006

1 Name

This is the Seas and Submerged Lands (Territorial Sea Baseline) Proclamation 2016.

2 Commencement

Commencement information
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

The instrument rests on a small set of legal-technical concepts that determine how maritime zones are measured.

Baseline: The Proclamation sets out the baseline "from which the breadth of the part of the territorial sea" adjacent to specified land areas is measured (ss 7-9). The baseline can be the normal low-water line along the coast or straight lines joining specified points (s 7(a)-(e); s 8(a)-(d); s 9(a)-(d)). Straight lines are defined as geodesic lines (s 5(1)).

Low-water and low-tide elevation: Low-water, used repeatedly as the coastal datum, is defined as lowest astronomical tide (s 5(1)). Low‑tide elevation has the meaning in Article 13 of the Convention; the Proclamation prescribes that the baseline adjacent to a low‑tide elevation is the low‑water line on that elevation (s 10). However, s 5(3) imposes a specific limitation: the low-water line of a low‑tide elevation "must not be taken into account unless a lighthouse or similar installation that is permanently above sea level has been built on the low‑tide elevation."

Bays and historic bays: The instrument defines a bay using a distance and area test. An indentation is a bay if the distance between the low‑water marks of its natural entrance points does not exceed 24 miles (s 6(1)). Section 6(2) applies an area threshold so that small indentations with mouths that fail the semicircle area test are excluded. Historic bays are separately declared, and the baseline rules for historic bays are governed by s 7(e) and the list in Schedule 2 Part 2.

Straight baselines and coordinates: The instrument provides a catalogue of straight baseline points in Schedule 2, and directs that the baseline is constituted by straight lines joining the specified points on the low‑water line that are "on, or closest to" the listed latitude/longitude (see s 7(d), 7(e), 8(d), 9(d)). The note in Schedule 2 refers explicitly to Article 7 of the Convention, indicating the international-law rule being followed.

Substitution rules for naturally formed land and islands: Sections 11 and 12 contain substitution mechanics. If the low‑water line of a naturally formed area of land above high tide would intersect a straight baseline, the part of that straight baseline between points of intersection is to be substituted with the line that would be the baseline if the seaward part of the area of land were part of the mainland coast (s 11(1)). A similar substitution applies where straight lines join different points on the low‑water line of the same island (s 12(1)). The instrument specifies how to identify the relevant points of intersection and the "seaward part" (s 11(2) and s 12(2)).

Geodetic datum and reference frames: The Proclamation standardises its coordinate geometry. The Geocentric Datum of Australia (Schedule 1) is the primary datum. But s 5(4) directs that coordinates specified in items 4012 to 4039 of Part 4 of Schedule 2 must be interpreted in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000 (ITRF2000) at epoch 1 January 2000; other positions use the Geocentric Datum of Australia. Schedule 1 gives the reference ellipsoid (GRS80) and lists the realising station coordinates.

Excluded islands and groups: Section 13 lists specific Queensland islands and island groups that do not count as "islands" for the purposes of ss 9, 10, 11 and 12. This produces asymmetry in application of the island-based baseline rules.

Definitions and technical treatments: The instrument explicitly treats "outermost permanent harbour works" that form part of harbour systems as part of the coast, with the exception of offshore installations and artificial islands (s 5(2)). That affects where low-water lines and harbour works interplay in baseline determination. The instrument also clarifies that the term "historic bay" refers to those bays declared by instrument under paragraph 8(a) of the Act; Schedule 2 Part 2 lists the historic bays declared for these purposes (see s 5 definition and Schedule 2 Part 2).

These concepts interact to translate a geographic reality into legal geometry: points and geodesic lines joined according to the coordinate system specified, with special rules for bays, rivers, low‑tide elevations and island features, and with a limited set of exclusions and substitutions.

The Proclamation fixes legal geometry that affects any person, entity or public authority whose rights, duties or operations depend on the breadth and location of Australia’s territorial sea and adjacent maritime zones. The instrument does not itself create criminal offences or regulatory obligations, but it produces measurement outcomes that will be used by authorities under the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 and other maritime, fisheries, environmental and resource laws.

Principal affected parties, as can be inferred from the instrument’s object to set baselines, include:

Commonwealth and State mapping, hydrographic and surveying agencies required to implement the geometric determinations in navigational charts, cadastral and resource maps. The instrument prescribes datums and fiducial stations (s 5(4); Schedule 1) that these agencies must use when producing official geospatial products.
Government decision‑makers who determine jurisdictional reach of marine law enforcement, customs or border protection functions. The baselines set here are the reference lines "from which the breadth of the territorial sea" is measured (ss 7-9) and therefore determine the seaward limit of territorial jurisdiction.
Commercial operators whose licences, permits or rights depend on the location of the territorial sea or on maritime zone boundaries, including shipping, fisheries, offshore oil and gas, seabed mining prospecting and environmental management. Those commercial interests will have their operational extents affected to the extent the baseline geometry alters the statutory maritime zone.
Port authorities, harbour operators and infrastructure managers. Section 5(2) treats "outermost permanent harbour works" that form an integral part of a harbour system as forming part of the coast, and that legal characterisation will affect baseline drawing where harbour works extend the apparent coastline.
Surveyors, geospatial consultants and legal advisers engaged in adjudicating or litigating maritime boundary issues. The instrument’s precision in coordinates and its substitution rules (ss 11-12) create detailed points of legal analysis to advise upon or litigate.
Indigenous groups, coastal landholders and local governments where decisions about the location of the low‑water line or baseline substitution may affect coastal rights or management interfaces. The instrument itself does not discuss land rights or consultation, but it fixes the geometry that can impact overlapping interests.
International counterparties and foreign vessels for whom port approaches, navigational regimes and rights of passage are sensitive to whether a location falls within the territorial sea or the contiguous zone; the Proclamation clarifies Australia’s baselines per Article 7 and Article 13 references.

Who decides: The instrument is made by the Governor‑General acting with the advice of the Federal Executive Council and signed by the Attorney‑General (front matter indicates the Governor‑General signed on 10 March 2016; s 3 places the instrument under the Act). Operational decisions about mapping and interpreting the instrument will be made by Commonwealth agencies tasked under the Act and marine law regimes.

Who pays and who bears cost: The Proclamation itself does not appropriate funds or levy fees, but affected public agencies will carry the cost of updating charts, maintaining datum realisation networks, and explaining the changes to stakeholders; private parties will incur surveying, compliance and advisory costs if boundaries computed from these baselines change the legal status of their activities. The instrument assigns concrete technical obligations (coordinate frames, substitution rules, excluded islands), which create a predictable compliance scope that those stakeholders must address.

The Proclamation is largely declaratory of geometric facts rather than creating a catalogue of daily operational duties or novel rights, but it does establish binding legal mechanics that translate into rights and duties under the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 and associated maritime law.

Primary rights established by the instrument

Territorial sea measurement: The baseline determinations in ss 7-9 confer the legal right for Australia to measure the breadth of its territorial sea from the lines and points specified. The text repeatedly states that "the baseline from which the breadth of the part of the territorial sea" adjacent to specified land areas is to be measured is the line constituted by the listed features and straight lines (see s 7 for mainland, s 8 for Tasmania, s 9 for islands). Those baselines therefore substantively determine the seaward reach of sovereign jurisdiction for Australia as provided under the Act and the Convention referenced in the instrument.
Historic bay baselines: For each historic bay listed in Schedule 2 Part 2, the specified joinings of points become the baseline for the bay, giving Australia the right to treat those waters in a manner consistent with the designation of the bay as historic (see s 7(e) and Schedule 2 Part 2).
Datum realisation and coordinate standards: By prescribing the Geocentric Datum of Australia and the special application of ITRF2000 to items 4012-4039 (s 5(4); Schedule 1 and Schedule 2 Part 4), the instrument establishes which coordinate realisations are the legal reference for locating baseline points. That produces a de jure right to treat those coordinates as authoritative for maritime jurisdiction.

Primary duties arising under the instrument

Use the specified baseline geometry: Any government body or other decision-maker determining the extent of the territorial sea must measure from the lines and points fixed by this instrument, subject to the substitution rules in ss 11-12 and the exclusions in s 13. The instrument requires that where straight lines are specified in Schedule 2, the lines joining "each of the points on the low‑water line of the coast that are on, or closest to, the points of latitude and longitude specified" are the operative baseline (s 7(d), s 8(d), s 9(d)). This creates a duty to locate the specified coordinates and to determine the corresponding low‑water points on the coast.
Apply the low‑tide elevation rule: The baseline from which the breadth adjacent to a low‑tide elevation is measured is the low‑water line on the low‑tide elevation, but only where a lighthouse or similar permanent installation is built on that elevation (s 10 and s 5(3)). This produces a duty on agencies to confirm the presence of such installations before treating the low‑tide elevation as supplying a baseline.
Substitution where land intersects straight baselines: Sections 11 and 12 require substitution of parts of straight baselines where naturally formed areas or seaward parts of islands intersect those straight baselines. That imposes an operational duty to identify intersections and to substitute the straight-line segment with the appropriate low‑water line that would apply if the seaward part were part of the mainland coast (s 11(1), s 12(1)).
Recognise harbour works as coast: Section 5(2) treats outermost permanent harbour works forming an integral part of a harbour system as forming part of the coast, thus instructing authorities to take such works into account when applying the baseline rules.
Observe exclusion lists: Section 13 lists particular Queensland islands and island groups that do not qualify as "islands" for ss 9, 10, 11 and 12. That imposes a duty to exclude those features when applying island-based baseline rules.

Duties implied by technical specificity

Use of specified datums and epochs: Section 5(4) and Schedule 1 require that positions be determined by reference to the Geocentric Datum of Australia except where ITRF2000 is specified. Survey and charting duties therefore include converting and publishing coordinates in the legally specified frames.
Precision in applying "on, or closest to" language: The Proclamation uses the phrase "on, or closest to, the points of latitude and longitude specified" in ss 7(d), 7(e), 8(d) and 9(d). That creates a technical duty to determine which points on the actual low‑water line are "closest to" the listed coordinates; surveyors, cartographers and decision-makers must adopt a reproducible method to make that selection.

Rights and duties under other laws: The instrument does not itself set penalties or enforcement mechanisms. Any rights or duties that have operational bite (for example, liabilities for acting beyond the territorial sea, licensing territories, or enforcement powers) will be those conferred by the Seas and Submerged Lands Act or other maritime legislation, measured from the baselines fixed here. The Proclamation’s primary legal effect is to set the reference geometry that other laws will use.

The Proclamation itself contains no express offences, sanctions or enforcement provisions. It is a technical instrument that declares baselines, coordinates and rules for their application. The instrument’s enforcement and penalty implications therefore flow from its being a source of factual and legal geometry for other laws that do include enforcement provisions.

What the instrument states about authority and legal effect

The Proclamation is made under section 7 of the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 (see s 3). Any enforcement consequences that attach to territorial sea boundaries will be enforced under the Act, and under other Commonwealth, State or Territory laws that rely on territorial sea limits.
The instrument’s notes cross‑reference the Convention (the Convention is defined in the Act), in particular Article 7 (straight baselines) and Article 13 (low‑tide elevations). The Proclamation therefore expresses Australia’s chosen geometry in terms intended to align with international law principles, which is relevant to how domestic enforcement will be presented in international or interjurisdictional contexts.

Practical enforcement implications

Maritime jurisdiction: Once the baselines are fixed by this instrument, any criminal, civil or administrative jurisdiction that is bounded by the territorial sea will be measured from those baselines. That includes powers under the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973, fisheries or environmental laws that operate within the territorial sea, customs, immigration and border control powers, and policing powers where territorial boundaries matter. The instrument does not itself create these powers but fixes the reference lines used to compute their spatial scope.
Mapping and notice: The Proclamation imposes a practical requirement on hydrographic and charting authorities to adopt the specified baselines on official charts. Failure to adopt or accurately reflect the baselines could produce operational confusion; enforcement agencies will rely on official charts and geodetic realisations when asserting jurisdiction.
No administrative penalties in the instrument: There are no pecuniary penalties, regulatory fines or criminal offences created or amended by this Proclamation. Enforcement will therefore be carried out under other statutes whose territorial scope is now defined by this instrument.

Implementation and evidential use in enforcement

The precise coordinates and substitution rules in this Proclamation will be admissible, and likely authoritative, as evidence of legal baselines when courts, tribunals or enforcement agencies need to determine whether conduct occurred inside or outside Australia’s territorial sea. Because the instrument supplies numbered schedule items and a precisely defined datum (Schedule 1), it is designed to remove uncertainty about the coordinate basis for enforcement actions.
Where disputes or prosecutions hinge on marginal differences between the legal baseline and on-the-ground features, the substitution rules (ss 11-12) and the "on, or closest to" language in ss 7-9 may give rise to factually intricate contests about which low‑water points were used and the appropriate interpretation of "closest to" in any given case. The Proclamation places the technical burden of accurate surveying and datum realisation on those administering enforcement.

In short, the Proclamation supplies the defining geometry used by laws that do create offences and enforcement mechanisms. It does not itself impose penalties, but it materially affects enforcement reach and evidence because it fixes the lines from which territorial sea breadth is measured (ss 7-9).

The Proclamation is explicitly made under statutory authority and cross‑references international law concepts, so its legal effect is inherently relational.

Statutory authority and primary legal connection

Made under the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973: Section 3 states that this instrument is made under section 7 of that Act. The Act (not reproduced here) defines expressions such as the Convention and territorial sea that the Proclamation relies upon (s 5 Note). Therefore the Proclamation operates as a delegated instrument under that Act and provides the metric inputs (baselines) that the Act and subordinate maritime regimes use to determine jurisdictional breadth.

Interaction with the Convention (UNCLOS) as incorporated by reference

The Proclamation refers to Article 7 and Article 13 of the Convention in its notes and in the functional text (see Notes to Schedule 2 and the definition of low‑tide elevation in s 5(1)). Section 7, 8 and 9 adopt straight baseline rules and bay/historic bay treatments consistent with Article 7; s 10 references Article 13 for low‑tide elevations. The instrument therefore operationalises Australia’s domestic implementation of relevant Convention provisions by fixing the coordinates and rules for national application.

Coordinate systems and geodetic law

The Proclamation mandates the Geocentric Datum of Australia and GRS80 ellipsoid realisation in Schedule 1 and identifies a subset of points (items 4012-4039 in Schedule 2 Part 4) that are to be determined by ITRF2000 (s 5(4); Schedule 1). This affects interaction with any laws or instruments that require coordinates in specific datums. Where other legislation or contracts reference coordinates or boundaries without specifying datum, the Proclamation’s specification provides the authoritative frame for maritime boundary measurement.

Effect on other maritime, fisheries, environmental and resource statutes

Any Commonwealth, State or Territory law that determines legal rights or obligations based upon the territorial sea boundary is affected, because the territorial sea is measured from the baselines specified here (ss 7-9). Examples include licensing regimes for offshore resources, fisheries jurisdiction, pollution control obligations, and maritime safety frameworks. The instrument does not itself change those statutes but it changes the geometry from which their application flows.

Interaction with previous instruments

The Proclamation repeals the Seas and Submerged Lands (Territorial Sea Baseline) Proclamation 2006 in full (Schedule 3). That repeal means that any prior baseline geometry fixed by the 2006 instrument is displaced by this instrument. Administrative and legal continuity questions,such as whether licences granted under older baselines need amendment,will depend on the other laws and transitional arrangements under them, but the Proclamation removes the 2006 instrument from the legal schedule.

Interplay with local land and harbour law

Section 5(2) treats outermost permanent harbour works forming an integral part of a harbour system as part of the coast. That characterisation creates an interaction with port and harbour regulatory frameworks and may affect local land/sea boundary determinations. The instrument excludes offshore installations and artificial islands from that treatment, indicating a deliberate delimitation between natural/permanent landward works and man-made offshore features.

Evidentiary interaction in disputes

Because the Proclamation supplies precise coordinates, datums and substitution rules, it will function as an evidentiary baseline in legal proceedings and administrative decisions under other laws. When interpreting provisions of other statutes that require measurement from the territorial sea, decision-makers will be directed to this instrument for the authoritative baseline geometry.

In sum, the Proclamation is a technical but legally consequential instrument that supplies the geometrical foundation for multiple other legal instruments and statutory powers. It does not supersede the substantive content of other statutes; instead it defines the spatial inputs those statutes use.

The instrument itself provides a compact and traceable amendment history limited to its commencement and repeal action regarding the 2006 proclamation. The relevant textual entries are:

Commencement: Section 2 contains a commencement table. Column 2 records that "The whole of this instrument" commences "The day after this instrument is registered" and shows the date 12 March 2016 in column 3 (s 2(1)). The Note to s 2 clarifies that the table relates only to the instrument as originally made.
Authority and making: Section 3 confirms the instrument is made under section 7 of the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973.
Repeal of earlier proclamation: Schedule 3 contains a single item which repeals "The whole of the Proclamation" titled Seas and Submerged Lands (Territorial Sea Baseline) Proclamation 2006. Thus the 2006 instrument is entirely displaced by this 2016 instrument.

No other amendments, transitional provisions or savings clauses are included in the text supplied. There are no express modification clauses for Schedule 2 coordinates or for future updating procedures within this instrument. Any change to these baselines would therefore require a new instrument made under the same statutory authority or a formal amendment instrument; no delegated rule-making power to alter coordinates is included in the instrument text itself.

Schedule structure and implied amendment mechanics

The presence of detailed coordinates in Schedule 2 implies that any future change to baselines will likely result in amendments to Schedule 2, or a replacement instrument, because the legal baselines are tied to the schedule content. The instrument’s s 4 states that "Each instrument that is specified in a Schedule to this instrument is amended or repealed as set out in the applicable items in the Schedule concerned" meaning the instrument is the vehicle for both replacement of prior proclamations (Schedule 3) and for listing the technical material that constitutes the operative baselines (Schedule 2).

No subsequent amending instruments are contained within the provided text. The repeal of the 2006 instrument is explicit and whole; there is no partial saving of older coordinates.

The text of this Proclamation does not record any litigation, judicial decisions or tribunal determinations concerning its provisions. It contains no references to cases or judicial interpretations. Accordingly, based on the instrument as supplied, there is no litigation history documented in this instrument itself.

Implications for practice

Because the Proclamation furnishes technical baseline points and substitution rules, it is the kind of instrument that can be the subject matter of judicial review or of factual contest in boundary-related litigation. Any such litigation would be conducted under the laws that depend upon territorial sea measurement, with the Proclamation serving as the authoritative statement of baseline geometry. However the instrument provides no case law, administrative determinations, or interpretive guidance from courts.
Practitioners should treat the Proclamation as primary source material for baseline geometry and expect that disputes about its application will revolve around facts (e.g., the identification of the low‑water point "closest to" a listed coordinate, application of s 5(3) regarding lighthouses on low‑tide elevations, or substitution mechanics in ss 11-12) rather than statutory interpretation of novel text. Any existing judicial views relevant to these provisions would need to be sourced from external case law; none is included here.

Because this instrument is technical and detailed in coordinates, litigation,if any,would likely focus on expert geodetic, hydrographic and cartographic evidence rather than purely legal argument about the text, except as to the meaning of "closest to" or the thresholds in s 6 for bays.

The instrument contains a number of technical and drafting features that create practical risks, compliance traps and sources of interpretive difficulty. These are matters for administrators, surveyors, lawyers and affected stakeholders to watch closely because they materially affect how baselines are applied.

Multiple datums and epoch handling (s 5(4); Schedule 1)

Gotcha: The instrument does not use a single global datum for all coordinates. Positions specified in items 4012 to 4039 of Part 4 of Schedule 2 are to be determined by reference to ITRF2000 at epoch 1 January 2000 (s 5(4)(a)). All other positions are to be determined by reference to the Geocentric Datum of Australia (s 5(4)(b); Schedule 1). Practitioners must therefore avoid mixing frames without appropriate transformation. Small transformation errors between ITRF2000 and the Geocentric Datum of Australia can produce metre-level discrepancies that are legally material at boundary margins.

"On, or closest to" language (ss 7(d), 7(e), 8(d), 9(d))

Gotcha: The baseline lines are to be drawn between "points on the low‑water line of the coast that are on, or closest to, the points of latitude and longitude specified" in Schedule 2. This requires a method to select which actual coastal low‑water point is the legally relevant one when a listed coordinate falls seaward of, within or landward of the low‑water line. The instrument provides no algorithmic rule for tie‑breaking where multiple points are equidistant, or for how to treat complex shoreline geometry adjacent to the listed coordinate. That invites technical disputes.

Low‑tide elevation qualification (s 5(3) and s 10)

Gotcha: A low‑tide elevation's low‑water line may only be taken into account if "a lighthouse or similar installation that is permanently above sea level has been built on the low‑tide elevation" (s 5(3)). This is a factual precondition and will require evidence and perhaps inspection. Determinations of what constitutes "similar installation" or "permanently above sea level" may be contested.

Bay tests subject to area threshold (s 6)

Gotcha: Section 6(1) provides a 24 mile threshold for the distance between natural entrance points to qualify as a bay. Section 6(2) then throws in an area test based on a semicircle whose diameter is the mouth line. Practically, application of s 6(2) to indented or island-fractured shorelines requires accurate area calculations and decisions about which mouths to measure, which may materially change whether an indentation qualifies as a bay for straight baseline purposes.

Substitution mechanics for naturally formed areas and islands (ss 11-12)

Gotcha: If low‑water lines of naturally formed areas intersect straight baseline lines, sections 11 and 12 require substitution of parts of straight baselines. The instrument defines which intersection points count, but the determination of "seaward part" and the calculation of intersections can be complex where coastlines are convoluted, and the instrument does not set out computational procedures. That creates scope for differing technical opinions on where the substituted baseline runs.

Excluded islands and groups (s 13)

Gotcha: Section 13 excludes specific islands and groups located within Queensland from being "islands" for ss 9, 10, 11 and 12. Practitioners must track whether a feature is listed; inadvertent application of island rules to an excluded island will produce incorrect baseline geometry.

Harbour works treated as coast (s 5(2))

Gotcha: The treatment of "outermost permanent harbour works" as part of the coast (s 5(2)) excludes "offshore installations and artificial islands". Determining whether harbour works are "integral" to a harbour system and whether they are "permanent" may be contested in borderline cases.

No enforcement or penalty text (penalties section)

Gotcha: Because the instrument contains no enforcement provisions, rights and duties that have teeth will come from other statutes. Users may mistakenly assume the Proclamation itself creates offences or enforcement mechanisms; it does not. Those relying on enforcement powers must check the parent Act and other laws to see how the baseline geometry is used.

Precision and operational workload

Gotcha: Schedule 2 contains many hundreds of coordinate entries, which imposes a heavy technical workload on mapping agencies, legal teams and industry actors who must recalculate maritime boundaries, update charts, and reassess licences. The instrument gives no transitional or delay provisions for updating existing licences or maps.

Historic bays with multiple point segments (s 7(e); Schedule 2 Part 2)

Gotcha: Some historic bays in Schedule 2 Part 2 specify more than two coordinates. Section 7(e)(ii) governs how to join points opposite each other, but the drafting requires careful reading to ensure straight lines are joined in the intended sequence. Misreading can change the enclosed area.

Evidential burden in marginal cases

Gotcha: Because many of the rules require on-the-ground or near-shore factual findings (e.g., presence of lighthouse, precise low‑water line), disputes will often pivot on expert hydrographic evidence. That raises costs and delay risk in contentious matters.

In all these areas the instrument supplies the legal rule but not the computational or evidential protocol for its precise application. Practitioners should anticipate the need for geodetic, hydrographic and legal expertise to operationalise the Proclamation.

Compliance with this Proclamation is primarily a matter of correctly applying its technical and geographic rules when determining the extent of the territorial sea and related jurisdictional lines. The following practical steps and checks flow directly from the text and are intended for surveyors, mapping authorities, lawyers, industry licence holders and enforcement agencies.

Use the correct datum and reference frame

For all positions except those in items 4012-4039 of Schedule 2 Part 4, use the Geocentric Datum of Australia as described in Schedule 1 (s 5(4)(b); Schedule 1). Realise the datum using the listed fiducial stations and the GRS80 ellipsoid (Schedule 1).
For positions listed in items 4012-4039 of Schedule 2 Part 4, use ITRF2000 at epoch 1 January 2000 (s 5(4)(a)). Do not mix coordinates without applying rigorous geodetic transformations and documenting the conversion method.

Map the specified Schedule 2 points and join them as geodesic straight lines

Treat "straight line" as a geodesic (s 5(1)) and draw the straight baselines by joining the low‑water points that are "on, or closest to" each listed latitude/longitude in Schedule 2 Parts 1-4 (see ss 7(d), 7(e), 8(d), 9(d)).
Where a listed coordinate is not exactly on the low‑water line, identify the low‑water point that is closest to that coordinate and document the selection rule and distance calculation used. Keep traceable records showing how "closest to" determinations were made.

Apply bay and river rules

For baselines along the mainland and Tasmania, apply the river mouth rule (straight line across river mouth between low‑water lines of its banks) and bay rule (straight line across mouth where bay qualifies) except where superseded by straight lines specified in Schedule 2 (see ss 7(b)-(c) and s 8(b)-(c)).
To determine whether an indentation qualifies as a bay, apply the 24 mile threshold (s 6(1)). Where islands give rise to multiple mouths, apply the semicircle area test set out in s 6(2). Document area calculations and the lines used to calculate semicircles.

Handle historic bays per Schedule 2 Part 2

For each historic bay listed in Schedule 2 Part 2, apply s 7(e) which prescribes how to join points when 2 points or more are specified. If more than two coordinates appear, join them "opposite each other" as the provision directs (s 7(e)(ii)). Record the sequence of joins and the low‑water points used.

Determine when low‑tide elevations count

Do not treat a low‑tide elevation’s low‑water line as a baseline unless there is a "lighthouse or similar installation that is permanently above sea level" built on it (s 5(3); s 10). Verify the presence, nature and permanency of any such installation before using the low‑tide elevation as a baseline.
Maintain photographic, charting and engineering evidence of the installation and its permanence where relied upon for baseline determinations.

Apply substitution rules for naturally formed areas and islands

Where the low‑water line of a naturally formed area of land above high tide intersects a straight baseline, substitute the part of the straight baseline between the points of intersection with the line that would be the baseline if the seaward part of the area were part of the mainland coast (s 11(1)). If the low‑water line and baseline intersect at more than two points, treat the two outermost points as the intersections (s 11(2)(a)).
Where straight lines join different points on the low‑water line of the same island, apply s 12(1) and substitute the baseline between those points with the line that would apply if the seaward part of the coast of the island between those points were part of the mainland coast. Identify the "seaward part" per s 12(2).
Keep detailed hydrographic computations and mapping to support substitutions.

Respect exclusions in s 13

Do not apply island-based baseline rules (ss 9, 10, 11 and 12) to the Queensland islands and island groups listed in s 13(1) and (2). Cross-check any island under consideration against s 13 to avoid incorrect application.

Treat harbour works correctly

When baseline determinations involve ports and harbours, treat outermost permanent harbour works that form an integral part of a harbour system as part of the coast, but exclude offshore installations and artificial islands (s 5(2)). Document status of harbour works and their role in the harbour system.

Keep audit trails and technical documentation

Because many provisions require factual verification (presence of lighthouses, which low-water point is "closest", conversion between datums), maintain detailed records of surveys, datum transformations, distance calculations, and the methods used to select low‑water points.
Where advice is given to clients about the location of the territorial sea, cite the precise Schedule 2 item numbers and datum used.

Coordinate with relevant agencies

Engage early with national hydrographic offices, the agencies responsible for geodetic realisation, and legal advisers to ensure consistency in charting and legal interpretations.
If licensing, enforcement or operational activity depends on a change in baseline geometry, confirm whether the relevant licensing statute or administrative regime requires reconsideration, amendment or reissue of permits in light of the redefined baselines.

Anticipate documentary and evidentiary use

For enforcement or dispute risk, prepare to rely on expert hydrographic evidence and the documented chain of computation to prove which baseline geometry was applied. The instrument will be treated as authoritative in proceedings that turn on the location of the territorial sea.

Watch for future instruments

The Proclamation repeals the 2006 instrument (Schedule 3). Any future changes to baselines are likely to be made via similar instruments amending Schedule 2 or replacing the Proclamation. Establish a monitoring process for official notices amending baselines or datums.

Following these steps will align technical and legal practice with the Proclamation’s prescriptions. Where uncertainties remain about borderline factual questions (e.g., whether an installation qualifies as "similar" to a lighthouse) obtain contemporaneous administrative determinations or legal advice and document the factual bases for decisions.

Seas and Submerged Lands (Territorial Sea Baseline) Proclamation 2016

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What it does

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