Part 9A Explosive-powered tools—safety
measures
Application and interpretation
118A
(1) This part shall apply to and in relation to the use of explosive-powered
tools in building work, excavation work and compressed air work.
(2) In this part:
explosive-powered tool means a tool by which a projectile may be
driven against, into or through any substance by means of an
explosive, and includes every attachment to and accessory of the tool
and every device used or adopted or intended to be used with it.
projectile means stud, pin, dowel screw, rivet, spike or other object
driven against, into or through any substance by means of an
explosive-powered tool, or adapted or intended to be so driven.
qualified operator means a person who—
(a) is over 18 years old; and
(b) has been thoroughly trained in the correct use, adjustment,
assembly and taking apart of explosive-powered tools; and
(c) has been fully instructed about the dangers associated with
explosive-powered tools and the precautions to be taken in
relation to them; and
(d) has a thorough knowledge of this part.
tool means explosive-powered tool.
work means building work, excavation work or compressed air work.
(3) For this part, a person shall be deemed to use an explosive-powered
tool if the person loads, unloads or fires, or attempts to load, unload
or fire, the tool.
Operators of explosive-powered tools
118B
Operators to be qualified
(1) No person who is not a qualified operator shall use a tool in any work.
(2) No person shall employ, instruct or allow any person to use a tool in
any work without first ensuring by proper inquiry that the person is a
qualified operator and is not because of any infirmity, disability or
incapacity unfit to use the tool.
Training of operators
(3) Nothing in subsection (1) or (2) shall apply to the use of any
explosive-powered tool by a person who, under the immediate
supervision and control of a qualified operator, is being trained to be
a qualified operator.
General requirements for explosive-powered tools and
projectiles
118C
(1) No person who directly or by his or her servants or agents carries out
any work shall directly or by his or her servants or agents—
(a) use in that work any tool unless—
(i) the tool has been approved; and
(ii) there is permanently engraved or embossed on the metal of
the tool a clearly legible notice as follows: ‘DO NOT
REMOVE TOOL FROM WORK SURFACE FOR AT
LEAST 10 SECONDS IF TOOL FAILS TO FIRE’; and
(iii) there is permanently engraved or embossed on the metal of
the tool a clearly legible serial number by which it can be
readily identified; and
(iv) there is permanently attached to the tool at its muzzle end
a protective shield or device designed to arrest the ricochet
of projectiles and the free flight of other objects and
particles liberated by the firing of the tool; and
(b) use in that work, in a tool, any projectile that is not capable of
undergoing the following test without cracking or breaking:
(i) smooth shanked projectiles shall be bent through an angle
of 60°;
(ii) knurled shanked projectiles shall be bent through an angle
of 30°.
(2) The test shall be carried out by bending the shank of the projectile
about a pin of a diameter equal to that of the shank of the projectile
under test.
(3) The test shall be made by applying a continuous steady load to the
projectile until the required deformation has been reached.
Inspection and repair of explosive-powered tools
118D
Interpretation
authorised person means—
(a) a maker of tools or a person authorised by the maker to
repair tools; or
Part Part 9A - Scaffolding and Lifts Regulation 1950 - Explosive-powered tools—safety | Zoe
(b) a gunsmith; or
(c) a competent person in the employment of a person referred
to in paragraph (a) or (b).
defect means any defect that might impair or affect the safe and
normal operation of a tool.
repair means repair, modify, alter or adjust or attempt to repair,
modify, alter or adjust; but a qualified operator or a person who under
the immediate supervision and control of a qualified operator is being
trained to be a qualified operator shall not be deemed to repair a tool
only because of his or her making or attempting to make any minor
adjustments to it that are incidental to its ordinary operation.
(2) The person who directly or by his or her servants or agents carries out
any building work—
(a) shall cause each tool used in the work—
(i) to be carefully inspected for defects on each day when it is
so used, before it is so used; and
(ii) after each 7 days use and before it is again used in any
work, to be dismantled and thoroughly examined for
defects; and
(b) shall not directly or by his or her servants or agents use in the
work a tool that—
(i) has not been inspected and examined as prescribed by
paragraph (a); or
(ii) has any defect that has been or should have been revealed
on the inspection or examination.
(3) No person shall, knowing that a tool has any defect, use the tool in
any work.
Repair
(4) No person other than an authorised person shall, knowing that a tool
is being used or is intended to be used in work, repair the tool.
(5) No person shall—
(a) knowing that a tool is being used or is intended to be used in
work, employ, instruct or allow any person other than an
authorised person to repair the tool; or
(b) knowing that a tool has been repaired by a person other than an
authorised person, use the tool in any work or employ, instruct
or allow any person to use the tool in any work, unless it has
since been overhauled by an authorised person.
Use of explosive-powered tools
118E
(1) No person shall use in any work, or employ, instruct or allow any
person to use in any work, any tool or other substance or thing
contrary to this section, or without the measures and precautions
prescribed by this section being taken.
Limitation of use—hard substances
(2) No tool shall be used on high tensile steel, steel hardened by heat
treatment, cast iron or other unusually hard or unyielding substance.
(3) In subsection (2):
high tensile steel means steel the nominal ultimate tensile value of
which exceeds 45 tons per square inch.
Readily shattered substances
(4) No tool shall be used on hard tile, hard terracotta, glazed brick, glass,
marble, granite, thin slate or other readily shattered substance.
Use near edges and holes
(5) No tool shall be used to drive a projectile into any substance—
(a) at a point so close to an edge of the substance or to any hole in
it that, because of the nature of the substance, the size and shape
of the projectile or the strength of the charge to be used, there is
any appreciable risk that the substance might crack or break or
the projectile fly from it; or
(b) if the substance is steel—within 1/ 2 an inch of an edge of it; or
(c) if the substance is brick, concrete or the like—within 3 inches of
an edge of it.
Explosive or dangerous atmosphere
(6) No tool shall be used in the presence of an explosive or inflammable
gas, dust or vapour, or in compressed air, or in any place where the
explosive charge might be exploded or rendered dangerous by heat.
Strength of explosive charges
(7) Every reasonable precaution, including if advisable the making of
suitable tests, shall be taken to ensure that the explosive charge used
in a tool—
(a) is of no greater strength than is necessary for the purpose for
which the tool is being used; and
(b) is not of such strength that the whole of the projectile might pass
through the substance on which the tool is being used, unless the
substance is backed by protective material capable of fully
absorbing the energy of the projectile.
Use of barrel extensions
(8) If the muzzle end of the barrel of a tool cannot be brought into contact
with any surface at the point where the projectile driven from the tool
is to strike or penetrate the surface, an effective barrel extension shall
be used to extend the barrel into contact with the surface at that point.
(9) The length of the barrel extension shall not exceed by more than 1/ 2 an
inch the maximum length that is required to clear the obstruction that
renders the use of the barrel extension necessary.
Care in handling of tools
(10) Every person while using a tool or carrying or handling a loaded tool
shall at all times—
(a) keep all parts of his or her body clear of the open end of the
barrel of the tool and keep the end pointed away from himself or
herself and all other persons; and
(b) exercise the utmost care to avoid injury to himself or herself and
others.
Firing of tools
(11) No person shall fire a tool unless—
(a) the person is in a safe, well-balanced position so that inadvertent
tilting or misalignment of the tool at the time of firing will not
occur; and
(b) the person is holding the tool perpendicular to the surface on
which the person is using the tool and so that the muzzle end of
its barrel or barrel extension is in contact with that surface.
Mechanical failure
(12) If when any person attempts to use a tool on any surface the tool fails
to fire, the person shall continue to hold it perpendicular to and in
contact with the surface for at least 10 seconds, and if the tool has not
then fired the person shall unload it or place it in such a position that
it will do no harm if it fires.
Removing foreign matter
(13) A person using a tool shall, after each firing, carefully examine it and
remove from it all pieces of projectile or cartridge and other foreign
matter that may be present.
Flying projectiles
(14) No person shall intentionally fire a tool in such a way as to cause the
projectile to fly free.
Use of suitable equipment
(15) There shall not be used in or with any tool any projectile, explosive
charge, breech plug, barrel extension or adaptor that is not of a type
correctly suited to the particular tool and to the purpose for which the
tool is being used.
(16) No tool shall be used for a purpose for which it is not properly
adapted.
Manufacturer’s recommendations
(17) If there appears on the container of any tool or in any printed matter
supplied with any tool any instruction, advice or recommendation, not
inconsistent with this regulation, about the safe use of the tool or the
use with it, for reasons of safety, of any substance or thing, the tool,
substance or thing shall be used in accordance with the instruction,
advice or recommendation.
(18) Subsection (17) does not require the use of any particular brand or
make of any substance or thing.
Care and storage of explosive-powered tools and cartridges
118F
Container for tools
(1) The person who directly or by his or her servants or agents carries out
any work in which any explosive-powered tool is used shall keep or
cause to be kept each such tool, at all times when it is not required to
be removed for use, inspection, repair or other necessary purpose, in
the container supplied by the maker of the tool or in an equally
suitable container.
(2) No person shall take or keep any explosive-powered tool out of its
container unless the tool is for the time being required for use,
inspection, repair or other necessary purpose.
Safekeeping of tools
(3) No person shall leave unattended on the site of any work, or any
cartridge intended for use in a tool, unless effective precautions are
taken to ensure that it will not be taken away, handled or used by
unauthorised persons.
Loaded tools
(4) No person shall, elsewhere than at the place where the tool is to be
used, load any tool for use in any work.
(5) No person shall in the course of any work carry or transport a loaded
tool from place to place, unless because of mechanical failure the tool
cannot be unloaded.
Cartridges
(6) The person who directly or by his or her servants or agents carries out
any work in which a tool is used shall ensure that the cartridges for
all such tools are kept in a metal container or metal containers, and
shall ensure that each such container—
(a) is kept clearly marked with the word ‘EXPLOSIVE’; and
(b) is kept locked at all times except when cartridges are being
placed in it or removed from it; and
(c) is not, while it is on the site of the work, opened except by a
person using a tool or assisting in the use of a tool; and
(d) contains nothing except cartridges.
Protective devices
118G .
(1) The contractor shall provide, for the use of each person employed by
the contractor in any work who in the work uses or assists in the use
of an explosive-powered tool, an effective device of an approved type
for the protection of the eyes of the person from missiles and flying
particles.
(2) The device so provided for the use of any person shall not be one that
has been used by any other person, unless it is of metal, plastic or
other non-absorbent material and has been thoroughly cleaned.
(3) No person for whose use such a device has been provided in
accordance with this section shall in the work use or assist in the use
of any tool unless the person is using that device.
Warning notices
118H
At all times when an explosive-powered tool is being used in any
work, the person who directly or by his or her servants or agents is
carrying out that work shall cause to be displayed on the site of the
work, so as to be clearly legible by all persons who are at or near the
place where the tool is being used, a notice or notices as follows:
Section ‘Warning—Explosive-Powered Tool In Use’.
‘Warning—Explosive-Powered Tool In Use’.
Part 10 Measures to be taken for
securing the health of persons in
building work, excavation work
and compressed air work by
provision of first-aid equipment,
shelter, change and dining
accommodation, sanitary
conveniences and washing
facilities
(1) On every building work, excavation work or compressed air work
where not more than 25 persons are employed, there shall be provided
a first-aid chest that shall be equipped and maintained to contain at
least the following requisites and appliances, unless otherwise
approved:
Solyptol solutions, 4 oz
castor oil, 1 oz with glass rod bulged, pendant
sal volatile, 2 oz
finger dressings (12) To be of gauze 12 inches long ×
adhesive strapping, 1 inch
(1 reel)
cotton wool, 4 oz to be sterile and to be enclosed in
bicarbonate of soda, 2 oz to be sterile and enclosed in 1 oz
boracic acid, 2 oz to be sterile and enclosed in 1 oz
plain gauze, 1 yard enclosed in a sealed carton
roller bandages, 1 inch (3) to be enclosed in a sealed envelope
triangular bandages (3) of 1st quality
medicine glass, 2 oz (1) to be marked for teaspoon,
dressing forceps, 5 inch (1 pr)
splinter forceps, 5 inch (1 pr)
scissors, 5 inch (1 pr)
towels (1) of 1st quality
enamel basin, 7 1/ 2 inches
diam. (1)
safety pins (12) of 1st quality
(2) On every building work, excavation work or compressed air work
where more than 25 and not more than 100 persons are employed,
there shall be provided a first-aid chest that shall be equipped and
maintained to contain at least the following requisites and appliances
unless otherwise approved:
Solyptol solutions 8 oz
castor oil, 1 oz with glass rod bulged, pendant
sal volatile, 4 oz
finger dressings (24) To be of gauze 12 inches long ×
adhesive strapping, 1 inch
(2 reels)
cotton wool, 8 oz to be sterile and enclosed in 1 oz
bicarbonate of soda, 4 oz to be sterile and enclosed in 1 oz
boracic acid, 4 oz to be sterile and enclosed in 1 oz
plain gauze (2 yds) in yard quantities each enclosed in a
sealed carton
roller bandages, 1 inch (6) to be enclosed in a sealed envelope
roller bandages, 2 inch (6) to be enclosed in a sealed envelope
triangular bandages (4) of 1st quality
medicine glass, 2 oz (1) to be marked for teaspoon,
enamel feeding cup (1) of 1st quality
dressing forceps, 5 inches
(1 pr)
splinter forceps, 5 inches (1 pr)
scissors 5 inches (1 pr)
towels (2) of 1st quality
enamel basin, 9 inches diam.
(1)
safety pins (12) of 1st quality
(3) On every building work, excavation work or compressed air work
where more than 100 persons are employed there shall be provided a
first-aid chest that shall be equipped and maintained to contain at least
the following requisites and appliances unless otherwise approved:
Solyptol solutions, 12 oz
castor oil, 2 oz with glass rod bulged, pendant
sal volatile, 6 oz
finger dressings (48) To be of gauze 12 inches long ×
adhesive strapping, 2 inches
(2 reels)
cotton wool, 1 lb to be sterile and to be enclosed in
bicarbonate of soda, 8 oz to be sterile and enclosed in 1 oz
boracic acid, 4 oz to be sterile and to be enclosed in
plain gauze, 4 yards in yard quantities each enclosed in a
sealed carton
roller bandages, 1 inch (12) to be enclosed in a sealed envelope
roller bandages, 2 inches (8) to be enclosed in a sealed envelope
triangular bandages (6) of 1st quality
medicine glasses, 2 oz (2) to be marked for teaspoon,
enamel feeding cup (1) of 1st quality
dressing forceps, 5 inches
(1 pr)
splinter forceps, 5 inches (1 pr)
scissors, 5 inches (1 pr)
towels (3) of 1st quality
enamel basin, 15 inches
diam. (1)
safety pins (36) of 1st quality
(4) First-aid chests provided for this section may be constructed of wood
or metal, but each chest so provided and constructed shall be
dustproof, fitted with a lock and key, and shall be distinctively
marked with a white cross on a green ground.
(5) First-aid chests shall properly accommodate their contents.
(6) Nothing except requisites or appliances for first-aid shall be kept in
the first-aid chest, which shall always be readily accessible.
(7) If not more than 100 persons are employed, the first-aid chest shall
be fitted with a carrying handle and so constructed and maintained
that it can be easily carried from job to job.
(8) The first-aid chest shall normally be kept in the change room.
(9) If more than 100 persons are employed, a first-aid post shall be
provided in a room set aside for the purpose and equipped with
facilities for washing and for boiling water, and with a couch,
blankets, a portable stretcher and also a first-aid chest as previously
detailed.
(10) Each first-aid chest and first-aid post shall be placed under the charge
of a responsible person or persons, who or 1 of whom shall always be
readily available during working hours.
(11) The person or persons shall, if practicable, be the holder of a
St. John’s Ambulance Medallion with current label.
(12) A notice shall be prominently attached in every change room and
first-aid post where the first-aid chest is normally kept.
(13) This notice shall clearly state the name or names of the person or
persons in charge of the first-aid chest.
Division 10.2 Shelter, change and dining
accommodation
work means building work, compressed air work or excavation work.
General—accommodation to be provided
(2) Immediately on beginning a work, suitable and adequate
accommodation where persons employed can keep their clothes and
personal belongings safe from damage and theft, eat their meals and
shelter from the weather, shall be provided on the site.
Shelter, change and dining accommodation Division 10.2
General—shelter shed on small works
(3) On works where less than 10 workers are employed at any one time
a small shed of such dimensions as to provide not less than 10 square
feet of floor area per person will meet the requirements of subsection
(2).
(4) This shed may also be used for the storage of the workers’s tools but
shall not be used for the storage of building material.
(5) When part of a building in course of construction has been made
weatherproof and secure it may be made available to employees for
the purposes of this section.
(6) On works where more than 10 workers are employed at any one time
a shed or sheds shall be provided exclusively for the use of the
workers.
(7) Each shed or sheds shall be of such dimensions as to provide in the
aggregate not less than 10 square feet of floor area for every worker
employed on the work at any one time.
(8) Any one shed shall not be used for the accommodation of more
than 50 persons.
(9) All sheds shall be absolutely weatherproof, soundly constructed with
a sufficient number of openable windows, shall be floored and shall
be adequately ventilated and lighted.
(10) Every shed shall be kept clean and brooms, mops, buckets and
cleaning compounds shall be provided for the purpose.
Facilities to be provided in change and shelter sheds—hat and coat hooks
(11) Hat and coat hooks spaced not less than 18 inches apart for hanging
clothes shall be provided in each change shed.
Facilities to be provided in change and shelter sheds—seating accommodation
(12) Seating accommodation shall be provided in each change shed for the
use of workers when changing boots and when sheltering from the
rain.
(13) A bench not less than 16 inches wide and of such length as to provide
not less than 18 inches for each worker will meet the requirements of
subsection (12).
Facilities to be provided in change and shelter sheds—heating
(14) In wet or cold weather reasonable heating facilities, such as a portable
coke stove with flue exhausting outside the shed, a kerosene heater,
or electric radiator, shall be provided in every shelter and change shed
for warmth and for drying clothes.
Facilities to be provided in change and shelter sheds—safekeeping of employees’
tool kits
(15) Provision for the safekeeping of employees’ tool kits when
employees are not on the work shall be made.
(16) On works where less than 10 workers are employed at any one time
this may be achieved by means of substantially constructed locked
chests in the supervisor’s office or by provision of suitable
accommodation in the change shed.
(17) On works where more than 10 workers are employed at any one time
special storerooms equipped with racks shall be provided.
Dining facilities—tables and seating
(18) Adequate table and seating accommodation, in the proportion of not
less than 22 inches run for each employee for use at meal period shall
be provided in the change shed, or in a separate shed, provided that
the accommodation need be provided only in relation to employees
remaining on the site during meal period.
Sanitary conveniences and washing facilities Division 10.3
Dining facilities—storage of food
(19) Hygienic provision, such as a fly-proof ventilated cupboard fitted
with shelves, shall be provided for storing employees’ food.
Dining facilities—supply of boiling water
(20) An ample supply of boiling water for tea making and for washing
utensils shall be provided.
Dining facilities— provision of garbage tins
(21) Garbage tins that are both rat-proof and fly-proof shall be provided
and they shall be emptied each day.
Dining facilities—drinking water
(22) An adequate supply of clean, cool and wholesome drinking water
shall be provided on the site.
Division 10.3 Sanitary conveniences and washing
facilities
Meaning of work
work means, building work, excavation work, or compressed air
work.
Number to be provided
(2) One closet shall be provided on every work where not more than
10 men employed at the one time and 1 for every 10 women
employed at the one time, and 1 for any number less than 10 such
men or women, as the case requires.
Division 10.3 Sanitary conveniences and washing facilities
Location
(3) The closet accommodation shall be located so as to be readily
accessible from the place where men or women are working, but shall
be far enough removed to avoid nuisance.
(4) All closets shall be soundly constructed and roofed with weatherproof
(5) The floor of each closet shall be well drained and constructed of
concrete, bricks and cement or of other approved material that shall
be impervious to water.
(6) Every closet shall be well lighted by natural or artificial light and shall
be well ventilated.
(7) Each closet shall have a hinged door capable of being fastened both
on the inside and on the outside.
Closets to be kept clean
(8) Closets shall be maintained in a clean condition.
Washing facilities—number of basins
(9) One wash basin shall be provided on every work where not more than
20 persons are employed at the one time, and 1 additional wash basin
for each additional 20 persons or part of 20 persons so employed.
Washing facilities—location
(10) Washing facilities shall be located under cover and conveniently
close to the change shed.
Washing facilities—water supply
(11) Clean cold and hot water and soap shall be provided on every work.
Sanitary conveniences and washing facilities Division 10.3
(12) Cold water shall be readily available in sufficient quantities from a
cock close to the wash basins.
(13) Hot water may be supplied from the same source as that used for tea
making.
Washing facilities—drainage
(14) Drainage shall be provided for the disposal of waste water.
Washing facilities—duckboards
(15) Duckboards shall be provided underfoot if necessary or desirable.
Washing facilities—washing facilities to be kept clean
(16) Washing facilities shall be kept clean.
Part 11 Basic requirements about design
and construction, erection, use,
maintenance, inspection and
testing with particular reference
to cranes, lifts, hoists,
scaffolding and plant
(1) Every crane, lift, hoist, plant, scaffolding, and all gear shall be so
designed, constructed and maintained that after taking into full
account the magnitude, incidence, conditions, and way of all loadings
and forces, the proportioning of each member, component, part and
attachment of it or to it is such that the maximum stress imposed or
developed in it is less than 75% of the minimum stress liable by
repetition or otherwise to impair its elastic properties.
(2) Every member, component, part and attachment shall be robust and
so proportioned that it functions without excessive elastic action,
deflection, vibration, movement, or distortion and without undue or
untimely deterioration.
(3) Subsections (1) and (2) shall not be construed as allowing any greater
stress or deflection, or any less provision in relation to wind loads,
sideloads or dynamic effects than may be more specifically
prescribed in this regulation.
(4) Unless more specifically prescribed elsewhere in this regulation, the
minimum stress liable by repetition or otherwise to impair the elastic
properties of a material shall be deemed equal to the least of the
following stresses:
(a) the 1/ 10 of 1% proof stress for such material when tested in a way
productive of the same type and character of stress as that under
consideration (namely, tensile, compressive or shearing stress);
or
(b) the stress applied as an average stress by an approved authority
during endurance tests, plus 1/ 2 of the endurance range,
coincident to it, as determined by the authority on a 10 million
cycle basis, provided that the stress thus determined is of the
same type and character as that under consideration (namely,
transverse, tensile, compressive or shearing stress) and that,
unless the chief inspector specifically approves otherwise, the
average stress shall be assumed to be zero.
(5) If it can be estimated with reasonable certainty that the stress cannot
be imposed or developed in whole or in part more than 2 million times
during the working life of the material, the stress prescribed by
subsection (4) (b) may be disregarded.
(6) If a material is subject to solely transverse or torsional stress (or both),
and if the 1/ 10 of 1% proof stress is less than 1/ 2 of the endurance range
mentioned in subsection (4), the stress prescribed by subsection (4)
(a) may be disregarded.
(7) For the purpose of estimating the numbers of stress repetitions to
which any member, component, part or attachment of any crane, lift,
hoist, scaffolding, plant or gear is liable, the working life of the crane,
lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant or gear shall, unless the chief inspector
otherwise approves, be deemed to be at least 80 thousand hours.
(8) Except as may be otherwise prescribed in this regulation—
(a) every crane or hoist and the parts of it and all gear shall be
classified numerically in conformity with the following table,
according to its working period, effective load and the dynamic
effects to which it is subjected taking into consideration all of
the circumstances and conditions under which it is to work and
to which it is to be exposed, as also all of the functions it is to
perform, and, in the event of uncertainty or dispute, the
classification may be determined by the chief inspector; and
(b) every scaffolding shall be deemed to be within classification 3,
except that the timbers of it may be deemed within classification
2; and
(c) every lift and every hoist used for raising or lowering workers
shall be deemed to be within classification 4; and
(d) for the purpose of determining stresses in timbers, cranes and
hoists and their supporting structures, they shall be deemed to
be within classification 1 if indoor, and classification 2 if
outdoor; and
(e) no person shall cause or effect any change in the circumstances
or conditions under which any crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding,
plant or gear is to work, or to which it is to be exposed, or in the
functions it is to perform, unless after the change the
classification of the crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant, or gear
would on reconsideration remain unaltered or revert to a
numerically lower order; and
(f) no person shall use a crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant, or gear
after such change unless the classification of it would on
reconsideration remain unaltered or revert to a numerically
lower order; and
(g) nothing in this subsection shall prevent any person from
designing, constructing, erecting or using a crane, lift, hoist,
scaffolding, plant, or gear of greater safety, strength, and
stability than that prescribed in this subsection.
Table 122.1 Classification of cranes and hoists and gear for purposes of design,
construction and use
classification working period effective load dynamic effects
1 short low low
2 long
low
high
low
low
low
high
classification working period effective load dynamic effects
3 long
long
high
low
high
low
high
high
4 long high high
(9) In applying table 122.1 the following subsections apply.
(10) The working period of any crane, hoist, or gear shall be considered to
be short if it operates or may reasonably be expected to operate for
less than 500 hours per annum, or long if it operates or may
reasonably be expected to operate for more than 500 hours per annum.
(11) The effective load of any crane, hoist or gear shall be considered to
be low unless it lifts or may reasonably be expected to lift loads
greater than 2/ 3 of its safe working load on more than 1 000 occasions
per annum.
(12) The effective load shall otherwise be considered to be high.
(13) Dynamic effects may be considered low if the speed of travelling of
both crab and crane or hoist are each less than 300 feet per minute, or
400 feet per minute if the active surfaces of the respective track rails
are uninterrupted by gaps or joints.
(14) Dynamic effects shall be considered high if the crane, hoist or gear or
any part or motion of it is used for any purpose, or in any way likely
to produce greater shock effects than those caused by travelling on
steel track rails at the speeds mentioned in subsection (13).
(15) Dynamic effects may be considered low for mobile cranes or mobile
hoists having well-sprung road wheels and travelling at moderate
speeds on surfaces not less regular than closely laid decking of sawn
timber.
(16) Road wheels having approved pneumatic balloon tyres of the
‘off-the-road’ type may be considered equivalent to well-sprung road
wheels.
(17) Dynamic effects shall be considered high for other mobile cranes or
mobile hoists.
(18) Reference should also be made to examples given in table 122.2 and
table 122.3, in determining the classification of a crane or hoist, or
gear, or part of it.
(19) If any single crane or hoist travelling in relation to its supporting
structure, does not cause the major loadings to recur principally on
portions only of the supporting structure, the structure if supporting a
crane or hoist within classifications 2, 3 or 4, may be deemed to be
within the next lower classification to that of the crane or hoist.
(20) However, this shall not apply to supporting structures constructed of
timber.
(21) Table 122.2 is for reference in classifying crane and hoist frame and
supporting structures in the respective groups shown in table 122.1.
Table 122.2
hand cranes (except vehicular types)
conveyors (belt, tyne, slat, scraper, tray, chain,
etc, but not bucket)
engine house cranes
cranes for occasional use only, in commission
not more than 500 hours per annum
single and twin derrick poles
bucket conveyors
*slings, yokes and general lifting gear used in
medium factories and workshops for moderate
work (but not used in handling hot articles,
apparatus or materials, or substances or liquids
injurious to human life or limb)
tower and portal cranes and hammer-headed
cranes
cupola hoists for light and medium foundries
floating cranes
stacking machines
overbraced or underbraced jib cranes (except
blacksmiths, boilermakers, welders)
giant cranes and fixed and travelling gantries
ice works cranes
light duty cranes in commission not more than
750 hours per annum
hand cranes mounted on vehicles
derrick cranes
winches or hoists used in building and
constructional works
sheerlegs and gallows frames
sprung mobile cranes (other than vehicular used
in building and constructional works)
shipbuilding cranes
machine shop secondary cranes
pile-drivers and pile-tilters
monorail runway hoists
locomotive cranes
overbraced or underbraced jib cranes used in
blacksmithing, boilermaking or welding, or
analogous duties
cupola hoists for heavy foundries
cranes used for pulling piles or sheet piling
overhead traveller cranes not elsewhere
included
magnet cranes not handling scrap
derrick and other cranes having grabs, lifting
magnets, or light skull breaker devices
travelling gantry derrick cranes
caterpillar cranes
(power) vehicular cranes used in building and
construction works
concentrates, ore, coal or cargo-handling cranes
unsprung mobile cranes
Note See ss (13) to (17).
logging cranes and logging winches
back-end and front end-loaders
*slings yokes and general lifting gear used in
building or constructional works or on wharfs
or in medium foundries
fork-lift trucks
3 This
includes the
generality of
cranes and
hoists in
commission
not more than
2 500 hours
per annum, and
not commonly
engaged in
shift work, or
for such
arduous duties
as are
customary in
the heavy
industries.
Appliances
within
classification 3
may be
regarded as
designed for
normal duties.
*cranes, hoists, lifts, slings, yokes and general
lifting gear used in heavy industries, and
generally in commission more than 2 500 hours
per annum
passenger and goods lifts
hoists for raising or lowering workers
magnet cranes, or hoists, handling scrap
skull breaker cranes (except light duty types)
navvys and excavators
cranes and hoists used in connection with
underwater operations
Refer also to s 143 in relation to chains, s 144 in relation to steel wire ropes, and s 147 to
s 153 and s 155 in relation to terminal fittings.
(22) Table 122.3 is for reference in classifying crane and hoist
mechanisms in the respective groups prescribed in section 122 (8).
(23) If not listed in table 122.3, the mechanism should have the same
classification as the crane frame structure.
Table 122.3
electric or pneumatic hoisting blocks
hand-operated chain blocks used on
monorail runways, etc, but not on
blacksmiths, boilershop or welders cranes
or hoists, or any analogous to it
hand-operated chain blocks used for
general purposes or with blacksmiths or
boilershop or welders cranes or hoists or
any analogous to it
crab mechanisms of coal and ore bridges
mechanisms of derrick cranes
mechanisms of vehicular cranes
mechanisms of caterpillar cranes
mechanisms of shipbuilding cranes
mechanisms of hoists used in building and
constructional works, including pile-
drivers, etc
hand or power winches used in connection
with scaffolding
crab or other relevant mechanisms of grab,
skull breaker, or magnet cranes
mechanisms of coal, ore concentrates, or
cargo-handling cranes or hoists
(24) Every crane and every hoist shall have constantly maintained on it a
permanent notice, prominently and legibly exhibiting all of the safe
working loads of the crane or hoist, together with the information
about the conditions, incidence and way in which the loads may be
lifted or handled as is necessary or desirable for the safe use or
manipulation of the crane or hoist.
(25) The loads, conditions, incidences and ways shall be those determined
by and in conformity with this regulation as limiting values of the
loads, conditions, incidences and ways of loadings.
(26) No other load or conditions of loading shall be marked or exhibited
on the crane or hoist, unless first approved by the chief inspector.
(27) No person shall subject, or instruct, allow, or permit any person to
subject any crane, lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant or gear to a greater
load, or more adverse incidence or way or condition of loading than
that determined by and in conformity with this regulation as a limiting
load, incidence or way or condition of loading.
(28) However, subsection (27) does not prevent the crane, lift, hoist,
scaffolding, plant or gear being tested in the presence of an inspector,
in the way that the chief inspector may direct.
(29) No person shall procure, incite, advocate, enjoin or counsel the
subjection of a crane or lift or hoist or scaffolding to a greater load or
more adverse incidence or condition or way of loading than that
mentioned in this section or than has been directed by an inspector.
(30) No person shall represent a crane or lift or hoist or scaffolding to be
capable of lifting or handling a greater load or of sustaining a more
adverse incidence or condition or way of loading than that mentioned
in this section or than has been directed by an inspector.
(31) The presence of any load in a position into which it has apparently
been placed by a crane, lift or hoist shall constitute prima facie
evidence that it has been lifted or handled and so placed by the crane,
lift or hoist and that the crane, lift or hoist has been subjected to the
load, and to whatever incidence and condition and way of loading is
indicated by the position and nature of the load.
(32) If a crane, lift, hoist or scaffolding has been overloaded by lifting or
handling or attempting to lift or handle a load exceeding by more than
100% that determined by and in conformity with this regulation as a
limiting load, incidence, way or condition of loading, the chief
inspector may require the owner or the person in charge or apparently
in charge of the crane, lift, hoist or scaffolding to immediately
dismantle it in whole or in part and to clean it together with its
mechanisms and gearings and to lay out the parts, members,
mechanisms and gearings in a place and way convenient to the chief
inspector in order that investigations may be made to ascertain if
material damage has ensued.
(33) If the chief inspector considers necessary, to assure the safety of the
crane, lift, hoist or scaffolding, the chief inspector may require the
owner, or the person in charge or apparently in charge of it to give the
metallurgical or radiographic evidence that the chief inspector may
direct.
(34) No person shall effect or procure or cause to be effected,
modifications, alterations, or repairs to or in connection with a crane,
lift, hoist, scaffolding, plant or gear in such way or of such nature as
to be conducive to conditions of hazard, uncertainty or danger.
(35) No person shall effect or procure or cause to be effected
modifications, renewals, alterations, changes or repairs of the
following nature to or in connection with any crane, lift, hoist,
scaffolding, plant or gear without first having obtained the approval
of the chief inspector:
(a) peg, dovetail or weld a tooth or teeth to any gear wheel, ratchet
or other toothed wheel or clutch;
(b) repair any such wheel or clutch by welding or by mechanical
means;
(c) repair or rebuild shafts, spindles, pins or axles by welding;
(d) weld together, members, components, parts or attachments
metallurgically different from one another;
(e) repair iron castings by welding or brazing;
(f) subject to heat treatment any member, component, part or
attachment without first establishing and recording the chemical
and physical properties of it;
(g) subject any member, component, part or attachment to any
process of heat treatment that might reasonably be expected to
affect it in a deleterious, uncertain or hazardous way;
(h) reforge any forged or rolled or drawn metal member,
component, part or attachment that has become noticeably bent,
distorted or cracked;
(i) renew, replace or substantially alter or interchange or exchange
for another, any main structural member of a crane;
(j) renew, replace or substantially alter or interchange or exchange
for another the machinery, mechanism or gearing of any crane.
(36) However, subsection (35) shall not apply if complete failure of the
member, component, or part concerned would not be dangerous or
conducive to danger to life or limb.
(37) Every crane and every hoist shall have constantly maintained on it a
permanent brand, plainly and legibly exhibiting the classification of
the crane or hoist, determined as prescribed by this regulation, and
the brand shall be stamped, engraved, or welded on the crane or hoist
at its main driving station.
(38) No person shall falsely brand any crane or hoist as mentioned in
subsection (37), or alter or remove any brand except with the approval
of the chief inspector.
Wind loads
(1) If cranes or lifts or scaffolding are exposed either in whole or in part
to wind loadings they shall have additional strength, stability, and
fixity with which to resist the loadings.
(2) Wind loadings shall be deemed to act normally to resistant surfaces,
and to consist of a positive pressure on the windward and a negative
pressure on the leeward side of the resistant structure or member.
(3) The wind load acting on any resistant body shall be determined from
P = cp .
(4) In subsection (3):
P means the force exerted in pounds per square foot of area of the
body as projected on a vertical plane normal to the direction of the
wind.
c means a coefficient selected table 123.1, and appropriate to the form
and nature of the resistant body.
(5) The value of p shall be 16 for bodies between ground level and a
height of 60 feet above ground level, 22 for bodies between 60 and
300 feet above ground level, and 25 for bodies at greater heights;
provided that water level shall, for floating cranes, floating hoist, or
floating scaffolding, be deemed to be ground level.
(6) If a resistant body is partially sheltered from wind by effective
permanent protection, the chief inspector may determine and fix any
lesser value for p that the chief inspector considers appropriate.
(7) The value of p shall be taken at not less than 5 during that period in
which an exposed crane or hoist or scaffolding is lifting or handling
its safe working load, provided that if a crane or hoist is sheltered by
its own supporting structure p shall, in relation to the supporting
structure, take the value assigned in this section.
Table 123.1 Coefficient of resistance to wind as dependent on shape or form
of resistant body or surface
coefficient of resistance, ‘c’ for—
type of body or surface windward
leeward
total
sheds or simple buildings, or simple
prismatic bodies
0.8 0.4 1.2
solid web girders . . . . 1.6
plane surfaces normal to direction of
wind, or at an angle not greater than 20°
to direction of wind
Note See also s 123.
0.66 0.54 1.2
cylindrical bodies . . . . 0.66
coefficient of resistance, ‘c’ for—
type of body or surface windward
leeward
total
sphere . . . . 0.44
lattice girders . . . . 0.96
concave surface . . . . 1.6
wedge with base to wind and vertex
angle of 90°
. . . . 1.0
wedge with point to wind and vertex
angle of 90°
. . . . 0.75
(8) The wind load acting normally to sloping surfaces, such as roofs of
crane or hoist supporting structures, or roofs of cabins, or machinery
houses of cranes or hoists shall be determined from the formula—
R = np.
(9) In subsection (8):
R means the force exerted in pounds per square foot of sloping
surface.
p has the value assigned by subsection (5).
n is a coefficient selected from table 123.2, and appropriate to the
slope of the surface.
Table 123.2
coefficient ‘n’’
slope of roof in degrees,
measured from the
windward slope, or
windward half if
leeward slope or
leeward half if
—0.1
—0.25
0 } —0.5
coefficient ‘n’’
slope of roof in degrees,
measured from the
windward slope, or
windward half if
leeward slope or
leeward half if
70 and over
0.25
0.66 —0.54
(10) The wind loads acting on curved roof surfaces shall be taken to be the
same as for sloping roof surfaces of the same rise, and shall be
assumed to act radially.
(11) For sawtooth or other multi-span roofs if the windward bay of roofing
effectively shelters succeeding bays the following reductions in wind
loading may be made so that stability and fixity of the structure as a
whole is affected:
(a) on the bay adjoining the windward bay—50%;
(b) on the next bay—75%;
(c) on the remaining bays—87%.
(12) All projections above the general roof level shall be considered fully
exposed to wind.
(13) If members are so disposed that a windward member shelters a
leeward member from wind forces, the forces may be considered
effective on only the windward member if—
(a) the windward member being of solid web construction is not
spaced at a distance greater than its own depth from the sheltered
member, or
(b) the windward member, being of perforated, open web or lattice
construction, is not spaced at a greater distance than its own
width from the sheltered member.
(14) Parts of leeward members projecting beyond sheltering members as
mentioned in subsection (13) shall be deemed fully exposed to wind
force.
(15) If the spacing of members is greater than, but not more than 3 times
that mentioned in subsection (13) the wind resistant surface of the
leeward member may be considered to be reduced by 40%, provided
that parts of it projecting beyond sheltering members shall be deemed
fully exposed to wind forces, and provided that the total reduction in
surface does not exceed 1/ 2 of that of the windward member.
Horizontal forces (other than those due to wind)
(1) Full allowance shall be made for all horizontal forces including those
incidental to operation of the crane or hoist, or lift, or scaffolding.
(2) The braking force at each braked wheel, arising from deceleration of
the travelling or traversing motion of any crane or hoist or lift or
scaffolding or relevant part of it shall be deemed equal to 1/ 7 of the
greatest weight borne by the wheel.
(3) It shall be considered to act at track-rail level.
(4) Each live load shall be assumed to set up or cause incidentally a
lateral horizontal force not less in magnitude than the greatest of the
following:
(a) 5% of the live load; or
(b) 120 pounds; or
(c) whatever more exact force may be determined by approved
methods.
(5) It shall not be necessary to increase the horizontal force so determined
in the way otherwise provided by section 125, but the force shall be
assumed to act simultaneously with the live load.
(6) Full allowance shall be made for horizontal forces due to slewing,
oscillating, reciprocating, or centrifugal actions, misalignments or
settlements, heeling of supporting structure, or operation on sloping,
irregular or soft surfaces.
(7) The rate of deceleration of the slewing motions of derrick or jib cranes
shall be deemed to be not less than 1 foot per second, per second,
measured at the jibhead, irrespective of its position.
Dynamic and repealed loadings
(1) To make allowance for frequently repeated loadings their variable
magnitudes, and the effects of shocks, all internal forces or moments
caused by live loads shall be increased in the ratio shown in table 125
or as may be in this section more specifically provided as appropriate
to the classification of the crane, hoist, lift or scaffolding or part of it
that is under consideration.
(2) However, the following forces or moments need not be so increased:
(a) those due to braking forces arising from decelerating travelling
or traversing live loads;
(b) those due to inertia and momentum of live loads if those due to
wind together with those referred to in the paragraph (a) are so
great that they govern the proportion of the member concerned;
(c) those due to wind.
Table 125 Compensation ratio for live loads
classification of
crane or hoist or lift
or scaffolding or
relevant part of it
ratio in which internal
force or moment must
be increased
classification of crane
or hoist or lift or
scaffolding or relevant
part of it
ratio in which
internal force or
moment must be
increased
1 1.2 3 1.6
2 1.4 4 1.9
(3) Table 125 applies if more specific provision is not made in this
(4) To make allowance for shocks caused by travelling or traversing
movements of cranes or hoists or lifts or scaffolding, internal forces
or moments caused by dead loads shall be increased by 10% if the
track rails are interrupted by joints or gaps, and the speed of travel or
traverse is 200 or less feet per minute, or 20% if the speed is exceeded.
(5) If the track rails are not so interrupted, the internal forces or moments
shall be increased by 10% if the speed is 300 or less feet per minute
or 20% if the speed is exceeded.
Maximum permissible stresses
(1) The stresses imposed or developed in any member, component, part,
or attachment, of any crane, hoist, lift, scaffolding, plant or gear shall
be computed and after inclusion of all relevant increases
consequential to section 125 and the other sections as may be
applicable shall not exceed the relevant and appropriate maximum
prescribed by this regulation.
(2) If the member, component, part or attachment is of timber, the stress
imposed or developed in it shall not exceed the relevant and
appropriate maximum shown in table 126.1, or any other stress that
may be more specifically prescribed elsewhere in this regulation.
Table 126.1 Maximum permissible stresses for timbers
maximum permissible stress in lb/in 2
continually dry 2 000 1 450 6 000 4 500 4 000 3 000
maximum permissible stress in lb/in2
occasionally wet but
quickly drying
1 720 1 250 5 700 4 270 3 800 2 800
more or less
continually wet or
damp
1 330 970 5 700 4 270 3 800 2 800
grain; continually dry
430 390 1 000 1 000 880 880
grain; occasionally
wet but quickly
drying
300 270 1 000 1 000 750 750
grain; timber more or
less continually wet
or damp
270 240 1 000 1 000 750 750
*longitudinal shear;
in flexural members 112 86 340 340 300 300
shearing; parallel to
grain 230 170 1 000 1 000 750 750
tensile; parallel to
grain
may be taken to be of the same values as transverse stresses
compression; parallel
to grain; continually
dry
1 440 1 200 4 000 3 000 3 600 2 700
maximum permissible stress in lb/in2
compression; parallel
to grain; occasionally
wet but quickly
drying
1 320 1 080 3 800 2 800 3 400 2 500
Generally termed ‘horizontal shear’.
† Hardwood includes only Australian hardwoods of approximately the same strength and
reliability as spotted gum.
(3) Table 126.1 applies if more specific provision is not made in this
(4) If the member, component, part or attachment is of any other material,
the stress imposed or developed in it shall not exceed that prescribed
by section 122 (4) to (23), and amplified in relation to certain
commonly used materials by table 126.2:
Part 11 Basic requirements about design and construction, erection, use, maintenance, inspection and testing with particular
Table 126.2 Physical properties of materials
1/ 10 of 1% proof
stress (t/in 2 )
1/ 2 endurance range
for average stress
zero (t/in 2 )
of
elasticity
of rigidity
nominal
ultimate tensile
strength (t/in2 )material tensile shear transverse* torsional†
mild steel 17 10.2 12.5 6.3 13 000 5 200 28
high tensile structural steel conforming to
British Standard Specification No 548—1934 20 12 15 7.5 13 000 5 200 37
high tensile structural steel conforming to
British Standard Specification No 968—1941 18 10.8 13.25 6.6 13 000 5 200 33
cast steel (annealed) 17.5 10.5 15 7.5 13 000 5 200 35
malleable cast iron (‘black heart’) 9 4.5 11 5.5 11 200 4 480 22.3
good grey cast iron 3 2.9 5.3 4.25 6 700 2 680 10
phospur bronze (89 copper 11 tin) 8.7 5.2 10.7 8.5 5 540 2 220 15.5
As determined by rotating bar test on 10 million cycle basis.
† As determined by reciprocating bar test on 10 million cycle basis.
‡ If approved by chief inspector.
(5) If the stresses include those due to wind loads, they may exceed the
maximum mentioned by 25% provided—
(a) that the increase is solely due to wind loading; and
(b) that the strength of the structure so determined will not be less
than it would have been if wind loading had been disregarded.
(6) If a mild steel member of H, T or I section is used as a beam or
cantilever, the stress imposed or developed in the tension flange shall
not exceed 12 tons per square inch.
(7) The stress imposed or developed in the compression flange of a
cantilever shall not exceed that prescribed for a beam of twice the
length of the cantilever; each half length of the beam shall be assumed
loaded with identical loading and incidence of loading to that on the
cantilever.
(8) The beam thus loaded will have a central reaction equal in magnitude
to twice the algebraic sum of the loads on the cantilever, and the
position of the point of application of this reaction shall determine
whether the beam load is applied to the compression flange, or tension
flange, or centroid of the beam section.
(9) If the principal external loading is concentrated and is applied to the
compression flange of a beam of the section, the stress imposed or
developed in the flange shall not exceed the lesser of the following
stresses:
(a) 14 4/ 10 tons per square inch, or
(b) that determined by the formula 8210
ld bt/ tons per square inch.
(10) In subsection (9):
b means the least breadth of the compression flange that can be
measured within a distance of 1/ 4 of the span of the beam of the
section at which the stress is determined.
d means the overall depth of the section of the beam at which the
stress is determined, exclusive of any track rail laid on it.
l means the maximum length of compression flange that is not
supported laterally by adequate external means.
t means the thickness of the compression flange measured as provided
for flange thickness of Australian Standard Beam Sections by
Australian Standard Specification No AI—1940, for structural steel.
(11) If the compression and tension flanges of a beam are of different
sections, or if the beam is of the single plate web girder type, the
flange thickness t must be determined from the formula—
t = 5Iy
b3 .
(12) In subsection (11):
b—see subsection (10).
Iy means the moment of inertia of the cross-section of the beam about
its minor rectilinear axis, provided that if the compression and tension
flanges are of different section.
(13) Iy must be taken as equal to twice the moment of inertia of the
compression flange about the aforesaid axis, and provided that if the
compression flange of an Australian Standard Beam Section is not
compounded, t may be determined as prescribed in this section for the
standard beam section.
(14) Track rails need not be included when determining flange
thicknesses, t.
(15) If the principal external loading is concentrated and is applied at the
centroid axis of the beam, the formula btld /
9980 tons per square inch
may be substituted for the formula stated in subsection (9) (b).
(16) If the principal external loading is concentrated and is applied to the
tension flange of the beam, the formula btld /
12120 tons per square inch
may be substituted for the formula stated in subsection (9) (b).
(17) These maximum stresses are permissible only for beams or
cantilevers of mild steel conforming to Australian Standard
Specification No A.I—1940, ‘Rolled Steel Sections for Structural
Purposes’.
(18) For a beam or cantilever of the same type but of steel conforming to
British Standard Specification No 548—1934, ‘High Tensile
Structural Steel for Bridges, etc, and General Building Construction’,
or British Standard Specification No 968—1941, ‘High Tensile
(Fusion Welding Quality) Steel for Bridges, etc, and General
Building Construction’, the stress imposed or developed in the
tension flange shall not exceed 15 tons per square inch, and in the
compression flange of the beam, the lesser of the following stresses:
(a) 176/ 10 tons per square inch; or
(b) that determined by the formula stated in subsection (9) (b) or the
alternative provided in subsection (15) or (16).
(19) If a member of H, T or I section is used as a beam and the principal
external loading is applied to the compression flange, and if the
loading is evenly distributed throughout the span of the beam and is
greater in magnitude than any concentrated loading that may be
simultaneously applied, the stress imposed or developed in the flange
shall not exceed the lesser of the following stresses—
(a) 144/ 10 tons per square inch, or
(b) that determined by the formula btld /
7140 tons per square inch.
(20) In subsection (19):
b—see subsection (10).
d—see subsection (10).
l—see subsection (10).
t—see subsection (10).
(21) If the external loading is applied at the centroid axis of the beam, the
formula btld /
8570 tons per square inch may be substituted for that stated
in subsection (19) (b), and if the loading is applied to the tension
flange of the beam, the formula btld /
9640 tons per square inch may be
so substituted.
(22) These maximum stresses are permissible only for beams or
cantilevers of mild steel conforming to Australian Standard
Specification No A.I.—1940, ‘Rolled Steel Sections for Structural
Purposes’.
(23) For a beam or cantilever of the same type, but of steel conforming to
British Standard Specification No 548—1934, ‘High Tensile
Structural Steel for Bridges, etc, and General Building Construction’,
or British Standard Specification No 968—1941, ‘High Tensile
(Fusion Welding Quality) Steel for Bridges, etc, and General
Building Construction’, the stress imposed or developed in the
tension flange shall not exceed 15 tons per square inch, and in the
compression flange of the beam, the lesser of the following stresses:
(a) 176/ 10 tons per square inch; or
(b) that determined by the formula stated in subsection (19) (b) or
the alternative provided in subsection (21).
(24) The computed deflection of a steel beam in the direction of either the
major or minor rectilinear axis of any cross-section shall not exceed
1/ 380 part of the span of the beam.
(25) The computed deflection at the extremity of a steel cantilever shall
not, when measured in the direction of either the major or minor
rectilinear axis of any cross-section, exceed 1/ 190 part of the length of
the cantilever.
(26) For the purpose of computing the deflections, the modulus of
elasticity of steel shall be deemed to be 13 000 tons per square inch.
(27) In computing deflections it shall be necessary to increase the forces
producing the deflections in the way provided by section 125.
(28) Forces shall be considered to act simultaneously, and the horizontal
forces referred to in section 124 shall be included.
(29) The maximum vertical shearing stress in the webs of rolled steel
joists, channels or plate-web girders of mild steel conforming to
Australian Standard Specification No A.I—1940 ‘Rolled Steel
Sections for Structural Purposes’ shall not exceed 6 tons per square
(30) If the members are of steel conforming to British Standard
Specification No 548—1934, ‘High Tensile Structural Steel for
Bridges, etc, and General Building Construction’, or British Standard
Specification No 968—1941, ‘High Tensile (Fusion Welding
Quality) Steel for Bridges, etc, and General Building Construction’,
the maximum vertical shearing stresses in the webs shall not exceed
7 1/ 4 tons per square inch.
(31) The shearing stresses mentioned in subsections (29) and (30) are
permissible only if the ratio—
does not exceed 83 for the mild steel or 75 for the high tensile steel
members.
(32) For the purposes of web-shearing computations the depth of web of a
rolled steel joist or channel may be taken as the full depth of the joist
or channel, and the depth of web of a plate girder may be taken as the
depth of the girder, measured between the centroid axes of the
respective compression and tension flanges.
(33) If the ratios of depth to web thickness mentioned in subsection (31)
are exceeded, the maximum vertical shearing stress shall not exceed
that determined by the formula—
inch.squarepertons
K5100 2
(34) For subsection (33), the value of K shall be selected from table 126.3
in conformity with, and as appropriate to the ratio d
d
1 where d1 is the
longer and d the lesser rectilinear dimensions of the panels into which
the web is divided by effective stiffeners, measured in the vicinity of
the stress assessed.
Table 126.3
ratio d1
d 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0 ∞
K 9.42 8.0 7.3 7.1 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.1 5.35
(35) If vertical shearing stresses are low and the depth of web is less
than 132 times the web thickness for mild, or 120 times the web
thickness for high tensile steels as mentioned in subsections (29) and
(30), the following compressive stresses shall not be exceeded at any
section of the web:
(a) for such mild steel—8 tons per square inch;
(b) for such high tensile steel—9 tons per square inch.
(36) If relationships of web depths to thicknesses mentioned in subsection
(35) are exceeded, the compressive stress in the web shall not exceed
that determined by the formula—
inch.squarepertons
K6200 2
(37) For subsection (36), the value of K shall be selected from table 126.4
in conformity with, and appropriate to the ratio d
d
1 with the same
meaning as mentioned in subsection (34).
Table 126.4
ratio d1
d 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.67 0.75 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 8
K 23.9 21.1 19.8 19.7 19.8 20.1 21.1 21.1 19.8 19.7 19.8 19.7
(38) The stress at the bottom of the Whitworth thread of a bolt or tie rod
or other threaded member of mild steel shall not exceed—
(a) 8 000 pounds per square inch for threads up to and including 1/ 2
an inch in diameter;
(b) 12 000 pounds per square inch for threads 5/ 8 of an inch in
(c) 16 000 pounds per square inch for threads 3/ 4 of an inch in
(d) 20 000 pounds per square inch for threads 7/ 8 of an inch in
(e) 24 000 pounds per square inch for threads 1 inch in diameter;
(f) 25 000 pounds per square inch for threads 1 1/ 8 inches in
(g) 26 000 pounds per square inch for threads 1 1/ 4 inches in
(h) 27 000 pounds per square inch for threads 1 3/ 8 inches in
(i) 28 000 pounds per square inch for threads 1 1/ 2 inches and over
in diameter.
(39) The stress in a compression member, or strut, of mild steel shall not
exceed that shown in table 126.5, relevant and appropriate to the ratio
of slenderness of the member.
(40) If the member is of high tensile structural steel, the stress shall not
exceed that shown in table 126.6 relevant and appropriate to the ratio
of slenderness of the member.
(41) The ratio shall be determined by dividing the greatest length of
member that is not supported effectively against lateral deflection, by
the least radius of gyration of any cross-section of the member within
the central 1/2 of the length of the member.
(42) If 1 end of the member is fixed and the other end free, the ratio of
slenderness shall be determined by dividing twice the length of the
member by the least radius of gyration of any cross-section within 1/ 2
of the length of the member of the fixed end.
Table 126.5 Maximum stresses permissible in mild steel* compression members
or struts subject only to concentric axial loading
maximum permissible stress in t/in 2
10 14.2 10.8 14.2 12.5 12.5 14.3
20 13.8 10.7 14.0 12.4 12.4 14.2
30 13.2 10.6 13.6 12.3 12.3 14.0
40 12.4 10.4 13.0 12.0 12.0 13.6
50 11.4 10.0 12.3 11.6 11.6 13.2
60 10.1 9.5 11.4 11.1 11.1 12.7
70 9.0 8.8 10.6 10.5 10.5 12.2
Mild steel conforming to Australian Standard Specification No A1—1940, ‘Rolled Steel
Sections for Structural Purposes’. Column ‘B’ is applicable to members of angle, tee or tube
section, and to members of latticed, battened or other framed construction.
maximum permissible stress in t/in2
210 2.0 2.0 3.1 2.5 4.2 3.1
220 1.9 1.9 2.9 2.4 3.9 2.9
High tensile steel conforming to British Standard Specification No 548—1934, ‘High Tensile
Steel for Bridges, etc., and General Building Construction’, of British Standard Specification
No 968—1941, ‘High Tensile (Fusion Welding Quality) Steel for Bridges, etc., for General
Building Construction’. Column ‘B’ is applicable to members of angle, tee, or tube sections
and to members of latticed, battened or other framed construction.
(43) If the radius of gyration of the cross-section of a compression member
or strut of metal or alloy is less near the ends of the member than in
the vicinity of the half-length of the member, the radius of gyration
of a cross-section at the half-length shall for the purpose of assessing
the slenderness ratios, be reduced in the ratio—
Kq
0.75.K .
(44) In subsection (43):
K is the least radius of gyration of a section at the half-length of the
member.
Kq is the least radius of gyration of the least section that is 1/ 4 of the
length of the member from either end.
(45) If a steel member is subject to simultaneous axial compression and
transverse stress it shall be designed as a beam, or if free at 1 end, a
cantilever, in which the maximum transverse stress is determined by
( cf
1.67f p
+fx + fy ) tons per square inch
where, in relation to the section under consideration:
c is a constant, having the value 18 for mild steel, or 22 for high tensile
structural steel.
f is the maximum axial compressive stress.
fp is the maximum permissible axial compressive stress as prescribed
in this section for the same member if assumed subject solely to axial
stress.
fx and fy are the maximum transverse stresses due to external flexural
forces acting or resolved about the respective principal rectilinear
axes.
(46) The stress in a compression member or strut of timber shall not
exceed that shown in table 126.7, relevant and appropriate to the ratio
of slenderness of the member, and to the kind of timber and its
sectional dimensions.
(47) The ratio of slenderness shall be determined by dividing the greatest
length of member that is not supported effectively against lateral
deflection, by the diameter of the greatest inscribed circle of any
cross-section of the member within the central half of the length of
the member.
(48) If 1 end of the member is fixed and the other end free, the ratio of
slenderness shall be determined by dividing twice the length of the
member by the diameter of the greatest inscribed circle of any
cross-section of the member within half the length of the member of
the fixed end.
Table 126.7 Maximum stresses permissible in timber compression members or
struts subject only to concentric axial loading
maximum permissible stress in lb/in 2
slenderness
ironbark less
than 6 in2 in
ironbark 6 in 2 or
more in section
and hardwood*
less than 6 in 2 in
hardwood*
6 in2 or more in
Douglas fir
(Oregon pine)
0 5 000 4 000 3 000 1 400
5 4 390 3 560 2 714 1 320
10 3 780 3 123 2 428 1 200
15 3 170 2 685 2 144 1 080
20 2 560 2 247 1 859 960
25 1 950 1 808 1 574 850
30 1 370 1 370 1 290 730
35 1 005 1 005 1 005 610
40 770 770 770 490
45 608 608 608 384
50 493 493 493 312
55 407 407 407 262
60 342 342 342 222
65 292 292 292 192
70 252 252 252 168
75 219 219 219 140
80 192 192 192 120
85 170 170 170 113
90 152 152 152 102
Refer to s 131 about quality of timber.
Hardwood includes only Australian Hardwoods of approximately the same strength and
reliability as Spotted Gum.
(49) If a timber member is subject to simultaneous axial compression and
transverse stress it shall be designed as a beam, or if free at 1 end, a
cantilever, in which the maximum transverse stress is determined by
( cf
2.f p
+fx + fy ) pounds per square inch
where, in relation to the section under consideration:
c is a constant, having the value 8000 for ironbark or other Australian
hardwood timbers, or 3600 for Douglas fir (Oregon pine).
f is the maximum axial compressive stress.
fp is the maximum permissible axial compressive stress as prescribed
in this section for the same member if assumed subject solely to axial
stress.
fx and fy are the maximum transverse stresses due to external flexural
forces acting or resolved about the respective principal rectilinear
axes.
(50) If the cross-section of a timber compression member or strut is less
near the ends of the member than in the vicinity of the half-length of
it, the diameter of the inscribed circle referred to in subsections (47)
and (48) shall, for the purpose of assessing the slenderness ratio, be
reduced in the ratio—
Dq
0.75D
where:
D is the diameter of the greatest inscribed circle of a section at the
half-length of the member.
Dq is the diameter of the greatest inscribed circle of the least section
that is 1/ 4 of the length of the member from either end.
(51) The computed early deflection of a timber beam in the direction of
either the major or minor rectilinear axis of any cross-section shall
not exceed 1/ 380 part of the span of the beam.
(52) The computed early deflection at the extremity of a timber cantilever
shall not when measured in the direction of either the major or minor
rectilinear axis of any cross-section, exceed 1/ 190 part of the length of
the cantilever.
(53) The computed early deflection of a timber beam used for scaffolding
or shoring purposes, shall not exceed 1/ 150 part of the span of the
beam, provided that the computed early deflection of platform planks
of bricklayers’ or similar heavy scaffoldings shall not exceed 1/ 60 part
of their span, and that the computed early deflection of platform
planks of decorators’ or similar scaffoldings of the lightest type shall
not exceed 51/ 2 inches.
(54) For the purpose of computing the deflections the modulus of elasticity
of the constituent timber shall be deemed to be—
(a) for ironbark—1 300 tons per square inch; and
(b) for other hardwoods—1 050 tons per square inch; and
(c) for Douglas fir (Oregon pine)—715 tons per square inch.
(55) In computing deflections it shall be necessary to increase the forces
producing the deflections in the way provided by section 125.
(56) Forces shall be considered to act simultaneously and the horizontal
forces referred to in section 124 shall be included.
(57) The thickness of a timber beam or cantilever shall not be less than 1/ 4
of the depth of the beam or cantilever.
(58) If 1 bridge beam only of an overhead traveller crane is supported
laterally by effective bracings, the other bridge beam may be
considered to derive from it a measure of lateral support per medium
of the crab frame and its track wheels, provided the wheels have
double flanges and together with their supports and fastenings are
considered by the chief inspector to be suitable for the purpose.
(59) In such case the strength of the unbraced beam may be determined by
placing the fully-loaded crab at whatever position is productive of the
greatest critical stress.
(60) The maximum stress then resulting at any section of the unbraced
beam shall not exceed the maximum stress permissible for the same
beam when the laterally unsupported length is deemed to be 3/ 4 of the
actual span.
(61) The lateral deflection due to all loads other than those applied by the
crab wheels shall not exceed 1/ 2 an inch, when calculated on the
assumption that the crane is brought evenly to rest from its maximum
travelling speed in a distance of 5 feet.
(62) Other deflections with the crab at any position shall not, however,
exceed those elsewhere prescribed for beams by this regulation.
(63) The ratio of slenderness of a tension member shall not exceed 300.
(64) The ratio shall be determined as though the member were a
compression member.
(65) After being increased as prescribed by subsection (67), the torsional
stress imposed or developed in any spring made from carbon spring
steel shall not exceed the relevant and appropriate maximum stress
shown in table 126.8.
(66) It shall not be necessary to increase the computed forces on, or
moments in, a spring in the way otherwise prescribed by section 125,
unless alternation occurs, and in such case the provisions of section
122 shall apply.
Table 126.8 Maximum torsional stresses permissible in springs of carbon
spring steel (in pounds per square inch)
diameter in inches of greatest circle that may
be inscribed within the least section that is
relevant of the material of which spring is
made
classification of part of crane, hoist,
plant, or scaffolding in which spring
is employed
4 3 2 or 1
not exceeding 0.085 60 000 75 000 93 000
above .085 and no exceeding 0.185 55 000 69 000 85 000
above 0.185 and not exceeding 0.32 48 000 60 000 74 000
above 0.32 and not exceeding 0.53 42 000 52 000 65 000
above 0.53 and not exceeding 0.97 36 000 45 000 56 000
above 0.97 and not exceeding 1.5 32 000 40 000 50 000
(67) To compensate for errors consequential to computation of only
torsional stresses in helical or volute springs, the computed torsional
stress in any helical or volute spring shall be increased in the ratio W,
the Wahl factor, shown in table 126.9 as relevant and appropriate to
the relationship:
R = D
d .
(68) In subsection (67):
D is the maximum pitch circle diameter of the spring, measured in
d is the diameter in inches of the greatest circle that may be inscribed
within the least section that is relevant of the material of which the
spring is made.
R = W
Wahl factor
4.1 1.39
Note See also s (69) and s (70) about limiting values of R.
(69) Springs in which the ratio R referred to in subsection (67) is less than
6 shall not be used unless specifically approved by the chief inspector.
(70) If practicable, R shall be made equal to nine.
(71) The value of G, the modulus of torsional rigidity shall, for carbon
spring steel, be deemed to be 5 100 tons per square inch.
(1) If necessary or advisable for safe and continued operation, the
members, components, parts, linkages and attachments of machinery
mechanisms and gearings shall be machined.
(2) Machining shall be such as to ensure accurate fitting, smooth and
accurate working and freedom from shocks due to lost motion or to
slackness or inaccuracy.
(3) It shall also ensure truth, precision, correctness and regularity of form
and of pitch and alignment.
(4) ‘Lost motion’ shall be eliminated except if it is an essential feature of
design.
(5) Bolts, studs, set bolts, set screws, grub screws, adjusting screws and
plain or screwed pins, eyebolts, tie bars, screw clevises and the like
shall be prevented by positive means from developing undue
longitudinal slackness or becoming displaced when used—
(a) in connecting or securing members between which relative
motion occurs; or
(b) in positions in which they are required to be longitudinally slack;
or
(c) in positions in which they are liable to become loosened by
vibration; or
(d) in positions in which they are subjected to rapid changes of load;
or
(e) in positions in which they are subjected to alternations of load;
or
(f) in positions in which they are subjected to actions tending to
unscrew them.
(6) Split pins shall not be less in diameter than 1/ 4 of the thickness of the
metal they traverse.
(7) If split pins or taper pins are used in floating pins, washers shall be
provided between the split or taper pins and adjacent rubbing
surfaces.
(8) Except if slackness is an essential feature of design, keys shall be well
fitted and tightly driven, and feathers shall be well and tightly fitted.
(9) Splines shall fit closely.
(10) Axles, sheave pins, or shafts, pins or spindles carrying revolving or
oscillating parts shall, unless designed as lubricated revolving
members, be effectively locked against rotation as well as against
longitudinal displacement.
(11) Internal threads and nuts shall be of effective axial length at least
equal to 7/ 8 of the nominal diameter of their thread and shall engage
with the male thread for their full length.
(12) Balance, bias or operating weights of cranks, levers or linkages shall
be secured in position by rivets, through bolts, welding or brazing.
(13) All castings, pressings, stampings, flame cuttings, weldings and
forgings shall be of true, correct, precise and regular form, pitch and
alignment, well suited to their purpose and free from defects liable to
impair their effectiveness or conducive of conditions of hazard,
uncertainty or danger.
(14) Lifting hooks that have opened out at the throat by 5% of their throat
dimension shall not be used.
(15) Lifting rings of which any internal diameter has increased or
decreased by 5% shall not be used.
(16) If members, components, parts, linkages or attachments are unduly
loose or slack or unduly worn, deteriorated, or otherwise impaired or
if they are so cracked, distorted, eroded, burned, fatigued,
strain-hardened or in any way defective or so damaged as to be
productive or conducive to conditions of hazard, uncertainty or
danger, they shall be immediately replaced, or all use of them shall
be immediately discontinued and all necessary or desirable action
immediately taken to ensure that they are no longer productive or
conducive to such conditions.
(17) Members, components, parts, linkages or attachments, particularly
operating cords, controls and brakes shall be so arranged and
constructed that at all times they fulfil their functions freely and
without obstruction.
(18) They shall be constantly maintained and kept free of obstruction.
(19) Effective interlocking devices of approved designs shall be
provided—
(a) if machinery or mechanisms are so arranged that they may be
driven either manually or by power—to ensure that the means
by which the agencies are adapted cannot be simultaneously
engaged; or
(b) if alternative devices are provided for sustaining or controlling
any load—to prevent their simultaneous disengagement and
consequent loss of control of load; or
(c) in power cranes or power hoists, if any device other than a brake
or friction clutch is provided for sustaining any load—to prevent
driving against the load-sustaining device; or
(d) to prevent loads or lifting gear being lowered through hatchways
on, or into the path of travel of, travelling cranes, and to prevent
the cranes colliding with the loads; or
(e) to ensure that trolleys, carriages, or crabs cannot overrun or
become otherwise displaced from their tracks, at or near
moveable sections of them, or at or near crossovers, switches,
turntables, or transfer positions; or
(f) to prevent the operation of any hoist or lift having a moving
platform, cage, hopper, box, cradle, skip, kibble, bucket, vessel,
tine, monkey or yoke while any enclosure door is not fully
closed and locked; or
(g) to prevent the unlocking or opening of any enclosure door of any
hoist or lift referred to in paragraph (f), except a door relative to
which the platform, cage, hopper, box, cradle, skip, kibble,
bucket, vessel, tine, monkey or yoke has attained such a position
that persons may safely enter the enclosure; or
(h) as required by subsections (49) and (50) for speed-changing
devices.
(20) Unless the chief inspector so directs, subsection (19) (b) does not
require the interlocking of a brake.
(21) Subsection (19) (f) does not apply to temporary hoists used in
building, demolition, excuvation or compressed air work.
(22) Linkages, including those employing ropes, shall, unless it is an
essential feature of design, be so devised and constructed that they
cannot attain ‘deadcentre’ or other self-locking or self-neutralising
positions.
(23) If owing to external agency the load supported by a crane or hoist
may be subjected to major impact effects, shock absorbers of
approved design shall be fixed in approved positions to relieve the
crane or hoist of the effects.
(24) All of the members, components, parts, linkages and attachments of
cranes and hoists and lifts and scaffoldings and plant shall be
effectively and strongly secured in position.
(25) All load chains and all hand chains shall be caused to book correctly
on their gipsies, sheaves, quadrants or the like by means of chain
guides.
(26) To avoid jamming of the chain, guide rollers shall not be used in
proximity to gipsies.
(27) Chain guides used with gipsies shall, if practicable, be of the fixed
type.
(28) Hand ropes shall be caused to book correctly on their sheaves,
quadrants or the like by means of effective rope guides.
(29) The total force required at the hand chain or hand rope of a crane,
hoist, scaffolding or plant to raise, lower, handle or control the
working load or for purposes of manipulation shall not exceed
80 pounds.
(30) However, subsection (29) shall not apply to motions effectively
controlled by trailing bandbrakes, weston type brakes, or automatic
brakes analogous to them.
(31) The end carriages or bogies of the following cranes shall be so
designed, constructed and maintained that breakage of a track wheel
or its axle will not allow the carriage or bogey to become vertically
displaced by more than 3/ 4 of an inch:
(a) cranes of the overhead traveller type;
(b) travelling derrick cranes;
(c) travelling gallows type cranes or gantries;
(d) overhead runways other than monorail runways;
(e) travelling portal and semi-portal cranes;
(f) travelling hammerhead cranes.
(32) Worm or screw gearing shall not be employed in the machinery,
mechanisms or gearings operating the following movements of
scaffoldings, cranes, hoists or plant except when used in conjunction
with the protective devices that are approved by the chief inspector:
(a) the slewing movements of jib cranes;
(b) the power-driven travelling movements, whether longitudinal or
transverse, of cranes.
(33) However, subsection (32) does not apply to the mechanism by which
ordinary vehicular or mobile cranes are propelled.
(34) Scaffoldings, cranes, hoists, plant or gear, including their crabs and
trolleys, shall be so designed, constructed and maintained that the
loads are distributed between all supporting track or road wheels in a
statically determinate way.
(35) The slewing motions of power cranes having jibs or cantilevered
booms shall be controlled by manually operated brakes.
(36) The travelling motion of the following cranes shall be controlled from
and at their main driving stations by manually operated brakes:
(a) locomotive type power cranes;
(b) power cranes of the overhead traveller type;
(c) power cranes of the monorail or double-rail runway type of
which the driver rides with or beside the load or lifting
mechanism;
(d) vehicular power cranes;
(e) power cranes of the caterpillar type.
(37) Cranes, hoists, lifts, scaffolding, plant or gear shall not be lubricated,
tended or cleaned while in motion or while any member, component,
part or attachment of them is in motion or while any member,
component, part or attachment is in any way connected or liable to be
connected with any energised associate, or any weight, load or force
capable of causing it to move.
(38) In addition to shutting off the power, effective and dependable
mechanical means shall be taken to render the members, components,
parts or attachments immovable and to thereby ensure the safety of
persons inspecting, examining, testing, lubricating, tending, cleaning
or adjusting the cranes, hoists, lifts, scaffolding, plant, or gear.
(39) The application of brakes other than those of the screw-down type
shall not be deemed to be a dependable mechanical means for
subsection (38).
(40) If it is not practicable to thus render the members, components, parts
or attachments immobile and immovable in order that inspection,
examination, test or adjustment may be safely carried out, a duly
qualified driver shall remain at and in sole charge of the controls
during the whole of the time of the inspection, examination, test or
adjustment and shall move the members, components, parts or
attachments only at and in accordance with each plain and specific
direction of the person making the inspection, examination, test or
adjustment, but lubricating, tending, and cleaning shall not be carried
out in this way.
(41) This section shall not prevent cranes, engines or gear from being
lubricated, tended or cleaned by means equally safe to that of
rendering the members, components, parts and attachments immobile
and immovable as mentioned in subsection (40).
(42) Static counterbalance weights of cranes, hoists or scaffolding shall be
effectively and strongly secured in position.
(43) They shall be so devised and fixed that even if raised from their
seatings in an emergency they will not become either partly or
completely unshipped.
(44) All suspended weights shall have such additional constraint, or
fencing, that in the event of failure of their prime suspension they will
not fall to the danger of persons in the vicinity.
(45) Tapered washers or tapered packers shall be used under the heads and
nuts or bolts, pins and tie rods that protect from surfaces not normal
to their longitudinal axes to ensure an even distribution of loading on
the heads and nuts.
(46) Pawls shall not be used as load sustaining devices except—
(a) if so plainly visible to a person standing or sitting at the controls
that the person can readily observe the depth to which each pawl
has entered the teeth with which it engages; or
(b) if an approved indicator is provided to enable a person at the
controls to ascertain the depth of engagement of the pawl as
mentioned in paragraph (a).
(47) However, pawls with approved accelerating springs or approved
linkages may be used in Weston type brakes.
(48) Pawls in enclosing casings or boxings shall be of the non-sychronous
multiple type.
(49) If any power-driven mechanism has a speed-changing or adjusting
device by means of which load sustaining parts may be disconnected
from the motive agency, a brake or other approved means shall be
provided to control the disconnected parts.
(50) The brake or alternative means shall, if the chief inspector so requires,
be interlocked with the speed changing or adjusting device to prevent
their simultaneous disengagement.
(51) Brakes of mechanisms that can be reversed either under power or
manually shall be fully effective in all directions.
(52) Automatic brakes other than those of the shoe type or of the Weston
(screw or helix) type shall not be used on the mechanisms.
(53) All dynamically reversible mechanisms that can be energised by the
action of gravity, momentum or wind shall have brakes or other
approved devices by which all movements can be both controlled and
prevented.
(54) Electrically opened brakes shall be deemed not to fulfil the
requirements of subsection (53).
(55) A brake restraining a metal track wheel that runs on a metal track rail
shall not for purposes of design be considered to develop a braking
force between wheel and rail in excess of 1/ 10 of the pressure between
the wheel and rail.
(56) Non-automatic brakes shall have approved means by which they may
be locked in the fully engaged position.
(57) However, the locking devices may be omitted for brakes controlling
the hoisting motions of overhead traveller cranes that lift or lower
loads through heights not exceeding 30 feet.
(58) In addition to any electrically-opened brakes, approved
semiautomatic brakes shall be provided on power-driven mechanisms
handling workers and materials to control the lowering motions.
(59) The brakes shall function automatically on the manual release of a
restraining device.
(60) All brakes shall be lined with approved brake lining materials and the
linings shall be so strongly and effectively fastened in place that they
will not become loose or displaced even when so worn that
replacement has become advisable.
(61) Brake bands that are less in width than 1/ 5 of the diameter of their
drums shall have restraining clips or double-flanged drums or other
approved devices that ensure against their lateral displacement.
(62) All ends of brake bands shall be concentric and hinged to ensure that
the ends of the bands will not be subject to bending actions.
(63) The use of rigid or partly-rigid intermediate joints in brake bands shall
as far as practicable be avoided but if unavoidable the joints shall be
of types that will not subject the bands to bending actions.
(64) All manual and semiautomatic brakes shall be so devised, constructed
and located that in an emergency they can be instantly applied.
(65) If manual rotation of a screw thread or nut is necessary, brakes shall
be so devised, constructed and located that alternative means of
instantaneous application are available.
(66) Effective means shall be provided for limiting the total movement of
brake bands or shoes to the least practicable amount.
(67) The total movement of a brake band in opening and closing shall be
limited to an amount that will ensure against its excessive flexure or
displacement or mounting.
(68) Brakes shall open and close evenly to ensure correct action and
regular wear of linings, their action shall be entirely smooth and free
from chatter and they shall not stick or bind.
(69) The total angular movement or ‘throw’ of the hand lever of any brake
or clutch or the like shall not exceed 50°, and that of any pedal shall
not exceed 30°.
(70) Brakes shall be capable of exerting braking torques 50% greater than
those transmitted to them, assuming conditions of static loading and
an absence of friction except at the braking surfaces.
(71) The braking torques shall be exerted by the brakes, if manually
actuated, on application of a force not greater than 35 pounds to the
hand lever, or, alternatively, 70 pounds to the foot pedal.
(72) Every Weston (screw or helix) type brake shall be so designed that
the holding torque developed by it at all times exceeds by at least 1%
the load torque applied.
(73) Unless specifically designed for operation with lubricated linings,
brakes shall, if necessary or desirable, be effectively protected against
entry of water or other lubricants.
(74) Subject to subsection (95), the hoisting motions of cranes or hoists of
the following types shall be controlled by automatic (trailing) bank
brakes, or by approved Weston (screw or helix) type brakes:
(a) mobile, caterpillar, and locomotive type cranes;
(b) hand-operated winches;
(c) hand-operated derrick cranes;
(d) hand-operated overhead traveller cranes.
(75) The following motions of cranes or hoists of the following types shall
be controlled by Weston (screw or helix) type brakes:
(a) the hoisting motions of hand-operated stacking machines,
gibbets, gallows, and chain blocks;
(b) the boom-elevating motion of mobile or portable conveyors;
(c) the luffing and hoisting motions of power-driven travelling
derrick cranes;
(d) the hoisting motions of cranes and hoists (other than
power-driven hoisting blocks), that raise and lower loads
through distances not greater than 10 feet.
(76) Convenient and readily accessible means shall, unless the design
renders them unnecessary, be provided by which brakes may be
readjusted from time to time to compensate for wear and to ensure
correct functioning.
(77) Any brake that is closed by springs shall have at least 2 such springs.
(78) They shall be so devised and arranged that in the event of failure of
either, the brake will continue to function and to develop at least 1/ 2 of
the holding torque prescribed by subsections (70) and (71).
(79) Shoe brakes shall be so devised and constructed that the loads on
opposing shoes automatically equalise and balance one another.
(80) Brake show linkages shall be of the floating type so that appreciable
eccentricity of diametral oscillation of brake drums will not cause
variation in shoe loads.
(81) The temperature of the rubbing surface of any brake shall not
exceed—
(a) 212° Fahrenheit for brakes lined with wood or fabric; or
(b) 400° Fahrenheit for brakes lined with bonded asbestos or
approved non-combustible sintered materials.
(82) Ropes wrapping round shafts or drums shall not be provided or used
as brakes.
(83) All foot pedals, and all foot rests or steps that accommodate only
1 foot of the user shall have heavily upturned edges or other approved
devices to prevent slipping.
(84) All levers, pedals and control linkages shall be so devised that persons
using them cannot be injured by their recoil, backlash, or other
movement under power.
(85) If it is practicable to use trailing type (unidirectional) handbrakes or
other approved brakes, pawls shall not be used in mechanisms
holding, supporting or sustaining loads.
(86) Mechanisms for hoisting or holding Proscenium Safety Fire Curtains
shall not have pawls.
(87) Centrifugal brakes or other approved automatic speed regulating
devices shall be provided to control the speed of descent of
Proscenium Safety Fire Curtains and of other loads that are required
to descend unattended.
(88) Toothed or dog clutches shall not have less than 4 teeth or 4 dogs.
(89) The teeth or dogs and their mating recesses shall be undercut
sufficiently to prevent inadvertent disengagement of clutches.
(90) Cone and other friction clutches shall be so designed that they will
not seize or become locked in engagement.
(91) The chief inspector may require any cone clutch to be lined with an
approved clutch lining material.
(92) All manually operated clutches shall be actuated by means of levers,
pedals, or other approved controls.
(93) All clutches shall be so designed and constructed that they can not
drift or become otherwise inadvertently engaged or disengaged.
(94) Worm gearings having machined teeth and other worm gearings in
which the angle of lead of the worm exceeds 3° shall be deemed
incapable of stopping or holding loads, and mechanisms employing
the gearings shall have brakes as prescribed by subsection (53).
(95) If worm gearing or a solenoid brake is employed in connection with
any jib or derrick crane for raising or lowering loads, and if the crane
depends on gravitational forces for stability, an approved clutch shall
be provided in such position that in an emergency the load may, if
desired, be released, or alternatively lowered rapidly under the control
of an approved brake that shall also be provided for the purpose.
(96) All hoists and lifts used for raising or lowering workers shall have
approved safety gear that shall be so devised and constructed that if
the vehicle in which the workers ride becomes separated or detached
from its hoisting agency, it will immediately and automatically on
seperation or detachment become securely locked to its guides,
runners, or supporting structure and remain so locked even if it is
reconnected to its hoisting agency and its weight again transferred
to it.
(97) However—
(a) if the safety gear is entirely self-resetting, it may automatically
release its grip on the guides, runners or supporting structure
after the weight of the vehicle has again been transferred to the
hoisting agency; or
(b) the safety gear shall not function while the vehicle is ascending;
or
(c) if the distance travelled by the vehicle exceeds 30 feet—the
chief inspector may require the safety gear to function if and as
the vehicle attains a speed 40% greater than its rated speed; or
(d) if the rated speed is less than 100 feet per minute—the safety
gear shall function if and as it reaches 140 feet per minute.
(98) The platforms of all hoists for raising or lowering workers shall have
sides extending not less in height than 6 feet above the platform
flooring, and the sides shall constitute continuous surfaces free from
apertures.
(99) Any side or end not used for loading or unloading or for access shall
also be fenced.
(100) Any side or end that is used for loading, unloading or access shall be
enclosed or fenced by approved gates or doors extending to the same
height, or if approved, by rails set at a height of 3 feet above the
platform flooring, and at a distance of 8 inches back from the platform
edge served.
(101) The hoist platform shall have a robust roof or head cover to prevent
persons being struck by falling objects.
(102) Hand rails or other grips shall be provided overhead, or on the
continuous surfaces mentioned in subsection (98) for the use of
persons travelling in the hoist.
(103) If loads are raised or lowered in open topped, open sided or open
ended vessels, kibbles, boxes or trays, or in bags, above workers in
shafts, well holes, or other confined spaces, monkeys or other
approved means shall be employed to prevent them colliding with the
sides of the shaft or well hole, or anything in it.
(104) However, the monkeys or means shall not be deemed necessary if the
hoisting rope or chain may be freely displaced in any direction
through an angle of 5° from the vertical without the suspended load,
vessel, kibble, box, or tray coming into contact with the sides of the
shaft or well hole or anything in it.
(105) If loads guided by a monkey are raised or lowered above workers in
confined or partly confined areas, the monkeys shall have approved
safety gear so devised and constructed that if the weight of the
monkey is removed from the hoisting agency at any position within
the limits of its travel it will immediately and automatically on
removal become securely locked to its guides.
(106) The kibble, truck or vessel the monkey is employed to guide shall be
so fastened to the monkey that it will only be automatically released
after the monkey has attained its lowermost limit of travel.
(107) If loads are raised, lowered, handled or transported on hooks, or other
media, under circumstances in which it is necessary or desirable to
prevent them becoming unshipped or displaced from it, approved
safety hooks, or other approved means shall be adopted to prevent the
unshipping or displacement, or to prevent injury (or both) to any
person in the vicinity.
(108) This subsection applies to the following lifting devices:
(a) grabs, dogs, clamps and magnets;
(b) all lifting devices that either—
(i) function by the agency of friction, fluid pressure,
vacuumatic action, magnetism, local indentation of
surfaces, or minor irregularities of surfaces, or any
combination of them; or
(ii) are of such a nature that they are liable to become detached
from the load or otherwise displaced from it in the event of
the slackening of their slings or the sudden movement of
any supporting member.
(109) No lifting device to which subsection (108) applies shall be used to
raise, lower or transport loads—
(a) in any circumstances in which any person might be injured
should the load or part of it become detached or fall; or
(b) in any circumstances in which the device might dislodge or
overturn any material, object or stock to the danger of any
person; or
(c) in any way prejudicial to the safety of any person.
(110) If in conformity with section 128 rail clamps are provided for locking
any crane or hoist to its track rails, the clamps shall be so devised and
constructed that they function immediately and automatically on the
operation of an instantaneous type tripping device set closely adjacent
to the main controls of the crane or hoist.
(111) The energy required to close and lock the clamps shall be derived
from a descending weight or from springs set in pairs and so arranged
that in the event of failure of either, the clamps will continue to
function and to develop at least 1/ 2 of their previous clamping grip on
the track rail.
(112) If a crane or hoist has 2 or more rail clamps, they shall function
simultaneously, and the clamping grip of each on its rail shall be
directly proportional to the amount of wind or other loading the clamp
is required to resist.
(113) If the weight of any crane or hoist exceeds 100 tons, the rail clamps
shall have an approved safety device that will effectively prevent
them from being opened or relaxed while the velocity of the wind
exceeds 30 miles per hour in the vicinity of the crane or hoist, and in
any direction in which it may travel.
(114) The rail clamps shall be located in positions in which their sudden
application is least detrimental to the stability of the crane or hoist.
(115) Permanent end stops shall be provided to ensure that travelling cranes
or hoists or scaffoldings or any travelling parts of them do not overrun
or otherwise exceed their limits of safe travel.
(116) If the speed of travel of the crane or hoist or relevant part of it exceeds
350 feet per minute, or if the product of its weight in tons and its speed
of travel in feet per minute is greater than 3 500, the end stops shall
have approved spring or fluid buffers.
(117) If the weight of the crane or hoist or relevant part of it
exceeds 50 tons, the end stops shall be so devised that should
collision occur with them at the maximum speed that may be attained
in any circumstances, the crane, or hoist or relevant part of it will not
overturn, and will be brought steadily to rest.
(118) If a crane, hoist or scaffolding or any travelling part of it travels on 2
or more tracks or rails, end stops shall be provided at and in relation
to each track or rail.
(119) No travelling crane or hoist or travelling part of it shall be operated
or driven or travelling scaffolding used unless all the end stops are in
place, or unless approved effective temporary end stops are in place
instead of them.
(120) Except if running in the bosoms of rolled steel joists, channels, tubes,
tees, or angles, all track wheels of cranes or hoists or travelling parts
of them shall have flanges at each side of each rail or track on which
they run.
(121) Alternatively, approved means shall be employed for locating and
retaining the wheels on their rails or tracks.
(122) However, a wheel running on twin rails or tracks may have 1 or more
central flanges, and the wheels of locomotive cranes or railway type
trucks or bogies need not have double flanges.
(123) If a crane or hoist or scaffolding travels on uneven or slightly uneven
tracks or surfaces on track or road wheels that are not fully sprung or
alternatively shod in an approved way with pneumatic tyres, it shall
be designed as though any 1 wheel, or group of wheels if they are
arranged in groups, does not carry load.
(124) The counterbalance and dead loading of a crane or hoist shall be so
arranged and disposed that distortion of the frame structure is
minimised.
(125) Jacks used for supporting, levelling, or stabilising cranes or hoists or
scaffolding or plant shall have dynamically irreversible screw threads
or other approved devices by which can be applied and finely
adjusted.
(126) The jacks shall be so braced or otherwise secured in position that they
cannot overturn or become in any way displaced.
(127) If the load plate or instruction plate of any crane or hoist or plant
prescribes or indicates that jacks shall be used, the jacks shall
accordingly be used.
(128) If the plates prescribe or indicate further conditions about the way of
use of the jacks, the conditions shall be fully complied with.
(129) The jibhead sheaves and the jibheads of mobile, caterpillar or walking
cranes shall be so designed that if the vertical fall of hoisting rope is
diverted or displaced laterally 15° or more from the vertical it will be
automatically unshipped from the jibhead sheave immediately
hoisting starts.
(130) If the hoisting motion of a crane or hoist of the following type has a
brake (other than an approved Weston screw or helix type automatic
brake) the hand crank handles shall have a neutral position into which
they shall be placed and kept completely disconnected from the
hoisting mechanism while any load is being lowered under the control
of the brake:
(a) hand-operated winches; or
(b) crabs having hand cranks; or
(c) hand-operated derrick cranes.
(131) Subject to section 135 (3) and (4), the specified motions of the
undermentioned cranes, hoists and scaffolding, shall, if under power,
have approved limiting devices by which overwinding, overluffing,
overslewing and overtravelling shall be obviated.
(132) The devices shall effectively prevent the crane, hoist or scaffolding
or relevant part of it, or the load, from colliding with or being drawn
or forced into contact with any relatively fixed part or object.
(133) If the platform, cage, box, yoke, lifting hook or analogous media of
the cranes or hoists mentioned in subsection (134) (a), (c) and (d)
cannot be lowered to the level of the lowest floor or surface served by
them without unwinding the hoisting rope, chain, rack, thread or other
agency to an unsafe or undesirable degree, limiting devices
mentioned in subsections (131) and (132) shall also be provided to
obviate the unwinding.
(134) However, if the chief inspector is satisfied that such collision or
contact or unwinding will not damage the crane, hoist or scaffolding,
or part of it, or be in any way dangerous, the chief inspector may
waive the following requirements of subsections (131) to (133):
(a) the hoisting motions of overhead traveller cranes;
(b) the hoisting and luffing motions of all mobile or caterpillar jib
or derrick cranes;
(c) the hoisting motions of hoists other than those used in building
work, excavation work, or demolition work, for handling
materials;
(d) the hoisting motions of stacking machines;
(e) the hoisting motions of fork-lift trucks including those equipped
with trays, scoops, arms or jibs, or other media by which loads
are handled;
(f) the slewing motions of mobile cranes—
(i) if continuous unidirectional slewing is not provided; or
(ii) if the crane has not been designed for use with the jib or
derrick in all positions.
(135) Limit devices shall be self-resetting and shall be so devised that on
their functioning, the mechanism, or motion they control will be
brought to rest and remain safely at rest.
(136) Power hoists for raising or lowering workers or for raising or
lowering loads above workers in confined or partly confined areas
shall have approved limiting devices as mentioned in
subsection (131) to obviate both overwinding and overlowering, and
all dangers attendant on them.
(137) If any member of a crane or hoist or scaffolding is moved under
power by a screw thread or rack, an approved limiting device shall be
provided to prevent the thread or rack from being completely
unwound from its nut or pinion.
(138) If any crane, hoist, lift or scaffolding or part of it travels in any
direction under power, and if the tractive or propulsive force is
applied by any means other than the fractional adhesion of track
wheels to track rails, a clearance of approved magnitude and extent
shall be provided and maintained at and beyond each limit of travel
as a safeguard against overrunning and consequent overloading, and
to ensure the effective operation of the limiting devices prescribed by
subsections (131) to (137).
(139) Instead of the overrunning clearances, effective alternative devices
may, if specifically approved by the chief inspector, be employed for
the purposes aforesaid.
(140) Except as prescribed by subsection (129), approved means, other than
fixed guards, shall be provided to prevent ropes or chains from
slackening on, or becoming displaced from or on their drums,
sheaves, or other winding media.
(141) If a crane, hoist, lift, scaffolding, or plant is driven by power and is of
the following type, such means shall be so devised, and constructed
that slackening of the rope or chain will automatically, and
immediately, cause the drum, sheave or other winding medium to
stop with the brake fully applied:
(a) automatic or semiautomatic hoists having moving platforms,
cages, boxes, hoppers, cradles, skips, kibbles, buckets, vessels,
tines, monkeys, or yokes;
(b) lifts;
(c) stacking machines.
(142) However, if the chief inspector is satisfied that the crane, hoist, lift or
scaffolding, or plant is so devised, constructed and enclosed that
absence of the safeguards required by subsection (141) would not
result in danger to any person, the chief inspector may waive the
requirements.
(143) Hoists used in building work, excavation work, and compressed air
work for raising or lowering workers, shall have detaching safety
bells, or other approved devices by which in the event of the lifting
cage, car, or vessel overrunning and closely approaching collision
with the overhead structure the hoisting rope or chain will be
automatically and instantly disconnected from the cage, car or vessel,
and by which the cage, car, or vessel will remain safely suspended
independently of the safety gear prescribed by subsections (96) and
(97).
(144) Hoisting ropes or chains disconnected as prescribed by subsection
(143) shall be so guided and arranged that they can be wound freely
back by and to their tractive mechanisms without danger and without
fouling headbeams, sheaves, projections, or neighbouring buildings,
structures, or plant.
(145) No uncommon device, extra, or innovation capable of affecting
ordinary, normal, or customary functioning shall be added to or
incorporated in any member, component, part or attachment of any
machinery, mechanisms, or gearing unless approval of the chief
inspector has first been obtained in regard to it.
(146) The slewing motions of caterpillar cranes and hoists shall be locked
while the travelling motion is in use.
(147) Interconnecting mechanisms of cranes, lifts, hoists, scaffolding or
plant, shall be so devised and constructed that no motion can become
inadvertently engaged or disengaged during operation of any other
motion.
(148) Members, components, parts or attachments of the frame structure of
cranes, lifts, hoists or scaffoldings shall not be connected or
interconnected by clamps or clamping devices, except if the specific
approval of the chief inspector has first been obtained.
(149) The chief inspector’s approval of any clamp or clamping device shall
not be deemed to include approval of its general use, but only its use
for the purposes and applications that are particularised in the
approval.
(150) If the luffing mechanism of a derrick or jib crane is driven by
interconnection with the hoisting mechanism, the crane and
mechanism shall be so designed that the working load is luffed in a
line that is as nearly horizontal as is practicable.
(151) In addition the crane and its mechanisms shall be so designed that
there will not be any danger of the clutch being driven out of
engagement while luffing.
(152) Fork-lift trucks, or stacking machines, or appliances analogous to
them, shall not be equipped or used with jibs capable of lifting or
handling loads at greater horizontal radii from the masts of the trucks
or machines than those measured horizontally from the masts to the
midlength points of the tines, platforms, trays, or scoops with which
the trucks or machines would ordinarily be equipped in conformity
with this regulation, unless alternatively, the approval of the chief
inspector has first been obtained.
(153) Approved effective permanent facilities shall be provided by which
persons may safely lubricate, tend, and inspect the machinery and
other working parts or cranes, lifts, hoists, scaffoldings and plant.
(154) The facilities shall include approved permanent safe means of access.
(155) Approved permanent safe means of access shall be provided to the
cabins, driving stations, and machinery houses of all cranes, hoists,
scaffoldings and plant.
(156) In order that persons may not be obliged to traverse dangerous zones
unnecessarily, access facilities of cranes, hoists, scaffoldings or plant
travelling on elevated tracks shall if practicable give access directly
to driving cabins, or driving stations.
(157) A clear unobstructed headroom clearance of not less than 6 feet shall
be provided and maintained above the upper surfaces of main access
platforms of every crane, hoist, scaffolding or plant that travels under
power.
(158) If secondary platforms function as walkways between other platforms
the same headroom clearance shall be provided and maintained above
them as above main platforms, or alternatively, the secondary
platforms shall be roofed in an approved way.
(159) Grabs, travelling carriages, or telphers, shall not project over, or
otherwise overhang, any access platform, ladder or walkway.
(160) Access facilities to cranes, lifts, hoists, scaffoldings, building works,
excavation works, compressed air works and plant shall be free and
shall be kept free of obstruction or partial obstruction, except if partial
obstruction is specifically approved by the chief inspector.
(161) Access facilities shall be so devised, constructed, placed, and fenced
that persons using them are safe from injury by machinery, cranes,
lifts, hoists, scaffoldings, plant or loads being handled, or by building
or excavation work or compressed air work, or by electricity,
explosives, hot or dangerous liquids or substances, gases, vapours or
fumes, or by falls or by being crushed.
(162) The owner or person in charge of any crane that travels under power
shall prevent all persons entering on the elevated runway structure of
the crane, and no person shall enter on the elevated structure unless,
and until, approved effective measures have been taken to ensure the
person’s safety.
(163) If an accident has occurred in connection with any crane, lift, hoist,
scaffolding, or plant, or in connection with building or excavation
work, or compressed air work, or any roof, an inspector may take
possession of any part, piece, or item that the inspector considers has
been concerned, for close or radiographic examination, analysis or
test.
(164) Alternatively, the inspector may take possession of and preserve the
part, piece, or item as an exhibit for production at any coronial
inquiry.
(165) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 4 the peripheral contours
of the track wheels of cranes, hoists, scaffolding or plant travelling on
railroad type tracks shall conform with diagram 127.
Diagram 127
(166) The owner or person in charge of any crane or hoist, other than a hoist
conforming with subsections (96) and (97), shall prevent all persons
riding on the load, or on the lifting hook, or platform, or tines or box,
or vessel, or other lifting medium, and no person shall so ride, except
that the following persons may do so subject to the following
limitations (if any):
(a) a dogger whose name is exhibited in an approved notice at the
main driving station of the crane concerned;
(b) persons authorised in writing by the chief inspector, for the
purposes as may be prescribed in the authority.
(167) No crane, lift, hoist or scaffolding shall be constructed in whole or in
part of, or include or incorporate, any second-hand material or part.
(168) However, subsection (167) does not preclude the dismantling and
re-erection of the crane, lift, hoist, or scaffolding in accordance with
the Act and this regulation.
(169) Also,second-hand materials may be used—
(a) if not subject to stress; or
(b) if the material is amorphous; or
(c) if specifically approved by the chief inspector.
(170) All enclosed gearings used in connection with cranes, lifts, hoists, and
scaffoldings, shall have readily accessible inspection apertures with
covers that may be readily removed without dismantling or placing
the gearing out of commission.
(171) The apertures shall be as large as is practicable and shall be so placed
that the gearings may be effectively and conveniently inspected.
(172) Unless otherwise approved all joints within members of the frame or
supporting structures of cranes, lifts, hoists, plant, or scaffolding shall
be plated with splice plates on all surfaces, but this shall not be
necessary if the joint is welded in an approved way.
(173) If more specific provision is not made in this regulation, and unless
the chief inspector otherwise directs, all cranes, hoists, plant and
scaffolding and the members, components, parts and attachments of
them and to them shall conform with the following Rules of Standards
Australia, Crane and Hoist Code No C.B.2, 1938, and the rules shall
be interpreted and applied in accordance with the code:
rule
No
No
317 Concrete-cement, etc 481 Track rail webs
319 Welding 482 Track rail clearances
407 Loads—temperature effect 483 Track rail fastening
408 Loads—erection stresses 484 Track rail stops