1Sale of Goods Act 1895

South Australia Sale of Goods Act 1895 An Act for codifying the law relating to the sale of goods. Contents Part A1—Preliminary A1 Short title A2 Interpretation Part 1—Formation of the contract Division 1—Contract of sale 1 Sale and agreement to sell 2 Capacity to buy and sell Division 2—Formalities of the contract 3 Contract of sale, how made Division 3—Subject matter of contract 5 Existing or future goods 6 Goods which have perished 7 Goods perishing before sale but after agreement to sell Division 4—Price 8 Ascertainment of price 9 Agreement to sell at valuation Division 5—Conditions and warranties 10 Stipulations as to time 11 When conditions to be treated as warranty 12 Implied undertaking as to title etc 13 Sale by description 14 Implied conditions as to quality or fitness Division 6—Sale by sample 15 Sale by sample Part 2—Effects of the contract Division 1—Transfer of property between seller and buyer 16 Goods must be ascertained 17 Property passes when intended to pass 18 Rules for ascertaining intention 19 Reservation of right of disposal 20 Risk prima facie passes with property 20A Contracts of sale for goods forming part of bulk Division 2—Transfer of title 21 Sale by person not the owner 22 Market overt 23 Sale under voidable title 24 Re-vesting of property in stolen goods on conviction of offender 25 Seller or buyer in possession after sale 26 Effect of writs of execution Part 3—Performance of the contract 27 Duties of seller and buyer 28 Payment and delivery are concurrent conditions 29 Rules as to delivery 30 Delivery of wrong quantity 31 Instalment deliveries 32 Delivery to carrier 33 Risk where goods are delivered at distant place 34 Buyer's right of examining the goods 35 Acceptance 36 Buyer not bound to return rejected goods 37 Liability of buyer for neglecting or refusing delivery of goods Part 4—Rights of unpaid seller against the goods Division 1—Unpaid seller's rights 38 Unpaid seller defined 39 Unpaid seller's rights Division 2—Unpaid seller's lien 40 Seller's lien 41 Part delivery 42 Termination of lien Division 3—Stoppage in transitu 43 Right of stoppage in transitu 44 Duration of transit 45 How stoppage in transitu is effected Division 4—Re-sale by buyer or seller 46 Effect of sub-sale or pledge by buyer 47 Sale not generally rescinded by lien or stoppage in transitu Part 5—Actions for breach of the contract Division 1—Remedies of seller 48 Action for price 49 Damages for non-acceptance Division 2—Remedies of buyer 50 Damages for non-delivery 51 Specific performance 52 Remedy for breach of warranty 53 Interest and special damages Part 6—Supplementary 54 Exclusion of implied terms and conditions 55 Reasonable time a question of fact 56 Rights etc enforceable by action 57 Auction sales 57A Avoidance of provision for draft allowance 57B Avoidance of provision for draft allowance on sheep skins 58 Repeals 59 Savings Schedule—Imperial Acts of no force or effect in South Australia Legislative history The Parliament of South Australia enacts as follows: Part A1—Preliminary A1—Short title This Act may be cited as the Sale of Goods Act 1895. A2—Interpretation (1) In this Act, unless the context or subject-matter otherwise requires— action includes counter-claim and set-off; bulk, in relation to goods, means a mass or collection of goods that are— (a) of the same kind; and (b) contained in a defined space or area; and (c) interchangeable with other goods of the same kind of the same number or quantity; buyer means a person who buys or agrees to buy goods; contract of sale includes an agreement to sell as well as a sale; delivery means voluntary transfer of possession from one person to another; document of title to goods has the same meaning as it has in the Mercantile Law Act 1936; fault means wrongful act or default; future goods mean goods to be manufactured or acquired by the seller after the making of the contract for sale; goods include all chattels personal other than things in action and money. The term includes emblements, industrial growing crops, and things attached to or forming part of the land which are agreed to be severed before sale or under the contract of sale; plaintiff includes defendant counter-claiming; property means the general property in goods, and not merely a special property; quality of goods includes their state or condition; sale includes a bargain and sale as well as a sale and delivery; seller means a person who sells or agrees to sell goods; specific goods mean goods identified and agreed upon at the time a contract of sale is made; warranty means an agreement with reference to goods which are the subject of a contract of sale, but collateral to the main purpose of such contract, the breach of which gives rise to a claim for damages, but not to a right to reject the goods and treat the contract as repudiated. (2) A thing is deemed to be done in good faith within the meaning of this Act when it is in fact done honestly, whether it be done negligently or not. (3) A person is deemed to be insolvent within the meaning of this Act who either has ceased to pay his debts in the ordinary course of business, or cannot pay his debts as they become due, whether he has committed an act of insolvency or not, and whether he has become an insolvent or not. (4) Goods are in a deliverable state within the meaning of this Act when they are in such a state that the buyer would, under the contract, be bound to take delivery of them. Part 1—Formation of the contract Division 1—Contract of sale 1—Sale and agreement to sell (1) A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a money consideration, called the price. There may be a contract of sale between one part owner and another. (2) A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional. (3) Where under a contract of sale the property in the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer, the contract is called a sale; but where the transfer of the property in the goods is to take place at a future time, or subject to some condition thereafter to be fulfilled, the contract is called an agreement to sell. (4) An agreement to sell becomes a sale when the time elapses or the conditions are fulfilled subject to which the property in the goods is to be transferred. 2—Capacity to buy and sell (1) Capacity to buy and sell is regulated by the general law concerning capacity to contract, and to transfer and acquire property: Provided that where necessaries are sold and delivered to an infant or minor, or to a person who by reason of mental incapacity or drunkenness is incompetent to contract, he must pay a reasonable price therefor. (2) In this section— necessaries means goods suitable to the condition in life of the infant, minor or other person, and to his or her actual requirements at the time of the sale and delivery. Division 2—Formalities of the contract 3—Contract of sale, how made Subject to the provisions of this Act, and of any statute in that behalf, a contract of sale may be made in writing (either with or without seal), or by word of mouth, or partly in writing and partly by word of mouth, or may be implied from the conduct of the parties: Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the law relating to corporations. Division 3—Subject matter of contract 5—Existing or future goods (1) The goods which form the subject of a contract of sale may be either existing goods, owned or possessed by the seller, or goods to be manufactured or acquired by the seller after the making of the contract of sale, in this Act called future goods. (2) There may be a contract for the sale of goods, the acquisition of which by the seller depends upon a contingency which may or may not happen. (3) Where by a contract of sale the seller purports to effect a present sale of future goods, the contract operates as an agreement to sell the goods. 6—Goods which have perished Where there is a contract for the sale of specific goods, and the goods without the knowledge of the seller have perished at the time when the contract is made, the contract is void. 7—Goods perishing before sale but after agreement to sell Where there is an agreement to sell specific goods, and subsequently the goods, without any fault on the part of the seller or buyer, perish before the risk passes to the buyer, the agreement is thereby avoided. Division 4—Price 8—Ascertainment of price (1) The price in a contract of sale may be fixed by the contract, or may be left to be fixed in manner thereby agreed, or may be determined by the course of dealing between the parties. (2) Where the price is not determined in accordance with the foregoing provisions, the buyer must pay a reasonable price. What is a reasonable price is a question of fact dependent on the circumstances of each particular case. 9—Agreement to sell at valuation (1) Where there is an agreement to sell goods on the terms that the price is to be fixed by the valuation of a third party, and such third party cannot or does not make such valuation, the agreement is avoided: Provided that if the goods, or any part thereof, have been delivered to and appropriated by the buyer he must pay a reasonable price therefor. (2) Where such third party is prevented from making the valuation by the fault of the seller or buyer, the party not in fault may maintain an action for damages against the party in fault. Division 5—Conditions and warranties 10—Stipulations as to time (1) Unless a different intention appears from the terms of the contract, stipulations as to time of payment are not deemed to be the essence of a contract of sale. Whether any other stipulation as to time is of the essence of the contract or not depends on the terms of the contract. (2) In a contract of sale month means prima facie calendar month. 11—When conditions to be treated as warranty (1) Where a contract of sale is subject to any condition to be fulfilled by the seller, the buyer may waive the condition, or may elect to treat the breach of such condition as a breach of warranty, and not as a ground for treating the contract as repudiated. (2) Whether a stipulation in a contract of sale is a condition the breach of which may give rise to a right to treat the contract as repudiated, or a warranty the breach of which may give rise to a claim for damages, but not to a right to reject the goods and treat the contract as repudiated, depends in each case on the construction of the contract. A stipulation may be a condition, though called a warranty in the contract. (3) Where a contract of sale is not severable, and the buyer has accepted the goods, or part thereof, the breach of any condition to be fulfilled by the seller can only be treated as a breach of warranty, and not as a ground for rejecting the goods and treating the contract as repudiated, unless there be a term of the contract express or implied to that effect. (4) Nothing in this section shall affect the case of any condition or warranty, fulfilment of which is excused by law by reason of impossibility or otherwise. 12—Implied undertaking as to title etc In a contract of sale, unless the circumstances of the contract are such as to show a different intention, there is— (a) an implied condition on the part of the seller that in the case of a sale he has a right to sell the goods, and that in the case of an agreement to sell he will have a right to sell the goods at a time when the property is to pass; (b) an implied warranty that the buyer shall have and enjoy quiet possession of the goods; (c) an implied warranty that the goods shall be free from any charge or encumbrance in favour of any third party, not declared or known to the buyer before or at the time when the contract is made. 13—Sale by description Where there is a contract for the sale of goods by description, there is an implied condition that the goods shall correspond with the description; and if the sale be by sample, as well as by description, it is not sufficient that the bulk of the goods corresponds with the sample if the goods do not also correspond with the description. 14—Implied conditions as to quality or fitness Subject to the provisions of this Act, and of any Statute in that behalf, there is no implied warranty or condition as to the quality or fitness for any particular purpose of goods supplied under a contract of sale, except as follows: (a) where the buyer, expressly or by implication, makes known to the seller the particular purpose for which the goods are required, so as to show that the buyer relies on the seller's skill or judgment, and the goods are of a description which it is in the course of the seller's business to supply (whether he be the manufacturer or not), there is an implied condition that the goods shall be reasonably fit for such purpose: Provided that in the case of a contract for the sale of a specified article under its patent or other trade name, there is no implied condition as to its fitness for any particular purpose; (b) where goods are bought by description from a seller who deals in goods of that description (whether he be the manufacturer or not), there is an implied condition that the goods shall be of merchantable quality: Provided that if the buyer has examined the goods, there shall be no implied condition as regards defects which such examination ought to have revealed; (c) an implied warranty or condition as to quality or fitness for a particular purpose may be annexed by the usage of trade; (d) an express warranty or condition does not negative a warranty or condition implied by this Act unless inconsistent therewith. Division 6—Sale by sample 15—Sale by sample (1) A contract of sale is a contract for sale by sample where there is a term in the contract, express or implied, to that effect. (2) In the case of a contract for sale by sample— (a) there is an implied condition that the bulk shall correspond with the sample in quality; (b) there is an implied condition that the buyer shall have a reasonable opportunity of comparing the bulk with the sample; (c) there is an implied condition that the goods shall be free from any defect, rendering them unmerchantable, which would not be apparent on reasonable examination of the sample. Part 2—Effects of the contract Division 1—Transfer of property between seller and buyer 16—Goods must be ascertained Subject to section 20A, where there is a contract for the sale of unascertained goods, no property in the goods is transferred to the buyer unless and until the goods are ascertained. 17—Property passes when intended to pass (1) Where there is a contract for the sale of specific or ascertained goods the property in them is transferred to the buyer at such time as the parties to the contract intend it to be transferred. (2) For the purpose of ascertaining the intention of the parties, regard shall be had to the terms of the contract, the conduct of the parties, and the circumstances of the case. 18—Rules for ascertaining intention Unless a different intention appears, the following are rules for ascertaining the intention of the parties as to the time at which the property in the goods is to pass to the buyer: Rule 1. Where there is an unconditional contract for the sale of specific goods, in a deliverable state, the property in the goods passes to the buyer when the contract is made, and it is immaterial whether the time of payment or the time of delivery, or both be postponed. Rule 2. Where there is a contract for the sale of specific goods, and the seller is bound to do something to the goods for the purpose of putting them into a deliverable state, the property does not pass until such thing be done, and the buyer has notice thereof. Rule 3. Where there is a contract for the sale of specific goods in a deliverable state, but the seller is bound to weigh, measure, test, or do some other act or thing with reference to the goods for the purpose of ascertaining the price, the property does not pass until such act or thing be done, and the buyer has notice thereof. Rule 4. When goods are delivered to the buyer on approval, or on sale or return, or other similar terms, the property therein passes to the buyer— (a) when he signifies his approval or acceptance to the seller, or does any other act adopting the transaction; (b) If he does not signify his approval or acceptance to the seller, but retains the goods without giving notice of rejection, then, if a time has been fixed for the return of the goods, on the expiration of such time, and, if no time has been fixed, on the expiration of a reasonable time. What is a reasonable time is a question of fact. Rule 5. (1) Where there is a contract for the sale of unascertained or future goods by description, and goods of that description and in a deliverable state are unconditionally appropriated to the contract, either by the seller with the assent of the buyer, or by the buyer with the assent of the seller, the property in the goods thereupon passes to the buyer. Such assent may be express or implied, and may be given either before or after the appropriation is made. (2) Where, in pursuance of the contract, the seller delivers the goods to the buyer or to a carrier or other bailee or custodier (whether named by the buyer or not) for the purpose of transmission to the buyer, and does not reserve the right of disposal, he is deemed to have unconditionally appropriated the goods to the contract. 19—Reservation of right of disposal (1) Where there is a contract for the sale of specific goods, or where goods are subsequently appropriated to the contract, the seller may, by the terms of the contract or appropriation, reserve the right of the disposal of the goods until certain conditions are fulfilled. In such case, notwithstanding the delivery of the goods to the buyer, or to a carrier or other bailee or custodier for the purpose of transmission to the buyer, the property in the goods does not pass to the buyer until the conditions imposed by the seller are fulfilled. (2) Where goods are shipped, and by the bill of lading the goods are deliverable to the order of the seller or his agent, the seller is prima facie deemed to reserve the right of disposal. (3) Where the seller of goods draws on the buyer for the price, and transmits the bill of exchange and bill of lading to the buyer together to secure acceptance or payment of the bill of exchange, the buyer is bound to return the bill of lading if he does not honour the bill of exchange, and if he wrongfully retains the bill of lading the property in the goods does not pass to him. 20—Risk prima facie passes with property Unless otherwise agreed, the goods remain at the seller's risk until the property therein is transferred to the buyer, but when the property therein is transferred to the buyer the goods are at the buyer's risk, whether delivery has been made or not: Provided that where delivery has been delayed through the fault of either buyer or seller the goods are at the risk of the party in fault as regards any loss which might not have occurred but for such fault: Provided also that nothing in this section shall affect the duties or liabilities of either seller or buyer as a bailee or custodier of the goods of the other party. 20A—Contracts of sale for goods forming part of bulk (1) This section applies to a contract of sale for a specified quantity of unascertained goods if— (a) the goods, or some of them, form part of a bulk that is identified either in the contract or by subsequent agreement between the parties; and (b) the buyer has paid for some or all of the goods that form part of the bulk. (2) Unless the parties otherwise agree— (a) property in an undivided share in the bulk is transferred to the buyer; and (b) the buyer becomes an owner in common of the bulk, as soon as both of the conditions referred to in subsection (1) have been met. (3) Unless the parties otherwise agree, the buyer's undivided share in the bulk at any time is the share that, at that time, is equivalent to the quantity of goods paid for and due to the buyer out of the bulk divided by the quantity of goods in the bulk. (4) If at any time the aggregate of all buyers' undivided shares in the bulk exceeds the whole of the bulk, those shares are to be reduced proportionately so that the aggregate is equal to the bulk. (5) If a buyer has paid for only some of the goods due to the buyer out of the bulk, any delivery to the buyer out of the bulk is to be attributed to the goods for which payment has been made. (6) Part payment for any goods will be taken to be payment for a corresponding part of the goods. (7) A person who has become an owner in common of the bulk will be taken to have consented to— (a) delivery of goods out of the bulk to another owner in common of the bulk, being goods that are due under a contract to that other owner; and (b) any dealing with, or removal, delivery or disposal of, goods in the bulk by another owner in common of the bulk (but only to the extent of that other owner's undivided share in the bulk). (8) No cause of action lies against a person by reason of that person's having acted in accordance with subsection (7)(a) or (b) in reliance on the consent that exists by virtue of that subsection. (9) Nothing in this section— (a) imposes an obligation on a buyer of goods out of the bulk to compensate any other buyer of goods out of the bulk for any shortfall in the quantity of goods received by that other buyer; or (b) affects a contract or other arrangement between buyers of goods out of the bulk for adjustments between themselves; or (c) affects the rights of a buyer under a contract to which this section applies. (10) This section does not apply to a contract of sale entered into before the commencement of the Statutes Amendment (Bulk Goods) Act 2008. Division 2—Transfer of title 21—Sale by person not the owner (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, where goods are sold by a person who is not the owner thereof, and who does not sell them under the authority or with the consent of the owner, the buyer acquires no better title to the goods than the seller had, unless the owner of the goods is by his conduct precluded from denying the seller's authority to sell. (2) Provided also that nothing in this Act shall affect— (a) the provisions of the Mercantile Law Act 1936 or any enactment enabling the apparent owner of goods to dispose of them as if he were the true owner thereof; (b) the validity of any contract of sale under any special common law, or statutory power of sale, or under the order of a court of competent jurisdiction. 22—Market overt Where goods are sold in market overt, according to the usage of the market, the buyer acquires a good title to the goods, provided he buys them in good faith, and without notice of any defect or want of title on the part of the seller. 23—Sale under voidable title When the seller of goods has a voidable title thereto, but his title has not been avoided at the time of the sale, the buyer acquires a good title to the goods, provided he buys them in good faith and without notice of the seller's defect of title. 24—Re-vesting of property in stolen goods on conviction of offender (1) Where goods have been stolen and the offender is prosecuted to conviction, the property in the goods so stolen re-vests in the person who was the owner of the goods, or his personal representative, notwithstanding any intermediate dealing with them, whether by sale in market overt or otherwise. (2) Notwithstanding any enactment to the contrary, where goods have been obtained by fraud or other wrongful means not amounting to larceny, the property in such goods shall not re-vest in the person who was the owner of the goods, or his personal representative, by reason only of the conviction of the offender. 25—Seller or buyer in possession after sale (1) Where a person having sold goods continues or is in possession of the goods, or of the documents of title to the goods, the delivery or transfer by that person, or by a mercantile agent acting for him, of the goods or documents of title under any sale, pledge, or other disposition thereof, to any person receiving the same in good faith and without notice of the previous sale, shall have the same effect as if the person making the delivery or transfer were expressly authorised by the owner of the goods to make the same. (2) Where a person having bought or agreed to buy goods obtains, with the consent of the seller, possession of the goods or the documents of title to the goods, the delivery or transfer by that person, or by a mercantile agent acting for him, of the goods or documents of title, under any sale, pledge, or other disposition thereof, to any person receiving the same in good faith and without notice of any lien or other right of the original seller in respect of the goods, shall have the same effect as if the person making the delivery or transfer were a mercantile agent in possession of the goods or documents of title with the consent of the owner. (3) In this section the term mercantile agent shall mean a mercantile agent having in the customary course of his business as such agent authority either to sell goods, or to consign goods for the purpose of sale, or to buy goods, or to raise money on the security of goods. (4) Subsection (2) does not operate to defeat an interest that is registered under the Goods Securities Act 1986. 26—Effect of writs of execution (1) A writ or warrant of execution against goods shall bind the property in the goods of the execution debtor as from the time when the writ or warrant is delivered to the sheriff to be executed; and, for the better manifestation of such time, it shall be the duty of the sheriff, without fee, upon the receipt of any such writ, to endorse upon the back thereof the hour, day, month, and year when he received the same: Provided that no such writ or warrant shall prejudice the title to such goods acquired by any person in good faith and for valuable consideration, unless such person had at the time when he acquired his title notice that such writ, or warrant, or any other writ by virtue of which the goods of the execution debtor might be seized or attached, had been delivered to and remain unexecuted in the hands of the sheriff. (2) In this section the term sheriff includes any officer charged with the enforcement of a writ or warrant of execution. Part 3—Performance of the contract 27—Duties of seller and buyer It is the duty of the seller to deliver the goods, and of the buyer to accept and pay for them, in accordance with the terms of the contract of sale. 28—Payment and delivery are concurrent conditions Unless otherwise agreed, delivery of the goods and payment of the price are concurrent conditions, that is to say, the seller must be ready and willing to give possession of the goods to the buyer in exchange for the price, and the buyer must be ready and willing to pay the price in exchange for possession of the goods. 29—Rules as to delivery (1) Whether it is for the buyer to take possession of the goods or for the seller to send them to the buyer is a question depending in each case on the contract, express or implied, between the parties. Apart from any such contract, express or implied, the place of delivery is the seller's place of business, if he have one, and if not, his residence: Provided that if the contract be for the sale of specific goods, which to the knowledge of the parties when the contract is made are in some other place, then that place is the place of delivery. (2) Where under the contract of sale the seller is bound to send the goods to the buyer, but no time for sending them is fixed, the seller is bound to send them within a reasonable time. (3) Where the goods at the time of sale are in the possession of a third person, there is no delivery by seller to buyer unless and until such third person acknowledges to the buyer that he holds the goods on his behalf: Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the operation of the issue or transfer of any document of title to goods. (4) Demand or tender of delivery may be treated as ineffectual unless made at a reasonable hour. What is a reasonable hour is a question of fact. (5) Unless otherwise agreed, the expenses of and incidental to putting the goods into a deliverable state must be borne by the seller. 30—Delivery of wrong quantity (1) Where the seller delivers to the buyer a quantity of goods less than he contracted to sell, the buyer may reject them, but if the buyer accepts the goods so delivered he must pay for them at the contract rate. (2) Where the seller delivers to the buyer a quantity of goods larger than he contracted to sell, the buyer may accept the goods included in the contract and reject the rest, or he may reject the whole. If the buyer accepts the whole of the goods so delivered he must pay for them at the contract rate. (3) Where the seller delivers to the buyer the goods he contracted to sell mixed with goods of a different description or quality not included in the contract, the buyer may accept the goods which are in accordance with the contract, and reject the rest, or he may reject the whole. (4) The provisions of this section are subject to any usage of trade, special agreement, or course of dealing between the parties. 31—Instalment deliveries (1) Unless otherwise agreed, the buyer of goods is not bound to accept delivery thereof by instalments, except in accordance with the usage of the trade. (2) Where there is a contract for the sale of goods to be delivered by stated instalments, which are to be separately paid for, and the seller makes defective deliveries in respect of one or more instalments, or the buyer neglects or refuses to take delivery of or pay for one or more instalments, it is a question in each case depending on the terms of the contract and the circumstances of the case whether the breach of contract is a repudiation of the whole contract or whether it is a severable breach giving rise to a claim for compensation, but not to a right to treat the whole contract as repudiated. 32—Delivery to carrier (1) Where, in pursuance of a contract of sale, the seller is authorised or required to send the goods to the buyer, delivery of the goods to a carrier, whether named by the buyer or not, for the purpose of transmission to the buyer, is prima facie deemed to be a delivery of the goods to the buyer. (2) Unless otherwise authorised by the buyer, the seller must make such contract with the carrier on behalf of the buyer as may be reasonable, having regard to the nature of the goods and the other circumstances of the case. If the seller omit so to do, and the goods are lost or damaged in course of transit, the buyer may decline to treat the delivery to the carrier as a delivery to himself or may hold the seller responsible in damages. (3) Unless otherwise agreed, where goods are sent by the seller to the buyer by a route involving sea transit, under circumstances in which it is usual to insure, the seller must give such notice to the buyer as may enable him to insure them during their sea transit, and, if the seller fails to do so, the goods shall be deemed to be at his risk during such sea transit. (4) Unless otherwise agreed, where the buyer is not a wholesale or retail trader and the goods exceed twenty dollars in value and are sent by the seller to the buyer by a route beginning and ending in the State and involving sea transit— (a) the seller may at his discretion, on behalf of the buyer, insure the goods against loss during their sea transit and in so doing shall be deemed to be the agent of the buyer and shall be entitled to receive from him the cost of the insurance; and (b) if the seller does not insure the goods, the seller shall give such notice to the buyer as may enable the buyer to insure the goods during their sea transit, and such notice shall state that the seller has not insured the goods. (5) If the seller does not insure the goods and fails to give notice as required by this section, the goods shall be deemed to be at his risk during such sea transit. 33—Risk where goods are delivered at distant place Where the seller of goods agrees to deliver them at his own risk at a place other than that where they are when sold, the buyer must, nevertheless, unless otherwise agreed, take any risk of deterioration in the goods necessarily incident to the course of transit. 34—Buyer's right of examining the goods (1) Where goods are delivered to the buyer, which he has not previously examined, he is not deemed to have accepted them unless and until he has had a reasonable opportunity of examining them for the purpose of ascertaining whether they are in conformity with the contract. (2) Unless otherwise agreed, when the seller tenders delivery of goods to the buyer, he is bound, on request, to afford the buyer a reasonable opportunity of examining the goods for the purpose of ascertaining whether they are in conformity with the contract. 35—Acceptance The buyer is deemed to have accepted the goods when he intimates to the seller that he has accepted them, or (subject to section 34 of this Act) when the goods have been delivered to him, and he does any act in relation to them which is inconsistent with the ownership of the seller, or when, after the lapse of a reasonable time, he retains the goods without intimating to the seller that he has rejected them. 36—Buyer not bound to return rejected goods Unless otherwise agreed, where goods are delivered to the buyer, and he refuses to accept them, having the right so to do, he is not bound to return them to the seller, but it is sufficient if he intimates to the seller that he refuses to accept them. 37—Liability of buyer for neglecting or refusing delivery of goods When the seller is ready and willing to deliver the goods, and requests the buyer to take delivery, and the buyer does not within a reasonable time after such request take delivery of the goods, he is liable to the seller for any loss occasioned by his neglect or refusal to take delivery, and also for a reasonable charge for the care and custody of the goods: Provided that nothing in this section shall affect the rights of the seller where the neglect or refusal of the buyer to take delivery amounts to a repudiation of the contract. Part 4—Rights of unpaid seller against the goods Division 1—Unpaid seller's rights 38—Unpaid seller defined (1) The seller of goods is deemed to be an unpaid seller within the meaning of this Act— (a) when the whole of the price has not been paid or tendered; (b) when a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument has been received as conditional payment, and the condition on which it was received has not been fulfilled by reason of the dishonour of the instrument or otherwise. (2) In this part of this Act the term seller includes any person who is in the position of a seller, as, for instance, an agent of the seller to whom the bill of lading has been endorsed, or a consignor or agent who has himself paid, or is directly responsible for, the price. 39—Unpaid seller's rights (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, and of any Statute in that behalf, notwithstanding that the property in the goods may have passed to the buyer, the unpaid seller of the goods as such has by implication of law— (a) a lien on the goods or right to retain them for the price while he is in possession of them; (b) in case of the insolvency of the buyer, a right of stopping the goods in transitu after he has parted with the possession of them; (c) a right of re-sale as limited by this Act. (2) Where the property in goods has not passed to the buyer, the unpaid seller has, in addition to his other remedies, a right of withholding delivery similar to and co‑extensive with his rights of lien and stoppage in transitu where the property has passed to the buyer. Division 2—Unpaid seller's lien 40—Seller's lien (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the unpaid seller of goods who is in possession of them is entitled to retain possession of them until payment or tender of the price in the following cases, namely: (a) Where the goods have been sold without any stipulation as to credit: (b) Where the goods have been sold on credit, but the term of credit has expired: (c) Where the buyer becomes insolvent. (2) The seller may exercise his right of lien notwithstanding that he is in possession of the goods as agent or bailee, or custodier for the buyer. 41—Part delivery Where an unpaid seller has made part delivery of the goods, he may exercise his right of lien or retention on the remainder unless such part delivery has been made under such circumstances as to show an agreement to waive the lien or right of retention. 42—Termination of lien (1) The unpaid seller of goods loses his lien or right of retention thereon— (a) when he delivers the goods to a carrier or other bailee or custodier for the purpose of transmission to the buyer without reserving the right of disposal of the goods; (b) when the buyer or his agent lawfully obtains possession of the goods; (c) by waiver thereof. (2) The unpaid seller of goods having a lien or right of retention thereon, does not lose his lien or right of retention by reason only that he has obtained judgment or decree for the price of the goods. Division 3—Stoppage in transitu 43—Right of stoppage in transitu Subject to the provisions of this Act, when the buyer of goods becomes insolvent, the unpaid seller who has parted with the possession of the goods has the right of stopping them in transitu, that is to say, he may resume possession of the goods as long as they are in course of transit, and may retain them until payment or tender of the price. 44—Duration of transit (1) Goods are deemed to be in course of transit from the time when they are delivered to a carrier by land or water, or other bailee or custodier, for the purpose of transmission to the buyer, until the buyer, or his agent in that behalf, takes delivery of them from such carrier or other bailee or custodier. (2) If the buyer or his agent in that behalf obtains delivery of the goods before their arrival at the appointed destination, the transit is at an end. (3) If, after the arrival of the goods at the appointed destination, the carrier or other bailee or custodier acknowledges to the buyer, or his agent, that he holds the goods on his behalf and continues in possession of them as bailee or custodier for the buyer, or his agent, the transit is at an end, and it is immaterial that a further destination for the goods may have been indicated by the buyer. (4) If the goods are rejected by the buyer, and the carrier or other bailee or custodier continues in possession of them, the transit is not deemed to be at an end, even if the seller has refused to receive them back. (5) When goods are delivered to a ship chartered by the buyer it is a question depending on the circumstances of the particular case whether they are in the possession of the master as a carrier or as agent to the buyer. (6) Where the carrier, or other bailee, or custodier wrongfully refuses to deliver the goods to the buyer, or his agent in that behalf, the transit is deemed to be at an end. (7) Where part delivery of the goods has been made to the buyer, or his agent in that behalf, the remainder of the goods may be stopped in transitu, unless such part delivery has been made under such circumstances as to show an agreement to give up possession of the whole of the goods. 45—How stoppage in transitu is effected (1) The unpaid seller may exercise his right of stoppage in transitu either by taking actual possession of the goods or by giving notice of his claim to the carrier, or other bailee, or custodier in whose possession the goods are. Such notice may be given either to the person in actual possession of the goods or to his principal. In the latter case the notice, to be effectual, must be given at such time and under such circumstances that the principal, by the exercise of reasonable diligence, may communicate it to his servant or agent in time to prevent a delivery to the buyer. (2) When notice of stoppage in transitu is given by the seller to the carrier, or other bailee, or custodier in possession of the goods, he must re-deliver the goods to, or according to the directions of, the seller. The expenses of such re-delivery must be borne by the seller. Division 4—Re-sale by buyer or seller 46—Effect of sub-sale or pledge by buyer Subject to the provisions of this Act, the unpaid seller's right of lien or retention or stoppage in transitu is not affected by any sale or other disposition of the goods which the buyer may have made, unless the seller has assented thereto: Provided that where a document of title to goods has been lawfully transferred to any person as buyer or owner of the goods, and that person transfers the document to a person who takes the document in good faith and for valuable consideration, then if such last-mentioned transfer was by way of sale, the unpaid seller's right of lien or retention or stoppage in transitu is defeated, and if such last-mentioned transfer was by way of pledge or other disposition for value, the unpaid seller's right of lien or retention or stoppage in transitu can only be exercised subject to the rights of the transferee. 47—Sale not generally rescinded by lien or stoppage in transitu (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a contract of sale is not rescinded by the mere exercise by an unpaid seller of his right of lien or retention or stoppage in transitu. (2) Where an unpaid seller who has exercised his right of lien or retention or stoppage in transitu re-sells the goods, the buyer acquires a good title thereto as against the original buyer. (3) Where the goods are of a perishable nature, or where the unpaid seller gives notice to the buyer of his intention to re-sell, and the buyer does not within a reasonable time pay or tender the price, the unpaid seller may re-sell the goods and recover from the original buyer damages for any loss occasioned by his breach of contract. (4) Where the seller expressly reserves a right of re-sale in case the buyer should make default, and on the buyer making default, re-sells the goods, the original contract of sale is thereby rescinded, but without prejudice to any claim the seller may have for damages. Part 5—Actions for breach of the contract Division 1—Remedies of seller 48—Action for price (1) Where, under a contract of sale, the property in the goods has passed to the buyer, and the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to pay for the goods according to the terms of the contract, the seller may maintain an action against him for the price of the goods. (2) Where, under a contract of sale, the price is payable on a day certain irrespective of delivery, and the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to pay such price, the seller may maintain an action for the price, although the property in the goods has not passed, and the goods have not been appropriated to the contract. 49—Damages for non-acceptance (1) Where the buyer wrongfully neglects or refuses to accept and pay for the goods, the seller may maintain an action against him for damages for non-acceptance. (2) The measure of damages is the estimated loss directly and naturally resulting, in the ordinary course of events, from the buyer's breach of contract. (3) Where there is an available market for the goods in question, the measure of damages is prima facie to be ascertained by the difference between the contract price and the market or current price at the time or times when the goods ought to have been accepted, or, if no time was fixed for acceptance, then at the time of the refusal to accept. Division 2—Remedies of buyer 50—Damages for non-delivery (1) Where the seller wrongfully neglects or refuses to deliver the goods to the buyer, the buyer may maintain an action against the seller for damages for non-delivery. (2) The measure of damages is the estimated loss directly and naturally resulting, in the ordinary course of events, from the seller's breach of contract. (3) Where there is an available market for the goods in question the measure of damages is prima facie to be ascertained by the difference between the contract price and the market or current price of the goods at the time or times when they ought to have been delivered, or, if no time was fixed, then at the time of the refusal to deliver. 51—Specific performance In any action for breach of contract to deliver specific or ascertained goods the court may, if it thinks fit, on the application of the plaintiff, by its judgment or decree direct that the contract shall be performed specifically, without giving the defendant the option of retaining the goods on payment of damages. The judgment or decree may be unconditional, or upon such terms and conditions as to damages, payment of the price, and otherwise as to the court may seem just, and the application by the plaintiff may be made at any time before judgment or decree. 52—Remedy for breach of warranty (1) Where there is a breach of warranty by the seller, or where the buyer elects or is compelled to treat any breach of a condition on the part of the seller as a breach of warranty, the buyer is not by reason only of such breach of warranty entitled to reject the goods; but he may— (a) set up against the seller the breach of warranty in diminution or extinction of the price; or (b) maintain an action against the seller for damages for the breach of warranty. (2) The measure of damages for breach of warranty is the estimated loss directly and naturally resulting, in the ordinary course of events, from the breach of warranty. (3) In the case of breach of warranty of quality, such loss is prima facie the difference between the value of the goods at the time of delivery to the buyer and the value they would have had if they had answered to the warranty. (4) The fact that the buyer has set up the breach of warranty in diminution or extinction of the price does not prevent him from maintaining an action for the same breach of warranty if he has suffered further damage. 53—Interest and special damages Nothing in this Act shall affect the right of the buyer or the seller to recover interest or special damages in any case where by law interest or special damages may be recoverable, or to recover money paid where the consideration for the payment of it has failed. Part 6—Supplementary 54—Exclusion of implied terms and conditions Where any right, duty, or liability would arise under a contract of sale, by implication of law, it may be negatived or varied by express agreement, or by the course of dealing between the parties, or by usage, if the usage be such as to bind both parties to the contract. 55—Reasonable time a question of fact Where by this Act any reference is made to a reasonable time, the question what is a reasonable time is a question of fact. 56—Rights etc enforceable by action Where any right, duty, or liability is declared by this Act, it may, unless otherwise by this Act provided, be enforced by action. 57—Auction sales (1) In the case of a sale by auction— (a) where goods are put up for sale by auction in lots, each lot is prima facie deemed to be the subject of a separate contract of sale; (b) a sale by auction is complete when the auctioneer announces its completion by the fall of the hammer, or in other customary manner. Until such announcement is made any bidder may retract his bid; (c) where a sale by auction is not notified to be subject to a right to bid on behalf of the seller, it shall not be lawful for the seller to bid himself or to employ any person to bid at such sale, or for the auctioneer knowingly to take any bid from the seller or any such person. Any sale contravening this rule may be treated as fraudulent by the buyer; (d) a sale by auction may be notified to be subject to a reserved or upset price, and a right to bid may also be reserved expressly by or on behalf of the seller. (2) Where a right to bid is expressly reserved, but not otherwise, the seller, or any one person on his behalf, may bid at the auction. 57A—Avoidance of provision for draft allowance Any term express or implied in any contract of sale of wool entered into after the commencement of the Sale of Goods Act Amendment Act 1936, providing that in computing the price of the wool any deduction of the kind commonly known as the draft allowance is to be made from the weight of the wool, shall be void. 57B—Avoidance of provision for draft allowance on sheep skins (1) Any term express or implied in any contract of sale of sheep skins entered into after the commencement of the Sale of Goods Act Amendment Act 1952, providing that in computing the price of the sheep skins any deduction of the kind commonly known as the draft allowance is to be made from the weight of the sheep skins, shall be void. 58—Repeals The enactments mentioned in the Schedule to this Act, shall have no force or effect within South Australia as from the commencement of this Act, to the extent in that Schedule mentioned: Provided that nothing herein contained shall affect anything done or suffered, or any right, title, or interest acquired or accrued before the commencement of this Act, or any legal proceeding or remedy in respect of any such thing, right, title, or interest. 59—Savings (1) The rules in insolvency relating to contracts of sale shall continue to apply thereto, notwithstanding anything in this Act contained. (2) The rules of the common law, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, and in particular the rules relating to the law of principal and agent and the effect of fraud, misrepresentation, duress, or coercion, mistake, or other invalidating cause, shall continue to apply to contracts for the sale of goods. (3) Nothing in this Act or in any repeal effected thereby shall affect the enactments relating to bills of sale, or any enactment relating to the sale of goods, which is not expressly repealed by this Act. (4) The provisions of this Act relating to contracts of sale do not apply to any transaction in the form of a contract of sale which is intended to operate by way of mortgage, pledge, charge, or other security. Schedule—Imperial Acts of no force or effect in South Australia This Schedule is to be read as referring to the revised edition of the Statutes prepared under the direction of the Statute Law Committee. ENACTMENTS REFERRED TO Session and Chapter Title of Act 1 Jac. 1, c. 21 An Act against Brokers. The whole Act. 29 Cha. 2, c. 3 An Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries. In part; that is to say, sections 15 and 16.* * Commonly cited as sections 16 and 17. 9 Geo. 4, c. 14 An Act for rendering a Written Memorandum necessary to the validity of certain Promises and Engagements. In part; that is to say, section 7. Legislative history Notes • Please note—References in the legislation to other legislation or instruments or to titles of bodies or offices are not automatically updated as part of the program for the revision and publication of legislation and therefore may be obsolete. • Earlier versions of this Act (historical versions) are listed at the end of the legislative history. • For further information relating to the Act and subordinate legislation made under the Act see the Index of South Australian Statutes or www.legislation.sa.gov.au. Principal Act and amendments New entries appear in bold. Year No Title Assent Commencement 1895 630 Sale of Goods Act 1895 20.12.1895 1.1.1896: s 61 except s 57A (as inserted by 2309/1936)—1.7.1938 (Gazette 9.6.1938 p1270) and except s 57B(1) (as inserted by 29/1952 s 3)—1.3.1954 (Gazette 25.2.1954 p400) 1935 2246 Statute Law Revision Act 1935 19.12.1935 19.12.1935 1936 2285 Mercantile Law Act 1936 24.9.1936 24.9.1936 1936 2309 Sale of Goods Act Amendment Act 1936 19.11.1936 19.11.1936 1937 2357 Sale of Goods Act Amendment Act 1937 17.11.1937 17.11.1937 1943 36 Sale of Goods Act Amendment Act 1943 23.12.1943 23.12.1943 1952 29 Sale of Goods Act Amendment Act 1952 27.11.1952 27.11.1952 1972 46 Misrepresentation Act 1972 20.4.1972 18.5.1972 (Gazette 18.5.1972 p1927) 1982 81 Statutes Amendment (Enforcement of Contracts) Act 1982 16.9.1982 16.9.1982 1986 111 Goods Securities Act 1986 18.12.1986 Sch 1—15.6.1987 (Gazette 11.6.1987 p1492) 2003 44 Statute Law Revision Act 2003 23.10.2003 Sch 1—24.11.2003 (Gazette 13.11.2003 p4048) 2008 49 Statutes Amendment (Bulk Goods) Act 2008 4.12.2008 Pt 2 (ss 4—6)—12.12.2008 (Gazette 11.12.2008 p5476) Provisions amended since 3 February 1976 • Legislative history prior to 3 February 1976 appears in marginal notes and footnotes included in the consolidation of this Act contained in Volume 9 of The Public General Acts of South Australia 1837-1975 at page 737. New entries appear in bold. Entries that relate to provisions that have been deleted appear in italics. Provision How varied Commencement Pt A1 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s A1 inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s A2 s 60 redesignated as s A2 by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s A2(1) bulk inserted by 49/2008 s 4 12.12.2008 Pt 1 Pt 1 Div 1 heading preceding s 1 deleted and Div 1 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s 2 s 2(1) s 2 amended and redesignated as s 2(1) by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s 2(2) inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Pt 1 Div 2 heading preceding s 3 deleted and Div 2 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s 4 deleted by 81/1982 s 4(1) 16.9.1982 Pt 1 Div 3 heading preceding s 5 deleted and Div 3 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Pt 1 Div 4 heading preceding s 8 deleted and Div 4 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Pt 1 Div 5 heading preceding s 10 deleted and Div 5 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s 12 s 12 I—III redesignated as s 12(a)—(c) by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s 14 s 14 I—IV redesignated as s 14(a)—(d) by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Pt 1 Div 6 heading preceding s 15 deleted and Div 6 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Pt 2 Pt 2 Div 1 heading preceding s 16 deleted and Div 1 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s 16 amended by 49/2008 s 5 12.12.2008 s 20A inserted by 49/2008 s 6 12.12.2008 Pt 2 Div 2 heading preceding s 21 deleted and Div 2 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s 25 s 25(4) inserted by 111/1986 Sch 1 15.6.1987 Pt 3 s 32 s 32(5) s 32(4) last sentence redesignated as s 32(5) by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Pt 4 Pt 4 Div 1 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch1) 24.11.2003 Pt 4 Div 2 heading preceding s 40 deleted and Div 2 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Pt 4 Div 3 heading preceding s 43 deleted and Div 3 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Pt 4 Div 4 heading preceding s 46 deleted and Div 4 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Pt 5 Pt 5 Div 1 heading preceding s 48 deleted and Div 1 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Pt 5 Div 2 heading preceding s 50 deleted and Div 2 heading inserted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Pt 6 s 57 s 57(1) and (2) s 57 amended and redesignated as s 57(1) and (2) by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s 57A amended by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s 57B s 57B(2) deleted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 s 60—see s A2 ss 61 and 62 deleted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Sch heading substituted by 44/2003 s 3(1) (Sch 1) 24.11.2003 Historical versions Reprint No 1—15.1.1992 Reprint No 2—24.11.2003