Part 9—Control of emissions
This Part sets out requirements to ensure that motor vehicles do not emit too much smoke or noise and that exhaust gases cannot enter the passenger compartment of a vehicle.
Division 1—Crank case gases and exhaust emissions
129—Crank case gases
(1) This rule applies to a motor vehicle with 4 or more wheels that is powered by a petrol engine and was built after 1971.
(2) The vehicle must be built to prevent, or fitted with equipment that prevents, crank case gases from escaping to the atmosphere.
130—Visible emissions—vehicles with internal combustion engines
(1) This rule applies to a motor vehicle that is propelled by an internal combustion engine and was built after 1930.
(2) The vehicle must not emit visible emissions for a continuous period of at least 10 seconds.
(3) However, this rule does not apply to emissions that are visible only because of heat or the condensation of water vapour.
131—Exhaust emissions—diesel-powered vehicles
GCM (gross combination mass), of a vehicle, means the greatest possible sum of the maximum loaded mass of the vehicle and of any vehicles that may lawfully be towed by it at any 1 time—
(a) as specified by the motor vehicle's manufacturer; or
(b) as specified by an Australian Authority if—
(i) the manufacturer has not specified the sum of the maximum loaded mass; or
(ii) the manufacturer cannot be identified; or
(iii) the vehicle has been modified to the extent that the manufacturer's specification is no longer appropriate;
oxides emission rate means the rate measured in grams of NOx emitted per kilometre travelled per tonne of the vehicle's test mass;
particle emissions rate means the rate measured in grams of particles emitted per kilometre travelled per tonne of the vehicle's test mass;
tare mass of a vehicle means the vehicle's unladen mass (however described);
vehicle's test mass means—
(a) if the vehicle is a prime mover—half the sum of its tare mass and its GCM; or
(b) in any other case—half the sum of its tare mass and its GVM.
The vehicle’s test mass is the load applied to the dynamometer, while the vehicle is under test, to simulate half payload operation.
(2) This rule applies to a motor vehicle—
(a) powered by a diesel engine; and
(b) meeting the criteria for a passenger vehicle including omnibuses and goods vehicles as defined under the ADRs.
(3) For subrule (4), a vehicle is taken to have been manufactured in the month shown on its compliance plate (that is, the plate of the kind referred to in section 10A of the Motor Vehicle Standards Act, affixed or taken to be affixed to the vehicle) as its month of manufacture.
(4) When a vehicle is tested in accordance with the procedure described in rule 133—
(a) the vehicle must not emit oxides of nitrogen (NOx) at an oxides emission rate greater than that stated for the vehicle according to its GVM rating and age in the following table; and
Vehicle manufactured in December 1995 or earlier
Vehicle manufactured in January 1996 or later
3.5 or less
1.5
1.5
more than 3.5
2.0
2.0
(b) the vehicle must not emit particles at a particle emissions rate greater than that stated for the vehicle according to its GVM rating and age in the following table; and
Vehicle manufactured in December 1995 or earlier
Vehicle manufactured in January 1996 or later
3.5 or less
0.23
0.23
more than 3.5
0.23
0.15
(c) the opacity of the exhaust gas emitted by the vehicle must not be greater than 25%, averaged over a DT80 test cycle in the way described or mentioned in the test procedure stated in rule 133, that complies with rule 132.
132—Requirements of DT80 test cycle
(1) The requirements stated in the following subrules are the minimum standards for the dynamometer, emissions measurement and data management systems necessary to enable the proper conduct of the DT80 test cycle mentioned in rule 131(4)(c).
(2) The DT80 test cycle must be conducted on a chassis dynamometer system that—
(a) can carry out a full throttle transient DT80 test cycle, as described in rule 133, for the vehicle being tested; and
(b) provides for vehicle speed measurement and display, to an accuracy of ± 1% of actual speed; and
(c) provides internal steady state accuracy of ± 1% of calculated required tractive load over ambient temperatures of 2° - 40°C; and
(d) provides a T95 response time of 3 seconds or less; and
(e) provides inertial loading as required by the DT80 protocol at speeds > 15 km/h; and
(f) compensates for aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance and other parasitic losses; and
(g) corrects for ambient temperature, humidity and air density; and
(h) provides torque measurement accuracy of better than 1% full scale; and
(i) keeps roller speed within ± 10 km/h through gear changes; and
(j) restricts overshoot upon initial acceleration of rollers from rest; and
(k) incorporates a driver control panel for remote operation of critical functions from the driver's seat, including controls for start test and stop test; and
(l) incorporates an emergency system override function; and
(m) is able to communicate speed, load and status signals to enable the driver to undertake the test in accordance with the DT80 procedure; and
(n) is integrated with the gas and particulate analysis system to initiate the start and finish of sampling and measurement, and generates emission results without the need for post-test processing.
(3) The emissions measurement system used for the DT80 test cycle must—
(a) be integrated with the dynamometer system stated in subrule (2); and
(b) have a data averaging interval of 1 second for all equipment; and
(c) provide emissions data sampling output ≥ 5Hz; and
(d) measure oxides of nitrogen (from a diluted and conditioned sample) with an accuracy of ± 30ppm over the range 0 - 1000ppm and ± 5% over the range 1001 - 5000ppm; and
(e) measure particulate matter (from diluted sample) as TSP or PM 10 with an accuracy of ± 10% on a real time continuous basis over a range of 0 - 1000 mg/m³ actual exhaust concentration at a sample temperature of < 51.7°C; and
(f) measure opacity (from a raw exhaust gas sample) with an accuracy of ± 1% over a range of 0 - 100% opacity; and
(g) measure flow rate with an accuracy of ± 5%; and
(h) measure ambient temperature with an accuracy of ± 1°C over a range of 0 - 50°C; and
(i) measure ambient humidity with an accuracy of ± 5% over a range of 0 - 100%; and
(j) compensate or correct for ambient humidity and temperature; and
(k) compensate for exhaust gas transport times and delays; and
(l) provide on-line calibration of the analytical system; and
(m) provide an exhaust sample collection and conditioning system—
(i) that is optimised to accommodate the exhaust temperature and flow rate, and emission concentration, for the vehicle being tested; and
(ii) that provides adequate conditioning of the exhaust gas to eliminate water in the sample stream and reduce temperatures to enable PM to be sampled at < 51.7°C; and
(n) use materials and equipment compatible with the exhaust from diesel-fuelled vehicles.
(4) The data management system used for the DT80 test cycle must—
(a) be integrated with the dynamometer and emissions measurement systems stated in subrules (2) and (3); and
(b) record the following items for each test:
(i) date, time, location and operator;
(ii) emissions analyser calibration data;
(iii) vehicle input data, including test mass tractive load corrections and identifying information;
(iv) dynamometer data (load, speed, distance) on a second by second basis;
(v) test data on a second by second basis from which a mass emission test result in g/km/t can be generated; and
(c) display, store and report all data in the International System of units (SI units); and
(d) provide a system for electronic backup of test data to local and remote media; and
(e) incorporate a quality control system that—
(i) ensures calibrations are carried out in accordance with manufacturers' specifications; and
(ii) provides records consistent with normal audit requirements; and
(f) print a test report containing at least the following items:
(i) registered business name, ABN and address of the test facility;
(ii) registration number, make, model, GVM rating and date of manufacture of the tested vehicle;
(iii) date and location of test;
(iv) the final calculated NOx and PM results in g/km/t;
(v) the final calculated opacity results in per cent;
(vi) a statement of pass or fail for each emission compared to the emission limits stated in rule 131;
(vii) the signature of the test facility operator confirming that the test was conducted in accordance with the test procedure described in rule 133 and the requirements of this rule.
133—Test procedure
For the purposes of rule 131(4), the procedure for testing is as follows:
Step 1
Secure the vehicle on the dynamometer.
Step 2
Set the dynamometer to simulate the correct load and inertia for the vehicle.
Step 3
Start sampling.
Step 4
Idle for 60 seconds.
Step 5
Accelerate rapidly to 80 km/h under simulated inertia, using wide open throttle, making gear changes as needed for smooth acceleration.
Step 6
Decelerate by removing all pressure from the accelerator pedal, disengaging the gears and gently applying brakes to bring the vehicle to a standstill.
Step 7
Idle for 10 seconds.
Step 8
Accelerate rapidly to 80 km/h under simulated inertia, using wide open throttle, making gear changes as needed for smooth acceleration.
Step 9
Decelerate by removing all pressure from the accelerator pedal, disengaging the gears and gently applying brakes to bring the vehicle to a standstill.
Step 10
Idle for 10 seconds.
Step 11
Accelerate rapidly to 80 km/h under simulated inertia, using wide open throttle, making gear changes as needed for smooth acceleration.
Step 12
Keep speed at 80 km/h for 60 seconds, then stop sampling and bring the vehicle to rest.
Explanation of the test procedure
This test has been designed to evaluate vehicle emissions during typical "real-world" operating modes and conditions. There are 3 simple modes—
(a) 3 idle periods;
(b) acceleration to 80 km/h 3 times;
(c) keep speed at 80 km/h.
The graph below shows the modes of operation. The actual test will result in a graph that has more variation than the graph below, because of the need to change gears when accelerating. Modes B – D and E – G and H – I have no specific time interval. All the specified time periods have an error margin of ± 1 second.
The vehicle is accelerated rapidly to 80 km/h 3 times by applying wide open throttle.
The driver selects the most appropriate gear change points for the vehicle being tested to achieve the correct speed.
The vehicle's rolling resistance (based on tyre and bearing losses, frontal area and drag coefficient) must also be calculated and continuously factored into the dynamometer tractive effort calculations to ensure correct loading.
Empirical algorithms, based on vehicle test mass, GVM or other known parameters, may be used to automatically calculate realistic coefficients for the variables.
Division 2—Exhaust systems
134—Exhaust systems
vertical exhaust system means an exhaust system that emits exhaust gases in an upward direction above or near the top of a vehicle to which the exhaust system is fitted.
(2) An outlet (a motor trike exhaust outlet) of an exhaust system fitted to a motor trike with a permanently enclosed body must extend—
(a) at least 40 millimetres beyond the outermost joint of the floorpan that is not continuously welded or permanently sealed; and
(b) not beyond the perimeter of the vehicle.
(3) The motor trike exhaust outlet must discharge the main exhaust flow to the air—
(a) if the outlet is fitted to the side of the motor trike—to the right hand side of the motor trike and below the horizontal axis of the motor trike at an angle between 15° and 45°; or
(b) if the outlet is fitted to the rear of the motor trike—at an angle between 10° above the horizontal axis of the motor trike and 45° below that axis.
(4) An outlet (a bus exhaust outlet) of an exhaust system fitted to a bus must be as near as practicable to the rear of the bus.
(5) If the bus is not fitted with a vertical exhaust system, the bus exhaust outlet must not extend beyond the perimeter of the bus.
(6) If the bus is fitted with a vertical exhaust system, the bus exhaust outlet must be located behind the rearmost part of the passenger compartment.
(7) A bus exhaust outlet must discharge the main exhaust flow to the air—
(a) if the outlet is not part of a vertical exhaust system—
(i) towards the rear, or to the right, of the bus; and
(ii) horizontally or downwards at an angle not more than 45° below the horizontal axis; or
(b) if the outlet is part of a vertical exhaust system—vertically upwards or towards the rear of the bus at any angle above the horizontal axis.
Division 3—Noise emissions
Part Part 9 - Road Traffic (Light Vehicle Standards) Rules 2018 - Control of emissions | Zoe