CTHRepealedLegislation
Recovery Plan for the Norfolk Island Green Parrot Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii
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Recovery Plan for the Norfolk Island Green Parrot Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii
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RECOVERY PLAN FOR THE
NORFOLK ISLAND GREEN PARROT
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii
Richard Hill
Birds Australia
May 2002
ENVIRONMENT AUSTRALIA
© Commonwealth of Australia 2002
This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth, available from Environment Australia. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to:
Assistant Secretary
Wildlife Australia
Environment Australia
GPO Box 787
Canberra ACT 2601
Executive Summary
The Norfolk Island Green Parrot should now be considered a full species Cyanoramphus cookii and as such is one of the rarest and most endangered bird species in Australia. It is only found on Norfolk Island (3825 ha) where it is largely restricted to natural or semi-natural forests most of which are found within the Norfolk Island National Park (465ha). It probably originally occurred on the adjoining and smaller Phillip Island 190 ha). The total population size is currently estimated to be 160 with 14 known breeding pairs. Total population size is primarily limited by the availability of predator-free breeding habitat and nesting sites and ultimately by habitat loss and the small area of remaining suitable habitat. This plan outlines actions which if implemented should shift the conservation status from critically endangered to conservation dependent within ten years. It proposes to achieve this by establishing and maintaining sufficient predator-free nest sites for 25 breeding pairs on Norfolk Island, establishing a second breeding population on Phillip Island, investigating establishing a true second population either captive on the Australian mainland or introduced to Lord Howe Island, and by replanting 4 ha of potential breeding habitat each year.
Background Information
The Norfolk Island Green Parrot Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii is restricted to Norfolk Island (29002’S, 167057’E) and is listed as nationally “endangered” (EPBC 1999). It is “critically endangered” using the criteria of International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN 1994). It is currently listed as a subspecies of Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii but is now considered a full species following Boon (et al. 2001). This taxonomy is followed by Garnett & Crowley (2000).
Both sexes of Green Parrot present similar plumage and males are distinguished from females by their larger size, larger red crown, and heavier bill (Forshaw 1981). Juveniles have a distinctive flesh-coloured bill for the first 4-6 weeks after fledging (Forshaw 1981).
Male Green Parrots call to advertise their territories and to attract females (Greenwood et al. 1989). Breeding in the wild takes place in all months of the year, peaking from December to March, and declining in September to November, when Crimson Rosellas (Platycercus elegans;) breed (Greenwood et al. 1989, Hicks and Preece 1991). Incubation commences after the second or third egg is laid and lasts 21 days (Hicks and Preece 1991). As the chicks reach approximately two weeks of age the female may leave to be fed by the male and commence a new nest (Greenwood 1993). Green Parrots may have multiple double-clutches and successfully fledge young up to four times in a year, with males and females sharing care of the young. R. Ward pers.comm.). Green Parrots generally prefer to use a fresh nest site each time, but may revert to the original site if a third site is not available. Fledglings leave the nest six to seven weeks after hatching and are dependent on their parents for food for a further 3-7 weeks (Davidson 1997, Forshaw 1981, Hicks & Greenwood 1989, Hicks and Preece 1991). Clutch size is relatively large (1-8, mean 6; Hicks & Greenwood 1989). The age of first breeding is unknown but may be soon after independence (Greene 1990). Thus Green Parrots have a high breeding potential.
The following research and monitoring work has been undertaken and continues on the wild population of the Green Parrot:
Population census (No census has been undertaken since 1997 due to the poor quality of the colour band surfacing and a lack of resources:
Searches for active nests, recording their location, nest maintenance and monitoring breeding progress, informal descriptions of nest hollows including the success of interventions, described later;
Searching and mapping of potential nest sites;
Recording and mapping the location of all parrot sightings outside NINP;
Observations of the diet of the parrot;
Colour-banding of fledglings and monitoring of their survival and development;
A radio-tracking study of the post-fledging movements of wild juvenile Green Parrots;
Incidental observations on mortality and post-mortems.
Related research that has been undertaken in Norfolk Island National Park (NINP) includes a detailed rat population monitoring program, supplementing the extensive rat baiting program implemented since December 1992.
A rat-baiting program has been implemented in NINP. This was reviewed by Innes (1995) and additionally in 2002 by Wilson (awaiting report)
There is evidence that the rat baiting program is reducing rat numbers to low levels, with Black Rats declining first, then Polynesian Rats increasing in abundance and then declining (Innes 1995).
Cats have been trapped in wire cage traps in NINP on a regular basis since 1992. Trapping is also conducted in response to sightings or other evidence of cat activity within the NINP. Approximately 50 cats are trapped in the park each year.
Feral Crimson Rosellas regularly attempt to nest in sites modified for Green Parrots. Regular monitoring of nest sites to discover and destroy Rosella nesting activity is undertaken. The removal and destruction of adult Rosellas in Green Parrot breeding areas is undertaken and is also effective in reducing their numbers. Current measures to control for European Starlings are restricted to removal of all nesting attempts. Feral Honey Bees are destroyed when they are near nest sites.
The actions specified in this recovery plan will benefit a range of Norfolk Island threatened fauna. The existing control of rats and cats greatly benefits other island fauna.
This includes the threatened fauna and flora listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Flora proposed for listing and listed fauna that will benefit from the actions proposed in this plan.
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin-left:35.08pt; margin-bottom:0pt; border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr style="height:21.7pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.5pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold">TAXA</span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold">STATUS</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:104.9pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.5pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">PLANTS</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Phreatia limenophylax </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Endl.) Benth.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Myoporum obscurum </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Clematis dubia </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Endl.) P.S.Green</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Melicytus latifolius</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> (Endl.) P.S.Green</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Achyranthes margaretarum </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">de Lange</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Boehmeria australis </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl. var. </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">australis</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Euphorbia norfolkiana </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Boiss.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Calystegia affinis</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> Endl.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Hibiscus insularis </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Elymus multiflorus </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Banks & Sol. ex Hook.f.)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic"> </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">A.Love & Conner</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic"> </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">var.</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic"> kingianus </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Endl.) Conner</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Abutilon julianae</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold"> </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl.</span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Critically Endangered</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:21.7pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Achyranthes arborescens </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">R.Br.</span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Critically Endangered</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:21.7pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Elatostema montanum </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl.</span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Critically Endangered</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:21.7pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Wikstroemia australis </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl.</span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Critically Endangered</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:21.7pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Meryta latifolia</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> (Endl.) Seem.</span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Critically Endangered</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:21.7pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Pisonia brunoniana</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> Endl.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Tylophora biglandulosa </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Endl.) F.Muell.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Zehneria baueriana </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Muehlenbeckia australis </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(G.Forst.) Meisn.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Pennantia endlicheri </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Reissek</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Pouteria costata </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Endl.) Baehni</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Coprosma pilosa</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-style:italic"> </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Streblus pendulinus </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Endl.) F.Muell.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Blechnum norfolkianum </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Heward) Maiden</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Cephalomanes bauerianum</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> (Endl.) P.S.Green</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Coprosma baueri</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> Endl.#</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Marattia salicina </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Sm.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Crepidomanes endlicherianum </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(C.Presl) P.S.Green</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Lastreopsis calantha </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Endl.) Tindale.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Phreatia paleata </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Rchb.f.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Pteris kingiana </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Pteris zahlbruckneriana</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> Endl.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Senecio evansianus </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Belcher</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Dendrobium brachypus </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Endl.) Rchb.f.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Senecio hooglandii </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Belcher *</span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endangered</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:21.7pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Melicope littoralis </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Endl.) T.G.Hartley</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Zanthoxylum pinnatum </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) W.R.B.Oliv.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Melicytus ramiflorus </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. ssp. </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">oblongifolius</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> (A.Cunn.) P.S.Green</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Meryta angustifolia </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Endl.) Seem.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Euphorbia obliqua </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Tmesipteris norfolkensis </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">P.S.Green</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Senecio australis </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Willd.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Ileostylis micranthus </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Hook.f.) Tiegh.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Hypolepis dicksonioides </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Endl.) Hook.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Peperomia urvilleana </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">A.Rich.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Taeniophyllum muelleri </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Lindl.ex Benth.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Nephrolepis </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">aff. </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">cordifolia</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Ungeria floribunda </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Schott & Endl.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Rapanea ralstoniae</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> P.S.Green.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Exocarpos phyllanthoides Endl. var. phyllanthoides</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Cordyline obtecta </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Graham) Baker</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Dysoxylum bijugum </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Labill.) Sem</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Pittosporum bracteolatum </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Dianella intermedia </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl.</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Elymus rectisetus </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">(Nees)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic"> </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">A.Love & Conner</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Freycinetia baueriana </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl. ssp.</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic"> baueriana</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Phormium tenax </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">J.R.Forst.& G.Forst.*</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Capparis nobilis</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> (Endl.) F.Muell. ex Benth.*</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Carex neesiana</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold"> </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endl</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">.*</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic"></span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Vulnerable</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Vulnerable</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:21.7pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">BIRDS</span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:21.7pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold">Norfolk Island Boobook</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-style:italic">Ninox novaezelandiae undulata</span><span style="width:74.74pt; display:inline-block"> </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endangered</span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Endangered</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:21.7pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold">Scarlet Robin</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-style:italic">(Petroica multicolor multicolor).</span><span style="width:107.52pt; display:inline-block"> </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Vulnerable</span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Vulnerable</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:21.7pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold">Golden Whistler</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"> (</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-style:italic">Pachycephala pectoralis xanthopracta).</span><span style="width:69.79pt; display:inline-block"> </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Vulnerable</span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Vulnerable</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:21.7pt"><td style="width:209.65pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><h2 id="navPoint_3" style="margin-top:0pt; font-size:9pt"><span>REPTILES</span></h2></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:14.25pt"><td rowspan="2" style="width:209.65pt; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.5pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="font-size:9pt"><br><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Christinus guenththeri </span><span style="width:196.46pt; display:inline-block"></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold">Vulnerable</span></p><p style="margin-top:3pt; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Psuedomoia lichinigera</span></p></td><td style="width:89.15pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">Vulnerable</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:14.25pt"><td style="width:89.15pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:1.12pt; padding-left:1.12pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="text-align:center; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman', serif"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
The Norfolk Island National Park Plan of Management 2000 is the strategic nature conservation document for the island.
Until the late 1700s Norfolk Island was covered in dense forests and the Green Parrot was probably widely distributed across the island. Between the late 1700s and 1800s, felling of forest tree species led to considerable deforestation. Clearing for agriculture and plantation production further reduced native vegetation cover. By the late 1800s the Green Parrot was confined to the area now included in NINP. Since then, the structure and composition of the remaining native vegetation has changed dramatically primarily through weed invasion and grazing (Anon 1984).
The most extensive area of native habitat remaining on Norfolk Island is within NINP, which encompasses 465 ha (12%) of the island. Gilmour and Helman (1989) quantified the native vegetation assemblages of the Park as 30% ‘native forest’ (palm, hardwood, and Norfolk Island Pine forest), 37% ‘weed-infested native forest’ and 33% ‘exotic forest’ (see also Schodde et al. 1983).
Green Parrots forage in all habitats within the park except for a small area of eucalypt plantation (J. Hicks, pers.comm.) and in some areas outside of the park. The principle diet of adult Green Parrots appears to be a variety of native seeds, fruits, flowers, and leaves. This includes Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria heterophylla), Ironwood (Nestegis apetala), Norfolk Island Palm (Rhopalostylis baureri var. baueri), Bloodwood (Baloghia inophylla), Cordyline (Cordyline obtecta) and Whiteoak (Lagunaria patersonia spp. patersonia) (Forshaw 1981, Hicks and Preece 1991). Seeds, fruit and bark of some exotic species are also consumed, namely Red Guava, African Olive and Lantana (Lantana camara) (Hicks and Preece 1991).
African Olive and Red Guava seeds may now form a significant part of the diet of newly-fledged juveniles (Davidson 1997, Motte and Hall 1988), with Bloodwood seeds, Norfolk Island Pine seed and green and fallen Red Guava fruit also important (Davidson 1997).
No quantitative studies have been conducted on the foraging preferences and nutritional value of native and exotic foods in the diet of wild Green Parrots. Captive Green Parrots readily accept native Norfolk Island herbs (Chaff-flower Achyranthes aspera seed, Pig Face Carpobrotus glaucescens leaves and fruit, Mile-a-minute Wollastonia biflora flowers and fruit). Hicks and Preece (1991) note that although the NI Green Parrot feeds in forest trees, other closely related Cyanoramphus spp. occur and forage in grassland environments eg. the Kermadec Parakeet (C.n.cyanurus) on Macauley Island and the Red-fronted Parakeet (C.n.novaezelandiae) on Tiritiri Island (NZ).
Parrots typically forage from early to mid-morning, flying between favoured feeding areas in pairs or small parties (Davidson 1997, Forshaw 1981). From mid-morning to late afternoon parrots move to sunny (but unexposed) positions near the tops of trees, where they preen quietly and are inconspicuous (Forshaw 1981). Adults forage mostly in the tops of trees and occasionally on the ground (Forshaw 1981, Hicks and Preece 1991), while juveniles, for 3-5 weeks after fledging, feed extensively on the ground eating the fallen seeds of African Olive and Red Guava (Davidson 1997). Davidson (1997) recorded a total of 244 perch locations from 3 radio-tracked juveniles, of which 58 (24%) were on the ground, 101 (41%) were in African Olive and Red Guava and 85 (35%) were in 12 native tree species. It is unclear whether frequent foraging in exotic vegetation reflects a preference for olive and guava by juveniles or the widespread abundance of these species in NINP (Davidson 1997).
Wild birds often feed in the Norfolk Island Botanic Garden and visit the aviaries where captive parrots are held. The subspecies is not shy (Forshaw 1981) and has been recorded foraging in gardens (Davidson 1997). From 1991-1998, 31 possible sightings of Green Parrots outside NINP were made. The majority of sightings were in December and January, the peak breeding season for wild Green Parrots.
The Green Parrot’s breeding range is now believed to be restricted to the National Park. Natural nest sites are known only in hollows of native tree species, typically within 2 m of the ground (Hicks and Preece 1991). Of 43 wild nests monitored between 1983 and 1988, all were in native species. Twenty-eight of 43 nests were in Ironwood, 11 were in Cordyline, 2 were in Norfolk Island Pine and 2 were in Whiteoak. There appears to be a significant relationship between vegetation type and location of nesting site. Native forest is the most used nesting habitat, followed by ‘weed-infested native forest’ then ‘dense Red Guava’ forest. ‘Dense African Olive forest’ supported the lowest number of nests. Adults usually return to the same nest site each season (Hicks and Preece 1991). No nests have been located in ‘plantation forests’ probably because the trees are immature. Potential extensions of habitat exist outside the National Park if nesting hollows were provided and maintained, and predator control measures were introduced.
Critical habitat is defined as all habitats used by this taxa. These include all known sites for nesting, and food resources, water shelter etc, as defined by the EPBC (1999). This includes native and exotic forest and areas inside and outside of the NINP. Habitat with the potential to support Green Parrots also fit the criteria for critical habitat, and the revegetated areas of Phillip Island may well be critical habitat, as well as potential habitat on Norfolk Island currently not used by Green Parrots. The critical habitat of the Green Parrot is mapped in Figure 1 and is defined in this plan as all potential Green Parrot habitat within its ‘current normal range’.
The primary factors responsible for the decline of the Green Parrot have been habitat loss, particularly trees with suitable hollows, and predation by introduced predators. Currently egg/chick predation by introduced predators particularly rats and cats, a shortage of predator-free nest sites, and nest hollow competition are the main factors limiting population recovery. Disease may be a significant cause of mortality in certain circumstances. Other factors which may have contributed to the decline in the past include shooting and trapping for crop protection (until the 1950s) (Hicks and Preece 1991).
Predation by the Ships Rat, Rattus rattus, and cats continues to be the greatest threat to the parrot and the greatest threat to the island’s native vertebrate fauna.
The Black Rat colonised the island in the 1940s (Hicks and Preece 1991). Domestic cats were introduced to the island in the late 1700s and were established as feral by the 1830s. Rats eat eggs and nestlings, and predate on brooding females. Cats predate on fledglings and breeding adults. Nest sites are within a few metres of the ground and accessible to both predators. Predation by Black Rats was identified as the cause behind six of fifteen failed wild Green Parrot nests from 1983-1991 (Hicks and Preece 1991) and the cause of at least two of eighteen failed clutches in 1996 (cause of failure for 15 clutches was unknown) (unpubl. data). Female Green Parrots appear to be particularly vulnerable to predation by cats and rats as only the females brood the eggs and females are very reluctant to leave their nests (P. Stevenson pers.comm.) Juveniles face the highest risk of predation immediately after fledging and 3-5 weeks later, when they begin to forage independently (Davidson 1997). Juveniles have poor foraging skills and spend a large proportion of their time on the ground, consuming fallen exotic fruits (abundant in most of NINP). In contrast, native Bloodwood seeds are collected and consumed perched in trees (Davidson 1997). An analysis of Green Parrot numbers and breeding output by Innes (1995), indicated that the parrot population and the number of breeding attempts had increased since rat baiting commenced. Rats and cats have been a common factor implicated in the extinction of three Cyanoramphus subspecies on other islands.
Potential natural predators of the Green Parrot are the hybrid Norfolk Island Boobook Owl (Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata), the Marsh Harrier (Circus approximans) and Kestrel (Falco cenchroides). Hybrid descendants of the owl are the subject of a concurrent management program and the diet of these owls has been monitored since 1986. No Green Parrots or Crimson Rosellas have ever been recorded (P. Olsen pers.comm.) and thus owls are not considered a significant predator of Green Parrots. The Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans) may take parrots but as there has been a long period of co-existence, it is considered unlikely to be a significant threat (Anon 1984).
Since 1988, 88 natural hollows have been modified to prevent access by rats. Fifty-five of these hollows have been used by Green Parrots, many repeatedly. Rat proofing prevents rat access above or below the nest from elsewhere in the hollow tree. Galvanised iron sheeting (camouflaged) is placed around the limb or trunk outside the hollow for at least 30 cm in all directions from the hollow entrance. Nearly all nest sites have been modified, so there are no data to quantify the effectiveness of this method by comparing with breeding output from unmodified hollows. Given the ‘critically endangered’ status of the species, experimentation to resolve this issue is considered too high a risk. Only one natural site is considered sufficiently rat resistant to not require rat proofing. As well as predator proofing, nest hollows are regularly “serviced” through the addition of rotted Nestegis sp. (family Oleaceae) pulp after each nesting. This soft material forms a “bed” within the nest hollow.
The number of natural nest sites is now very small and natural replacement of nest sites will take many years. Only 12% of the island has natural vegetation where natural hollows can develop and hollows are rare in most of this remaining native vegetation.
A number of artificial nest boxes have been trialed including nest boxes made from PVC pipe and from plywood and none was successful. This is despite exhaustive trialing of numerous designs in a variety of materials, and advice and the expertise of expert aviculturists brought to Norfolk Island. Thus further attempts to develop artificial nest boxes for field placement are not warranted at this stage (J. Hicks pers.comm., P. Stevenson, pers.comm.).
The only successful man-made nests have been natural hollows salvaged from island trees and erected in a known breeding area. Parrots have successfully fledged young from these nests (R. Ward pers.comm.).
Green Parrots compete for nest hollows with introduced Crimson Rosellas, European Starlings and Honey Bees. Crimson Rosellas are known to aggressively expel Green Parrots from their territory (Hicks and Preece 1991). While it was understood that Crimson Rosellas on Norfolk Island nest from September-November, during which months Green Parrots rarely nest, some variation in this pattern has been observed in recent times. The incidence of Crimson Rosellas using Green Parrot hollows has also decreased significantly from 1993 to 1997, probably due to regular culling of Crimson Rosellas in NINP since 1990.
Green Parrots will use a nest site that has been used by Crimson Rosellas. Prior Red Parrot nesting activity at specific hollows did not significantly affect Green Parrot breeding success at those hollows (as measured by the number of Green Parrot chicks produced in each breeding attempt (R. Ward pers.comm.).
European Starlings use tree hollows from August to November (Hermes et al. 1986) thus there is no direct competition with Green Parrots for nest sites. However, the starling’s nesting material can render a nest site unattractive to Green Parrots. If the hollow is not cleared of this material, a nesting opportunity may be lost. There have been numerous examples of nesting material attributed to European Starlings being found in hollows previously used by Green Parrots. (D. Greenwood and R. Ward, pers. obs.)
In the 1992-93 breeding season, bees occupied seven wild nest sites and bee control was considered a priority (Greenwood 1993). In 1995, feral bees caused one fatality and two injuries to captive Green Parrots (Yorkston 1995). Bees occupied one nest site from 1992 to 1996 (unpubl. data) and another site for one month in 1994. There are no records of feral bees at wild nest sites or within the aviaries since 1995. Feral bees are systematically removed from near nest sites within NINP.
A serious threat to all island birds is the introduction of new disease. Island birds have often evolved in the absence of diseases common in continental bird faunas and the introduction of such diseases to island birds can be disastrous. For example the introduction of avian malaria to Hawaii which caused the extinction of almost the entire endemic bird fauna from below 600 m altitude, and was probably the main cause of the total extinction of several bird species (Hay 1986). The range of many surviving species was severely reduced and fragmented which in turn markedly increased their chances of extinction. Avian malaria arrived with the accidental introduction of a new species of mosquito (Hay 1986).
Once established, a new disease may persist on an island in feral populations of continental bird species which have resistance to the disease. The Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus, introduced to Guam, may have provided a reservoir of disease-carrying hosts accentuating the impact of disease on the island's endemics (Hay 1986). McNamara (1989), summarising the conclusions from a workshop on the management of Australian and New Zealand islands, recommended that the eradication of introduced species from islands be given a high priority.
Psittacine Circoviral Disease (PCD) was confirmed in wild and captive populations of Green Parrots in 1995 (Stevenson et al. 1995). The disease is prevalent in Crimson Rosellas on Norfolk Island (Hermes et al. 1986, Hicks and Preece 1991). An outbreak of PCD caused high mortality among Crimson Rosellas in 1976 and one apparently diseased Green Parrot was seen in 1977 (Forshaw 1981). In 1995 there was an outbreak of PCD in Green Parrots and Crimson Rosellas and two captive female Green Parrots died (Yorkston 1995). The disease is now thought to be widespread in the wild Green Parrot population. With the entire sub-species, captive and wild, located only on Norfolk Island, it is extremely vulnerable to a disease epidemic. Recent studies by Taronga Zoo suggests that all NI Green Parrots are carriers of the virus but appear to remain unaffected until subjected to stress. Green Parrots may be particularly vulnerable to disease due to the population bottlenecks the taxon has suffered in the past which may have reduced the genetic variability in the population. PCD is a nationally listed as a Key Threatening Process (EPBC 1999), and in June 2002 work commenced on a Threat Abatement Plan. The Threat Abatement Plan is likely to make recommendations which will affect the Norfolk Island Green Parrot and these will have to be considered by the Recovery Team. Captive breeding for release may exacerbate the spread of PCD (PCD Nomination; EPBC website). A vaccine is now available which induces immunity in vaccinated birds and might assist management of the disease at least in captive Norfolk Island Green Parrots.
Native forest contained within the NINP is protected under the EPBC Act 1999 and a range of tree species are protected under Norfolk Island Government legislation. Weed-infestation and loss by natural attrition of mature habitat trees are the primary factors degrading NINP and consequently, Green Parrot nesting habitat. On Norfolk Island generally, loss of native forest through clearance on private land and by natural causes and the subsequent expansion of woody weeds is still a significant problem. Feral predators and nest competitors also degrade habitat particularly outside the national park where there is no program to control rats, cats, or crimson rosellas.
Between 5-10 Green Parrots have been reported dead in the past 12 months, most of which are a result of window collisions (R. Ward pers.comm.) The number may have increased in the past 5 years coinciding with an increased number of sightings of Green Parrots outside the park. Most of the birds are juveniles, however, some adults have been killed. With such a small population this mortality is significant and attempts are and should continue to be made to reduce it.
The Green Parrot is restricted to Norfolk Island. It does not currently occur on Nepean and Phillip Islands (1 and 6 km south of Norfolk Island respectively), however, both islands were originally forested and it probably did occur at least on Phillip Island (J. Hicks pers.comm.). At the time of settlement Green Parrots were abundant, with convicts deployed to protect planted corn crops from parrots with sticks (P. Stevenson pers.comm.). The population of Green Parrots may have declined by as much as 90% from the 1700’s to the present. Based on an estimated territory size of 20 ha and an island area of 3825 ha, the pre-European breeding population of Green Parrots on the island is estimated to have been about 190 adult pairs. By 1908 the parrot was restricted to the gullies around Mt Pitt, now within NINP. In 1937 a collecting expedition from the Sminthsonian Institute collected so many birds that Green Parrots were thought to have disappeared and were not sighted for the ensuing two years (P. Stevenson pers.comm.).
In the 1960s-70s the population was estimated at 10-20 pairs (McKean 1976, Smithers and Disney 1969). In 1977-78, island-wide surveys only located parrots in NINP and adjacent forested areas, and the population was estimated at 3-5 pairs (17-31 birds, Forshaw 1981, Schodde et al. 1983). The population is thought to have decreased further in the 1980s (Hermes et al. 1986). From 1988 to 1995 the population did not increase significantly, fluctuating between 3 and 10 pairs, due to an acute scarcity of adult females, with an estimated 6 adult females in 1991-92 (P. Stevenson pers.comm.). This was probably largely due to predation of females at the nest (P. Stevenson pers.comm.). In 1995 the total wild population was estimated at 44 individuals including juveniles which increased to c. 69 and seventeen breeding pairs in 1997 (R. Ward unpubl. data). No total population census has been conducted since 1997, mainly due to the unavailability of a durable colour band surfacing. Green Parrots are now being recorded regularly outside the park and the total population is currently thought to number approximately 160 individuals with 14 known breeding pairs (March 2001). Adult pairs are now more commonly seen suggesting that adult female survival has improved as a result of predator control (R. Ward pers.comm.).
Most of the habitat of the Green Parrot is in national park but some is on private land. The EPBC (1999) requirements for listing areas of critical habitat require that private landowners of land nominated for listing as critical habitat be consulted prior to listing.
To reduce the risk of extinction and improve the conservation status of the species by:
Increasing the extent of occurrence of the species and its total population size
Implementing threat abatement strategies
To increasing involvement in and awareness of the Green Parrot by the community
Operating /implement the Recovery Plan through a Recovery Team.
Relevant Objective: Increase the extent of occurrence of the species and its total population size
Performance Criteria:
A minimum of 25 breeding pairs within 5 years
A second wild population established
Establishment of an ex situ captive population investigated
An additional 20 ha of breeding habitat established in the 5 year life-time of this plan
Relevant Objective: Implement threat abatement strategies
Performance Criteria:
Relevant Objective: To increase involvement in and awareness of the Green Parrot by the community
Performance Criteria:
Relevant Objective: To operate/ Implement the Recovery Plan through a Recovery Team
Performance criteria:
Relevant Objective: Increase the extent of occurrence of the species and its total population size
Performance Criteria:
Actions:
Total population size and the number of adult males and females is the most important measure of the success of this recovery plan. The recovery team will conduct an annual count within NINP to determine total minimum population size, number of adult males and females, number of juveniles and the area of occupancy. These counts are currently confined to the NINP because of difficulties in accessing private land outside the park and the large areas to be covered in such a survey. However a significant number of parrots are now using this private land and attempts must be made to count these birds in the total population survey. Investigate conducting a simultaneous volunteer-driven survey of the parrot population outside of the park.
Locate all nests and protect them from predators. Consolidate all existing nesting data onto a single database.
This will permit the population to expand into currently unoccupied areas of NINP where lack of suitable hollows currently appears to limit nesting there and possibly areas outside of NINP. Lack of predator control outside the park currently means that there are limited opportunities to establish nesting habitat outside the park. Additional nest sites required to implement this plan should be made according to this design developed over a number of years and proven to be quite successful.
Currently about half of Phillip Island or c. 95 ha of Phillip Island has a young flora of weedy and native forest which has many Green Parrot feed species. Nest sites should be established on Phillip Island and a trial release of Green Parrots made. The recovery team will need to decide the source of these birds. It may be most practicable to use recently fledged wild birds from NI. Monitor this population total population size, age structure of population and causes of nesting failure for first two years. This area of vegetation may only support 4-5 breeding pairs (based on 20 ha/pair). If the Phillip Island population is completely isolated from Norfolk Island, such a small population may have to be supplemented with immigrants from Norfolk Island to prevent inbreeding, probably every generation.
The closely-related Lord Howe Island Red-crowned Parakeet C. n. subflavescens became extinct in the nineteenth century possibly as a result of hunting and trapping (Hutton 1991). Currently an island restoration plan is being considered for Lord Howe Island. This would be a relatively long-term program which might include the opportunity to introduce Norfolk Island Green Parrots onto the island. The Green Parrot Recovery Team should liaise with the Lord Howe Island board to explore the options for including Norfolk Island Green Parrots in that program.
This may be warranted because the proximity of Phillip Island to Norfolk Island necessitates that birds on these two islands would be considered a single population and thus an additional population is required to safeguard the taxon against a catastrophic population decline or extinction of the wild population. A suitable mainland institution would establish and maintain a quarantined captive population.
Within the NINP habitat will be restored by removal of unsuitable weedy species and replanting of suitable native species, and by providing supplementary nest sites where necessary. Outside the park areas suitable for rehabilitation will be identified and landowners approached for their cooperation and assistance.
Relevant Objective: Implement threat abatement strategies
Performance Criteria:
Sufficient predator-proof nest sites to support the increased number of breeding birds.
Rat and cat predation not posing a threat to Green Parrot population recovery.
Feral nest competitors removed from Green Parrot nests and controlled in Green Parrot nesting areas.
Actions
Nest sites require ongoing maintenance to maintain their predator proof status. Part of actions above.
The rat and cat control program will need to continue to be implemented. An island-wide cooperative rodent control program should be implemented when practicable to assist establishment of Green Parrot breeding habitat outside NINP. Continue the existing cat control program. Control populations of Crimson Rosellas, European Starlings and Feral Honeybees in Green Parrot breeding areas. Remove all nest competitors attempting to nest in Green Parrot nest sites.
Relevant Objective: To increase involvement in and awareness of the Green Parrot by the community
Performance Criteria:
Actions
Include information on bird strike deaths and window design and other measures to reduce the likelihood of bird strike. Hawk silhouette stickers might be provided free of charge to people who have had Green Parrots hit their windows or where likelihood of strikes is high.
Provide regular updates in the NINP weekly newspaper column.
Maintain the Green Parrot display aviary.
Involve community in annual population monitoring
The Green Parrot pamphlet needs updating to conform to the Environment Australia style guide and it needs to be reprinted from time to time. Community reporting of Green Parrots should be encouraged in extension and media reports. This might take the form of providing training in the detection of birds by call using the aviary population, identification of males and females, and reading of band numbers. As mentioned above, this may be the only practicable way of monitoring the population of Green Parrots outside of NINP.
Relevant Objective: To operate/ Implement the Recovery Plan through a Recovery Team
Performance criteria:
Actions:
Supervise the project
Report on progress against objectives and performance criteria
The Recovery Team currently comprises three Norfolk Island Environment Australia staff, a Taronga Park zoo representative, a representative from the Norfolk Island National Park Advisory Council, and two members of the Norfolk Island community. There is no indigenous population and thus no indigenous representative. The recovery team will endeavour to ensure funding is available for the actions in this recovery plan. This may include seeking both private and public funding. The team will work toward satisfying the obligations associated with funding including publicity and reporting requirements. The Recovery Team will be involved in evaluating the performance of the plan.