Division 3Access regimes

An Act to provide for the regulation of payment systems and purchased payment facilities, and for related purposes ## Part 1—Preliminary #### 1 Short title This Act may be cited as the Payment Systems (Regulation) Act 1998. #### 2 Commencement This Act commences on the commencement of the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority Act 1998. #### 3 Crown is bound by this Act This Act binds the Crown in all its capacities, but does not make the Crown liable to be prosecuted for an offence. #### 4 Application of this Act to external Territories This Act extends to every external Territory. #### 5 Application of Criminal Code The Criminal Code applies to all offences against this Act. #### 6 Overview of Act (1) This Act provides for the regulation of payment systems and purchased payment facilities. > Note: The regulation of purchased payment facilities operates through regulation of the holders of the stored value of such facilities. (2) Part 2 contains definitions of terms used in this Act. (3) Part 3 deals with the regulation of payment systems. It provides for: (a) the designation of payment systems (see Division 2 for designated payment systems and Division 2A for special designated payment systems); and (b) the imposition of access regimes on participants in payment systems that are designated payment systems or special designated payment systems (or both) (see Division 3); and (c) standards to be complied with by participants in payment systems that are designated payment systems or special designated payment systems (or both) (see Division 4); and (d) the arbitration of disputes relating to payment systems that are designated payment systems or special designated payment systems (or both) (see Division 5); and (e) directions to be complied with by participants in payment systems that are designated payment systems or special designated payment systems (or both) (see Division 6). > Note: A payment system may be a designated payment system and a special designated payment system: see subsections 11(1A) and 11B(2). (4) Part 4 deals with the regulation of holders of the stored value of purchased payment facilities. (5) Part 5 deals with miscellaneous matters. ## Part 2—Interpretation #### 7 Definitions (1) In this Act: > access, in relation to a payment system, means the entitlement or eligibility of a person to become a participant in the payment system, as a user of the payment system, on a commercial basis on terms that are fair and reasonable. > access regime, in relation to a payment system that is a designated payment system or a special designated payment system (or both), means an access regime: (a) that has been imposed by the Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator under section 12; and (b) that is in force. > civil penalty provision has the same meaning as in the Regulatory Powers Act. > constitutional corporation means a corporation to which paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution applies. > contravene an offence or civil penalty provision has a meaning affected by section 9B. > Note: The meaning of contravention is correspondingly affected (see section 18A of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901). > designated payment system means a payment system that is designated under section 11. > Federal Court means the Federal Court of Australia. > funds includes, but is not limited to, the following: (a) money; (b) digital units of value, including digital currency (within the meaning of the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999). > head, of a nominated special regulator, has the meaning given by subsection (2). > holder of the stored value, in relation to a purchased payment facility, has the meaning given by subsection 9(2). > matters direction has the meaning given by paragraph 11F(1)(a). > national interest has a meaning affected by section 8A. > nominated special regulator, in relation to a special designated payment system, has the meaning given by subsection 11D(2). > participant, in a payment system, has the meaning given by subsection 7A(2). > payment system has the meaning given by subsection 7A(1). > public interest has a meaning affected by section 8. > purchased payment facility means a facility described in subsection 9(1), other than a facility covered by a declaration under subsection 9(3). > purposes direction has the meaning given by paragraph 11F(1)(b). > Regulatory Powers Act means the Regulatory Powers (Standard Provisions) Act 2014. > Reserve Bank means the Reserve Bank of Australia. > responsible Minister has the same meaning as in the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013. > special designated payment system means a payment system that is designated under section 11B. > special regulator has the meaning given by section 11C. > standard means a standard in force under section 18. (2) In this Act, a person is the head of a special regulator (including a special regulator that is a nominated special regulator) if: (a) in the case of the Reserve Bank—the person is the Governor of the Reserve Bank; or (b) in the case of an entity prescribed by the regulations as a special regulator—the person is prescribed by the regulations as the head of that special regulator. #### 7A Meaning of payment system and participant (1) A payment system: (a) is a system under which, or pursuant to which, one or both of the following occur: (i) the making of payments or the transfer of funds; (ii) the transmission or receipt of messages that effect, enable, facilitate or sequence the making of payments or the transfer of funds (whether or not those payments are made, or those funds are transferred, under or pursuant to the system); and (b) includes any instruments or procedures that relate to that system. (2) A participant in a payment system is a constitutional corporation that: (a) operates, administers or participates in the payment system; or (b) provides services that enable or facilitate one or more of the following: (i) the operation or administration of, or participation in, the payment system; (ii) the making of payments, or the transfer of funds, under or pursuant to the payment system; (iii) the transmission or receipt of messages under or pursuant to the payment system, being messages that effect, enable, facilitate or sequence the making of payments or the transfer of funds (whether or not those payments are made, or those funds are transferred, under or pursuant to the payment system). (3) For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2), a payment may be made, or funds may be transferred, under or pursuant to a system (the target system) even if the making of the payment, or the transfer of the funds, is effected by a system other than the target system. (4) In this section: > system means an arrangement or series of arrangements. #### 8 Meaning of public interest In determining, for the purposes of this Act, if particular action is or would be in, or contrary to, the public interest, the Reserve Bank is to have regard to the desirability of payment systems: (a) being (in its opinion): (i) financially safe for use by participants; and (ii) efficient; and (iii) competitive; and (b) not (in its opinion) materially causing or contributing to increased risk to the financial system. The Reserve Bank may have regard to other matters that it considers are relevant, but is not required to do so. #### 8A Meaning of national interest In determining, for the purposes of this Act, whether a particular action is in the national interest: (a) the Minister may have regard to a matter (a core public interest matter) that the Reserve Bank would be required to have regard to if it were determining, for the purposes of this Act, whether the action is in the public interest (see section 8); and (b) whether or not the Minister has regard to a core public interest matter—the Minister must identify, and have regard to, one or more matters each of which: (i) is not a core public interest matter; and (ii) is a matter that the Minister considers materially relevant to determining whether the action is in the national interest. #### 9 Meaning of purchased payment facility and holder of the stored value (1) A purchased payment facility is a facility (other than cash) in relation to which the following conditions are satisfied: (a) the facility is purchased by a person from another person; and (b) the facility is able to be used as a means of making payments up to the amount that, from time to time, is available for use under the conditions applying to the facility; and (c) those payments are to be made by the provider of the facility or by a person acting under an arrangement with the provider (rather than by the user of the facility). However, a facility covered by a declaration under subsection (3) is not a purchased payment facility for the purposes of this Act. (2) The holder of the stored value, in relation to a purchased payment facility, is the person who is to make payments as mentioned in paragraph (1)(c). (3) The Reserve Bank may, by legislative instrument, declare that this Act does not apply to a specified facility, or to facilities included in a specified class of facilities, if the Reserve Bank considers that it is not appropriate for this Act to apply to the facility, or to each facility of that class, having regard to: (a) any restrictions that limit the number or types of people who may purchase the facility; or (b) any restrictions that limit the number or types of people to whom payments may be made using the facility. The Reserve Bank may have regard to other matters that it considers are relevant, but is not required to do so. (4) In this section: (a) a reference to a facility includes a reference to a right to use a facility; and (b) a reference to the purchase of a facility includes a reference to the payment of an amount for a right to use a facility. #### 9A Functions and powers under the Regulatory Powers Act Unless this Act expressly provides otherwise, a reference in this Act to a function or power under this Act includes a reference to a function or power under the Regulatory Powers Act as it applies in relation to this Act. #### 9B Contravening an offence provision or a civil penalty provision (1) This section applies if a provision of this Act provides that a person contravening another provision of this Act (the conduct provision) commits an offence or is liable to a civil penalty. (2) For the purposes of this Act, and the Regulatory Powers Act to the extent that it relates to this Act, a reference to a contravention of an offence provision or a civil penalty provision includes a reference to a contravention of the conduct provision. ## Part 3—Regulation of payment systems ### Division 1—Overview #### 10 Overview of main regulatory provisions (1) Under this Part: (a) the Reserve Bank is given the power to designate payment systems, which are then known as designated payment systems (see Division 2); and (b) the Minister is also given the power to designate payment systems, which are then known as special designated payment systems (see Division 2A). > Note: A payment system may be a designated payment system and a special designated payment system: see subsections 11(1A) and 11B(2). (1A) Under Division 2A, the Minister is given the power to: (a) nominate special regulators in relation to special designated payment systems; and (b) give directions to nominated special regulators in relation to the performance of their functions or the exercise of their powers under this Act. (2) The Reserve Bank has the following powers in relation to a designated payment system, and a nominated special regulator has the following powers in relation to a special designated payment system: (a) to impose an access regime on participants in the payment system (see Division 3); and (b) to make standards to be complied with by participants in the payment system (see Division 4); and (c) to arbitrate disputes relating to the payment system (see Division 5); and (d) to give directions to participants in the payment system (see Division 6). > Note: Restrictions apply to when a nominated special regulator may perform its functions or exercise its powers: see section 11E. ### Division 2—Designated payment systems #### 11 Reserve Bank may designate payment systems (1) The Reserve Bank may, by legislative instrument, designate a payment system, or each payment system in a class of payment systems, if it considers that designating the payment system, or each payment system in the class, is in the public interest. (1A) To avoid doubt, the Reserve Bank may designate a payment system under subsection (1) whether or not that payment system has been designated by the Minister under subsection 11B(1). > Note: However, if the payment system has been designated by the Minister under subsection 11B(1), consultation requirements apply: see subsection 11A(1). (2) The designation has effect until it is revoked. > Note: For variation and revocation, see subsection 33(3) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901. #### 11A Multiple designation—consultation by Reserve Bank Consultation before multiple designation (1) If a payment system is a special designated payment system, the Reserve Bank must, before designating the payment system under subsection 11(1), consult each nominated special regulator in relation to the payment system that is not the Reserve Bank (if there are any such nominated special regulators). Consultation after multiple designation (2) Subsection (3) applies if a payment system (the target payment system) is both a designated payment system and a special designated payment system. (3) Before the Reserve Bank exercises a power covered by subsection (4) in relation to the target payment system, the Reserve Bank must consult each nominated special regulator in relation to the target payment system that is not the Reserve Bank (if there are any such nominated special regulators). (4) This subsection covers the following powers of the Reserve Bank: (a) the power under subsection 12(1) to impose an access regime on participants in a designated payment system, and the power to vary or revoke such an access regime; (b) the power under subsection 18(1) to determine a standard to be complied with by participants in a designated payment system, and the power to vary or revoke such a standard; (c) the power under subsection 21(1) to give a direction to a participant in a designated payment system, and the power to vary or revoke such a direction. > Note: This subsection does not cover powers (if any) that the Reserve Bank may have in its capacity as a nominated special regulator. For consultation requirements that apply to nominated special regulators (including the Reserve Bank, if the Reserve Bank is a nominated special regulator), see subsection 11E(5). ### Division 2A—Special designated payment systems #### 11B Minister may designate payment systems (1) The Minister may, by legislative instrument, designate a payment system as a special designated payment system if the Minister considers that designating the payment system is in the national interest. (2) To avoid doubt, the Minister may designate a payment system under subsection (1) whether or not the payment system has been designated by the Reserve Bank under subsection 11(1). Conditions on designation (3) Before designating a payment system under subsection (1), the Minister must: (a) consult the Reserve Bank and each special regulator on the proposed designation; and (b) consider the following: (i) whether there are alternatives to the designation available under this Act or any other Act; (ii) the outcome of the consultation undertaken by the Minister under paragraph (a); (iii) any other matter the Minister considers relevant. Revocation (4) The Minister may revoke the designation if, at the time of the revocation, the Minister considers that the designation is no longer necessary or appropriate. #### 11C Meaning of special regulator (1) The following are special regulators: (a) the Reserve Bank; (b) any entity prescribed by the regulations as a special regulator. (2) An entity may be prescribed as a special regulator only if the entity is a Commonwealth entity (within the meaning of the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013) or a Commonwealth company (within the meaning of that Act). #### 11D Nomination of special regulators (1) The Minister may, by legislative instrument, nominate one or more special regulators in relation to a special designated payment system if the Minister considers that doing so is in the national interest. (2) If a special regulator is nominated in relation to a special designated payment system under subsection (1), then the special regulator is a nominated special regulator in relation to that special designated payment system. (3) The special regulator is a nominated special regulator either: (a) for the period specified in the nomination; or (b) if no period is specified—until the nomination is revoked. Conditions on nomination (4) Before nominating a special regulator under subsection (1), the Minister must: (a) consult the special regulator; and (b) if the Minister is not the responsible Minister for the special regulator—obtain written consent to the nomination from the responsible Minister; and (c) be satisfied that the nomination is consistent with any functions of the special regulator under this Act or any other Act (and with any requirements that apply to the performance of those functions); and (d) consider the following: (i) the outcome of the consultation undertaken by the Minister under paragraph (a); (ii) any other matter the Minister considers relevant. Revocation (5) The Minister may revoke a nomination made under subsection (1) if, at the time of the revocation, the Minister considers that the nomination is no longer necessary or appropriate. #### 11E Functions and powers of nominated special regulators (1) Subject to this section, a nominated special regulator in relation to a special designated payment system may perform the functions, and exercise the powers, of a nominated special regulator under this Act in relation to that special designated payment system. Restrictions relating to Ministerial directions (2) A nominated special regulator must not perform a function, or exercise a power, of the kind mentioned in subsection (1) unless: (a) the Minister has given the nominated special regulator a matters direction under subsection 11F(1), the effect of which is that specified matters must be considered by the nominated special regulator before performing the function or exercising the power; and (b) the nominated special regulator has considered those matters. (3) Subsection (2) does not apply to functions and powers under the following: (a) section 26 (which deals with requests for information); (b) section 30A (which deals with enforceable undertakings); (c) section 31 or 31A (which deal with delegations); (d) the Regulatory Powers Act as it applies in relation to this Act. (4) In performing a function, or exercising a power, of a kind mentioned in subsection (1), a nominated special regulator must comply with any directions given to the nominated special regulator by the Minister under subsection 11F(1). Consultation (5) Before a nominated special regulator in relation to a special designated payment system performs a function, or exercises a power, under this Act in relation to the special designated payment system, the nominated special regulator must consult: (a) the Reserve Bank (if the nominated special regulator is not the Reserve Bank); and (b) if there are one or more other nominated special regulators in relation to the special designated payment system—each of those other nominated special regulators. #### 11F Ministerial directions to nominated special regulators (1) Subject to this section, the Minister may, by legislative instrument, give directions of the following kinds to a nominated special regulator in relation to the performance of its functions, or the exercise of its powers, under this Act in relation to a special designated payment system: (a) a direction (a matters direction) specifying matters that must be considered before performing or exercising such a function or power; (b) a direction (a purposes direction) specifying purposes for which such a function or power must, or must not, be performed or exercised. > Note: Nominated special regulators must comply with directions given under this subsection: see subsections 11E(2) and (4). (2) However, the Minister must not give a nominated special regulator a purposes direction in relation to a function or power unless, before or at the same time as giving the purposes direction, the Minister gives the nominated special regulator a matters direction in relation to that function or power. (3) To avoid doubt, a direction given under subsection (1) may relate to all functions and powers of the kind mentioned in that subsection, or only to one or more specified functions or powers of that kind. Conditions on giving directions (4) The Minister must not give a direction under subsection (1) unless the Minister considers that doing so is in the national interest. (5) Before giving a direction to a nominated special regulator under subsection (1), the Minister must: (a) consult the nominated special regulator; and (b) if the nominated special regulator is not the Reserve Bank—consult the Reserve Bank; and (c) if the Minister is not the responsible Minister for the nominated special regulator—obtain written consent to the direction from the responsible Minister; and (d) be satisfied that giving the direction is consistent with any functions of the nominated special regulator under this Act or any other Act (and with any requirements that apply to the performance of those functions); and (e) consider the following: (i) the outcome of the consultation undertaken by the Minister under paragraph (a) and (if applicable) paragraph (b); (ii) any other matter the Minister considers relevant. Restrictions on content of directions (6) The Minister must not give a direction under subsection (1) in relation to functions and powers under any of the following: (a) section 26 (which deals with requests for information); (b) section 30A (which deals with enforceable undertakings); (c) section 31 or 31A (which deal with delegations); (d) the Regulatory Powers Act as it applies in relation to this Act. (7) A direction given under subsection (1) may specify matters or purposes that relate to a particular special designated payment system, but must not specify matters or purposes that relate to a particular participant in a special designated payment system. (8) To avoid doubt, a direction given under subsection (1) must not require a nominated special regulator to do any of the following: (a) impose, vary or repeal a particular provision of an access regime; (b) determine, vary or revoke a particular standard; (c) give, vary or revoke a particular direction. When direction is in force (9) A direction given under subsection (1): (a) comes into force: (i) unless subparagraph (ii) of this paragraph applies—on the day on which it is given; or (ii) if the direction specifies a later day as the day on which it comes into force—on the day so specified; and (b) continues in force until it is revoked. Revocation (10) The Minister may revoke a direction given under subsection (1) if, at the time of the revocation, the Minister considers that the direction is no longer necessary or appropriate. #### 11G Reports by nominated special regulators (1) The Minister may, by notice in writing, request a nominated special regulator in relation to a special designated payment system to report in writing to the Minister on: (a) the performance of functions and exercise of powers under this Act by the nominated special regulator; or (b) without limiting paragraph (a), the nominated special regulator’s compliance with a direction given to the nominated special regulator under subsection 11F(1). (2) The nominated special regulator must comply with a request made by the Minister under subsection (1). (3) If the Minister is not the responsible Minister for the nominated special regulator, the nominated special regulator must also provide a copy of a report prepared under subsection (1) to the responsible Minister. ### Division 3—Access regimes #### Subdivision A—Operation of access regimes #### 12 Imposition of access regime (1) The Reserve Bank may, by legislative instrument, impose an access regime on participants in a designated payment system. (1A) A nominated special regulator in relation to a special designated payment system may, by legislative instrument, impose an access regime on participants in that special designated payment system. (2) The access regime imposed must be one that the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator (as the case may be) considers appropriate, having regard to: (a) in the case of an access regime imposed by the Reserve Bank under subsection (1)—whether imposing the access regime would be in the public interest; and (b) the interests of the current participants in the system; and (c) the interests of people who, in the future, may want access to the system; and (d) any other matters the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator (as the case may be) considers relevant. (3) Without limiting subsection (1) or (1A), the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator (as the case may be) may, in an instrument made under either of those subsections: (a) specify participants or classes of participants to whom the access regime does or does not apply; or (b) provide that the access regime applies differently in relation to different participants or classes of participants. > Note: See also subsection 33(3A) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901. (5) As soon as practicable after imposing the access regime, the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator must provide notification under section 29. (6) A failure to comply with subsection (5) does not affect the validity of the access regime. #### 13 When access regimes are in force An access regime: (a) comes into force on the day specified in the instrument imposing the regime under section 12, which must not be earlier than the day after the instrument is registered on the Federal Register of Legislation under the Legislation Act 2003; and (b) may be varied as provided in section 14; and (c) remains in force until it ceases to be in force as provided in section 15. #### 14 Variation of access regime (1) The Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator in relation to a special designated payment system may, by legislative instrument, vary an access regime that it has imposed if the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator (as the case may be) considers it is appropriate to do so, having regard to: (a) in the case of an access regime imposed by the Reserve Bank under subsection 12(1)—whether the variation would be in the public interest; and (b) the interests of the current participants in the system; and (c) the interests of people who, in the future, may want access to the system; and (d) any other matters the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator (as the case may be) considers relevant. (5) If the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator varies the access regime it must, as soon as practicable, provide notification under section 29. (6) A failure to comply with subsection (5) does not affect the validity of a variation of the access regime. (7) A variation of the access regime takes effect on the day specified in the instrument, which must not be earlier than the day after the instrument is registered on the Federal Register of Legislation under the Legislation Act 2003. #### 15 When access regimes cease to be in force (1) An access regime that the Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator has imposed ceases to be in force if: (a) the access regime contains an expiry date and that date is reached; or (b) the entity that imposed the access regime, on the application of the participants in the payment system concerned, revokes the access regime; or (c) the entity that imposed the access regime revokes the access regime on its own initiative; or (d) the payment system concerned ceases to exist; or (e) either: (i) in the case of an access regime imposed by the Reserve Bank under subsection 12(1)—the payment system concerned ceases to be a designated payment system; or (ii) in the case of an access regime imposed by a nominated special regulator under subsection 12(1A)—the payment system concerned ceases to be a special designated payment system. > Note: Even if an access regime does not cease to be in force under this subsection, the operation of section 15AA may result in the whole or a part of the access regime not applying. (2) An application for the revocation of the regime must comply with the applicable requirements determined under section 27. (3) The entity that imposed the access regime (whether the Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator) may, by legislative instrument, revoke the access regime (pursuant to an application or on its own initiative) if the entity considers it appropriate to do so, having regard to: (a) in the case of an access regime imposed by the Reserve Bank under subsection 12(1)—whether revoking the access regime would be in the public interest; and (b) the interests of the current participants in the system; and (c) the interests of people who, in the future, may want access to the system; and (d) any other matters the entity considers relevant. (5) If the entity that imposed the access regime revokes the access regime it must, as soon as practicable, provide notification under section 29. (6) A failure to comply with subsection (5) does not invalidate the revocation of the access regime. (7) The revocation of the access regime takes effect on the day specified in the instrument, which must not be earlier than the day after the instrument is registered on the Federal Register of Legislation under the Legislation Act 2003. #### 15AA Conflicts between access regimes (1) This section applies if: (a) a particular payment system is both a designated payment system and a special designated payment system; and (b) the Reserve Bank has, under subsection 12(1), imposed an access regime (the normal access regime) on participants in the payment system; and (c) a nominated special regulator has, under subsection 12(1A), imposed an access regime (the special access regime) on participants in the payment system; and (d) the normal access regime is, to any extent, inconsistent with the special access regime. (2) For the purposes of this Act, the normal access regime does not apply to the extent that it is inconsistent with the special access regime. #### 15A Authorisation of conduct under access regime for the purposes of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 For the purposes of subparagraph 51(1)(a)(i) of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, anything that is done: (a) by a participant in a payment system that is a designated payment system or a special designated payment system (or both) under an access regime; and (b) in accordance with that access regime; is taken to be specified in, and specifically authorised by, this Act. #### Subdivision B—Enforcement of access regimes #### 16 Right to ask for directions (1) This section applies if a person who has been denied access to a payment system that is a designated payment system or a special designated payment system (or both) considers that the denial of access constitutes, or is attributable (wholly or partly) to, a breach of a provision of an access regime by a participant. (2) The person may ask the entity that imposed the access regime (whether the Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator) to use its power under section 21 to give a direction to remedy the situation. #### 17 Right to apply to the Federal Court (1) If a person who has been denied access to a payment system that is a designated payment system or a special designated payment system (or both) considers that the denial of access constitutes, or is attributable (wholly or partly) to, a breach of a provision of an access regime by a participant, the person may apply to the Federal Court for an order under subsection (3). (2) The person must notify the entity that imposed the access regime (whether the Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator) of the application to the Federal Court. (2A) The entity may apply to the Federal Court to be joined as a party to the proceedings for the order. (3) If the Federal Court is satisfied that the participant has breached a provision of the access regime, the Court may make all or any of the following orders: (a) an order directing the participant to comply with that provision of the access regime; (b) an order directing the participant to compensate any other person who has suffered loss or damage as a result of the breach; (c) any other order that the Court considers appropriate. (4) The Federal Court may discharge or vary an order made under this section. ### Division 4—Standards #### 18 Making of standards (1) The Reserve Bank may, by legislative instrument, determine standards to be complied with by participants in a designated payment system if it considers that determining the standards is in the public interest. > Note 1: A failure to comply with a standard is not an offence, but it may lead to a direction being given under section 21. > Note 2: For variation and revocation, see subsection 33(3) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901. (1A) A nominated special regulator in relation to a special designated payment system may, by legislative instrument, determine standards to be complied with by participants in that special designated payment system. > Note 1: A failure to comply with a standard is not an offence, but it may lead to a direction being given under section 21. > Note 2: For variation and revocation, see subsection 33(3) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901. (1B) Without limiting subsection (1) or (1A), the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator (as the case may be) may, in an instrument made under either of those subsections: (a) specify participants or classes of participants to whom the standard does or does not apply; or (b) provide that the standard applies differently in relation to different participants or classes of participants. > Note: See also subsection 33(3A) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901. (2) A standard: (a) comes into force on the day specified in the determination, which must not be earlier than the day after the determination is registered on the Federal Register of Legislation under the Legislation Act 2003; and (b) continues in force until it is revoked. > Note: Even if a standard does not cease to be in force under this subsection, the operation of section 18AA may result in the whole or a part of the standard not applying. (6) If the Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator determines a standard, or varies or revokes a standard, it must, as soon as practicable, provide notification under section 29. (7) A failure to comply with subsection (6) does not affect the validity of a standard or of the variation or revocation of a standard. #### 18AA Conflicts between standards (1) This section applies if: (a) a particular payment system is both a designated payment system and a special designated payment system; and (b) the Reserve Bank has, under subsection 18(1), determined a standard (the normal standard) to be complied with by participants in the payment system; and (c) a nominated special regulator has, under subsection 18(1A), determined a standard (the special standard) to be complied with by participants in the payment system; and (d) the normal standard is, to any extent, inconsistent with the special standard. (2) For the purposes of this Act, the normal standard does not apply to the extent that it is inconsistent with the special standard. #### 18A Authorisation of conduct under certain standards for the purposes of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (1) For the purposes of subparagraph 51(1)(a)(i) of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, anything that is done: (a) by a participant in relation to the setting, or charging, of wholesale fees (also known as interchange fees) payable under a payment system to which an interchange fees standard applies; and (b) in accordance with that standard; is taken to be specified in, and specifically authorised by, this Act. (2) In this section: > interchange fees standard means any of the following standards as amended and in force from time to time: (a) a standard that is known as Standard No. 1, The Setting of Wholesale (“Interchange”) Fees and that was determined by the Reserve Bank on 26 August 2002; (b) a standard specified by the regulations for the purposes of this paragraph. ### Division 5—Arbitration of disputes #### 19 Disputes to which Division applies This Division applies to the following kinds of disputes: (a) a dispute between 2 or more participants in a designated payment system (that is not also a special designated payment system) that arises out of, or that is otherwise connected with, that system; (b) a dispute between a person and 2 or more participants in a payment system that is a designated payment system or a special designated payment system (or both) and for which there is an access regime, being a dispute relating to whether the access regime is being complied with. #### 20 Arbitration of disputes (1) The Reserve Bank may arrange for a dispute to which this Division applies to be settled by arbitration in accordance with this section if: (a) it considers that the dispute raises issues related to: (i) the financial safety of payment systems for participants; or (ii) the efficiency of payment systems; or (iii) the competitiveness of payment systems; or (iv) risk to the financial system; and (b) the parties to the dispute agree to the Reserve Bank arranging the arbitration; and (c) if the dispute is of a kind mentioned in paragraph 19(b)—the dispute relates to whether an access regime imposed by the Reserve Bank under subsection 12(1) is being complied with. > Note: The Reserve Bank may be acting on its own initiative or in response to a request from one or more of the parties to the dispute in arranging for the arbitration. (1A) A nominated special regulator in relation to a special designated payment system may arrange for a dispute to which this Division applies to be settled by arbitration in accordance with this section if: (a) the dispute is of a kind mentioned in paragraph 19(b); and (b) the dispute relates to whether an access regime imposed by the nominated special regulator under subsection 12(1A) is being complied with; and (c) the parties to the dispute agree to the nominated special regulator arranging the arbitration. > Note: The nominated special regulator may be acting on its own initiative or in response to a request from one or more of the parties to the dispute in arranging for the arbitration. (2) The arbitration is to be conducted: (a) in the case of an arbitration arranged by the Reserve Bank—by the Governor of the Reserve Bank, or by a person appointed in writing by the Governor to conduct the arbitration; or (b) in the case of an arbitration arranged by a nominated special regulator—by the head of the nominated special regulator, or by a person appointed in writing by the head of the nominated special regulator to conduct the arbitration. > Note: The functions and powers of the Governor of the Reserve Bank and the head of a nominated special regulator under this subsection cannot be delegated: see subsections 31(2A) and 31A(3). (3) The person conducting an arbitration is not subject to any action, claim or demand by, or liable to, any person in respect of anything done, or omitted to be done, in good faith in connection with the arbitration. (4) The arbitration must be conducted in accordance with the regulations. (5) The fact the dispute is being, or has been, settled by arbitration under this section does not prevent a party to the dispute from bringing an action in a court in connection with the dispute, unless the court otherwise orders. ### Division 6—Directions to participants #### 21 Directions (1) The Reserve Bank may give a direction to a participant in a designated payment system if the Reserve Bank considers that: (a) the participant has failed to comply with a standard determined by the Reserve Bank under subsection 18(1); or (b) the participant has failed to comply with an access regime imposed by the Reserve Bank under subsection 12(1). (1A) A nominated special regulator in relation to a special designated payment system may give a direction to a participant in the special designated payment system if the nominated special regulator considers that: (a) the participant has failed to comply with a standard determined by the nominated special regulator under subsection 18(1A); or (b) the participant has failed to comply with an access regime imposed by the nominated special regulator under subsection 12(1A). (2) The direction is to require the participant to take specified action, or to refrain from specified action, as the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator (as the case may be) considers appropriate having regard to the failure. (3) The direction must not be inconsistent with any applicable standards and with any applicable access regime (whether or not the standard was determined or the access regime was imposed by the entity giving the direction). (4) The direction may deal with the time by which, or the period during which, it is to be complied with. (5) The direction is to be given by notice in writing given to the participant. When direction is in force (6) The direction: (a) comes into force: (i) unless subparagraph (ii) applies—on the day on which it is given; or (ii) if the instrument giving the direction specifies a later day as the day on which it comes into force—on the day so specified; and (b) continues in force until it is revoked. > Note: Even if a direction does not cease to be in force under this subsection, the operation of section 21A may result in the whole or a part of the direction not applying. Revocation of directions (7) The Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator (as the case may be) may revoke the direction by notice in writing given to the participant if, at the time of revocation, it considers that the direction is no longer necessary or appropriate. Contravention of directions (8) The participant contravenes this subsection if: (a) the participant does, or fails to do, an act; and (b) doing, or failing to do, the act results in a contravention of the direction given under subsection (1) or (1A); and (c) if the direction was given under subsection (1)—the doing of the act, or the failure to do the act, occurs at a time when: (i) the participant is still a participant in the payment system referred to in subsection (1); and (ii) that payment system is still a designated payment system; and (d) if the direction was given under subsection (1A)—the doing of the act, or the failure to do the act, occurs at a time when: (i) the participant is still a participant in the payment system referred to in subsection (1A); and (ii) that payment system is still a special designated payment system. Fault‑based offence (9) The participant commits an offence if the participant contravenes subsection (8). The physical elements of the offence are set out in that subsection. Penalty: 100 penalty units. Civil penalty provision (10) A person is liable to a civil penalty if the participant contravenes subsection (8). Civil penalty: 100 penalty units. Continuing contraventions of offence provision (11) If a contravention of the direction occurs in circumstances that give rise to the participant committing an offence against subsection (9), the participant commits an offence against that subsection in respect of: (a) the day on which the contravention occurs; and (b) each subsequent day (if any) on which the contravention continues (including the day of conviction for any such offence or any later day). > Note 1: This subsection is not intended to imply that section 4K of the Crimes Act 1914 does not apply to offences against this Act or the regulations. > Note 2: Subsection (10) is a continuing civil penalty provision under section 93 of the Regulatory Powers Act. #### 21A Conflicts between directions (1) This section applies if: (a) a particular payment system is both a designated payment system and a special designated payment system; and (b) the Reserve Bank has, under subsection 21(1), given a direction (a normal direction) to a participant in the payment system; and (c) a nominated special regulator has, under subsection 21(1A), given a direction (a special direction) to a participant in the payment system; and (d) the normal direction is, to any extent, inconsistent with the special direction. (2) For the purposes of this Act, the normal direction does not apply to the extent that it is inconsistent with the special direction. ## Part 4—Regulation of purchased payment facilities #### 22 Holder of stored value must be an ADI or be authorised or exempted under this Part (1) A constitutional corporation commits an offence if: (a) it is the holder of the stored value of a purchased payment facility; and (b) it is not an authorised deposit‑taking institution, within the meaning of the Banking Act 1959; and (c) there is no authority or exemption in force under section 23 or 25 that applies to the corporation and the purchased payment facility. Penalty: 200 penalty units. > Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of criminal responsibility. > Note 2: If a body corporate is convicted of an offence against this subsection, subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914 allows a court to impose a fine of up to 5 times the penalty stated above. (2) If a constitutional corporation is the holder of the stored value of a purchased payment facility in circumstances that give rise to the corporation committing an offence against subsection (1), the corporation commits an offence against that subsection in respect of: (a) the day on which the contravention occurs; and (b) each subsequent day (if any) on which the contravention continues (including the day of conviction for any such offence or any later day). > Note: This subsection is not intended to imply that section 4K of the Crimes Act 1914 does not apply to offences against this Act or the regulations. #### 23 Authority to be the holder of the stored value (1) A constitutional corporation may apply to the Reserve Bank for an authority to be the holder of the stored value of a class of purchased payment facilities. The application must comply with the applicable requirements determined under section 27. (2) The Reserve Bank may, by notifiable instrument, grant the authority if it is satisfied that the corporation will be able to satisfy its obligations as the holder of the stored value of purchased payment facilities of the relevant class. (4) The Reserve Bank may, at any time, by notifiable instrument: (a) impose conditions, or additional conditions, on the authority; and (b) vary or revoke conditions imposed on the authority. The conditions must be aimed at ensuring the corporation meets its obligations as holder of the stored value of purchased payment facilities of the relevant class. (5) The authority: (a) comes into force on the day specified in the authority, which must not be earlier than the day after the authority is registered on the Federal Register of Legislation under the Legislation Act 2003; and (b) continues in force until it is revoked. (6) The Reserve Bank may, by notifiable instrument, revoke the authority if: (a) it is no longer satisfied as mentioned in subsection (2); or (b) it considers that the corporation has contravened a condition of the authority; or (c) the corporation applies to the Reserve Bank for revocation of the authority; or (d) the corporation ceases to be the holder of the stored value of any purchased payment facilities of the relevant class. An application for revocation of the authority must comply with any applicable requirements determined under section 27. #### 24 Directions on failure to comply with conditions (1) The Reserve Bank may give a direction to a corporation that has been granted an authority under section 23 if the Reserve Bank considers that the corporation has failed to comply with a condition of the authority. (2) The direction is to require the corporation to take specified action, or to refrain from specified action, as the Reserve Bank considers appropriate having regard to the failure. (3) The direction may deal with the time by which, or the period during which, it is to be complied with. (4) The direction is to be given by notice in writing given to the corporation. (5) The corporation commits an offence if: (a) the corporation does, or fails to do, an act; and (b) doing, or failing to do, the act results in a contravention of the direction; and (c) the doing of the act, or the failure to do the act, occurs at a time when; (i) the authority referred to in subsection (1) is still in force; and (ii) the corporation is the holder of the stored value of one or more purchased payment facilities of the class to which that authority applies. Penalty: 50 penalty units. > Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of criminal responsibility. > Note 2: If a body corporate is convicted of an offence against this subsection, subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914 allows a court to impose a fine of up to 5 times the penalty stated above. (6) If a contravention of the direction occurs in circumstances that give rise to the corporation committing an offence against subsection (5), the corporation commits an offence against that subsection in respect of: (a) the day on which the contravention occurs; and (b) each subsequent day (if any) on which the contravention continues (including the day of conviction for any such offence or any later day). > Note: This subsection is not intended to imply that section 4K of the Crimes Act 1914 does not apply to offences against this Act or the regulations. (7) The direction: (a) comes into force: (i) unless subparagraph (ii) applies—on the day on which it is given; or (ii) if the instrument giving the direction specifies a later day as the day on which it comes into force—on the day so specified; and (b) continues in force until it is revoked. (8) The Reserve Bank may revoke the direction by notice in writing to the corporation if, at the time of revocation, it considers that the direction is no longer necessary or appropriate. #### 25 Exemptions (1) The Reserve Bank may grant a corporation, or corporations included in a class of corporations, an exemption allowing the corporation, or each corporation in the class, to be the holder of the stored value in respect of purchased payment facilities in a particular class even though the corporation is not an authorised deposit‑taking institution, within the meaning of the Banking Act 1959, and does not have an authority under section 23 of this Act that covers those facilities. (2) The Reserve Bank may be acting on its own initiative or pursuant to an application in granting the exemption. An application for an exemption must comply with the applicable requirements determined under section 27. (3) The Reserve Bank may grant the exemption if it is satisfied that the corporation, or each of the corporations in the class, will be able to satisfy the obligations of the holder of the stored value of purchased payment facilities of the relevant class. (4) The exemption is to be granted: (a) if it applies to a particular corporation—by notifiable instrument; or (b) if it applies to a class of corporations—by legislative instrument. (5) The exemption: (a) comes into force on the day specified in the instrument, which must not be earlier than the day after the instrument is registered on the Federal Register of Legislation under the Legislation Act 2003; and (b) continues in force until it is revoked. ## Part 5—Miscellaneous #### 26 Persons to give Reserve Bank and nominated special regulators information (1) The Reserve Bank may require a participant in a payment system (whether or not it is a designated payment system or a special designated payment system) to give the Reserve Bank information relating to the payment system and its participants. > Note: Part VIII of the Reserve Bank Act 1959 imposes secrecy requirements upon certain information provided to the Reserve Bank. (1A) A nominated special regulator in relation to a special designated payment system may require a participant in the special designated payment system to give the nominated special regulator information relating to that special designated payment system and its participants. (2) The Reserve Bank may require a corporation that is authorised under section 23, or that is exempted under section 25, to give the Reserve Bank information relating to purchased payment facilities of the class to which the authority or exemption relates. Refusal or failure to comply with requirement to give information (3) A corporation (including a participant in a payment system) contravenes this subsection if it refuses or fails to comply with a requirement under this section. Fault‑based offence (3A) A corporation commits an offence if the corporation contravenes subsection (3). The physical elements of the offence are set out in that subsection. Penalty: 200 penalty units. Civil penalty provision (3B) A corporation is liable to a civil penalty if the corporation contravenes subsection (3). Civil penalty: 200 penalty units. Continuing contraventions of offence provision (4) If a refusal or failure to comply with a requirement under this section occurs in circumstances that give rise to a corporation (including a participant in a payment system) committing an offence against subsection (3A), the corporation commits an offence against that subsection in respect of: (a) the day on which the refusal or failure occurs; and (b) each subsequent day (if any) until the requirement is complied with (including the day of conviction for any such offence or any later day). > Note 1: This subsection is not intended to imply that section 4K of the Crimes Act 1914 does not apply to offences against this Act or the regulations. > Note 2: Subsection (3B) is a continuing civil penalty provision under section 93 of the Regulatory Powers Act. #### 26A Authorised use or disclosure of information Authorised use or disclosure—Reserve Bank, officers, etc. (1) A person covered by subsection (2) may use or disclose information or documents obtained under, or for the purposes of, this Act if: (a) the use or disclosure is for the purposes of this Act; and (b) in the case of disclosure—the disclosure is to a nominated special regulator. > Note: This subsection, and subsection (3), constitute authorisations for the purposes of the Privacy Act 1988. (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the following persons are covered by this subsection: (a) the Reserve Bank; (b) a person who is an officer within the meaning of subsection 79A(1) of the Reserve Bank Act 1959, except a person mentioned in paragraph (e) of the definition of officer in that subsection; (c) a person who, because of the person’s employment or engagement, or in the course of that employment or engagement, has obtained information or documents under, or for the purposes of, this Act; (d) a person prescribed by regulations made for the purposes of this paragraph. Authorised use or disclosure—nominated special regulators (3) A person covered by subsection (4) in relation to a special designated payment system may use or disclose information or documents obtained under, or for the purposes of, this Act if: (a) the use or disclosure is for the purposes of this Act; and (b) in the case of disclosure—the disclosure is to: (i) the Reserve Bank; or (ii) a nominated special regulator in relation to the special designated payment system. (4) For the purposes of subsection (3), the following persons are covered by this subsection in relation to a special designated payment system: (a) a nominated special regulator (other than the Reserve Bank) in relation to the special designated payment system; (b) the head of such a nominated special regulator; (c) a delegate of such a nominated special regulator, or of the head of such a nominated special regulator; (d) a person prescribed in relation to such a nominated special regulator by regulations made for the purposes of this paragraph. Protection from liability (5) A person does not commit an offence, and is not liable to any penalty, under any law of the Commonwealth, or any law of a State or Territory, as a result of the person using or disclosing information or documents in accordance with this section. #### 27 Power to determine requirements for applications The Reserve Bank may, by notifiable instrument, determine requirements to be complied with in relation to applications under this Act, including (but not limited to) requirements relating to: (a) the means by which an application is to be made; and (b) the information or documentation that is to be included in or submitted with an application; and (c) the verification of an application or of information or documentation included in or submitted with it. #### 29 Notification obligations Notification of determination or variation of standard or imposition or variation of access regime (1) Subsection (2) applies to the following actions taken by the Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator: (a) the imposition of an access regime; (b) the variation of an access regime; (c) the determination of a standard; (d) the variation of a standard. (2) If this subsection applies to an action, the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator (as the case may be) must take reasonable steps to ensure that the participants in the payment system concerned are informed of the action. Notification of revocation of a standard or an access regime (3) If the Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator revokes a standard or an access regime, the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator (as the case may be) must take reasonable steps to ensure that any participants in the payment system concerned are informed of the revocation. #### 30 Enforcement of civil penalty provisions Enforceable civil penalty provisions (1) Each civil penalty provision of this Act is enforceable under Part 4 of the Regulatory Powers Act. > Note: Part 4 of the Regulatory Powers Act allows a civil penalty provision to be enforced by obtaining an order for a person to pay a pecuniary penalty for the contravention of the provision. Authorised applicant (2) For the purposes of Part 4 of the Regulatory Powers Act, the following are authorised applicants: (a) in relation to subsection 21(10) of this Act—the entity (whether the Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator) that gave the direction to which the contravention of that subsection relates; (b) in relation to subsection 26(3B) of this Act—the entity (whether the Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator) that imposed the requirement to which the contravention of that subsection relates. Relevant court (3) For the purposes of Part 4 of the Regulatory Powers Act, each of the following courts is a relevant court in relation to each civil penalty provision of this Act: (a) the Federal Court; (b) the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Division 2); (c) a court of a State or Territory that has jurisdiction in relation to the matter. Extension to external Territories (4) Part 4 of the Regulatory Powers Act, as that Part applies in relation to the civil penalty provisions of this Act, extends to every external Territory. #### 30A Enforceable undertakings Acceptance of undertakings (1) The Reserve Bank may accept a written undertaking given by a participant in a payment system (whether or not it is a designated payment system or a special designated payment system) in connection with a matter in relation to which the Reserve Bank (including in its capacity as a nominated special regulator) has a function or power under this Act, the regulations or another legislative instrument made under this Act. (2) However, if: (a) the written undertaking is in connection with a matter in relation to which the Reserve Bank has a function or power under this Act, the regulations or another legislative instrument made under this Act; and (b) that function or power is one that the Reserve Bank has other than in its capacity as a nominated special regulator; then the Reserve Bank may accept the undertaking only if doing so would be consistent with the Reserve Bank’s payments system policy (within the meaning of the Reserve Bank Act 1959). (3) A nominated special regulator (other than the Reserve Bank) in relation to a special designated payment system may accept a written undertaking given by a participant in that special designated payment system in connection with a matter in relation to which the nominated special regulator has a function or power under this Act, the regulations or another legislative instrument made under this Act. Withdrawal or variation (4) The participant may withdraw or vary the undertaking at any time, but only with the consent of the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator (as the case may be). Breach of undertakings (5) If the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator (as the case may be) considers that the participant who gave the undertaking has breached any of the terms of the undertaking, the Reserve Bank or the nominated special regulator may apply to the Court for an order under subsection (6). (6) If the Court is satisfied that the participant has breached a term of the undertaking, the Court may make all or any of the following orders: (a) an order directing the participant to comply with that term of the undertaking; (b) an order directing the participant to pay to the Commonwealth an amount up to the amount of any financial benefit that the participant has obtained directly or indirectly and that is reasonably attributable to the breach; (c) any order that the Court considers appropriate directing the participant to compensate any other person who has suffered loss or damage as a result of the breach; (d) any other order that the Court considers appropriate. Authorisation for the purposes of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (7) For the purposes of subparagraph 51(1)(a)(i) of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, the following are taken to be specified in, and specifically authorised by, this Act: (a) anything done by the Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator under this section; (b) the giving, by a participant in a payment system, of a written undertaking to the Reserve Bank or a nominated special regulator under subsection (1) or (3) of this section; (c) anything done by the participant in accordance with the terms of that written undertaking. Definitions (8) In this section: > Court means: (a) the Federal Court; or (b) the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Division 2); or (c) a court of a State or Territory that has jurisdiction in relation to the matter. #### 30B Protection from civil liability Protection from civil liability—conduct relating to designated payment systems (1) A person covered by subsection (2) is not subject to civil liability in respect of an act or omission of the person if: (a) the act or omission is done in good faith: (i) in the performance or exercise (or purported performance or exercise) of a function or power under this Act; or (ii) for the purpose of assisting another person to perform or exercise a function or power under this Act; and (b) the act or omission relates to a designated payment system. (2) The following persons are covered by this subsection: (a) the Reserve Bank; (b) a person who is an officer within the meaning of subsection 79A(1) of the Reserve Bank Act 1959, except a person mentioned in paragraph (d) or (e) of the definition of officer in that subsection; (c) a person prescribed by regulations made for the purposes of this paragraph. Protection from civil liability—conduct relating to special designated payment systems (3) A person covered by subsection (2) or (4) is not subject to civil liability in respect of an act or omission of the person if: (a) the act or omission is done in good faith: (i) in the performance or exercise (or purported performance or exercise) of a function or power under this Act; or (ii) for the purpose of assisting another person to perform or exercise a function or power under this Act; and (b) the act or omission relates to a special designated payment system; and (c) if the act or omission contravenes a direction given by the Minister under subsection 11F(1), or a direction given by a delegator as mentioned in subsection 31(3) or 31A(5)—the person attempted in good faith to comply with the direction. (4) The following persons are covered by this subsection: (a) a nominated special regulator (other than the Reserve Bank); (b) the head of such a nominated special regulator; (c) a delegate of such a nominated special regulator, or of the head of such a nominated special regulator; (d) a person prescribed in relation to such a nominated special regulator by regulations made for the purposes of this paragraph. #### 30C Protections from criminal or civil liability do not limit each other (1) The following provisions do not limit, and are not limited by, each other: (a) subsection 20(3); (b) subsection 26A(5); (c) subsections 30B(1) and (3). (2) The provisions referred to in subsection (1) do not limit, and are not limited by, any other provision of a Commonwealth law that protects a person from criminal or civil liability. #### 31 Delegation—Reserve Bank (1) The Reserve Bank may, by written instrument, delegate all or any of its functions or powers under this Act (including its functions or powers as a nominated special regulator) to a person who holds any of the following offices: (a) Governor of the Reserve Bank; (b) Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank; (c) Assistant Governor of the Reserve Bank; (d) Department Head of the Reserve Bank; (e) any other prescribed office in the Reserve Bank Service. (2) Subject to subsection (2A), the Governor of the Reserve Bank may, in writing, delegate all or any of the Governor’s functions or powers under this Act (including the Governor’s functions or powers as the head of a nominated special regulator) to a person who holds any of the following offices: (a) Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank; (b) Assistant Governor of the Reserve Bank; (c) Department Head of the Reserve Bank; (d) any other prescribed office in the Reserve Bank Service. (2A) A power or function under subsection 20(2) (which relates to the conduct of arbitrations) must not be delegated under subsection (2) of this section. (3) In exercising powers under a delegation under subsection (1) or (2), the delegate must comply with any directions of the delegator. > Note: For further information about delegations, see sections 34AA to 34A of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901. (4) This section does not limit a power of delegation that a delegator mentioned in subsection (1) or (2) has under any other Act. #### 31A Delegation—nominated special regulators (1) A nominated special regulator (other than the Reserve Bank) in relation to a special designated payment system may, by written instrument, delegate all or any of its functions or powers under this Act to: (a) the head of the nominated special regulator; or (b) a person prescribed by the regulations as an eligible delegate in relation to the nominated special regulator. (2) Subject to subsection (3), the head of a nominated special regulator (other than the Governor of the Reserve Bank) in relation to a special designated payment system may, in writing, delegate all or any of the head’s functions or powers under this Act to a person prescribed by the regulations as an eligible delegate in relation to the nominated special regulator. (3) A power or function under subsection 20(2) (which relates to the conduct of arbitrations) must not be delegated under subsection (2) of this section. (4) Before delegating a function or power to a person under subsection (1) or (2), the delegator must have regard to: (a) if the power or function is to be delegated to a person holding, occupying, or performing the duties of, a specified office or position—whether the office or position is sufficiently senior for the person to perform the function or exercise the power; or (b) otherwise—whether the person has appropriate qualifications or expertise to perform the function or exercise the power. (5) In exercising powers under a delegation under subsection (1) or (2), the delegate must comply with any directions of the delegator. > Note: For further information about delegations, see sections 34AA to 34A of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901. (6) This section does not limit a power of delegation that a delegator mentioned in subsection (1) or (2) has under any other Act. #### 32 Regulations The Governor‑General may make regulations, not inconsistent with this Act, prescribing matters: (a) required or permitted by this Act to be prescribed; or (b) necessary or convenient for carrying out or giving effect to this Act.