Part 3Validity

#### 5 Associated applications For the purposes of this Act, a complete application is to be taken to be associated with a provisional application if, and only if, the patent request filed in respect of the complete application identifies the provisional application and contains a statement to the effect that the applications are associated. \[Note: see sections 29 and 38\] #### 6 Deposit requirements For the purposes of this Act, the deposit requirements are to be taken to be satisfied in relation to a micro‑organism to which a specification relates if, and only if: (a) the micro‑organism was, on or before the date of filing of the specification, deposited with a prescribed depositary institution in accordance with the rules relating to micro‑organisms; and (b) the specification includes, at that date, such relevant information on the characteristics of the micro‑organism as is known to the applicant; and (c) at all times since the end of the prescribed period, the specification has included: (i) the name of a prescribed depositary institution from which samples of the micro‑organism are obtainable as provided by the rules relating to micro‑organisms; and (iii) the file, accession or registration number of the deposit given by the institution; and (d) at all times since the date of filing of the specification, samples of the micro‑organism have been obtainable from a prescribed depositary institution as provided by those rules. \[Note: see sections 41 and 42\] #### 7 Novelty, inventive step and innovative step Novelty (1) For the purposes of this Act, an invention is to be taken to be novel when compared with the prior art base unless it is not novel in the light of any one of the following kinds of information, each of which must be considered separately: (a) prior art information (other than that mentioned in paragraph (c)) made publicly available in a single document or through doing a single act; (b) prior art information (other than that mentioned in paragraph (c)) made publicly available in 2 or more related documents, or through doing 2 or more related acts, if the relationship between the documents or acts is such that a person skilled in the relevant art would treat them as a single source of that information; (c) prior art information contained in a single specification of the kind mentioned in subparagraph (b)(ii) of the definition of prior art base in Schedule 1. Inventive step (2) For the purposes of this Act, an invention is to be taken to involve an inventive step when compared with the prior art base unless the invention would have been obvious to a person skilled in the relevant art in the light of the common general knowledge as it existed (whether in or out of the patent area) before the priority date of the relevant claim, whether that knowledge is considered separately or together with the information mentioned in subsection (3). (3) The information for the purposes of subsection (2) is: (a) any single piece of prior art information; or (b) a combination of any 2 or more pieces of prior art information that the skilled person mentioned in subsection (2) could, before the priority date of the relevant claim, be reasonably expected to have combined. Innovative step (4) For the purposes of this Act, an invention is to be taken to involve an innovative step when compared with the prior art base unless the invention would, to a person skilled in the relevant art, in the light of the common general knowledge as it existed (whether in or out of the patent area) before the priority date of the relevant claim, only vary from the kinds of information set out in subsection (5) in ways that make no substantial contribution to the working of the invention. (5) For the purposes of subsection (4), the information is of the following kinds: (a) prior art information made publicly available in a single document or through doing a single act; (b) prior art information made publicly available in 2 or more related documents, or through doing 2 or more related acts, if the relationship between the documents or acts is such that a person skilled in the relevant art would treat them as a single source of that information. (6) For the purposes of subsection (4), each kind of information set out in subsection (5) must be considered separately. \[Notes: (1) For the meaning of document see section 2B of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901. (2) See also the definitions of prior art base and prior art information in Schedule 1: see also paragraph 18(1)(b) and section 98.\] #### 7A Meaning of useful (1) For the purposes of this Act, an invention is taken not to be useful unless a specific, substantial and credible use for the invention (so far as claimed) is disclosed in the complete specification. (2) The disclosure in the complete specification must be sufficient for that specific, substantial and credible use to be appreciated by a person skilled in the relevant art. (3) Subsection (1) does not otherwise affect the meaning of the word useful in this Act. #### 9 Secret use For the purposes of this Act, the following acts are not to be taken to be secret use of an invention in the patent area: (a) any use of the invention by or on behalf of, or with the authority of, the patentee or nominated person, or his or her predecessor in title to the invention, for the purpose of reasonable trial or experiment only; (b) any use of the invention by or on behalf of, or with the authority of, the patentee or nominated person, or his or her predecessor in title to the invention, being use occurring solely in the course of a confidential disclosure of the invention by or on behalf of, or with the authority of, the patentee, nominated person, or predecessor in title; (c) any other use of the invention by or on behalf of, or with the authority of, the patentee or nominated person, or his or her predecessor in title to the invention, for any purpose other than the purpose of trade or commerce; (d) any use of the invention by or on behalf of the Commonwealth, a State, or a Territory where the patentee or nominated person, or his or her predecessor in title to the invention, has disclosed the invention, so far as claimed, to the Commonwealth, State or Territory; (e) any use of the invention by or on behalf of, or with the authority of, the patentee or nominated person, or his or her predecessor in title to the invention, for any purpose, if a complete application is made for the invention within the prescribed period. \[Note: See also paragraph 18(1)(d)\] #### 10 Certain international applications to be taken to have been given an international filing date (1) Where: (a) an international application specifies Australia as a designated State under Article 4(1)(ii) of the PCT; and (b) the receiving Office does not give the application an international filing date; and (c) the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that the application should, under Article 25(2)(a) of the PCT, be treated as if it had been given an international filing date; the application is to be taken, for the purposes of this Act, to have been given an international filing date under Article 11 of the PCT. (2) This section does not apply to an international application that was not filed in the receiving Office in English unless the following documents have been filed: (a) a translation of the application into English; (b) if required by the regulations—a certificate of verification (within the meaning of the regulations) of the translation. (3) Where this section applies, the international filing date of the application is to be taken to be the date that, in the opinion of the Commissioner, should have been given to the application as its international filing date under the PCT. \[Note: international filing date is defined in Schedule 1.\] #### 11 Act binds the Crown (1) This Act binds the Crown in right of the Commonwealth, of each of the States, of the Australian Capital Territory and of the Northern Territory. (2) Nothing in this Act makes the Crown liable to be prosecuted for an offence. #### 12 Application of Act This Act extends to: (a) each external Territory; and (b) the Australian continental shelf; and (c) the waters above the Australian continental shelf; and (d) the airspace above Australia, each external Territory and the Australian continental shelf. #### 12A Application of the Criminal Code Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code applies to all offences created by this Act. > Note: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of criminal responsibility. Chapter 2—Patent rights, ownership and validity ## Part 1—Patent rights #### 13 Exclusive rights given by patent (1) Subject to this Act, a patent gives the patentee the exclusive rights, during the term of the patent, to exploit the invention and to authorise another person to exploit the invention. (2) The exclusive rights are personal property and are capable of assignment and of devolution by law. (3) A patent has effect throughout the patent area. #### 14 Assignment of patent (1) An assignment of a patent must be in writing signed by or on behalf of the assignor and assignee. (2) A patent may be assigned for a place in, or part of, the patent area. ## Part 2—Ownership #### 15 Who may be granted a patent? (1) Subject to this Act, a patent for an invention may only be granted to a person who: (a) is the inventor; or (b) would, on the grant of a patent for the invention, be entitled to have the patent assigned to the person; or (c) derives title to the invention from the inventor or a person mentioned in paragraph (b); or (d) is the legal representative of a deceased person mentioned in paragraph (a), (b) or (c). (2) A patent may be granted to a person whether or not he or she is an Australian citizen. #### 16 Co‑ownership of patents (1) Subject to any agreement to the contrary, where there are 2 or more patentees: (a) each of them is entitled to an equal undivided share in the patent; and (b) each of them is entitled to exercise the exclusive rights given by the patent for his or her own benefit without accounting to the others; and (c) none of them can grant a licence under the patent, or assign an interest in it, without the consent of the others. (2) Where a patented product, or a product of a patented method or process, is sold by any of 2 or more patentees, the buyer, and a person claiming through the buyer, may deal with the product as if it had been sold by all the patentees. (3) This section does not affect the rights or obligations of a trustee or of the legal representative of a deceased person, or rights or obligations arising out of either of those relationships. #### 17 Directions to co‑owners (1) Where there are 2 or more patentees, the Commissioner may, on the application of any of them, give such directions in accordance with the application as the Commissioner thinks fit, being directions about: (a) a dealing with the patent or an interest in it; or (b) the grant of licences under the patent; or (c) the exercise of a right under section 16 in relation to the patent. (2) If a patentee fails to do anything necessary to carry out a direction under subsection (1) within 14 days after being asked in writing to do so by one of the other patentees, the Commissioner may, on the application of one of those other patentees, direct a person to do it in the name and on behalf of the defaulting patentee. (3) Before giving a direction, the Commissioner must give an opportunity to be heard: (a) in the case of an application by a patentee or patentees under subsection (1)—to the other patentee or patentees; and (b) in the case of an application under subsection (2)—to the defaulting patentee. (4) The Commissioner must not give a direction that: (a) affects the rights or obligations of a trustee or of the legal representative of a deceased person, or rights or obligations arising out of either of those relationships; or (b) is inconsistent with the terms of an agreement between the patentees. ## Part 3—Validity ### Division 1—Validity #### 18 Patentable inventions Patentable inventions for the purposes of a standard patent (1) Subject to subsection (2), an invention is a patentable invention for the purposes of a standard patent if the invention, so far as claimed in any claim: (a) is a manner of manufacture within the meaning of section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies; and (b) when compared with the prior art base as it existed before the priority date of that claim: (i) is novel; and (ii) involves an inventive step; and (c) is useful; and (d) was not secretly used in the patent area before the priority date of that claim by, or on behalf of, or with the authority of, the patentee or nominated person or the patentee’s or nominated person’s predecessor in title to the invention. Patentable inventions for the purposes of an innovation patent (1A) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), an invention is a patentable invention for the purposes of an innovation patent if the invention, so far as claimed in any claim: (a) is a manner of manufacture within the meaning of section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies; and (b) when compared with the prior art base as it existed before the priority date of that claim: (i) is novel; and (ii) involves an innovative step; and (c) is useful; and (d) was not secretly used in the patent area before the priority date of that claim by, or on behalf of, or with the authority of, the patentee or nominated person or the patentee’s or nominated person’s predecessor in title to the invention. (2) Human beings, and the biological processes for their generation, are not patentable inventions. Certain inventions not patentable inventions for the purposes of an innovation patent (3) For the purposes of an innovation patent, plants and animals, and the biological processes for the generation of plants and animals, are not patentable inventions. (4) Subsection (3) does not apply if the invention is a microbiological process or a product of such a process. \[Note: see also sections 7 and 9.\] #### 19 Certificate of validity (1) In any proceedings in a court in which the validity of a patent, or of a claim, is disputed, the court may certify that the validity of a specified claim was questioned. (2) If a court issues a certificate, then, in any subsequent proceedings for infringement of the claim concerned, or for the revocation of the patent so far as it relates to that claim, the patentee, or any other person supporting the validity of the claim is, on obtaining a final order or judgment in his or her favour, entitled to full costs, charges and expenses as between solicitor and client, so far as that claim is concerned. (3) Subsection (2) has effect subject to any direction by the court trying the proceedings. #### 20 Validity of patent not guaranteed (1) Nothing done under this Act or the PCT guarantees the granting of a patent, or that a patent is valid, in Australia or anywhere else. (2) The Commonwealth, the Commissioner, a Deputy Commissioner, or an employee, is not liable because of, or in connection with, doing any act under this Act or the PCT, or any proceedings consequent on doing any such act. #### 21 Validity not implied by making or refusal of non‑infringement declaration The making of, or refusal to make, a non‑infringement declaration in respect of a claim of a patent does not imply that the claim is valid. ### Division 2—Matters not affecting validity #### 22A Validity not affected by who patent is granted to A patent is not invalid merely because: (a) the patent, or a share in the patent, was granted to a person who was not entitled to it; or (b) the patent, or a share in the patent, was not granted to a person who was entitled to it. #### 22 Invalidity in relation to one claim not to affect validity in relation to other claims The invalidity of a patent in relation to a claim does not affect its validity in relation to any other claim. #### 23 Validity not affected by publication etc. after priority date A patent is not invalid, so far as the invention is claimed in any claim, merely because of: (a) the publication or use of the invention, so far as claimed in that claim, on or after the priority date of that claim; or (b) the grant of another patent which claims the invention, so far as claimed in the first‑mentioned claim, in a claim of the same or a later priority date. #### 24 Validity not affected by making information available in certain circumstances (1) For the purpose of deciding whether an invention is novel or involves an inventive step or an innovative step, the person making the decision must disregard: (a) any information made publicly available in the prescribed circumstances, by or with the consent of the nominated person or patentee, or the predecessor in title of the nominated person or patentee; and (b) any information made publicly available without the consent of the nominated person or patentee, through any publication or use of the invention by another person who derived the information from the nominated person or patentee or from the predecessor in title of the nominated person or patentee; but only if a complete application for the invention is made within the prescribed period. (2) For the purpose of deciding whether an invention is novel or involves an inventive step or an innovative step, the person making the decision must disregard: (a) any information given by, or with the consent of, the nominated person or the patentee, or his or her predecessor in title, to any of the following, but to no other person or organisation: (i) the Commonwealth or a State or Territory, or an authority of the Commonwealth or a State or Territory; (ii) a person authorised by the Commonwealth or a State or Territory to investigate the invention; and (b) anything done for the purpose of an investigation mentioned in subparagraph (a)(ii). #### 25 Validity: patents of addition Objection cannot be taken to a patent request or complete specification in respect of an application for a patent of addition, and a patent of addition is not invalid, merely because the invention, so far as claimed, does not involve an inventive step, having regard to the publication or use of the main invention during the prescribed period. #### 26 Validity not affected in certain cases involving amendments (1) Objection cannot be taken to a patent request and specification that have been accepted, and a patent is not invalid, merely because the specification claims an invention that was not the subject of the request, or that was not described or claimed in the specification as filed. (2) Except in the case of an amendment made in contravention of section 112 or 112A, objection cannot be taken to a patent request and specification that have been accepted, and a patent is not invalid, merely because an amendment of the specification has been made that was not allowable. ### Division 3—Notice of matters affecting validity #### 27 Notice of matters affecting validity of standard patents (1) A person may, within the prescribed period after a complete specification filed in relation to an application for a standard patent becomes open to public inspection, notify the Commissioner, in accordance with the regulations, that the person asserts, for reasons stated in the notice, that the invention concerned is not a patentable invention because it does not comply with paragraph 18(1)(b). (2) The Commissioner must: (a) notify the applicant for the patent of any matter of which the Commissioner is notified under subsection (1); and (b) give the applicant for the patent a copy of any document accompanying the notice under subsection (1). (2A) Without limiting paragraph (2)(b), the Commissioner may give the copy by: (a) making the copy available to the applicant for the patent in an electronic form; and (b) notifying the applicant for the patent that the copy is available. (3) The Commissioner must otherwise consider and deal with a notice in accordance with the regulations. (4) A notice and any document accompanying it are open to public inspection. #### 28 Notice of matters affecting validity of innovation patents Person may give notice of invalidity of an innovation patent (1) A person may notify the Commissioner that the person asserts, for reasons stated in the notice, that an innovation patent is invalid because the invention concerned does not comply with paragraph 18(1A)(b). When notice may be given (2) A notice may only be given to the Commissioner under subsection (1) in respect of an innovation patent within the prescribed period after an innovation patent has been granted. How notice must be given (3) Notice must be given in accordance with the regulations. Commissioner must notify patentee of notice given (4) The Commissioner must: (a) notify the patentee of any matter of which the Commissioner is notified under subsection (1); and (b) give the patentee a copy of any document accompanying the notice under subsection (1). (4A) Without limiting paragraph (4)(b), the Commissioner may give the copy by: (a) making the copy available to the patentee in an electronic form; and (b) notifying the patentee that the copy is available. Commissioner to deal with notice in accordance with regulations (5) The Commissioner must otherwise consider and deal with a notice in accordance with the regulations. Chapter 3—From application to acceptance ## Part 1—Patent applications ### Division 1—Applications #### 29 Application for patent—general rules (1) A person may apply for a patent for an invention by filing, in accordance with the regulations, a patent request and such other documents as are prescribed. (2) An application may be a provisional application or a complete application. (3) A patent request in relation to a provisional application must: (a) be in the approved form; and (b) be in English; and (c) be accompanied by a provisional specification. (4) The provisional specification referred to in paragraph (3)(c) must: (a) be in the approved form; and (b) be in English. (4A) A patent request in relation to a complete application must: (a) be in the approved form; and (b) be in English; and (c) be accompanied by a complete specification; and (d) comply with the formalities requirements determined in an instrument under section 229. (4B) The complete specification referred to in paragraph (4A)(c) must: (a) be in the approved form; and (b) be in English; and (c) comply with the formalities requirements determined in an instrument under section 229. (5) In this section: > person includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not. \[Note: see also section 5 for requirements relating to associated applications.\] #### 29A Applications for patents—special rules for PCT applications (1) A PCT application is to be treated as a complete application under this Act for a standard patent. (2) The description, drawings, graphics, photographs and claims contained in a PCT application are to be treated as a complete specification filed in respect of the application. (3) The specification of a PCT application is to be taken to be amended in the circumstances, on the day and in the manner as prescribed by the regulations. (4) A PCT application is to be taken to comply with the prescribed requirements of this Act that relate to applications for standard patents, but is not to be taken, merely because of subsection (1) or (2), to comply with any other requirements of this Act. (5) An applicant of a PCT application must do the following within the prescribed period: (a) if the application was not filed in the receiving Office in English—file a translation of the application into English; (b) in any case—file the prescribed documents and pay the prescribed fees. (6) An applicant is not entitled to ask that any action be taken, or that he or she be allowed to take any action, under this Act in relation to a PCT application unless the following requirements of subsection (5) have been met (if applicable): (a) a translation of the application into English has been filed; (b) the prescribed documents have been filed; (c) the prescribed fees have been paid. > Note: A failure to comply with subsection (5) may also result in the PCT application lapsing: see paragraph 142(2)(f). #### 29B Applications for patents—special rules for Convention applications Making Convention applications (1) A Convention applicant in relation to a basic application may make a Convention application, or 2 or more such applicants may make a joint Convention application. (2) If 2 or more basic applications for protection in respect of inventions have been made in one or more Convention countries, one Convention application may be made by a Convention applicant in relation to those basic applications, or by 2 or more such entitled applicants jointly, in respect of the inventions disclosed in the basic applications. (3) Subject to subsections (4) and (5), a Convention application must be made and dealt with in the same way as any other patent application. (4) A patent request relating to a Convention application must: (a) include the prescribed particulars relating to the relevant basic application; and (b) be accompanied by a complete specification. Meaning of Convention country (5) Convention country means a foreign country or region of a kind prescribed by the regulations. (6) Despite subsection 14(2) of the Legislation Act 2003, regulations made for the purposes of the definition of Convention country in subsection (5) may make provision in relation to a matter by applying, adopting or incorporating, with or without modification, any matter contained in any other instrument or other writing as in force or existing from time to time. #### 30 Filing date A patent application (including a PCT application) is to be taken to have been made on the filing date determined under the regulations. #### 31 Joint applicants 2 or more persons (within the meaning of section 29) may make a joint patent application. #### 32 Disputes between applicants etc. (1) If a dispute arises between any 2 or more joint applicants in relation to a patent application whether, or in what manner, the application should proceed, the Commissioner may, on a request made in accordance with the regulations by any of those applicants, make any determinations the Commissioner thinks fit for enabling the application to proceed in the name of one or more of the applicants alone, or for regulating the manner in which it is to proceed, or both, as the case requires. (2) The Commissioner may make a determination under subsection (1) whether or not the application has lapsed. (3) The Commissioner must not make a determination under subsection (1) without first giving each joint applicant a reasonable opportunity to be heard. #### 33 Applications by opponents etc. Opposition to standard patent if a person other than nominated person eligible for grant of patent (1) If: (a) an application has been made for a standard patent; and (b) the grant of the standard patent is opposed under section 59 by one or more persons; and (c) the Commissioner decides, under section 60, that: (i) one or more opponents are eligible persons in relation to the invention, so far as claimed in any claim of the opposed patent application (the original claim); and (ii) the nominated person in respect of the application is not an eligible person in relation to the invention; and (iii) there is no other reason that a patent should not be granted; and (d) a complete application is made under section 29 by one or more of the eligible persons for a patent in relation to the invention; the Commissioner may grant those eligible persons a patent jointly for the invention, so far as so claimed. Opposition to standard patent if nominated person eligible for grant of patent with other persons (2) If: (a) an application has been made for a standard patent; and (b) the grant of the patent is opposed under section 59 by one or more persons; and (c) the Commissioner decides, under section 60: (i) that both the nominated person and one or more of the opponents are eligible persons in relation to the invention, so far as claimed in any claim of the opposed patent application (the original claim); and (ii) that there is no other reason that a patent should not be granted; and (d) a complete application is made by one or more of the eligible persons under section 29 for a patent in relation to the invention; the Commissioner may grant a patent for the invention, so far as so claimed, to those eligible persons jointly. Opposition to innovation patent if patentee not entitled to grant of patent but another person is (3) If: (a) an innovation patent is opposed under section 101M by one or more persons; (b) the Commissioner decides, under section 101N, that the patentee is not entitled to the grant of the patent; and (c) the Commissioner decides that one or more of the opponents are eligible persons in relation to the invention the subject of the patent, so far as claimed in any claim of the patent (the original claim); and (d) a complete application is made by one or more of the eligible persons under section 29 for a patent in relation to the invention; the Commissioner may grant an innovation patent for the invention, so far as so claimed, to those eligible persons. Opposition to innovation patent if patentee entitled to grant of patent with other person (4) If: (a) an innovation patent is opposed under section 101M by one or more persons; and (b) the Commissioner decides that one or more of the opponents and the original patentee are eligible persons in relation to the invention the subject of the patent, so far as claimed in any claim of the patent (the original claim); and (c) a complete application is made by one or more of the eligible persons under section 29 for a patent in relation to the invention; the Commissioner may grant an innovation patent for the invention, so far as so claimed, to those eligible persons jointly. (5) If the Commissioner grants a patent under subsection (1), (2), (3) or (4), the claims of that patent granted have the same priority date as that of the original claim referred to in the respective subsection. #### 34 Applications by eligible persons arising out of Court proceedings (1) If, in any proceedings in a court relating to a patent (the first patent), the court is satisfied either: (a) that one or more persons are eligible persons in relation to an invention so far as claimed in any claim of the patent (the original claim) but that the patentee is not an eligible person; or (b) that the patentee and another person or persons are eligible persons in relation to an invention so far as claimed in any claim of the first patent (the original claim); the court, in addition to any other order it may make in the proceedings, may, by order, declare that the persons who it is satisfied are eligible persons are eligible persons in relation to that invention so far as so claimed. (2) Subject to subsection (3), if a complete application is made under section 29 by one or more declared persons, the Commissioner may grant a patent for the invention, so far as claimed in the original claim, to those declared persons jointly. (3) If the Commissioner grants a patent under subsection (2), the claims of that patent have the same priority date as that of the original claim. #### 35 Applications by eligible persons following revocation by Commissioner (1) If the Commissioner: (a) revokes a patent under section 137; and (b) is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities: (i) on application made by one or more persons in accordance with the regulations, that the persons are eligible persons in relation to the invention concerned, so far as so claimed in any claim of the revoked patent (the original claim) and that the former patentee is not such an eligible person; or (ii) on application made by one or more persons in accordance with the regulations, that the persons and the former patentee are eligible persons in relation to the invention concerned, so far as is claimed in any claim of the revoked patent (the original claim); the Commissioner may declare in writing that the eligible persons are such eligible persons. (1A) If a complete application is made under section 29 by one or more of the declared persons, the Commissioner may grant a patent for the invention, so far as so claimed, to those declared persons jointly. (1B) If the Commissioner grants a patent under subsection (1A), the claims of that patent have the same priority date as that of the original claim as referred to in subsection (1). (2) The Commissioner must not make a declaration without first giving the former patentee a reasonable opportunity to be heard. (3) An appeal lies to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner making, or refusing to make, a declaration. #### 36 Other applications by eligible persons (1) If: (a) a patent application has been made and, in the case of a complete application, the patent has not been granted; and (b) an application for a declaration by the Commissioner is made by one or more persons (the section 36 applicants) in accordance with the regulations; and (c) the Commissioner is satisfied on the balance of probabilities, in relation to an invention disclosed in the specification filed in relation to the application for the patent: (i) that the nominated person is not an eligible person, but that the section 36 applicants are eligible persons; or (ii) that the nominated person is an eligible person, but that the section 36 applicants are also eligible persons; the Commissioner may declare in writing that the persons who the Commissioner is satisfied are eligible persons are eligible persons in relation to the invention as so disclosed. (2) The Commissioner may make a declaration under subsection (1) whether or not the patent application lapses or is withdrawn. (3) The Commissioner must not make a declaration under subsection (1) without first giving the nominated person a reasonable opportunity to be heard. (3A) The Commissioner may, after making a declaration under subsection (1), make any determination the Commissioner thinks fit for enabling the application to proceed in the name of one or more of the declared persons. (4) If a complete application is made under section 29 by one or more of the declared persons, the priority date of the claims of a patent for the invention granted to the person, or persons, as the case may be, must be determined under the regulations. (5) An appeal lies to the Federal Court against a decision by the Commissioner under this section. #### 37 Complete application may be treated as provisional (1) Where a complete application is made, the applicant may, at any time during the prescribed period, by written request, ask the Commissioner to direct that the application be treated as a provisional application. (2) A person is not entitled to make a request if the patent request and specification filed in respect of the application have been accepted or have become open to public inspection. (3) On receiving a request, the Commissioner must give a direction as asked. (4) Where the Commissioner gives a direction, the complete application is to be taken, for the purposes of this Act, to be, and to have always been, a provisional application. #### 38 Time for making complete application (1) If an applicant makes a provisional application, the applicant may make one or more complete applications associated with the provisional application at any time within the prescribed period. (1A) A Convention application must be made within the prescribed period. (2) In this section: > applicant includes a person entitled to make a request under section 113 in relation to the relevant patent application. \[Note: see also section 5 for requirements relating to associated applications.\] ### Division 2—Specifications #### 40 Specifications Requirements relating to provisional specifications (1) A provisional specification must disclose the invention in a manner which is clear enough and complete enough for the invention to be performed by a person skilled in the relevant art. Requirements relating to complete specifications (2) A complete specification must: (a) disclose the invention in a manner which is clear enough and complete enough for the invention to be performed by a person skilled in the relevant art; and (aa) disclose the best method known to the applicant of performing the invention; and (b) where it relates to an application for a standard patent—end with a claim or claims defining the invention; and (c) where it relates to an application for an innovation patent—end with at least one and no more than 5 claims defining the invention. (3) The claim or claims must be clear and succinct and supported by matter disclosed in the specification. (3A) The claim or claims must not rely on references to descriptions, drawings, graphics or photographs unless absolutely necessary to define the invention. (4) The claim or claims must relate to one invention only. #### 41 Specifications: micro‑organisms Provisional specifications (1A) A specification is taken to comply with subsection 40(1), so far as it requires a description of a micro‑organism, if: (a) the micro‑organism is deposited with a prescribed depository institution in accordance with such provisions of the Budapest Treaty as are applicable; and (b) the prescribed circumstances apply. Complete specifications (1) To the extent that an invention is a micro‑organism, the complete specification is to be taken to comply with paragraph 40(2)(a), so far as it requires a description of the micro‑organism, if the deposit requirements are satisfied in relation to the micro‑organism. (2) Where: (a) an invention involves the use, modification or cultivation of a micro‑organism, other than the micro‑organism mentioned in subsection (1); and (b) a person skilled in the relevant art in the patent area could not reasonably be expected to perform the invention without having a sample of the micro‑organism before starting to perform the invention; and (c) the micro‑organism is not reasonably available to a person skilled in the relevant art in the patent area; the specification is to be taken to comply with paragraph 40(2)(a), so far as it requires a description of the micro‑organism, if, and only if, the deposit requirements are satisfied in relation to the micro‑organism. (3) For the purposes of this section, a micro‑organism may be taken to be reasonably available to a person even if it is not so available in the patent area. (4) Where: (a) the requirements specified in paragraph 6(c) or (d) cease to be satisfied in relation to a micro‑organism; and (b) steps are taken at a later time within the prescribed period in accordance with such provisions (if any) of the regulations as are applicable; and (c) as a result of those steps, if the period during which those requirements are not satisfied is disregarded, those requirements would be satisfied at that later time; those requirements are to be taken to have been satisfied during the period mentioned in paragraph (c), and such provisions as are prescribed have effect for the protection or compensation of persons who availed themselves, or took definite steps by way of contract or otherwise to avail themselves, of the invention during that period. \[Note: see also section 6 in relation to satisfaction of deposit requirements.\] #### 42 Micro‑organisms ceasing to be reasonably available (1) Where: (a) a complete application has been made for a patent, or a patent has been granted for an invention of a kind mentioned in paragraph 41(2)(a); and (b) the relevant micro‑organism was, at the date of filing of the complete specification, reasonably available (within the meaning of section 41) to a skilled person working in the relevant art in the patent area; and (c) the micro‑organism has ceased to be so available; a prescribed court or the Commissioner, on application made in accordance with the regulations, or the Commissioner, on his or her own motion, may declare that the specification does not comply with section 40 unless the deposit requirements are satisfied in relation to the micro‑organism. (2) Where a declaration is made under subsection (1): (a) this Act has effect in relation to the specification accordingly; and (b) section 6 applies as if the references in that section to the date of filing of the specification were references to a date specified in the declaration for the purposes of this subsection. (3) Subsection (2) does not limit the operation of section 223. (4) Where: (a) an application is made under subsection (1); or (b) the Commissioner proposes to make a declaration under that subsection on his or her own motion; the applicant for the patent, or the patentee, as the case may be, must be notified, in accordance with the regulations, of the application or proposal and is entitled to appear and be heard. (5) A declaration by the Commissioner must be made in accordance with the regulations. (6) An office copy of a declaration by a prescribed court must be served on the Commissioner by the Registrar or other appropriate officer of the court. (7) An appeal lies to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner under subsection (1). \[Note: see also section 6 in relation to satisfaction of deposit requirements.\] ### Division 3—Priority dates #### 43 Priority dates (1) Each claim of a specification must have a priority date. (2) The priority date of a claim is: (a) if subsection (2A) applies to the claim—the date determined under the regulations; or (b) otherwise—the date of the filing of the specification. (2A) This subsection applies to a claim if: (a) prescribed circumstances apply in relation to the invention defined in the claim; and (b) a prescribed document discloses, or a prescribed set of prescribed documents considered together disclose, the invention in the claim in a manner that is clear enough and complete enough for the invention to be performed by a person skilled in the relevant art. (2B) A prescribed document, or a prescribed set of prescribed documents considered together, is taken to disclose the invention in a claim as mentioned in paragraph (2A)(b) so far as such disclosure requires a description of a micro‑organism, if: (a) the micro‑organism is deposited with a prescribed depository institution in accordance with such provisions of the Budapest Treaty as are applicable; and (b) the prescribed circumstances apply. (3) Where a claim defines more than one form of an invention, then, for the purposes of determining the priority date of the claim, it must be treated as if it were a separate claim for each form of the invention that is defined. (4) The priority date of a claim of a specification may be different from the priority date of any other claim of the specification. (5) If, at the time when a Convention application or a PCT application is made in respect of an invention: (a) an application (the earlier application) has been made for protection in respect of the invention in a Convention country; and (b) the earlier application was made in the prescribed period; and (c) the earlier application has been withdrawn, abandoned or refused without becoming open to public inspection; and (d) the earlier application has not been used as the basis of claiming a right of priority in a Convention country under a law of that country; and (e) a later application has been made by the same applicant for protection in respect of the invention in a Convention country; the earlier application is taken, for the purposes of this Act, to have never been made. > Note: For the purposes of paragraph (e), the later application need not have been made in the same Convention country as the earlier application. #### 43AA Disclosure in basic applications Prescribed documents relating to basic applications (1) The regulations may prescribe documents that relate to a basic application. Disclosures in prescribed documents may generally be taken into account (2) Without limiting the documents or disclosures that may be taken into account for the purposes of this Act in relation to a basic application, account may be taken of a disclosure in a prescribed document that relates to a basic application. Disclosures in prescribed documents must not be taken into account if Commissioner’s requirement not complied with (3) However, if the Commissioner makes a requirement under subsection (4) in relation to a prescribed document, account must not be taken, for the purposes of this Act, of a disclosure in the prescribed document unless the document has been made available by the prescribed means and within the prescribed period. Commissioner may require prescribed documents be made available (4) The Commissioner may require that a prescribed document relating to a basic application be made available to the Commissioner by the prescribed means and within the prescribed period. (5) The Commissioner may make a requirement under subsection (4) more than once in relation to the same prescribed document. ## Part 2—Examination of standard patent requests and specifications ### Division 1A—Preliminary search and opinion #### 43A Preliminary search and opinion (1) If a complete application for a standard patent has been made, the Commissioner may conduct a preliminary search and opinion in relation to the patent request and specification relating to the application. (2) The preliminary search and opinion must be conducted in accordance with the regulations. ### Division 1—Examination #### 44 Request for examination (1) Where a complete application for a standard patent has been made, the applicant may, within the prescribed period and in accordance with the regulations, ask for an examination of the patent request and specification relating to the application. (2) Where a complete application has been made for a standard patent, the Commissioner may, on one or more of the prescribed grounds and in accordance with the regulations, direct the applicant to ask, within the prescribed period, for an examination of the patent request and complete specification relating to the application. (3) Where the patent request and specification relating to a complete application for a standard patent are open to public inspection, a person may, in accordance with the regulations, require the Commissioner to direct the applicant to ask, within the prescribed period, for an examination of the request and specification. (4) Where required under subsection (3), the Commissioner must give a direction accordingly, unless the applicant has already asked, or been directed to ask, for an examination of the patent request and specification. #### 45 Examination (1) Subject to subsection (1A), if an applicant asks for an examination of a patent request and complete specification relating to an application for a standard patent, the Commissioner must examine the request and specification and report on: (a) whether the specification complies with subsections 40(2) to (4); and (b) whether, to the best of his or her knowledge, the invention, so far as claimed, satisfies the criteria mentioned in paragraphs 18(1)(a), (b) and (c); and (c) whether the invention is a patentable invention under subsection 18(2); and (d) such other matters (if any) as are prescribed. (1A) If a PCT application has been made and the prescribed requirements have not been met, the Commissioner may decline to examine the request and specification under subsection (1) until the requirements have been met. (2) The examination must be carried out in accordance with the regulations. ## Part 3—Acceptance ### Division 1—Acceptance of standard patents #### 49 Acceptance of patent request: standard patent (1) Subject to section 50, the Commissioner must accept a patent request and complete specification relating to an application for a standard patent if the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities: (a) that the specification complies with subsections 40(2) to (4); and (b) that the invention, so far as claimed, satisfies the criteria mentioned in paragraphs 18(1)(a), (b) and (c); and (c) that the invention is a patentable invention under subsection 18(2); and (d) as to the matters (if any) prescribed under paragraph 45(1)(d). (2) If subsection (1) does not apply, the Commissioner may refuse to accept the request and specification. (5) Where the Commissioner accepts a patent request and complete specification relating to an application for a standard patent, the Commissioner must: (a) notify the applicant of the acceptance; and (b) publish a notice of the acceptance in the Official Journal. (6) If the patent request and complete specification have not already become open to public inspection, the notice mentioned in paragraph (5)(b) must include a statement to the effect that the patent request and specification are open to public inspection. (7) Where the Commissioner refuses to accept a patent request and complete specification relating to an application for a standard patent, the Commissioner must notify the applicant of the reasons for the refusal and publish a notice of the refusal in the Official Journal. #### 49A Postponing acceptance of patent request: standard patent (1) The Commissioner may postpone acceptance of a patent request and complete specification: (a) on his or her own initiative; or (b) if requested to do so in writing by the applicant. (2) If the Commissioner postpones acceptance on his or her own initiative, he or she must specify a day to which acceptance is postponed. (3) If the Commissioner postpones acceptance following a request by the applicant, the Commissioner may specify a day to which acceptance is postponed. (4) The day specified under subsection (2) or (3) cannot be a day that is after the end of the period prescribed for the purposes of paragraph 142(2)(e). (5) If: (a) acceptance is postponed under subsection (1) following a request by the applicant; and (b) the Commissioner has not specified a day to which acceptance is postponed; the Commissioner is not required to accept the patent request and complete specification unless the applicant withdraws the request in writing. > Note: If the applicant does not withdraw the request before the day prescribed by the regulations, the application lapses: see paragraph 142(2)(e). #### 50 Application or grant may be refused in certain cases (1) The Commissioner may refuse to accept a request and specification relating to a standard patent, or to grant a standard patent: (a) for an invention the use of which would be contrary to law; or (b) on the ground that the specification claims as an invention: (i) a substance that is capable of being used as food or medicine (whether for human beings or animals and whether for internal or external use) and is a mere mixture of known ingredients; or (ii) a process producing such a substance by mere admixture. (2) The Commissioner may refuse to accept a specification relating to a standard patent containing a claim that includes the name of a person as the name, or part of the name, of the invention so far as claimed in that claim. #### 50A Revocation of acceptance (1) The Commissioner may revoke the acceptance of a patent request and complete specification relating to an application for a standard patent if the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that: (a) a patent has not been granted on the application; and (b) the request and specification should not have been accepted, taking account of all the circumstances that existed when the request and specification were accepted (whether or not the Commissioner knew then of their existence); and (c) it is reasonable to revoke the acceptance, taking account of all the circumstances. (2) If the Commissioner revokes the acceptance: (a) the patent request and complete specification are taken to have never been accepted; and (b) the Commissioner must continue to examine, and report on, the application under section 45; and (c) sections 49 and 50 continue to apply in relation to the request and specification. #### 51 Appeal An appeal lies to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner under this Division (other than a decision under section 50A). ### Division 2—Acceptance of innovation patents #### 52 Formalities check and acceptance of innovation patents (1) If a complete application for an innovation patent is made, the Commissioner must undertake a formalities check in respect of the application. (2) If satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that the application passes the formalities check, the Commissioner must accept the patent request and complete specification. (3) It is a requirement of the formalities check that the date of the patent (if granted) would be a date before the day this subsection commences. > Note 1: This subsection was inserted by the Intellectual Property Laws Amendment (Productivity Commission Response Part 2 and Other Measures) Act 2020. > Note 2: For the date of the patent, see section 65 and regulations made for the purposes of paragraph 65(b). > Note 3: Other requirements of the formalities check are specified in regulations made for the purposes of paragraph 228(2)(ha). Chapter 4—Publication #### 53 Publication of certain information about applicants etc. (1) If a patent application (other than a PCT application) is made, the Commissioner must publish in the Official Journal the prescribed information about the applicant and the application. (2) The regulations may make provision for and in relation to the publication of information relating to PCT applications. #### 54 Notice of publication (1) Where a complete specification filed in respect of an application for a standard patent (other than a PCT application) has not become open to public inspection, the Commissioner must, if asked to do so by the applicant, publish, in accordance with the regulations, a notice in the Official Journal that the complete specification is open to public inspection. (2) If subsection 41(2) applies to a specification, the applicant cannot make a request under subsection (1) in relation to the specification unless the specification includes the particulars mentioned in paragraph 6(c). (3) Where: (a) a complete specification has been filed in respect of an application for a standard patent (other than a PCT application); and (b) the prescribed period has ended; and (c) the specification is not open to public inspection; the Commissioner must publish a notice in the Official Journal that the specification is open to public inspection, unless the application has lapsed or been refused or withdrawn. (4) Where: (a) a divisional application for a standard patent provided for in section 79B (other than a PCT application) is made in respect of an original application, whether a PCT application or not; and (b) the complete specification filed in respect of the original application was open to public inspection when the divisional application was made; the Commissioner must publish a notice in the Official Journal that the complete specification filed in respect of the divisional application is open to public inspection. (5) Where a divisional application for a standard patent provided for in section 79B (other than a PCT application) is made in respect of an original application that is not a PCT application and: (a) a notice is published in the Official Journal that the complete specification filed in respect of the original application is open to public inspection; or (b) a notice is published in the Official Journal that the complete specification filed in respect of the divisional application is open to public inspection; the Commissioner must also publish in the Official Journal a notice that: (c) where paragraph (a) applies—the complete specification filed in respect of the divisional application is open to public inspection; or (d) where paragraph (b) applies—the complete specification filed in respect of the original application is open to public inspection. (6) Where: (a) a divisional application for a standard patent provided for in section 79B (other than a PCT application) is made in respect of an original application that is a PCT application; and (b) a notice is published in the Official Journal that the complete specification filed in respect of the original application is open to public inspection; the Commissioner must also publish in the Official Journal a notice that the complete specification filed in respect of the divisional application is open to public inspection. #### 55 Documents open to public inspection (1) Where a notice is published under section 54 or under subsection 62(3), the specification concerned, and such other documents (if any) as are prescribed, are open to public inspection. (2) Where a notice is published under paragraph 49(5)(b) in relation to an application for a standard patent, or under subsection 62(2) in relation to the grant of an innovation patent, the following documents are open to public inspection: (a) all documents (other than prescribed documents) filed in relation to the application or the patent, whether before or after the acceptance or grant; (b) all documents (other than prescribed documents) filed, after the patent ceases, expires or is revoked, in relation to the former patent; (c) copies of all documents relating to the application or patent (other than prescribed documents) given by the Commissioner to the applicant or patentee, or the former applicant or patentee; being documents that have not already become open to public inspection. (3) Subject to section 56A, a specification, or other document, is to be taken to have been published on the day on which it becomes open to public inspection unless it has been published otherwise before that day. (4) This section is subject to subsection 56(3). #### 56 Certain documents and information not to be published or open to public inspection (1) Except as otherwise provided by this Act, documents of the kind mentioned in section 55: (a) must not be published or be open to public inspection; and (b) are not liable to be inspected or produced before the Commissioner or in a legal proceeding unless the Commissioner, court, or any person having power to order inspection or production, directs that the inspection or production be allowed. (2) Notice of an application for the production in legal proceedings of a document of the kind mentioned in section 55 must be given to the Commissioner, who is entitled to be heard on the application. (3) If the Commissioner reasonably believes that information contained in a document of a kind mentioned in section 55 should not be published or be open to public inspection, the Commissioner may arrange for a copy of the document that does not contain the information to be published or open to public inspection. #### 56A Publication and inspection of PCT applications (1) The regulations may make provision for and in relation to the public inspection of PCT applications. (2) Without limiting subsection (1), the regulations may make provision for and in relation to: (a) notices regarding the opening of complete specifications relating to PCT applications to public inspection; and (b) the circumstances in which PCT applications become open to public inspection. #### 57 Effect of publication of complete specification (1) After a complete specification relating to an application for a standard patent has become open to public inspection and until a patent is granted on the application, the applicant has the same rights as he or she would have had if a patent for the invention had been granted on the day when the specification became open to public inspection. (3) Subsection (1) does not give the applicant a right to start proceedings in respect of the doing of an act unless: (a) a patent is granted on the application; and (b) the act would, if done after the grant of the patent, have constituted an infringement of a claim of the specification. (4) It is a defence to proceedings under subsection (1) in respect of an act done: (a) after the complete specification became open to public inspection; and (b) before the patent request was accepted: if the defendant proves that a patent could not validly have been granted to the applicant in respect of the claims (as framed when the act was done) that are alleged to have been infringed by the doing of the act. (5) For the purposes of applying this section to a PCT application, references to the complete specification becoming open to public inspection are references to the PCT application becoming open to public inspection in accordance with regulations made for the purposes of section 56A. #### 58 Result of search may be disclosed The Commissioner may disclose the result of any search made for the purpose of making a report under this Act. Chapter 5—Opposition to grant of standard patent #### 59 Opposition to grant of standard patent The Minister or any other person may, in accordance with the regulations, oppose the grant of a standard patent on one or more of the following grounds, but on no other ground: (a) that the nominated person is either: (i) not entitled to a grant of a patent for the invention; or (ii) entitled to a grant of a patent for the invention but only in conjunction with some other person; (b) that the invention is not a patentable invention; (c) that the specification filed in respect of the complete application does not comply with subsection 40(2), (3) or (3A). #### 60 Hearing and decision by Commissioner (1) Where the grant of a standard patent is opposed, the Commissioner must decide the case in accordance with the regulations. (2) The Commissioner must give the applicant and the opponent a reasonable opportunity to be heard before deciding a case. (3) The Commissioner may, in deciding a case, take into account any ground on which the grant of a standard patent may be opposed, whether relied upon by the opponent or not. (3A) If the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that a ground of opposition to the grant of the standard patent exists, the Commissioner may refuse the application. (3B) The Commissioner must not refuse an application under this section unless the Commissioner has, where appropriate, given the applicant a reasonable opportunity to amend the relevant specification for the purpose of removing any ground of opposition and the applicant has failed to do so. (4) The applicant, and any opponent, may appeal to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner under this section. Chapter 6—Grant and term of patents ## Part 1—Grant #### 61 Grant of standard patent (1) Subject to section 100A and paragraph 210A(2)(a), the Commissioner must grant a standard patent, by registering prescribed particulars of the patent in the Register, if: (a) there is no opposition to the grant; or (b) in spite of opposition, the Commissioner’s decision, or the decision on appeal, is that a standard patent should be granted. (2) A standard patent must be granted within the prescribed period. (3) The Commissioner must notify the patentee that the standard patent has been granted. #### 62 Grant and publication of innovation patent (1) If: (a) the Commissioner accepts a patent request and complete specification filed in respect of an application for an innovation patent; and (b) a prohibition order is not in force under subsection 152(3) or 173(1) in relation to the application; the Commissioner must grant the innovation patent by registering prescribed particulars of the patent in the Register. (2) If an innovation patent is granted, the Commissioner must publish a notice in the Official Journal stating that: (a) the innovation patent has been granted; and (b) the patent request and complete specification are open to public inspection. (3) If: (a) a divisional application provided for in section 79B is made for an innovation patent; and (b) a notice is published in the Official Journal that the complete specification filed in respect of the divisional application is open to public inspection; the Commissioner must also publish in the Official Journal a notice that the complete specification filed in respect of the original application on which the divisional application is based is open to public inspection. (4) The Commissioner must notify the patentee that the innovation patent has been granted. #### 63 Joint patentees A patent may be granted to 2 or more nominated persons jointly. #### 64 Grant: multiple applications (1) Subject to this section, where there are 2 or more applications for patents for identical, or substantially identical, inventions, the granting of a patent on one of those applications does not prevent the granting of a patent on any of the other applications. (2) Where: (a) an application for a standard patent claims an invention that is the same as an invention that is the subject of a patent and is made by the same inventor; and (b) the relevant claim or claims in each of the complete specifications have the same priority date or dates; a standard patent cannot be granted on the application. #### 65 Date of patent The date of a patent is: (a) the date of filing of the relevant complete specification; or (b) where the regulations provide for the determination of a different date as the date of a patent—the date determined under the regulations. ## Part 2—Term #### 67 Term of standard patent The term of a standard patent is 20 years from the date of the patent. #### 68 Term of innovation patent The term of an innovation patent is 8 years from the date of the patent. ## Part 3—Extension of term of standard patents relating to pharmaceutical substances #### 70 Applications for extension of patent (1) The patentee of a standard patent may apply to the Commissioner for an extension of the term of the patent if the requirements set out in subsections (2), (3) and (4) are satisfied. (2) Either or both of the following conditions must be satisfied: (a) one or more pharmaceutical substances per se must in substance be disclosed in the complete specification of the patent and in substance fall within the scope of the claim or claims of that specification; (b) one or more pharmaceutical substances when produced by a process that involves the use of recombinant DNA technology, must in substance be disclosed in the complete specification of the patent and in substance fall within the scope of the claim or claims of that specification. (3) Both of the following conditions must be satisfied in relation to at least one of those pharmaceutical substances: (a) goods containing, or consisting of, the substance must be included in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods; (b) the period beginning on the date of the patent and ending on the first regulatory approval date for the substance must be at least 5 years. > Note: Section 65 sets out the date of a patent. (4) The term of the patent must not have been previously extended under this Part. Meaning of first regulatory approval date (5) For the purposes of this section, the first regulatory approval date, in relation to a pharmaceutical substance, is: (a) if no pre‑TGA marketing approval was given in relation to the substance—the date of commencement of the first inclusion in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods of goods that contain, or consist of, the substance; or (b) if pre‑TGA marketing approval was given in relation to the substance—the date of the first approval. (5A) For the purposes of paragraph (5)(a), disregard an inclusion in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods of goods that contain, or consist of, a pharmaceutical substance if the inclusion was sought for the sole purpose of exporting the goods from Australia to address a public health problem in an eligible importing country: (a) in circumstances of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency; or (b) by the public non‑commercial use of the goods. > Note: This subsection also applies in relation to an application for an extension of the term of a standard patent (see paragraph 71(2)(b)). Meaning of pre‑TGA marketing approval (6) For the purposes of this section, pre‑TGA marketing approval, in relation to a pharmaceutical substance, is an approval (however described) by a Minister, or a Secretary of a Department, to: (a) market the substance, or a product containing the substance, in Australia; or (b) import into Australia, for general marketing, the substance or a product containing the substance. #### 71 Form and timing of an application Form of application (1) An application for an extension of the term of a standard patent must: (a) be in the approved form; and (b) be accompanied by such documents (if any) as are ascertained in accordance with the regulations; and (c) be accompanied by such information (if any) as is ascertained in accordance with the regulations. For this purpose, document includes a copy of a document. Timing of application (2) An application for an extension of the term of a standard patent must be made during the term of the patent and within 6 months after the latest of the following dates: (a) the date the patent was granted; (b) the date of commencement of the first inclusion in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods of goods that contain, or consist of, any of the pharmaceutical substances referred to in subsection 70(3), as worked out under subsection 70(5A) (if applicable); (c) the date of commencement of this section. #### 72 Notification and public inspection of application If a patentee makes an application for an extension of the term of a standard patent, the Commissioner must publish in the Official Journal a notice that the application has been made and is open to public inspection. #### 73 Withdrawal of application (1) A patentee who has applied for an extension of the term of a standard patent may, by notice in writing to the Commissioner, withdraw the application. (2) If an application for an extension of the term of a standard patent is withdrawn, the Commissioner must publish in the Official Journal a notice stating that the application has been withdrawn. #### 74 Acceptance or refusal of application Acceptance (1) If a patentee of a standard patent makes an application for an extension of the term of the patent, the Commissioner must accept the application if the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that the requirements of sections 70 and 71 are satisfied in relation to the application. (2) If the Commissioner accepts the application, the Commissioner must: (a) notify the applicant of the acceptance; and (b) publish a notice of the acceptance in the Official Journal. Refusal (3) The Commissioner must refuse to accept the application if the Commissioner is not satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that the requirements of sections 70 and 71 are satisfied in relation to the application. (4) If the Commissioner refuses to accept the application, the Commissioner must: (a) notify the applicant of the reasons for the refusal; and (b) publish a notice of the refusal in the Official Journal. #### 75 Opposition to grant of extension (1) The Minister or any other person may, in accordance with the regulations, oppose the grant of an extension of the term of a standard patent on the ground that one or more of the requirements of sections 70 and 71 are not satisfied in relation to the application for the extension. The Minister or other person may not oppose the grant of the extension on any other ground. (2) If the grant of an extension of the term of a standard patent is opposed, the Commissioner must decide the case in accordance with the regulations. (3) The Commissioner must give the applicant and the opponent a reasonable opportunity to be heard before deciding a case. (4) The applicant, and any opponent, may appeal to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner under this section. #### 76 Grant of extension (1) The Commissioner must grant an extension of the term of a standard patent if: (a) there is no opposition to the grant; or (b) in spite of opposition, the Commissioner’s decision, or the decision on appeal, is that the extension should be granted. (2) If the Commissioner grants an extension, the Commissioner must notify the applicant of the grant and publish a notice of the grant in the Official Journal. #### 77 Calculation of term of extension (1) If the Commissioner grants an extension of the term of a standard patent, the term of the extension is equal to: (a) the period beginning on the date of the patent and ending on the earliest first regulatory approval date (as defined by section 70) in relation to any of the pharmaceutical substances referred to in subsection 70(2); reduced (but not below zero) by: (b) 5 years. > Note: Section 65 sets out the date of a patent. (2) However, the term of the extension cannot be longer than 5 years. #### 78 Exclusive rights of patentee are limited if extension granted If the Commissioner grants an extension of the term of a standard patent, the exclusive rights of the patentee during the term of the extension are not infringed: (a) by a person exploiting: (i) a pharmaceutical substance per se that is in substance disclosed in the complete specification of the patent and in substance falls within the scope of the claim or claims of that specification; or (ii) a pharmaceutical substance when produced by a process that involves the use of recombinant DNA technology, that is in substance disclosed in the complete specification of the patent and in substance falls within the scope of the claim or claims of that specification; for a purpose other than therapeutic use; or (b) by a person exploiting any form of the invention other than: (i) a pharmaceutical substance per se that is in substance disclosed in the complete specification of the patent and in substance falls within the scope of the claim or claims of that specification; or (ii) a pharmaceutical substance when produced by a process that involves the use of recombinant DNA technology, that is in substance disclosed in the complete specification of the patent and in substance falls within the scope of the claim or claims of that specification. #### 79 Rights of patentee if extension granted after patent expires If: (a) a patentee applies for an extension of the term of a standard patent; and (b) the term of the patent expires before the application is determined; and (c) the extension is granted; the patentee has, after the extension is granted, the same rights to start proceedings in respect of the doing of an act during the period: (d) commencing on the expiration of the term of the patent; and (e) ending on the day on which the extension was granted; as if the extension had been granted at the time when the act was done. #### 79A Commissioner not to make decision if court proceedings pending If: (a) a patentee of a standard patent applies for an extension of the term of the patent; and (b) relevant proceedings in relation to the patent are pending; the Commissioner must not make any decision under this Part in relation to the patent without the leave of the court. Chapter 6A—Divisional applications #### 79B Divisional applications prior to grant of patent (1) If: (a) a complete application (the first application) for a patent is made; and (b) the first application is not a divisional application for an innovation patent provided for in section 79C; the applicant may make a further complete application for a patent for an invention disclosed in the specification filed in relation to the first application. (2) The further complete application: (a) must be made in accordance with the regulations made for the purposes of this subsection; and (b) must include the prescribed particulars. (3) The further complete application can only be made during the period: (a) starting on the day the first application is made; and (b) ending when any of the following happens: (i) the first application lapses; (ii) the first application is refused; (iii) the first application is withdrawn; (iv) a period prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this subparagraph ends. (4) In this section: > applicant has the same meaning as in section 38. #### 79C Divisional applications for innovation patents may be made after grant of an innovation patent Applications may be made (1) A patentee of an innovation patent (the first patent) may make a complete application for another innovation patent for a further invention disclosed in the first patent if the invention was disclosed in the complete specification filed in respect of the application on which the first patent was granted. (1A) The further complete application: (a) must be made in accordance with the regulations made for the purposes of this subsection; and (b) must include the prescribed particulars. (2) The patentee may make the further complete application only during the period: (a) starting when an examination of the first patent begins; and (b) ending when any of the following happens: (i) the term of the first patent ends; (ii) the first patent is revoked; (iii) the first patent ceases; (iv) a period prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this subparagraph ends. When does an examination begin? (3) For the purposes of subsection (2), an examination of the patent begins: (a) if the examination has been requested under paragraph 101A(b)—on the day the request was made; or (b) if the Commissioner decided to examine the patent under paragraph 101A(a)—on the day the Commissioner made that decision. Chapter 7—Patents of addition #### 80 Chapter does not apply to innovation patents This Chapter does not apply in relation to innovation patents. #### 81 Grant of patent of addition (1) Where: (a) a patent for an invention (in this Chapter called the main invention) has been applied for or granted; and (b) the applicant or patentee (or a person authorised by the applicant or patentee) applies for a further patent for an improvement in, or modification of, the main invention; and (c) the application for that further patent is made in accordance with the regulations; the Commissioner may, subject to this Act and the regulations, grant a patent of addition for the improvement or modification. (2) A patent request and complete specification relating to an application for a patent of addition must not be examined before a request is made for the examination of the patent request and complete specification relating to the application for the patent for the main invention. (3) A patent of addition must not be granted before the patent for the main invention is granted. (4) An appeal lies to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner under this section. #### 82 Revocation of patent and grant of patent of addition instead (1) Where: (a) an invention that is an improvement in, or modification of, a main invention is the subject of an independent patent; and (b) the patentee of the independent patent is also the patentee of the patent for the main invention; the Commissioner may, on an application made by the patentee, revoke the independent patent and grant a patent of addition for the improvement or modification. (2) A patent of addition granted under this section must be given the same date as the date of the independent patent that is revoked. (3) An appeal lies to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner refusing an application under this section. #### 83 Term of patent of addition Usual term (1) The general rule is that a patent of addition remains in force for so long as the patent for the main invention remains in force. However, this rule is subject to the exceptions set out in subsections (3) and (4). (2) The term of a patent of addition may be extended under Part 3 of Chapter 6, even though the patent for the main invention is not extended under that Part. Patent of addition extended (3) If the term of a patent of addition is extended under Part 3 of Chapter 6: (a) the extension begins at the end of the unextended term of the patent for the main invention; and (b) when the extension begins, the patent of addition becomes an independent patent. Patent for main invention extended (4) If: (a) the term of the patent for the main invention is extended under Part 3 of Chapter 6; and (b) the term of the patent of addition is not extended under that Part; the term of the patent of addition expires at the end of the unextended term of the patent for the main invention. #### 85 Revocation of patent for main invention (1) If the patent for the main invention is revoked by a prescribed court, or by the Commissioner under section 101 or 137, the patent of addition becomes an independent patent unless otherwise ordered by: (a) where the patent is revoked by a prescribed court—that court; or (b) in any other case—the Commissioner. (2) Where a patent of addition becomes an independent patent under this section, its term cannot be more than the unexpired part of the term of the patent for the main invention. #### 86 Renewal fees not payable A fee is not payable for the renewal of a patent of addition. #### 87 Fees payable where patent of addition becomes an independent patent The fees payable after a patent of addition becomes an independent patent, and the dates when they become payable, are to be determined by reference to the date of the independent patent. Chapter 9—Re‑examination of standard patents #### 96A Chapter does not apply to innovation patents This Chapter does not apply in relation to innovation patents. #### 97 Re‑examination of complete specifications (1) Subject to this section and the regulations, if: (a) a request and complete specification relating to an application for a patent has been accepted; and (b) the patent has not been granted; the Commissioner may re‑examine the complete specification. (2) Subject to this section and the regulations, where a patent has been granted, the Commissioner may, and must if asked to do so by the patentee or any other person, re‑examine the complete specification. (3) Where the validity of a patent is disputed in any proceedings before a prescribed court under this Act, the court may direct the Commissioner to re‑examine the complete specification and the Commissioner must re‑examine the specification accordingly. (3A) The re‑examination must be carried out in accordance with the regulations. (4) Where relevant proceedings in relation to a patent are pending, the Commissioner must not re‑examine the complete specification relating to the patent under subsection (2). (5) Where: (a) the Commissioner has started to re‑examine a complete specification relating to a patent under subsection (2); and (b) relevant proceedings in relation to the patent are started; the Commissioner must not continue the re‑examination. #### 98 Report on re‑examination On re‑examining a complete specification, the Commissioner must ascertain and report on: (a) whether the specification does not comply with subsection 40(2), (3) or (3A); and (b) whether, to the best of his or her knowledge, the invention, so far as claimed, does not satisfy the criteria mentioned in paragraph 18(1)(a), (b) or (c); and (c) whether the invention is not a patentable invention under subsection 18(2). #### 99 Statement by applicant or patentee (1) Where the Commissioner reports adversely on a complete specification, the applicant or patentee may, within the prescribed period, file a statement, in accordance with the regulations, disputing the whole or any part of the report. (2) The applicant or patentee may file a statement whether or not the applicant or patentee takes steps to amend the complete specification, or files a statement of amendments in accordance with a direction under section 106 or 107. #### 100 Copies of report to be given to court A copy of a report under section 98, and of any statement filed under section 99 in relation to the report, must, where the re‑examination was directed under subsection 97(3), be given to the court that gave the direction. #### 100A Refusal to grant patent—re‑examination before grant (1) The Commissioner may refuse to grant a patent if the Commissioner: (a) makes an adverse report on a re‑examination of the relevant specification under subsection 97(1); and (b) is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that there is a lawful ground of objection to the specification. (2) The Commissioner cannot refuse to grant a patent under this section unless the Commissioner: (a) has given the applicant a reasonable opportunity to be heard; and (b) has, where appropriate, given the applicant a reasonable opportunity to amend the relevant specification for the purpose of removing any lawful ground of objection and the applicant has failed to do so. (3) The applicant may appeal to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner under this section. #### 101 Revocation of patent—re‑examination after grant (1) The Commissioner may, by notice in writing, revoke a patent, either wholly or so far as it relates to a particular claim, if the Commissioner: (a) makes an adverse report on a re‑examination of the relevant specification under subsection 97(2); and (b) is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that there is a lawful ground of objection to the relevant specification. (2) The Commissioner must not revoke a patent under this section unless the Commissioner: (a) has given the patentee a reasonable opportunity to be heard; and (b) has, where appropriate, given the patentee a reasonable opportunity to amend the relevant specification for the purpose of removing any lawful ground of objection and the patentee has failed to do so. (3) The Commissioner must not revoke a patent under this section while relevant proceedings in relation to that patent are pending. (4) The patentee may appeal to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner under this section. Chapter 9A—Examination, re‑examination and opposition‑innovation patents ## Part 1—Examination of innovation patents #### 101A Examination may be requested or Commissioner may decide to examine After the grant of an innovation patent, the Commissioner: (a) may, if the Commissioner decides to do so; and (b) must, if asked to do so, in writing, by the patentee or any other person; examine the complete specification relating to an innovation patent. #### 101B Examination of an innovation patent What the Commissioner must do in examining a patent (1) If the Commissioner decides, or is asked, to examine an innovation patent under section 101A, the Commissioner must: (a) examine the complete specification relating to the patent to ascertain the matters set out in subsection (2); and (b) report on those matters. Matters for examination and report (2) The matters in this subsection are whether: (a) the specification complies with subsections 40(2) to (4); and (b) the invention, so far as claimed, complies with paragraphs 18(1A)(a), (b) and (c); and (c) the invention is a patentable invention under subsections 18(2) and (3); and (d) the use of the invention would not be contrary to law; and (e) the patent does not claim as an invention a substance that is capable of being used as food or medicine (whether for human beings or animals and whether for internal or external use) and is a mere mixture of known ingredients; and (f) the patent does not claim as an invention a process producing such a substance by mere admixture; and (g) the patent does not contain a claim that includes the name of a person as the name, or part of the name, of the invention so far as it is claimed in that claim; and (h) the patent does not claim an invention that is the same as an invention that is the subject of a patent and is made by the same inventor, where the relevant claim or claims in respect of each patent have the same priority date or dates; and (ha) each claim in the complete specification has a priority date that is before the day this paragraph commences; and (i) the complete specification complies with such other matters (if any) as are prescribed for the purpose of this paragraph. > Note: Paragraph 101B(2)(ha) was inserted by the Intellectual Property Laws Amendment (Productivity Commission Response Part 2 and Other Measures) Act 2020. #### 101C How and when examination to be carried out The examination under section 101B must be carried out: (a) in accordance with the regulations; and (b) within the period prescribed. #### 101E Certificate of examination (1) This section applies to an innovation patent if: (a) after examining the patent under section 101B, the Commissioner decides that he or she is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, as to the following: (i) the specification complies with subsections 40(2) to (4); (ii) the invention, so far as claimed, complies with paragraphs 18(1A)(a), (b) and (c); (iii) the invention is a patentable invention under subsections 18(2) and (3); (iv) the use of the invention would not be contrary to law; (v) the patent does not claim as an invention a substance that is capable of being used as food or medicine (whether for human beings or animals and whether for internal or external use) and is a mere mixture of known ingredients; (vi) the patent does not claim as an invention a process producing such a substance by mere admixture; (vii) the patent does not contain a claim that includes the name of a person as the name, or part of the name, of the invention so far as it is claimed in that claim; (viii) the patent does not claim an invention that is the same as an invention that is the subject of a patent and is made by the same inventor, where the relevant claim or claims in respect of each patent have the same priority date or dates; (viiia) each claim in the complete specification has a priority date that is before the day paragraph 101B(2)(ha) commences; (ix) the complete specification complies with such other matters (if any) as are prescribed for the purpose of paragraph 101B(2)(i); and (b) the patent has not ceased under section 143A. > Note: Paragraph 101B(2)(ha) was inserted by the Intellectual Property Laws Amendment (Productivity Commission Response Part 2 and Other Measures) Act 2020. (2) If this section applies, the Commissioner must: (a) notify the patentee and the person who requested the examination (if that person is not the patentee) that the patent has been examined and that a certificate of examination is to be issued; and (b) publish a notice of the examination having occurred in the Official Journal; and (c) issue a certificate of examination to the patentee in the approved form; and (d) register the issue of the certificate. #### 101EA Revocation of certificate of examination (1) The Commissioner may revoke a certificate of examination issued in relation to an innovation patent if the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that: (a) the certificate of examination should not have been issued, taking account of all the circumstances that existed when the certificate was issued (whether or not the Commissioner knew then of their existence); and (b) it is reasonable to revoke the certificate, taking account of all the circumstances; and (c) there are no relevant proceedings pending. (2) If the Commissioner revokes the certificate: (a) all of the provisions of section 101E are taken, after revocation, to have never operated in relation to the patent; and (b) the Commissioner must continue to examine and report on the patent under section 101B; and (c) sections 101E and 101F continue to apply in relation to the patent. #### 101F Revocation of innovation patents following examination under section 101B (1) The Commissioner must revoke a patent if: (a) the patent has been examined under section 101B; and (b) section 101E does not apply to the patent; and (c) the patent has not ceased under section 143A. (2) If the Commissioner revokes the patent: (a) the Commissioner must notify the patentee and the person who requested the examination (if that person is not the patentee) of the revocation; and (b) register the revocation of the patent. (3) The Commissioner must not revoke a patent under this section unless the Commissioner: (a) has given the patentee a reasonable opportunity to be heard; and (b) has, if appropriate, given the patentee a reasonable opportunity to amend the relevant specification for the purposes of removing a ground for the revocation of the patent and the patentee has failed to do so. (4) An appeal lies to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner revoking a patent. ## Part 2—Re‑examination of innovation patents #### 101G Re‑examination of complete specifications of innovation patents (1) Subject to subsections 101K(2) and (3) and the regulations, after an innovation patent has been certified, the Commissioner: (a) may, if the Commissioner decides to do so; and (b) must, if asked to do so, in writing, by the patentee or any other person; re‑examine the complete specification relating to the patent. (1A) The re‑examination must be carried out in accordance with the regulations. (2) If the Commissioner re‑examines an innovation patent under subsection (1): (a) the Commissioner must re‑examine the complete specification relating to the patent to determine if the patent is invalid and should be revoked because a ground set out in subsection (3) is made out; and (b) the Commissioner must report on the grounds set out in subsection (3). (3) The grounds for the revocation of the patent under subsection (2) are as follows: (a) that the specification filed in respect of the complete application does not comply with subsection 40(2), (3) or (3A); (b) that the invention, so far as claimed, does not comply with paragraph 18(1A)(a), (b) or (c); (c) that the invention is not a patentable invention under subsection 18(2) or (3). (4) There are no other grounds for the revocation of a patent under subsection (2). #### 101H Patentee statements (1) If the Commissioner reports that, after re‑examining a patent under section 101G, a ground for the revocation of the patent has been made out, the patentee may, within the prescribed period, file a statement, in accordance with the regulations, disputing the whole or any part of the report. (2) The patentee may file a statement whether or not the patentee takes steps to amend the complete specification, or files a statement of amendments in accordance with a direction under section 106. #### 101J Revocation of innovation patent following re‑examination (1) The Commissioner may, by notice in writing, revoke a patent, either wholly or so far as it relates to a particular claim, if the Commissioner: (a) makes an adverse report on a re‑examination of the relevant specification under section 101G; and (b) is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that there is a ground of revocation of the patent. (2) If the Commissioner revokes the patent: (a) the Commissioner must notify the patentee and the person who requested the examination (if that person is not the patentee) of the revocation; and (b) register the revocation of the patent. (3) The Commissioner must not revoke a patent under this section unless: (a) the Commissioner has given the patentee a reasonable opportunity to be heard; and (b) the Commissioner has considered the statement made by the patentee under section 101H (if any); and (c) the Commissioner has, if appropriate, given the patentee a reasonable opportunity to amend the relevant specification for the purpose of removing any ground for revocation and the patentee has failed to do so. (4) The Commissioner must not revoke a patent under this section while relevant proceedings in relation to that patent are pending. (5) The patentee may appeal to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner under this section. #### 101K Relevant proceedings and re‑examination (1) If the validity of an innovation patent is disputed in any proceedings before a prescribed court under this Act, the court may direct the Commissioner to re‑examine the complete specification relating to the patent. If so directed, the Commissioner must re‑examine the specification accordingly. (2) If relevant proceedings in relation to an innovation patent are pending, the Commissioner must not re‑examine the complete specification relating to the patent. (3) If: (a) the Commissioner has started to re‑examine a complete specification relating to an innovation patent; and (b) relevant proceedings in relation to the patent are started; the Commissioner must not continue the re‑examination. #### 101L Copies of report to be given to court A copy of a report under paragraph 101G(2)(b), and of any statement filed under section 101H in relation to the report, must, if the re‑examination was directed under subsection 101K(1), be given to the court that gave the direction. ## Part 3—Opposition to innovation patents #### 101M Opposition to innovation patent The Minister, or any other person, may, in accordance with the regulations, oppose an innovation patent that has been certified and seek the revocation of it, on one or more of the following grounds of invalidity, but on no other: (a) that the patentee is either: (i) not entitled to the patent; or (ii) entitled to the patent but only in conjunction with some other person; (b) that the complete specification does not comply with subsection 40(2), (3) or (3A); (c) that the invention is not a patentable invention because it does not comply with paragraph 18(1A)(a), (b) or (c); (d) that the invention is not a patentable invention under subsection 18(2) or (3). #### 101N Hearing and decision by the Commissioner (1) If an innovation patent has been opposed under section 101M, the Commissioner must decide the case in accordance with the regulations. (2) The Commissioner must give the opponent and the patentee a reasonable opportunity to be heard before deciding the case. (3) The Commissioner may, in deciding whether to revoke the patent, take into account any ground on which the grant of an innovation patent may be opposed, whether relied upon by the opponent or not. (4) Subject to subsection (6), if the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that a ground exists for the revocation of an innovation patent, the Commissioner may revoke the patent in writing either wholly or so far as it relates to a particular claim. (5) If the Commissioner revokes the patent: (a) the Commissioner must notify the patentee and the opponent of the revocation; and (b) register the revocation of the patent. (6) The Commissioner must not revoke a patent under this section unless the Commissioner has, where appropriate, given the patentee a reasonable opportunity to amend the relevant specification for the purpose of removing any ground for revocation and the patentee has failed to do so. (7) The patentee, and any opponent, may appeal to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner under this section. #### 101P Relevant proceedings and opposition If relevant proceedings in relation to an innovation patent are pending, the Commissioner must not make a decision under this Part in relation to the patent without the leave of the court. Chapter 10—Amendments ## Part 1—Amendments that are not allowable #### 102 What amendments are not allowable? Amendment of complete specification not allowable if amended specification claims or discloses matter extending beyond that disclosed in certain documents (1) An amendment of a complete specification is not allowable if, as a result of the amendment, the specification would claim or disclose matter that extends beyond that disclosed in the following documents taken together: (a) the complete specification as filed; (b) other prescribed documents (if any). Certain amendments of complete specification are not allowable after relevant time (2) An amendment of a complete specification is not allowable after the relevant time if, as a result of the amendment: (a) a claim of the specification would not in substance fall within the scope of the claims of the specification before amendment; or (b) the specification would not comply with subsection 40(2), (3) or (3A). Meaning of relevant time (2A) For the purposes of subsection (2), relevant time means: (a) in relation to an amendment proposed to a complete specification relating to a standard patent—after the specification has been accepted; or (b) in relation to an amendment proposed to a complete specification relating to an innovation patent—after the Commissioner has made a decision under paragraph 101E(1)(a) in respect of the patent. Amendment of innovation patent request not allowable in certain circumstances (2B) An amendment to a patent request relating to an innovation patent application is not allowable if: (a) the patent application was provided for in section 79C; and (b) the effect of the proposed amendment would be to convert the application from an application for an innovation patent to an application for a standard patent. Amendments of a kind prescribed by regulations not allowable (2D) An amendment of a patent request or a complete specification is not allowable if it is of a kind prescribed by regulations made for the purposes of this section. Section does not apply in certain cases (3) This section does not apply to an amendment for the purposes of: (a) correcting a clerical error or an obvious mistake made in, or in relation to, a complete specification; or (b) complying with paragraph 6(c) (about deposit requirements). #### 103 Consent of mortgagee or exclusive licensee needed (1) Where a person is registered as the mortgagee or exclusive licensee of a patent, an amendment of the complete specification is not allowable unless the mortgagee or licensee has consented, in writing, to the amendment. (2) If a mortgagee or licensee refuses to consent to a proposed amendment, the Commissioner may, on the application of the applicant or patentee, if satisfied on the balance of probabilities that the consent has been unreasonably refused, direct that the consent of the mortgagee or licensee is not necessary. ## Part 2—Amendments of patent requests, specifications and other filed documents #### 104 Amendments by applicants and patentees (1) An applicant for a patent or a patentee, may, subject to this Act, and subject to and in accordance with the regulations, ask the Commissioner for leave to amend the relevant patent request or complete specification, or any other filed document, for any purpose including either or both of the following: (a) removing a lawful ground of objection to the request or specification, whether that objection is raised in the course of an examination or re‑examination or otherwise; (b) correcting a clerical error or an obvious mistake. (2) Where an applicant or patentee asks for leave to amend a patent request or complete specification, or any other filed document, the Commissioner must consider and deal with the request in accordance with the regulations. (4) The Minister or any other person may, subject to and in accordance with the regulations, oppose allowing an amendment. (5) The Commissioner must not allow an amendment that is not allowable under section 102. (6) On the allowance of an amendment, the amendment is to be taken to have been made. (7) An appeal lies to the Federal Court, against a decision of the Commissioner allowing, or refusing to allow, a requested amendment, other than a prescribed decision. #### 105 Amendments directed by court Order for amendment during relevant proceedings (1) In any relevant proceedings in relation to a patent, the court may, on the application of the patentee, by order direct the amendment of the patent request or the complete specification in the manner specified in the order. Order for amendment during an appeal (1A) If an appeal is made to the Federal Court against a decision or direction of the Commissioner in relation to a patent application, the Federal Court may, on the application of the applicant for the patent, by order direct the amendment of the patent request or the complete specification in the manner specified in the order. Orders for amendment generally (2) An order under subsection (1) or (1A) may be made subject to such terms (if any) as to costs, advertisements or otherwise, as the court thinks fit. (3) The applicant for an order under subsection (1) or (1A) must give notice of an application for an order to the Commissioner, who is entitled to appear and be heard, and must appear if the court directs. (4) A court is not to direct an amendment that is not allowable under section 102. (5) The applicant must file a copy of an order within the prescribed period. (6) On the filing of a copy of an order, the patent request or complete specification is to be taken to have been amended in the manner specified in the order. #### 106 Amendments directed by Commissioner: patents (1) Where: (a) a patent has been granted; and (b) the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that the patent is invalid on grounds that could be removed by appropriate amendments of the specification following: (i) in the case of a standard patent—re‑examination of the patent; or (ii) in the case of an innovation patent—examination of, re‑examination of, or opposition to, the patent; the Commissioner may, in accordance with the regulations, direct the patentee to file, within such time as the Commissioner allows, a statement of proposed amendments of the specification for the purpose of removing those grounds. (2) The Commissioner must not give a direction without first giving the patentee a reasonable opportunity to be heard. (3) A patentee may, in accordance with the regulations, amend a statement of amendments. (4) If the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that the amendments set out in a statement (or an amended statement) are allowable and would, if made, remove the grounds on which the patent is invalid, the Commissioner must allow the amendments. (5) On the allowance of an amendment, the amendment is to be taken to have been made. #### 107 Amendments directed by Commissioner: applications for standard patents (1) Where: (a) a complete application for a standard patent has been made; and (b) the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that there are lawful grounds of objection to the patent request or complete specification, but that those grounds of objection could be removed by appropriate amendments of the request or specification; and (c) the applicant has not taken action to amend the request or specification so as to remove those grounds of objection; the Commissioner may, in accordance with the regulations, direct the applicant to file, within such time as the Commissioner allows, a statement of proposed amendments of the request or specification for the purpose of removing those grounds of objection. (2) The Commissioner must not give a direction without first giving the applicant a reasonable opportunity to be heard. (3) An applicant may, in accordance with the regulations, amend a statement of amendments. (4) If the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that the amendments set out in a statement (or an amended statement) are allowable and would, if made, remove all lawful grounds of objection to the patent request and complete specification, the Commissioner must allow the amendments. (5) On the allowance of an amendment, the amendment is to be taken to have been made. #### 109 Appeal An appeal lies to the Federal Court against a direction of the Commissioner under section 106 or 107. ## Part 3—Miscellaneous #### 110 Advertisement of amendment of complete specification An amendment of a complete specification that is open to public inspection must be notified in the Official Journal. #### 112 Pending proceedings A complete specification relating to a patent must not be amended, except under section 105, while relevant proceedings in relation to the patent are pending. #### 112A Decisions on appeal A complete specification relating to a patent application must not be amended, except under section 105, if: (a) an appeal against a decision or direction of the Commissioner has been made to the Federal Court in relation to the specification; and (b) the appeal, and any proceedings resulting from it, have not been finally determined, withdrawn or otherwise disposed of. #### 113 Persons claiming under assignment or agreement (1) Where, before a patent is granted, a person would, if the patent were then granted, be entitled under an assignment or agreement, or by operation of law, to: (a) the patent or an interest in it; or (b) an undivided share in the patent or in such an interest; the Commissioner may, on a request made by the person in accordance with the regulations, direct that the application proceed in the name of the person, or in the name of the person and the applicant or the other joint applicant or applicants, as the case requires. (2) Where the Commissioner gives a direction: (a) the person is to be taken to be the applicant, or a joint applicant, as the case requires; and (b) the patent request is to be taken to have been amended so as to request the grant of a patent to the person, either alone or as a joint patentee, as the case requires. #### 114 Priority date of claims of certain amended specifications (1) This section applies if: (a) a complete specification has been amended; and (b) the amendment was not allowable under subsection 102(1); and (c) as a result of the amendment, a claim of the amended specification claims an invention that: (i) was not disclosed by the complete specification as filed in a manner that was clear enough and complete enough for the invention to be performed by a person skilled in the relevant art; but (ii) is disclosed in that manner by the amended specification. (2) If this section applies, the priority date of the claim must be determined under the regulations. #### 114A Objection cannot be taken to certain amended specifications (1) This section applies if: (a) a complete specification (the original specification) has been amended; and (b) the amendment was not allowable under subsection 102(1); and (ba) as a result of the amendment, a claim of the amended specification claims an invention that was not disclosed by the original specification as filed in a manner that was clear enough and complete enough for the invention to be performed by a person skilled in the relevant art; and (c) after the filing date of the original specification there is a publication or use of the invention as described in the original specification. (2) If this section applies, objection cannot be taken to the amended specification, and a patent is not invalid, on the ground that the invention, so far as claimed in the amended specification and having regard to the publication or the use of the invention described in the original specification, does not involve: (a) in the case of a standard patent—an inventive step; or (b) in the case of an innovation patent—an innovative step. #### 115 Restriction on recovery of damages etc. (1) Where a complete specification is amended after becoming open to public inspection, damages shall not be awarded, and an order shall not be made for an account of profits, in respect of any infringement of the patent before the date of the decision or order allowing or directing the amendment: (a) unless the court is satisfied that the specification without the amendment was framed in good faith and with reasonable skill and knowledge; or (b) if the claim of the specification that was infringed is a claim mentioned under subsection 114(1). (2) Subsection (1) has effect subject to subsections 57(3) and (4). #### 116 Interpretation of amended specifications The Commissioner or a court may, in interpreting a complete specification as amended, refer to the specification without amendment. Chapter 11—Infringement ## Part 1—Infringement and infringement proceedings #### 117 Infringement by supply of products (1) If the use of a product by a person would infringe a patent, the supply of that product by one person to another is an infringement of the patent by the supplier unless the supplier is the patentee or licensee of the patent. (2) A reference in subsection (1) to the use of a product by a person is a reference to: (a) if the product is capable of only one reasonable use, having regard to its nature or design—that use; or (b) if the product is not a staple commercial product—any use of the product, if the supplier had reason to believe that the person would put it to that use; or (c) in any case—the use of the product in accordance with any instructions for the use of the product, or any inducement to use the product, given to the person by the supplier or contained in an advertisement published by or with the authority of the supplier. #### 118 Infringement exemptions: use in or on foreign vessels, aircraft or vehicles The rights of a patentee are not infringed: (a) by using the patented invention on board a foreign vessel, in the body of the vessel, or in the machinery, tackle, apparatus or other accessories of the vessel, if the vessel comes into the patent area only temporarily or accidentally and the invention is used exclusively for the needs of the vessel; or (b) by using the patented invention in the construction or working of a foreign aircraft or foreign land vehicle, or in the accessories of the aircraft or vehicle, if the aircraft or vehicle comes into the patent area only temporarily or accidentally. #### 119 Infringement exemptions: prior use (1) A person may, without infringing a patent, do an act that exploits a product, method or process and would infringe the patent apart from this subsection, if immediately before the priority date of the relevant claim the person: (a) was exploiting the product, method or process in the patent area; or (b) had taken definite steps (contractually or otherwise) to exploit the product, method or process in the patent area. > Note 1: This section applies in relation to a patent granted as a result of an application filed on or after the commencement of Schedule 6 to the Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act 2006 (which repealed and substituted this section). > Note 2: Section 119 of this Act as in force before the commencement of that Schedule continues to apply in relation to patents granted as a result of earlier applications. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply if, before the priority date, the person: (a) had stopped (except temporarily) exploiting the product, method or process in the patent area; or (b) had abandoned (except temporarily) the steps to exploit the product, method or process in the patent area. Limit for product, method or process derived from patentee (3) Subsection (1) does not apply to a product, method or process the person derived from the patentee or the patentee’s predecessor in title in the patented invention unless the person derived the product, method or process from information that was made publicly available: (a) by or with the consent of the patentee or the patentee’s predecessor in title; and (b) in the prescribed circumstances mentioned in paragraph 24(1)(a). Exemption for successors in title (4) A person (the disposer) may dispose of the whole of the disposer’s entitlement under subsection (1) to do an act without infringing a patent to another person (the recipient). If the disposer does so, this section applies in relation to the recipient as if the references in subsections (1), (2) and (3) to the person were references to: (a) the disposer; or (b) if the disposer’s entitlement arose because of one or more previous applications of this subsection—the first person: (i) who was entitled under subsection (1) (applying of its own force) to do an act without infringing the patent; and (ii) to whom the disposer’s entitlement is directly or indirectly attributable. Definition (5) In this section: > exploit includes: (a) in relation to a product: (i) make, hire, sell or otherwise dispose of the product; and (ii) offer to make, hire, sell or otherwise dispose of the product; and (iii) use or import the product; and (iv) keep the product for the purpose of doing an act described in subparagraph (i), (ii) or (iii); and (b) in relation to a method or process: (i) use the method or process; and (ii) do an act described in subparagraph (a)(i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) with a product resulting from the use of the method or process. #### 119A Infringement exemptions: acts for obtaining regulatory approval of pharmaceuticals (1) The rights of a patentee of a pharmaceutical patent are not infringed by a person exploiting an invention claimed in the patent if the exploitation is solely for: (a) purposes connected with obtaining the inclusion in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods of goods that: (i) are intended for therapeutic use; and (ii) are not medical devices as defined in the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989; or (b) purposes connected with obtaining similar regulatory approval under a law of a foreign country or of a part of a foreign country. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the export from Australia of goods for purposes described in paragraph (1)(b) unless the term of the patent has been extended under Part 3 of Chapter 6 and the goods consist of or contain: (a) a pharmaceutical substance per se that is in substance disclosed in the complete specification of the patent and in substance falls within the scope of the claim or claims of that specification; or (b) a pharmaceutical substance when produced by a process that involves the use of recombinant DNA technology, that is in substance disclosed in the complete specification of the patent and in substance falls within the scope of the claim or claims of that specification. > Note: Part 3 of Chapter 6 provides for the extension of the term of standard patents claiming pharmaceutical substances. (3) In this section: > pharmaceutical patent means a patent claiming: (a) a pharmaceutical substance; or (b) a method, use or product relating to a pharmaceutical substance, including any of the following: (i) a method for producing a raw material needed to produce the substance; (ii) a product that is a raw material needed to produce the substance; (iii) a product that is a pro‑drug, metabolite or derivative of the substance. #### 119B Infringement exemptions: acts for obtaining regulatory approval (non‑pharmaceuticals) (1) A person may, without infringing a patent, do an act that would infringe the patent apart from this subsection, if the act is done solely for: (a) purposes connected with obtaining an approval required by a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory to exploit a product, method or process; or (b) purposes connected with obtaining a similar approval under a law of another country or region. (2) This section does not apply in relation to a pharmaceutical patent within the meaning of subsection 119A(3). #### 119C Infringement exemptions: acts for experimental purposes (1) A person may, without infringing a patent for an invention, do an act that would infringe the patent apart from this subsection, if the act is done for experimental purposes relating to the subject matter of the invention. (2) For the purposes of this section, experimental purposes relating to the subject matter of the invention include, but are not limited to, the following: (a) determining the properties of the invention; (b) determining the scope of a claim relating to the invention; (c) improving or modifying the invention; (d) determining the validity of the patent or of a claim relating to the invention; (e) determining whether the patent for the invention would be, or has been, infringed by the doing of an act. #### 120 Infringement proceedings (1) Subject to subsection (1A), infringement proceedings may be started in a prescribed court, or in another court having jurisdiction to hear and determine the matter, by the patentee or an exclusive licensee. (1A) Infringement proceedings in respect of an innovation patent cannot be started unless the patent has been certified. (2) If an exclusive licensee starts infringement proceedings, the patentee must be joined as a defendant unless joined as a plaintiff. (3) A patentee joined as a defendant is not liable for costs unless the patentee enters an appearance and takes part in the proceedings. (4) Infringement proceedings must be started within: (a) 3 years from the day on which the relevant patent is granted; or (b) 6 years from the day on which the infringing act was done; whichever period ends later. #### 121 Counter‑claim for revocation of patent (1) A defendant in infringement proceedings may apply by way of counter‑claim in the proceedings for the revocation of the patent. (2) The provisions of this Act relating to proceedings for the revocation of a patent apply, with the necessary changes, to a counter‑claim. #### 121A Burden of proof—infringement of patent for a process (1) This section applies only to a patent for a process for obtaining a product. (2) If, in proceedings for infringement of a patent started by the patentee or the exclusive licensee: (a) the defendant alleges that he or she has used a process different from the patented process to obtain a product (defendant’s product) identical to the product obtained by the patented process; and (b) the court is satisfied that: (i) it is very likely that the defendant’s product was made by the patented process; and (ii) the patentee or exclusive licensee has taken reasonable steps to find out the process actually used by the defendant but has not been able to do so; then, in the absence of proof to the contrary the onus for which is on the defendant, the defendant’s product is to be taken to have been obtained by the patented process. (3) In deciding how the defendant is to adduce evidence for the purposes of subsection (2), the court is to take into account the defendant’s legitimate interests in having business and manufacturing secrets protected. #### 122 Relief for infringement of patent (1) The relief which a court may grant for infringement of a patent includes an injunction (subject to such terms, if any, as the court thinks fit) and, at the option of the plaintiff, either damages or an account of profits. (1A) A court may include an additional amount in an assessment of damages for an infringement of a patent, if the court considers it appropriate to do so having regard to: (a) the flagrancy of the infringement; and (b) the need to deter similar infringements of patents; and (c) the conduct of the party that infringed the patent that occurred: (i) after the act constituting the infringement; or (ii) after that party was informed that it had allegedly infringed the patent; and (d) any benefit shown to have accrued to that party because of the infringement; and (e) all other relevant matters. (2) On the application of either party, the court may make such order for the inspection of any thing in or on any vehicle, vessel, aircraft or premises, and may impose such terms and give such directions about the inspection, as the court thinks fit. #### 123 Innocent infringement (1) A court may refuse to award damages, or to make an order for an account of profits, in respect of an infringement of a patent if the defendant satisfies the court that, at the date of the infringement, the defendant was not aware, and had no reason to believe, that a patent for the invention existed. (2) If patented products, marked so as to indicate that they are patented in Australia, were sold or used in the patent area to a substantial extent before the date of the infringement, the defendant is to be taken to have been aware of the existence of the patent unless the contrary is established. (3) Nothing in this section affects a court’s power to grant relief by way of an injunction. ## Part 2—Non‑infringement declarations #### 124 Interpretation In this Part: > patentee includes an exclusive licensee. #### 125 Application for non‑infringement declaration (1) A person who has done, is doing, or is intending to do an act may apply to a prescribed court for a declaration that the doing of the act does not, or would not, infringe a patent. (2) An application may be made: (a) for a declaration in relation to an invention claimed in a standard patent—at any time after the patent has been granted; and (b) for a declaration in relation to an innovation patent—at any time after the patent has been certified; and (c) whether or not the patentee has made any assertion to the effect that the doing of the act has or would infringe the claim. (3) The patentee must be joined as a respondent in the proceedings. #### 126 Proceedings for non‑infringement declarations (1) A prescribed court must not make a non‑infringement declaration unless: (a) the applicant for the declaration: (i) has asked the patentee in writing for a written admission that the doing of the act has not infringed, or would not infringe, the patent; and (ii) has given the patentee full written particulars of the act done, or proposed to be done; and (iii) has undertaken to pay a reasonable sum for the patentee’s expenses in obtaining advice about whether the act has infringed or would infringe the claim; and (b) the patentee has refused or failed to make the admission. (2) The court may make orders as to costs as the court thinks fit. #### 127 Effect of non‑infringement declarations If: (a) a patentee has given a person a written admission that the doing of an act has not infringed, or would not infringe, a claim, or a prescribed court has made a non‑infringement declaration in respect of an invention; and (b) the patentee later gets an injunction restraining the person from doing the act as specified in the admission, or the declaration is revoked; the person is not liable: (c) to account to the patentee for any profits, made by the person before the date on which the injunction was granted or the declaration was revoked, from the doing of the act as specified in the admission or declaration; or (d) to pay damages for any loss suffered by the patentee before that date as a result of the doing of that act. ## Part 3—Unjustified threats of infringement proceedings #### 128 Application for relief from unjustified threats (1) Where a person, by means of circulars, advertisements or otherwise, threatens a person with infringement proceedings, or other similar proceedings, a person aggrieved may apply to a prescribed court, or to another court having jurisdiction to hear and determine the application, for: (a) a declaration that the threats are unjustifiable; and (b) an injunction against the continuance of the threats; and (c) the recovery of any damages sustained by the applicant as a result of the threats. (1A) The court may include an additional amount in an assessment of damages sustained by the applicant as a result of the unjustifiable threats, if the court considers it appropriate to do so having regard to: (a) the flagrancy of the threats; and (b) the need to deter similar threats; and (c) the conduct of the person who made the threats, being conduct that occurred after the person made the threats; and (d) any benefit shown to have accrued to the person who made the threats because of the threats; and (e) all other relevant matters. (2) Subsection (1) applies whether or not the person who made the threats is entitled to, or interested in, the patent or a patent application. #### 129 Court’s power to grant relief if threats related to a standard patent or standard patent application If an application under section 128 for relief relates to threats made in respect of a standard patent or an application for a standard patent, the court may grant the applicant the relief applied for unless the respondent satisfies the court that the acts about which the threats were made infringed, or would infringe: (a) a claim that is not shown by the applicant to be invalid; or (b) rights under section 57 in respect of a claim that is not shown by the applicant to be a claim that would be invalid if the patent had been granted. #### 129A Threats related to an innovation patent application or innovation patent and court’s power to grant relief Certain threats of infringement proceedings are always unjustifiable (1) If: (a) a person: (i) has applied for an innovation patent, but the application has not been determined; or (ii) has an innovation patent that has not been certified; and (b) the person, by means of circulars, advertisements or otherwise, threatens a person with infringement proceedings or other similar proceedings in respect of the patent applied for, or the patent, as the case may be; then, for the purposes of an application for relief under section 128 by the person threatened, the threats are unjustifiable. Courts power to grant relief in respect of threats made by the applicant for an innovation patent or the patentee of an uncertified innovation patent (2) If an application under section 128 for relief relates to threats made in respect of an innovation patent that has not been certified or an application for an innovation patent, the court may grant the applicant the relief applied for. Courts power to grant relief in respect of threats made by the patentee of a certified innovation patent (3) If an application under section 128 for relief relates to threats made in respect of a certified innovation patent, the court may grant the applicant the relief applied for unless the respondent satisfies the court that the acts about which the threats were made infringed, or would infringe, a claim that is not shown by the applicant to be invalid. #### 130 Counter‑claim for infringement (1) The respondent in proceedings under section 128 may apply, by way of counter‑claim, for relief to which the respondent would be entitled in separate proceedings for an infringement by the applicant of the patent to which the threats relate. (2) Where the respondent applies by way of counter‑claim, the applicant may, without making a separate application under Chapter 12, apply in the proceedings for the revocation of the patent. (3) The provisions of this Act relating to infringement proceedings apply, with the necessary changes, to a counter‑claim. > Note: Infringement proceedings cannot be commenced in respect of an innovation patent unless the patent has first been certified (see subsection 120(1A)). (4) The provisions of this Act relating to proceedings under section 138 for the revocation of a patent apply, with the necessary changes, to an application under subsection (2). > Note: Revocation proceedings under section 138 cannot be commenced in respect of an innovation patent unless the patent has first been certified (see subsection 138(1A)). #### 131 Notification of patent not a threat The mere notification of the existence of a patent, or an application for a patent, does not constitute a threat of proceedings for the purposes of section 128. #### 132 Liability of legal practitioner or patent attorney A legal practitioner or a registered patent attorney is not liable to proceedings under section 128 in respect of an act done in a professional capacity on behalf of a client. Chapter 12—Compulsory licences and revocation of patents ## Part 1—Introduction #### 132A Simplified outline of this Chapter This Chapter provides for court orders requiring the grant of compulsory licences in respect of patented inventions. Special provision is made for compulsory licences to exploit patented pharmaceutical inventions. This is to enable the manufacture of a pharmaceutical product in Australia for export to an eligible importing country, to address public health problems in that country. This Chapter also provides generally for the surrender of patents, and for court orders revoking patents. ## Part 2—Compulsory licences (general) #### 132B Simplified outline of this Part The Federal Court may make an order under this Part requiring the grant of a compulsory licence to exploit a patented invention. The court may order a compulsory licence to be granted if certain conditions are met, including that demand in Australia for the invention is not being met on reasonable terms, authorisation to exploit the invention is essential to meet that demand and it is in the public interest to grant the licence. If the person seeking the compulsory licence is the patentee of another invention and is seeking the licence to exploit that other invention, the court must also be satisfied that the other invention involves an important technical advance of considerable economic significance on the original invention. The court may also order a compulsory licence to be granted if the patentee has engaged in restrictive trade practices in connection with the patent under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 or under an application law (within the meaning of that Act). The court may order a patent to be revoked after an order for a compulsory licence has been made (on the same grounds that apply to an order for a compulsory licence). The patentee must be paid an agreed amount of remuneration, or an amount of remuneration determined by the court. #### 133 Compulsory licences—general Application for an order granting a compulsory licence (1) Subject to subsection (1A), a person may apply to the Federal Court, after the end of the prescribed period, for an order requiring the patentee to grant the applicant a licence to exploit the patented invention (the original invention). > Note: For compulsory licences for the manufacture and export of patented pharmaceutical inventions to eligible importing countries, see Part 3\. However, Part 3 does not prevent a compulsory licence from being ordered under this Part in relation to such an invention (see section 136C). (1A) A person cannot apply for an order in respect of an innovation patent unless the patent has been certified. Making an order (2) After hearing the application, the court may make the order if satisfied that: (a) all of the conditions in subsection (3) exist; or (b) the patentee has contravened, or is contravening, Part IV of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 or an application law (as defined in section 150A of that Act) in connection with the patent. (3) The conditions in this subsection are: (a) demand in Australia for the original invention is not being met on reasonable terms; and (b) authorisation to exploit the original invention is essential to meet that demand; and (c) the applicant has tried for a reasonable period, but without success, to obtain authority from the patentee to exploit the original invention on reasonable terms and conditions; and (d) the patentee has given no satisfactory reason for failing to exploit the patent to the extent necessary to meet the demand for the original invention in Australia; and (e) it is in the public interest to provide the applicant with authorisation to exploit the original invention, having regard to the following: (i) the benefits to the public from meeting the demand for the original invention; (ii) the commercial costs and benefits to the patentee and the applicant from providing authorisation to exploit the original invention; (iii) any other matters the court considers relevant, including matters relating to greater competition and any impact on innovation; and (f) if the applicant is the patentee of another invention (the dependent invention) and is seeking the authorisation for the purposes of exploiting the dependent invention: (i) the dependent invention cannot be exploited by the applicant without exploiting the original invention; and (ii) the dependent invention involves an important technical advance of considerable economic significance on the original invention. Form of order (3A) If the applicant is the patentee of the dependent invention, the order must: (a) require the patentee to grant to the applicant a licence to exploit the original invention only to the extent necessary to exploit the dependent invention; and (b) if the patentee so requires—require the applicant to grant to the patentee a licence on reasonable terms to exploit the dependent invention. (3B) An order must direct that a licence: (a) is not to give the licensee, or a person authorised by the licensee, the exclusive right to exploit the original invention or the dependent invention (if applicable); and (b) is to be assignable only in connection with an enterprise or goodwill in connection with which the licence is used. (3C) An order may direct that a licence is to be granted on any other terms specified in the order that the court thinks fit. Such terms must be consistent with the public interest, having regard to the matters specified in paragraph (3)(e). Effect of order (4) An order operates, without prejudice to any other method of enforcement, as if it were embodied in a deed granting a licence and executed by the patentee and all other necessary parties. (5) The patentee is to be paid in respect of a licence granted to the applicant under an order: (a) such amount as is agreed between the patentee and the applicant; or (b) if paragraph (a) does not apply—such amount as is determined by the Federal Court to be just and reasonable, having regard to: (i) the economic value of the licence; and (ii) if the order is made because the court is satisfied that the patentee has contravened, or is contravening, Part IV of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 or an application law (as defined in section 150A of that Act) in connection with the patent—the desirability of discouraging contraventions of that Part or an application law; and (iii) the right of the patentee to obtain a return on investment commensurate with the regulatory and commercial risks involved in developing the invention; and (iv) the public interest in ensuring that demand in Australia for the original invention is met on reasonable terms. Revocation of licence (6) The patentee or the Federal Court may revoke a licence if: (a) the patentee and the licensee are agreed, or the court on application made by either party finds, that the circumstances that justified the grant of the licence have ceased to exist and are unlikely to recur; and (b) the legitimate interests of the licensee are not likely to be adversely affected by the revocation. (7) If: (a) the licence is revoked by the Federal Court; and (b) the order granting the licence required a licence (the cross‑licence) to be granted in accordance with paragraph (3A)(b); the Federal Court must consider whether to revoke the cross‑licence. #### 134 Revocation of patent after grant of compulsory licence under section 133 (1) Where a compulsory licence ordered under section 133 relating to a patent is granted, an interested person may apply to the Federal Court, after the end of the prescribed period, for an order revoking the patent. (2) After hearing the application, the court may make the order if satisfied that: (a) all of the following apply: (i) demand in Australia for the original invention is continuing to not be met on reasonable terms; (ii) the patentee has given no satisfactory reason for failing to exploit the patent to the extent necessary to meet the demand for the original invention in Australia; (iii) it is in the public interest to revoke the patent, having regard to the matters in subsection (3); or (b) the patentee is contravening Part IV of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 or an application law (as defined in section 150A of that Act) in connection with the patent. (3) The matters are as follows: (a) the benefits to the public from meeting the demand for the original invention; (b) the commercial costs and benefits to the patentee and the applicant from revoking the patent; (c) any other matters the court considers relevant, including matters relating to greater competition and any impact on innovation. #### 136 Orders to be consistent with international agreements An order must not be made under section 133 or 134 that is inconsistent with a treaty between the Commonwealth and a foreign country. #### 136A Dealing with allegation of contravention of application law Proceedings under section 133 or 134 involving an allegation of contravention of an application law that is a law of a State must be dealt with as if the law were a law of the Commonwealth. > Note: Those proceedings are in the Federal Court, which can only exercise the judicial power of the Commonwealth. This section lets the court deal comprehensively with the proceedings without the need for a court of the State to determine whether the application law has been contravened. ## Part 3—Patented pharmaceutical invention compulsory licences (for manufacture and export to eligible importing countries) ### Division 1—Introduction #### 136B Simplified outline of this Part The Federal Court may make an order under this Part requiring the grant of a compulsory licence to exploit a patented pharmaceutical invention for manufacture and export to an eligible importing country. The court may order a compulsory licence to be granted if the proposed use of the pharmaceutical product is to address a public health issue in the eligible importing country: (a) in a national emergency (or other extremely urgent circumstances); or (b) by the public non‑commercial use of the product. The order may be amended or revoked by another order of the court. The patentee must be paid an agreed amount of remuneration, or an amount of remuneration determined by the court. #### 136C Relationship between Parts 2 and 3 This Part does not prevent a compulsory licence from being ordered under Part 2 in relation to a patented pharmaceutical invention. ### Division 2—Patented pharmaceutical invention compulsory licences #### 136D PPI compulsory licences—applications for orders Application for order (1) A person (the PPI order applicant) may apply to the Federal Court for an order (the PPI order) under section 136E requiring the patentee of a patented pharmaceutical invention to grant the PPI order applicant a licence (a PPI compulsory licence) to exploit the invention to the extent necessary for the purposes of manufacturing a pharmaceutical product in Australia for export to an eligible importing country. > Note 1: A patented pharmaceutical invention may be a patented product or a patented process: see the definition of patented pharmaceutical invention in Schedule 1. > Note 2: For remuneration in respect of a licence, see section 136J. (2) However, a person cannot apply for an order in respect of an innovation patent unless the patent has been certified. Statement—eligible importing country (3) An application must include a copy of a statement made by or on behalf of, and with the authorisation of, the eligible importing country to the effect that it will take reasonable measures within its means, proportionate to its administrative capacities and to the risk of trade diversion, to prevent re‑exportation from its territory of a pharmaceutical product imported into its territory in accordance with a PPI compulsory licence. Statement—importer (4) If the pharmaceutical product is to be imported on behalf of, and with the authorisation of, the eligible importing country, an application must also include a copy of a statement made by the importer to the effect that it will take reasonable measures within its means to prevent the pharmaceutical product from being used other than in accordance with a PPI compulsory licence. Parties (5) The following are parties to proceedings on an application under this section: (a) the PPI order applicant; (b) the patentee; (c) any person claiming an interest in the patent as exclusive licensee or otherwise; (d) at the option of the eligible importing country—that country. #### 136E PPI compulsory licences—orders (1) After hearing an application for a PPI order under section 136D, the Federal Court may, subject to this Part, make the order sought if the court is satisfied of all of the following matters: (a) the application is made in good faith; (b) the pharmaceutical product is to be imported: (i) by the eligible importing country; or (ii) by a person (the third party importer) on behalf of, and with the authorisation of, the eligible importing country; (c) the proposed use of the pharmaceutical product is to address a public health problem in the eligible importing country: (i) in circumstances of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency; or (ii) in other circumstances—by the public non‑commercial use of the pharmaceutical product; (d) exploiting the patented pharmaceutical invention is necessary to enable the import and proposed use of the pharmaceutical product as mentioned in paragraphs (b) and (c); (e) if subparagraph (c)(ii) applies: (i) the PPI order applicant has given the patentee a notice in the approved form seeking from the patentee an authorisation to exploit the patented pharmaceutical invention for public non‑commercial use; and (ii) during the 30 days beginning when the notice was given, the PPI order applicant has tried, without success, to obtain such an authorisation from the patentee on reasonable terms and conditions; (f) the notification requirements prescribed by regulation in relation to the importation of the pharmaceutical product into the eligible importing country have been complied with; (g) the PPI order applicant, the eligible importing country and, if there is a third party importer, that importer, will take reasonable measures to prevent a pharmaceutical product that is exported from Australia in accordance with a PPI compulsory licence from being used for a purpose other than the purpose of addressing the public health problem mentioned in paragraph (c). (2) Without limiting the matters that the court may take into account in deciding whether it is satisfied of a matter mentioned in subsection (1), the court must take into account any matters prescribed by regulation. (3) A regulation made for the purposes of paragraph (1)(f) may: (a) without limiting subsection 33(3A) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901, prescribe different notification requirements for the importation of pharmaceutical products into eligible importing countries of different kinds; and (b) despite subsection 14(2) of the Legislation Act 2003, refer to eligible importing countries (or different kinds of eligible importing countries) by applying, adopting or incorporating, with or without modification, any matter contained in any other instrument or other writing as in force or existing from time to time. #### 136F PPI compulsory licences—terms (1) A PPI order must direct that the PPI compulsory licence is granted on the following terms: (a) no more than the quantity of the pharmaceutical product that is determined by the Federal Court to be necessary to meet the needs of the eligible importing country is manufactured; (b) the entirety of the pharmaceutical product manufactured for that purpose is exported to that country; (c) the pharmaceutical product is labelled and marked in accordance with the regulations; (d) before shipment of the pharmaceutical product begins, the shipment information prescribed by regulation is made available on a website by, or on behalf of, the licensee for a minimum period prescribed by regulation; (e) the duration of the licence is only for the period of time determined by the Federal Court to be necessary to address the public health problem concerned; (f) the licence does not give the licensee, or a person authorised by the licensee, the exclusive right to exploit the patented pharmaceutical invention; (g) the licence is to be assignable only in connection with an enterprise or goodwill in connection with which the licence is used; (h) the licensee must give the Commissioner the information prescribed by regulation in relation to the licence in accordance with the regulations. (2) A PPI order may also direct that the licence is to be granted on any other terms specified in the order, including terms covering: (a) other requirements relating to the labelling and marking of the pharmaceutical product; and (b) other information to be made available by the licensee and the way in which it is to be made available. (3) However, a term specified in a PPI order must not be inconsistent with any regulations prescribed for the purposes of paragraph (1)(c), (d) or (h). #### 136G PPI compulsory licences—amendment Application for order (1) A person may apply to the Federal Court for an order amending any of the following terms of a PPI compulsory licence: (a) the quantity of the pharmaceutical product concerned; (b) how the pharmaceutical product is labelled and marked; (c) the duration of the licence; (d) the information that is to be made available by the licensee and the way it is to be made available. > Note: For remuneration in respect of the licence as amended, see section 136J. Order (2) The court may make the order sought in relation to a term if it is satisfied that: (a) it is just to do so in all the circumstances; and (b) the legitimate interests of the following are not likely to be adversely affected by the amendment of the term: (i) the patentee; (ii) any person claiming an interest in the patent as exclusive licensee or otherwise; (iii) the licensee; (iv) the eligible importing country. (3) However, an amended term must not be inconsistent with any regulations prescribed for the purposes of paragraph 136F(1)(c), (d) or (h). Parties (4) The following are parties to any proceedings under this section: (a) the applicant under subsection (1); (b) the patentee; (c) any person claiming an interest in the patent as exclusive licensee or otherwise; (d) the licensee; (e) at the option of the eligible importing country—that country. #### 136H PPI compulsory licences—revocation Application (1) A person may apply to the Federal Court for an order revoking a PPI compulsory licence. > Note: For remuneration in respect of the use of a PPI compulsory licence while it is in force, see section 136J. Federal Court may revoke licence (2) The Federal Court may make the order sought if the court is satisfied that: (a) one or more of the following applies: (i) the substantive circumstances that justified the grant of the licence have ceased to exist and are unlikely to recur; (ii) the licensee has not complied with the terms of the licence; (iii) if an amount of remuneration has been agreed or determined under section 136J—the amount has not been paid within the time agreed or determined; and (b) the legitimate interests of the licensee or the eligible importing country are not likely to be adversely affected by the revocation. Parties (3) The following are parties to any proceedings under this section: (a) the applicant for revocation; (b) the licensee; (c) at the option of the eligible importing country—that country. ### Division 3—Remuneration #### 136J PPI compulsory licences—remuneration Working out amount of remuneration (1) The patentee is to be paid an amount agreed or determined under subsection (3) in respect of the use of a patented pharmaceutical invention authorised by a PPI compulsory licence. (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the use of a patented pharmaceutical invention authorised by the PPI compulsory licence is: (a) while it is in force—the use authorised by the licence as granted and as amended (from time to time) under section 136G; or (b) if it has ceased to be in force (whether because it was revoked or otherwise)—the actual use of the patented pharmaceutical invention under the licence while it was in force. (3) For the purposes of subsection (1), the amount is: (a) an amount agreed between the patentee and the PPI order applicant, licensee or former licensee (as the case requires); or (b) if paragraph (a) does not apply—an amount determined by the Federal Court to be adequate remuneration taking into account the economic value to the eligible importing country of the use of the patented pharmaceutical invention authorised by the PPI compulsory licence. Application to make or amend a determination (4) A person may apply to the Federal Court: (a) to make a determination under paragraph (3)(b); or (b) to amend a determination made under that paragraph. > Note: Grounds for an application under paragraph (b) may include the fact that the terms of the PPI compulsory licence have been amended, or the licence has been revoked. Parties (5) The following are parties to any proceedings under this section: (a) the applicant for the determination or the amendment of the determination; (b) the PPI order applicant; (c) the licensee; (d) the patentee of the patented pharmaceutical invention; (e) any person claiming an interest in the patent as exclusive licensee or otherwise. Can PPI be exploited if remuneration is not agreed or determined? (6) To avoid doubt, if the proposed use of the pharmaceutical product is to address a public health problem in the eligible importing country in circumstances of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency, the licensee may exploit a patented pharmaceutical invention under a PPI compulsory licence, as granted or amended (as the case may be), whether or not an amount has been agreed or determined under this section. (7) However, if the proposed use of the pharmaceutical product is to address a public health problem in the eligible importing country in other circumstances, by the public non‑commercial use of the pharmaceutical product, the licensee must not exploit a patented pharmaceutical invention under a PPI compulsory licence unless an amount has been agreed or determined under this section. Can PPI compulsory licence be revoked if remuneration is not agreed or determined? (8) To avoid doubt, a PPI compulsory licence may be revoked whether or not an amount has been agreed or determined under this section. ### Division 4—General #### 136K PPI compulsory licences—nature of orders Without prejudice to any other method of enforcement, a PPI order operates as if it were embodied in a deed granting or amending a licence and executed by the patentee and all other necessary parties. #### 136L PPI compulsory licences—consistency of orders with international agreements A PPI order must not be made that is inconsistent with a treaty between the Commonwealth and a foreign country. #### 136M PPI compulsory licences—applications heard together Nothing in this Part prevents the Federal Court from dealing with the following applications together: (a) applications for different PPI orders, or for the amendment or revocation of such orders; (b) applications for determinations under paragraph 136J(3)(b) for remuneration in relation to different PPI compulsory licences, or for the amendment of such determinations. ## Part 4—Surrender and revocation of patents #### 136N Simplified outline of this Part A patentee may offer to surrender a patent by giving the Commissioner written notice. The Commissioner may accept the offer of surrender, and revoke the patent, after hearing all interested parties. If court proceedings are pending in relation to the patent, leave of the court, or the consent of the parties, is required. The Commissioner must not accept the offer if a compulsory licence ordered under Part 2 is in force in relation to the patent. In addition, a court may revoke a patent on the following grounds: (a) the patentee is not entitled to the patent; (b) the invention is not a patentable invention; (c) the patent was (broadly speaking) improperly obtained; (d) the patent was (broadly speaking) obtained on the basis of a non‑compliant specification. #### 137 Revocation on surrender of patent (1) A patentee may, at any time, by written notice to the Commissioner, offer to surrender the patent. (2) The Commissioner must give notice of an offer in accordance with the regulations. (3) After hearing all interested persons who notify the Commissioner in accordance with the regulations of their wish to be heard, the Commissioner may accept the offer and revoke the patent. (4) Where relevant proceedings in relation to a patent are pending, the Commissioner must not accept an offer to surrender the patent without either the leave of the court or the consent of the parties to the proceedings. (5) Where a licence ordered under Part 2 is in force in relation to a patent, the Commissioner must not accept an offer to surrender the patent. #### 138 Revocation of patents in other circumstances (1) Subject to subsection (1A), the Minister or any other person may apply to a prescribed court for an order revoking a patent. (1A) A person cannot apply for an order in respect of an innovation patent unless the patent has been certified. (2) At the hearing of the application, the respondent is entitled to begin and give evidence in support of the patent and, if the applicant gives evidence disputing the validity of the patent, the respondent is entitled to reply. (3) After hearing the application, the court may, by order, revoke the patent, either wholly or so far as it relates to a claim, on one or more of the following grounds, but on no other ground: (a) that the patentee is not entitled to the patent; (b) that the invention is not a patentable invention; (d) that the patent was obtained by fraud, false suggestion or misrepresentation; (e) that an amendment of the patent request or the complete specification was made or obtained by fraud, false suggestion or misrepresentation; (f) that the specification does not comply with subsection 40(2), (3) or (3A). (4) A court must not make an order under subsection (3) on the ground that the patentee is not entitled to the patent unless the court is satisfied that, in all the circumstances, it is just and equitable to do so. ## Part 5—Other matters #### 138A Simplified outline of this Part This Part deals with the parties to proceedings under this Chapter (other than proceedings under Part 3). This Part also enables the Commissioner to appear and be heard in all proceedings under this Chapter. #### 139 Parties to proceedings (1) The patentee, and any person claiming an interest in the patent as exclusive licensee or otherwise, are parties to any proceedings under section 133, 134 or 138. > Note: See Part 3 for details of parties to proceedings under that Part. (2) In any proceedings under this Chapter: (a) the applicant must serve a copy of the application on the Commissioner; and (b) the Commissioner may appear and be heard in the proceedings. #### 140 Commissioner to be given copies of orders An office copy of an order made under this Chapter must be served on the Commissioner by the Registrar or other appropriate officer of the court that made the order. Chapter 13—Withdrawal and lapsing of applications and ceasing of patents #### 141 Withdrawal of applications (1) A patent application, other than a PCT application, may be withdrawn if all of the following conditions are met: (a) the applicant lodges a written notice of withdrawal signed by the applicant; (b) if the application has been opposed under section 59—the Commissioner has consented to the withdrawal; (c) if the regulations prescribe a period within which an application must not be withdrawn—the withdrawal will not occur within the prescribed period. (2) The regulations may prescribe circumstances in which PCT applications may be withdrawn, or are to be taken to be withdrawn. #### 142 Lapsing of applications (1) A provisional application for a patent lapses at the end of the period prescribed for the purpose of section 38 or, if that period is extended, at the end of the period as so extended. (2) A complete application for a standard patent lapses if: (a) the applicant does not ask for an examination of the patent request and complete specification within the relevant period prescribed for the purposes of subsection 44(1), (2) or (3), as the case requires; or (d) the applicant does not pay a continuation fee for the application within the period prescribed for the purposes of this paragraph; or (e) the patent request and complete specification are not accepted within the period prescribed for the purposes of this paragraph; or (f) if the application is a PCT application—prescribed circumstances apply to the application. (3) A complete application for a standard patent lapses if the applicant does not comply with a direction of the Commissioner under section 107 within the time allowed by the Commissioner under that section. #### 143 Ceasing of patents A standard patent ceases if the patentee: (a) does not pay a renewal fee for the patent within the prescribed period; or (b) does not file the prescribed documents (if any) within the prescribed period. #### 143A Ceasing of innovation patents An innovation patent ceases if: (a) the fee for filing the request and accompanying specification relating to an application for an innovation patent is not paid in accordance with the regulations; or (b) after an examination of the patent has been requested under paragraph 101A(b), the patentee does not pay the prescribed fee for the examination within the prescribed period; or (c) the Commissioner does not make a decision under paragraph 101E(1)(a) within the period prescribed for the purposes of this paragraph; or (d) the patentee does not pay a renewal fee for the patent within the prescribed period; or (e) the patentee does not comply with a direction of the Commissioner under section 106 within the time allowed by the Commissioner under that section. #### 143B Payment of fees To avoid doubt, a reference in this Chapter to the payment of a continuation fee or renewal fee by the applicant or patentee is taken to include a reference to the payment of that fee by a person other than the applicant or patentee. Chapter 14—Contracts #### 145 Termination of contract after patent ceases to be in force (1) A contract relating to the lease of, or a licence to exploit, a patented invention may be terminated by either party, on giving 3 months’ notice in writing to the other party, at any time after the patent, or all the patents, by which the invention was protected at the time the contract was made, have ceased to be in force. (2) Subsection (1): (a) applies despite anything to the contrary in that contract or in any other contract; and (b) does not affect any right that a person has, apart from that subsection, to terminate a contract. Chapter 15—Special provisions relating to associated technology #### 147 Certificate by Director as to associated technology (1) Where the Commissioner considers that a specification in respect of an application may contain information of a kind referred to in the definition of associated technology in subsection 4(1) of the Safeguards Act, the Commissioner must give the Director written notice to that effect together with a copy of the patent request and specification. (2) On receiving a notice, the Director may, if satisfied that the specification contains information of that kind, issue a certificate to that effect. (3) Where the Director is satisfied that: (a) the possession by the applicant or the nominated person of the associated technology containing the information was not in accordance with a permit; or (b) the communication of the information involved in making the application was not in accordance with an authority; the Director may include in the certificate: (c) if the application is not a relevant international application—a direction that the application should lapse; or (d) if the application is a relevant international application—a direction that the application should not be treated as an international application. (4) Where the Director issues a certificate, the Director must give a copy of it to the Commissioner who must give a copy to the applicant. #### 148 Lapsing etc. of applications (1) Where: (a) the Commissioner receives a copy of a certificate under subsection 147(2) in relation to an application; and (b) the certificate includes a direction under subsection 147(3); then, upon receipt by the Commissioner of that copy: (c) if the application is not a relevant international application—the application lapses; or (d) if the application is a relevant international application—the application must cease to be treated as an international application. (2) Where an application has lapsed under this section, the Commissioner must publish a notice to that effect in the Official Journal. #### 149 Revocation of direction Where under section 148 an application has lapsed, or has ceased to be treated as an international application, because of a direction by the Director under section 147, the applicant may apply in writing to the Director for the revocation of the direction and the Director may revoke the direction. #### 150 Restoration of lapsed application (1) Where an application has lapsed under section 148, the applicant may, in writing, ask the Commissioner to restore it. (2) On receiving a request, the Commissioner must restore the application if satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that: (a) the relevant direction of the Director is no longer in force; and (b) there is no other reason not to do so. (3) Where the Commissioner restores an application, the Commissioner must publish a notice to that effect in the Official Journal. (4) Where an application is restored under this section, such provisions as are prescribed have effect for the protection or compensation of persons who exploited (or took definite steps by contract or otherwise to exploit) the relevant invention after the lapse of the application and before the day on which its restoration was notified in the Official Journal. (5) Proceedings cannot be started under section 57 in respect of anything done during the period from and including the day on which the application lapsed to and including the day on which its restoration was notified in the Official Journal. #### 151 Reinstatement of application as an international application (1) Where a relevant international application has ceased to be treated as an international application under section 148, the applicant may ask the Commissioner in writing to reinstate it. (2) On receiving a request, the Commissioner must reinstate the application as an international application if satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that: (a) the relevant direction of the Director is no longer in force; and (b) there is no other reason not to do so. (3) Where the Commissioner reinstates an application as an international application, the application must be treated as an international application. (4) Where: (a) the relevant international application specifies Australia as a designated State; and (b) the Commissioner cannot reinstate the application merely because, under the PCT, it is to be considered as having been withdrawn; and (c) the applicant files, within the prescribed period, a written request that the application be treated as an application under this Act for a standard patent; and (d) the applicant files any prescribed documents and pays the prescribed fee; then, except as otherwise prescribed: (e) the application must be treated as requested; and (f) the description, claims, drawings, graphics and photographs in the application must be treated as a complete specification filed in respect of the application; and (g) the application and complete specification must be treated as having been filed on the date on which the relevant international application was filed. #### 152 Notice of prohibitions or restrictions on publication (1) Where the Director issues a certificate under section 147 in relation to an application, the Director may give written notice to the Commissioner of any prohibitions or restrictions on the publication or communication of the information in the specification, or in a relevant abstract, that the Director considers appropriate. (2) On receiving a notice, the Commissioner must take such steps as are necessary or expedient to give effect to it. (3) Without limiting the generality of subsection (2), the Commissioner may, by written order, prohibit or restrict the publication or communication of information about the subject‑matter of the application, whether generally or in relation to a particular person or class of persons. (4) A person must not, except in accordance with the written consent of the Commissioner, publish or communicate information in contravention of an order. Penalty: Imprisonment for 2 years. #### 153 Effect of order (1) Where an order is in force in relation to an application for a standard patent, the application may proceed up to the acceptance of the patent request and complete specification, but the complete specification must not be made open to public inspection, the acceptance must not be notified in the Official Journal and a patent must not be granted on the application. (2) While an order is in force in relation to an application for an innovation patent, the application may proceed up to the acceptance of the patent request and complete specification but a patent must not be granted on the application. (3) Where an order in relation to an application for a standard patent has been revoked after the acceptance of the patent request and complete specification, the acceptance must be notified in the Official Journal within the prescribed period. (4) Nothing in this Act prevents disclosing information about an invention to the Director for the purpose of obtaining advice on whether an order should be made, amended or revoked. Chapter 16—Jurisdiction and powers of courts #### 154 Jurisdiction of Federal Court (1) The Federal Court has jurisdiction with respect to matters arising under this Act. (2) The jurisdiction of the Federal Court to hear and determine appeals against decisions or directions of the Commissioner is exclusive of the jurisdiction of any other court except the jurisdiction of the High Court under section 75 of the Constitution. (3) A prosecution for an offence against this Act must not be started in the Federal Court. #### 155 Jurisdiction of other prescribed courts (1) Each prescribed court (other than the Federal Court) has jurisdiction with respect to matters arising under this Act in respect of which proceedings may, under this Act, be started in a prescribed court. (2) The jurisdiction conferred by subsection (1) on the Supreme Court of a Territory is conferred: (a) in the case of proceedings for the infringement of a patent or proceedings under subsection 125(1) or section 128, or a matter arising under this Act that may be heard and determined in the course of such proceedings—to the extent that the Constitution permits; and (b) in any other case—only in relation to proceedings instituted by a natural person who is resident in the Territory, or a corporation that has its principal place of business in the Territory, at the time the proceedings are started. (3) This section, so far as it relates to the Supreme Court of Norfolk Island, has effect subject to section 60AA of the Norfolk Island Act 1979. #### 156 Exercise of jurisdiction The jurisdiction of a prescribed court under section 154 or 155 is to be exercised by a single judge. #### 157 Transfer of proceedings (1) A prescribed court in which proceedings under this Act have been started may, on the application of a party made at any stage in the proceedings, by order, transfer the proceedings to another prescribed court having jurisdiction to hear and determine the proceedings. (2) Where a court transfers proceedings to another court: (a) all documents of record relevant to those proceedings filed in the transferring court shall be sent to the other court by the Registrar or other appropriate officer of the transferring court; and (b) the other court shall proceed as if the proceedings had been started in the other court and as if the same steps in the proceedings had been taken there as had been taken in the transferring court. #### 158 Appeals (1) An appeal lies to the Federal Court against a judgment or order of: (a) another prescribed court exercising jurisdiction under this Act; or (b) any other court in proceedings under subsection 120(1) or section 128. (2) Except with the leave of the Federal Court, an appeal does not lie to the Full Court of the Federal Court against a judgment or order of a single judge of the Federal Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from decisions or directions of the Commissioner. (3) With the special leave of the High Court, an appeal lies to the High Court against a judgment or order referred to in subsection (1). (4) Except as otherwise provided by this section, an appeal does not lie against a judgment or order referred to in subsection (1). #### 159 Commissioner may appear in appeals The Commissioner may appear and be heard at the hearing of an appeal to the Federal Court against a decision or direction of the Commissioner even if the Commissioner is not a party to the appeal. #### 160 Powers of Federal Court On hearing an appeal against a decision or direction of the Commissioner, the Federal Court may do any one or more of the following: (a) admit further evidence orally, or on affidavit or otherwise; (b) permit the examination and cross‑examination of witnesses, including witnesses who gave evidence before the Commissioner; (c) order an issue of fact to be tried as it directs; (d) affirm, reverse or vary the Commissioner’s decision or direction; (e) give any judgment, or make any order, that, in all the circumstances, it thinks fit; (f) order a party to pay costs to another party. Chapter 17—The Crown ## Part 1—Introductory #### 160A When an invention is exploited for Crown purposes (1) An invention is exploited for Crown purposes if: (a) the invention is exploited for the services of a relevant authority; and (b) the exploitation is by: (i) the relevant authority; or (ii) if a person is authorised, in writing, by the relevant authority for the purposes of this subparagraph—the person for the relevant authority. (2) A person may be authorised for the purposes of subparagraph (1)(b)(ii): (a) before or after a patent has been granted for the invention; and (b) even if the person is directly or indirectly authorised by the nominated person or patentee to exploit the invention. (3) Subject to section 168, an invention is taken to be exploited for the services of a relevant authority if the exploitation of the invention is necessary for the proper provision of those services within Australia. (4) Services of a relevant authority includes: (a) if the relevant authority is the Commonwealth—services that are: (i) primarily provided or funded by the Commonwealth; or (ii) primarily provided or funded by the Commonwealth and one or more of the States or Territories; and (b) if the relevant authority is a State or Territory—services that are: (i) primarily provided or funded by the State or Territory; or (ii) primarily provided or funded by the State or Territory and one or more of the other States or Territories or the Commonwealth. #### 161 Nominated persons and patentees A reference in this Chapter to a nominated person or to a patentee includes a reference to the successor in title of the nominated person or patentee or an exclusive licensee of the nominated person or patentee. ## Part 2—Exploitation by the Crown #### 163 Crown exploitation of inventions—general rule (1) Exploitation of an invention in the circumstances mentioned in subsection (3) is not an infringement of: (a) if a patent application for the invention is pending—the nominated person’s rights in the invention; or (b) if a patent has been granted for the invention—the patent. (2) Despite subsection (1), if terms relating to the exploitation of the invention have been agreed or determined in accordance with section 165, the exploitation is an infringement unless the terms are complied with. (3) The circumstances are as follows: (a) the relevant Minister considers that the relevant authority has tried for a reasonable period, but without success, to obtain from the applicant and the nominated person, or the patentee, an authorisation to exploit the invention on reasonable terms; (b) the relevant Minister approves, in writing, the exploitation; (c) the invention is exploited for Crown purposes; (d) if the exploitation is by a person authorised by a relevant authority for the purposes of subparagraph 160A(1)(b)(ii)—the person is authorised by the relevant authority before the exploitation starts; (e) at least 14 days before the exploitation starts, the relevant authority gives the applicant and the nominated person, or the patentee: (i) a copy of the approval referred to in paragraph (b); and (ii) a written statement of reasons for approving the exploitation. > Note: Section 25D of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 sets out rules about the contents of a statement of reasons. (4) An approval given under paragraph (3)(b) is not a legislative instrument. (5) Relevant Minister means: (a) in relation to the exploitation of an invention by or for the Commonwealth—the Minister; or (b) in relation to the exploitation of an invention by or for a State—the Attorney‑General of the State; or (c) in relation to the exploitation of an invention by or for a Territory—the Attorney‑General of the Territory. #### 163A Crown exploitation of inventions—emergencies (1) Exploitation of an invention in the circumstances mentioned in subsection (3) is not an infringement of: (a) if a patent application for the invention is pending—the nominated person’s rights in the invention; or (b) if a patent has been granted for the invention—the patent. (2) Despite subsection (1), if terms relating to the exploitation of the invention have been agreed or determined in accordance with section 165, the exploitation is an infringement unless the terms are complied with. (3) The circumstances are as follows: (a) the relevant Minister considers that the exploitation is required because of an emergency, including an emergency to which a national emergency declaration (within the meaning of the National Emergency Declaration Act 2020) relates; (b) the relevant Minister approves, in writing, the exploitation before the exploitation starts; (c) the invention is exploited for Crown purposes; (d) if the exploitation is by a person authorised by a relevant authority for the purposes of subparagraph 160A(1)(b)(ii)—the person is authorised by the relevant authority before the exploitation starts. (4) As soon as practicable after the relevant Minister approves the proposed exploitation, the relevant Minister must give the applicant and the nominated person, or the patentee: (a) a copy of the approval referred to in paragraph (3)(b); and (b) a written statement of reasons for approving the exploitation. > Note: Section 25D of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 sets out rules about the contents of a statement of reasons. (5) An approval given under paragraph (3)(b) is not a legislative instrument. #### 164 Crown exploitation of inventions—information to be given by relevant authority As soon as practicable after an invention has been exploited in the circumstances mentioned in subsection 163(3) or 163A(3), the relevant authority must inform the applicant and the nominated person, or the patentee, of the exploitation and give him or her any information about the exploitation that he or she from time to time reasonably requires, unless it appears to the relevant authority that it would be contrary to the public interest to do so. #### 165 Crown exploitation of inventions—terms (including remuneration) (1) The terms for the exploitation of an invention in the circumstances mentioned in subsection 163(3) or 163A(3), including terms concerning the remuneration payable to the nominated person or the patentee, are such terms: (a) as are agreed, or determined by a method agreed, between the relevant authority and the nominated person or the patentee; or (b) in the absence of agreement—as are determined by a prescribed court on the application of the relevant authority, or the nominated person or the patentee. (2) Without limiting paragraph (1)(b), the prescribed court must determine an amount of remuneration that is just and reasonable, having regard to the economic value of the exploitation of the invention and any other matter the court considers relevant. (3) For the purposes of this section, the terms, or the method, may be agreed or determined before, during or after the exploitation. (4) When fixing the terms, the court may take into account any compensation that a person interested in the invention or the patent has received, directly or indirectly, for the invention from the relevant authority. #### 165A Crown exploitation of inventions—court order to cease (1) A prescribed court may, on the application of the nominated person or the patentee, declare that the exploitation of the invention in the circumstances mentioned in subsection 163(3) or 163A(3) is not, or is no longer, necessary for the proper provision of services of the relevant authority concerned if the court is satisfied that, in all the circumstances of the case, it is fair and reasonable to make the declaration. (2) The court may further order that the relevant authority is to cease to exploit the invention: (a) on and from the day specified in the order; and (b) subject to any conditions specified in the order. In making the order, the court is to ensure that the legitimate interests of the relevant authority are not adversely affected by the order. #### 166 Certain agreement and licences inoperative unless approved by relevant Minister (1) An agreement or licence setting the terms on which a person other than a relevant authority may exploit an invention is inoperative with respect to the exploitation of the invention in the circumstances mentioned in subsection 163(3) or 163A(3). (2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the agreement or licence has been approved in writing by the relevant Minister. #### 167 Sale of products (1) The right to exploit an invention under subsection 163(1) or 163A(1) includes the right to sell products made in exercise of that right. (2) Where under subsection 163(1) or 163A(1) the sale of products is not an infringement of: (a) a patent; or (b) a nominated person’s rights in the products; the buyer, and any person claiming through the buyer, is entitled to deal with the products as if the relevant authority were the patentee or the nominated person. #### 168 Supply of products by Commonwealth to foreign countries Where the Commonwealth has made an agreement with a foreign country to supply to that country products required for the defence of the country: (a) the use of a product or process by the Commonwealth, or by a person authorised in writing by the Commonwealth, for the supply of that product is to be taken, for the purposes of this Chapter, to be use of the product or process by the Commonwealth for the services of the Commonwealth; and (b) the Commonwealth or the authorised person may sell those products to the country under the agreement; and (c) the Commonwealth or the authorised person may sell to any person any of the products that are not required for the purpose for which they were made. #### 170 Sale of forfeited articles Nothing in this Chapter affects the right of the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory, or of a person deriving title directly or indirectly from the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory, to sell or use an article forfeited under a law of the Commonwealth, the State or the Territory. ## Part 3—Acquisitions by and assignments to the Crown #### 171 Acquisition of inventions or patents by Commonwealth (1) The Governor‑General may direct that a patent, or an invention that is the subject of a patent application, be acquired by the Commonwealth. (2) When a direction is given, all rights in respect of the patent or the invention are, by force of this subsection, transferred to and vested in the Commonwealth. (3) Notice of the acquisition must be: (a) given to the applicant and the nominated person, or the patentee; and (b) published in the Official Journal and the Gazette unless, in the case of the acquisition of an invention that is the subject of an application for a patent, a prohibition order, or an order under section 152, is in force in respect of the application. (4) The Commonwealth must pay a compensable person such compensation as is agreed between the Commonwealth and the person or, in the absence of agreement, as is determined by a prescribed court on the application of either of them. #### 172 Assignment of invention to Commonwealth (1) An inventor, or an inventor’s successor in title, may assign the invention, and any patent granted or to be granted for the invention, to the Commonwealth. (2) The assignment and all covenants and agreements in the assignment are valid and effectual, even if valuable consideration has not been given for the assignment, and may be enforced by proceedings in the name of the Minister. ## Part 4—Prohibition orders #### 173 Prohibition of publication of information about inventions (1) Subject to any directions of the Minister, the Commissioner may, if it appears to the Commissioner to be necessary or expedient to do so in the interests of the defence of the Commonwealth, by written order: (a) prohibit or restrict the publication of information about the subject‑matter of an application for a patent (including an international application); or (b) prohibit or restrict access to a micro‑organism deposited for the purposes of section 41 with a prescribed depositary institution situated in Australia. (2) A person must not contravene a prohibition order except in accordance with the written consent of the Commissioner. Penalty: Imprisonment for 2 years. (3) A reference in subsection (1) to giving access to a micro‑organism includes a reference to giving a sample of the micro‑organism. #### 174 Effect of prohibition orders (1) While a prohibition order is in force in relation to an application for a standard patent, the application may proceed up to the acceptance of the patent request and complete specification, but the complete specification must not be made open to public inspection, the acceptance must not be notified in the Official Journal and a patent must not be granted on the application. (2) Where a prohibition order in relation to an application for a standard patent is revoked after the acceptance of the patent request and complete specification, the acceptance must be notified in the Official Journal within the prescribed period. (3) While a prohibition order is in force in relation to an application for an innovation patent, the application may proceed up to the acceptance of the patent request and complete specification, but a patent must not be granted on the application. #### 175 Disclosure of information to Commonwealth authority Nothing in this Act prevents disclosing information about an invention, or giving access to, or a sample of, a micro‑organism to a department or authority of the Commonwealth for the purpose of obtaining advice on whether a prohibition order should be made, amended or revoked. #### 176 International applications treated as applications under this Act Where: (a) an international application specifies Australia as a designated State; and (b) as a result of a prohibition order or of anything done in reliance on section 175, the application is, under the PCT, to be considered as having been withdrawn; and (c) the applicant files, within the prescribed period, a written request that the application be treated as an application under this Act for a standard patent; and (d) the applicant files any prescribed documents and pays the prescribed fee; then, except as otherwise prescribed: (e) the application must be treated as requested; and (f) the description, claims, drawings, graphics and photographs in the application must be treated as a complete specification filed in respect of the application; and (g) the application and specification must be treated as having been filed on the date on which the international application was filed. Chapter 18—Miscellaneous offences #### 177 False representations about the Patent Office (1) A person must not use, in connection with his or her business, words that would reasonably lead to the belief that his or her office is, or is officially connected with, the Patent Office. Penalty: 30 penalty units. (2) Without limiting subsection (1), a person who: (a) places, or allows to be placed, on the building in which his or her office is situated; or (b) uses when advertising his or her office or business; or (c) places on a document, as a description of his or her office or business; the words “Patent Office” or “Office for obtaining patents”, or words of similar import, whether alone or together with other words, commits an offence against that subsection. #### 178 False representations about patents or patented articles (1) A person must not falsely represent that he or she, or another person, is the patentee of an invention. Penalty: 60 penalty units. (1A) A person must not falsely represent that he or she, or another person, is the patentee of an innovation patent that has been certified. Penalty: 60 penalty units. (2) A person must not falsely represent that an article sold by him or her is patented in Australia, or is the subject of an application for a patent in Australia. Penalty: 60 penalty units. (3) Without limiting subsection (2): (a) a person is to be taken to represent that an article is patented in Australia if the word “patent” or “patented”, the words “provisional patent”, or any other word or words implying that a patent for the article has been obtained in Australia, are stamped, engraved or impressed on, or otherwise applied to, the article; and (b) a person is to be taken to represent that an article is the subject of an application for a patent in Australia if the words “patent applied for” or “patent pending”, or any other word or words implying that an application for a patent for the article has been made in Australia, are stamped, engraved or impressed on, or otherwise applied to, the article. (4) A prosecution must not be started for an offence against this section without the consent of the Minister, or a person authorised by the Minister. #### 182 Officers not to traffic in inventions (1) The Commissioner, a Deputy Commissioner or an employee must not buy, sell, acquire or traffic in: (a) an invention or patent, whether granted in Australia or anywhere else; or (b) a right to, or licence under, a patent, whether granted in Australia or anywhere else. Penalty: 60 penalty units. (2) A purchase, sale, acquisition, assignment or transfer made or entered into in contravention of this section is void. (3) This section does not apply to the inventor or to an acquisition by bequest or devolution by law. #### 183 Unauthorised disclosure of information by employees etc. (1) The Commissioner, each Deputy Commissioner and each employee must not disclose information about a matter that has been or is being dealt with under this Act or the 1952 Act unless required or authorised to do so by this Act, a written direction of the Commissioner or an order of a court. (1A) The Designated Manager may disclose to the Board personal information (within the meaning of the Privacy Act 1988): (a) that is about a registered patent attorney; and (b) that the Designated Manager considers to be relevant to the Board’s functions. (2) The Designated Manager may disclose to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission information (including personal information within the meaning of the Privacy Act 1988) that is: (a) relevant to the functions of the Commission; and (b) obtained by the Designated Manager as a result of the performance of functions and duties, or the exercise of powers, in relation to incorporated patent attorneys. (3) The Designated Manager may disclose to the Registrar of Companies of New Zealand information (including personal information within the meaning of the Privacy Act 1988) that is: (a) relevant to the functions conferred on the Registrar of Companies of New Zealand by or under the Companies Act 1993 of New Zealand; and (b) obtained by the Designated Manager as a result of the performance of functions and duties, or the exercise of powers, in relation to incorporated patent attorneys. (4) For the purposes of subsection (3), it is immaterial whether the disclosure takes place in New Zealand. #### 184 Other unauthorised disclosures of information A person to whom section 71 of the Safeguards Act applies must not disclose information about a matter that has been or is being dealt with under this Act or the 1952 Act unless required or authorised to do so by the Safeguards Act, this Act, a written direction of the Director or an order of a court. Penalty: Imprisonment for 2 years. #### 185 Commissioner etc. not to prepare documents or search records The Commissioner, a Deputy Commissioner or an employee must not: (a) prepare, or help to prepare: (i) a specification; or (ii) any other document relating to a specification (other than a document which is in an approved form); unless the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner or the employee is the inventor in respect of the specification; or (b) search the records of the Patent Office otherwise than in his or her official capacity. Penalty: 10 penalty units. Chapter 19—The Register and official documents #### 186 Register of Patents (1) A Register of Patents is to be kept at the Patent Office. The Register is to contain 2 parts as follows: (a) a part dealing with standard patents; and (b) a part dealing with innovation patents. (2) The Register may be kept wholly or partly by use of a computer. (3) If the Register is kept wholly or partly by use of a computer: (a) references in this Act to an entry in the Register are to be read as including references to a record of particulars kept by use of the computer and comprising the Register or part of the Register; and (b) references in this Act to particulars being registered, or entered in the Register, are to be read as including references to the keeping of a record of those particulars as part of the Register by use of the computer; and (c) references in this Act to the rectification of the Register are to be read as including references to the rectification of the record of particulars kept by use of the computer and comprising the Register or part of the Register. #### 187 Registration of particulars of patents etc. (1) Particulars of standards patents in force, and other prescribed particulars relating to standard patents (if any), must be registered in that part of the Register dealing with standard patents. (2) Particulars of innovation patents in force, and other prescribed particulars relating to innovation patents (if any), must be registered in that part of the Register dealing with innovation patents. #### 188 Trusts not registrable Notice of any kind of trust relating to a patent or licence is not receivable by the Commissioner and must not be registered. #### 189 Power of patentee to deal with patent (1) A patentee may, subject only to any rights appearing in the Register to be vested in another person, deal with the patent as the absolute owner of it and give good discharges for any consideration for any such dealing. (2) This section does not protect a person who deals with a patentee otherwise than as a purchaser in good faith for value and without notice of any fraud on the part of the patentee. (2A) Despite subsection (1), the recording in the Register of a right that is a PPSA security interest does not affect a dealing with a patent. (3) Equities in relation to a patent may be enforced against the patentee except to the prejudice of a purchaser in good faith for value. (4) Subsection (3) does not apply in relation to an equity that is a PPSA security interest. > Note: The Personal Property Securities Act 2009 deals with the rights of purchasers of personal property (including intellectual property such as patents) that is subject to PPSA security interests. That Act also provides for the priority and enforcement of PPSA security interests. See the following provisions of that Act: (a) Part 2.5 (taking personal property free of security interests); (b) Part 2.6 (priority between security interests); (c) Chapter 4 (enforcement of security interests). #### 190 Inspection of Register (1) The Register must be available for inspection at the Patent Office by any person during the hours that it is open for business. (2) If a record of particulars is kept by use of a computer, subsection (1) is to be taken to be complied with, to the extent that the Register consists of those particulars, by giving members of the public access to a computer terminal which they can use to inspect the particulars, either on a screen or in the form of a computer printout. #### 191 False entries in Register A person must not: (a) make a false entry in the Register; or (b) cause a false entry to be made in the Register; or (c) tender in evidence a document that falsely purports to be a copy of or extract from an entry in the Register. Penalty: Imprisonment for 2 years. #### 191A Commissioner’s power to rectify register (1) The Commissioner may rectify the Register if the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, whether on application or otherwise, of any of the following: (a) the omission of an entry from the Register; (b) an entry made in the Register without sufficient cause; (c) an entry wrongly existing in the Register; (d) an error or defect in an entry in the Register. (2) The Commissioner must, on application, make a declaration as to a person’s entitlement to a patent, or a share in a patent, if the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that the Register does not properly record a person’s entitlement to a patent, or a share in a patent: (a) because the patent, or a share in the patent, was granted to a person who was not entitled to it; or (b) because the patent, or a share in the patent, was not granted to a person who was entitled to it; or (c) for any other reason. (3) If the Commissioner makes a declaration under subsection (2), the Commissioner must rectify the Register accordingly. (4) The Commissioner must not make a declaration under subsection (2), or rectify the Register under subsection (3), without first giving the following persons a reasonable opportunity to be heard: (a) the person whose entitlement is not properly recorded by the Register; (b) any person whose entitlement to the patent, or a share in the patent, is recorded in the Register. (5) The Commissioner must not make a declaration or rectify the Register under this section while relevant proceedings in relation to the patent are pending. (6) An appeal lies to the Federal Court against a decision of the Commissioner: (a) to make, or refuse to make, a declaration; or (b) to rectify, or not rectify, the Register; under this section. #### 192 Orders for rectification of Register (1) A person aggrieved by: (a) the omission of an entry from the Register; or (b) an entry made in the Register without sufficient cause; or (c) an entry wrongly existing in the Register; or (d) an error or defect in an entry in the Register; may apply to a prescribed court for an order to rectify the Register. (2) On hearing an application, the court may: (a) decide any question which it is necessary or expedient to decide in connection with the rectification of the Register; and (b) make any order it thinks fit for the rectification of the Register. (3) The Commissioner: (a) must be given notice of an application; and (b) may appear and be heard in the proceedings; and (c) must appear if directed to do so by the court. (4) An office copy of an order must be served on the Commissioner by the Registrar or other appropriate officer of the court. (5) On receiving an office copy of an order, the Commissioner must rectify the Register accordingly. #### 193 Inspection of documents All documents filed in connection with the registration of prescribed particulars under section 187 must be available for inspection at the Patent Office by any person during the hours when it is open for business. #### 194 Information obtainable from Commissioner The Commissioner may give any person information about: (a) a patent; or (b) an application for a patent that is open to public inspection; or (c) any prescribed document or matter. #### 195 Evidence—the Register (1) The Register is prima facie evidence of any particulars registered in it. (2) If the Register is wholly or partly kept by use of a computer, a document signed by the Commissioner reproducing in writing all or any of the particulars comprising the Register, or that part of it, is admissible in any proceedings as prima facie evidence of those particulars. (3) This section does not apply in relation to any particulars registered in the Register in relation to a PPSA security interest. > Note: Certain particulars relating to registrations in respect of PPSA security interests under the Personal Property Securities Act 2009 are admissible in evidence: see section 174 of that Act. #### 196 Evidence—unregistered particulars (1) A document in respect of which particulars have not been entered in the Register is not admissible in any proceedings in proof of the title to a patent or to an interest in a patent unless: (a) the court or tribunal before which the proceedings are brought otherwise directs; or (b) the proceedings are: (i) for an order under section 192; or (ii) to enforce equities in relation to a patent or licence. (2) However, subsection (1) does not restrict the admissibility in any proceedings of a document in relation to a PPSA security interest. > Note: Certain particulars relating to registrations in respect of PPSA security interests under the Personal Property Securities Act 2009 are admissible in evidence: see section 174 of that Act. #### 197 Evidence—certificate and copies of documents (1) A signed certificate to the effect that: (a) anything required or permitted by this Act or the 1952 Act to be done or not to be done had or had not been done on a date specified in the certificate; or (b) a document in the Patent Office or its library was available for public inspection on a date specified in the certificate; is prima facie evidence of the matters in the certificate. (2) A signed copy of or signed extract from the Register is admissible in any proceedings as if it were the original. (3) A signed copy of or signed extract from a document in the Patent Office or its library is admissible in any proceedings as if it were the original. (4) In this section: > signed means signed by the Commissioner. #### 197AA Evidence of matters arising under PCT A certificate signed by the Commissioner in relation to an international application, certifying that: (a) any matter or thing required or permitted by or under this Act or the PCT to be made or done has been made or done; or (b) any matter or thing required by or under this Act or the PCT not to be made or done has not been made or done; is prima facie evidence of the matters contained in the certificate. Chapter 20—Patent Attorneys ## Part 1—Registration, privileges and professional conduct #### 198 Registration of patent attorneys (1) A Register of Patent Attorneys is to be kept by the Designated Manager. > Note: Designated Manager is defined by section 200A. (2) The Register of Patent Attorneys may be kept wholly or partly by use of a computer. (3) If the Register of Patent Attorneys is kept wholly or partly by use of a computer, references in this Act to an entry in the Register of Patent Attorneys are to be read as including references to a record of particulars kept by use of the computer and comprising the Register of Patent Attorneys or part of the Register of Patent Attorneys. Registration of individuals (4) The Designated Manager must register as a patent attorney an individual who: (b) holds such qualifications as are specified in, or ascertained in accordance with, the regulations; and (c) has been employed as prescribed for not less than the prescribed period; and (d) is of good fame, integrity and character; and (e) has not been convicted of a prescribed offence during the previous 5 years; and (f) is not under sentence of imprisonment for a prescribed offence; and (g) meets any other requirements prescribed by the regulations. The registration is to consist of entering the individual’s name in the Register of Patent Attorneys. (5) A qualification specified in, or ascertained in accordance with, regulations made for the purposes of paragraph (4)(b) may consist of passing an examination conducted by the Board. This subsection does not limit paragraph (4)(b). (6) Paragraphs (4)(e) and (f) do not limit paragraph (4)(d). (7) A reference in this section to conviction of an offence includes a reference to: (a) the making of an order under section 19B of the Crimes Act 1914 in relation to the offence; or (b) the making of an order under a corresponding provision of a law of: (i) a State; or (ii) a Territory; or (iii) New Zealand; in relation to the offence. Registration of companies (9) The Designated Manager must register as a patent attorney a company that: (a) has at least one patent attorney director; and (b) has given the Designated Manager written notice in the approved form of its intention to act as a patent attorney; and (c) meets the requirements (if any) prescribed by the regulations. The registration is to consist of entering the company’s name in the Register of Patent Attorneys. (10) A company registered as a patent attorney is an incorporated patent attorney. (11) A patent attorney director of a company is an individual who is both: (a) a registered patent attorney; and (b) a validly appointed director of the company. New Zealand (12) It is immaterial whether a matter mentioned in: (a) paragraph (4)(b), (c), (d), (e), (f) or (g); or (b) subsection (5); or (c) paragraph (9)(a), (b) or (c); or (d) paragraph (11)(b); concerns something that happened in New Zealand. #### 199 Deregistration (1) The name of a person registered as a patent attorney may be removed from the Register of Patent Attorneys in the prescribed manner and on the prescribed grounds. (2) It is immaterial whether the prescribed grounds concern something that happened in New Zealand. #### 200 Privileges (1) A registered patent attorney: (a) is entitled to prepare all documents, transact all business and conduct all proceedings for the purposes of this Act; and (b) has such other rights and privileges as are prescribed. (2) A communication made for the dominant purpose of a registered patent attorney providing intellectual property advice to a client is privileged in the same way, and to the same extent, as a communication made for the dominant purpose of a legal practitioner providing legal advice to a client. (2A) A record or document made for the dominant purpose of a registered patent attorney providing intellectual property advice to a client is privileged in the same way, and to the same extent, as a record or document made for the dominant purpose of a legal practitioner providing legal advice to a client. (2B) A reference in subsection (2) or (2A) to a registered patent attorney includes a reference to an individual authorised to do patents work under a law of another country or region, to the extent to which the individual is authorised to provide intellectual property advice of the kind provided. (2C) Intellectual property advice means advice in relation to: (a) patents; or (b) trade marks; or (c) designs; or (d) plant breeder’s rights; or (e) any related matters. (3) Nothing in this section authorises a registered patent attorney to prepare a document to be issued from or filed in a court or to transact business, or conduct proceedings, in a court. #### 200A Designated Manager For the purposes of this Act, a person is the Designated Manager if the person occupies, or is acting in, a position that: (a) is usually occupied by an SES employee; and (b) has been declared by the Secretary of the Department, in writing, to be the position of Designated Manager. ## Part 2—Offences #### 201 Acting or holding out without being registered Individuals (1) An individual commits an offence if: (a) the individual carries on business, practises or acts as a patent attorney; and (b) the individual is not a registered patent attorney or a legal practitioner. Penalty: 30 penalty units. (2) An individual commits an offence if: (a) the individual describes himself or herself, or holds himself or herself out, or permits himself or herself to be described or held out, as a patent attorney or agent for obtaining patents; and (b) the individual is not a registered patent attorney. Penalty: 30 penalty units. Partnerships (3) A member of a partnership commits an offence if: (a) the member carries on business, practises or acts as a patent attorney; and (b) none of the members of the partnership is a registered patent attorney or a legal practitioner. Penalty: 30 penalty units. (4) A member of a partnership commits an offence if: (a) the member describes the partnership, or holds the partnership out, or permits the partnership to be described or held out, as a patent attorney, or agent for obtaining patents; and (b) none of the members of the partnership is a registered patent attorney. Penalty: 30 penalty units. Companies (5) A company commits an offence if: (a) the company carries on business, practises or acts as a patent attorney; and (b) the company is not a registered patent attorney or incorporated legal practice. Penalty: 150 penalty units. (6) A company commits an offence if: (a) the company describes itself, or holds itself out, or permits itself to be described or held out, as a patent attorney, or agent for obtaining patents; and (b) the company is not a registered patent attorney. Penalty: 150 penalty units. Exception—legal representatives (7) Subsections (1), (3) and (5) do not apply in relation to the business of a registered patent attorney who is deceased if the business: (a) is carried on, within 3 years of the death of the patent attorney, or such further time allowed by a prescribed court, by the legal representative of the deceased registered patent attorney; and (b) is managed by a registered patent attorney on behalf of the legal representative. > Note: The defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in subsection (7). See subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code. Exception—employees (8) Subsections (1) and (2) do not apply in relation to anything done by a person, as an employee, for: (a) his or her employer; or (b) if the person’s employer is a member of a related company group—another member of the group. > Note: The defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in subsection (8). See subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code. Exception—related company groups (9) Subsections (5) and (6) do not apply in relation to anything done by a member of a related company group for another member of the group. > Note: The defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in subsection (9). See subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code. Whether a company is related to another company (10) For the purposes of this section, the question of whether a company is related to another company is to be determined in the same manner as that question is determined under the Corporations Act 2001. #### 201A When a person carries on business, practises or acts as a patent attorney (1) For the purposes of section 201, a person is taken to carry on business, practise or act as a patent attorney if, and only if, the person does, or undertakes to do, patents work in Australia. (2) Patents work means one or more of the following done, on behalf of someone else, for gain: (a) applying for or obtaining patents in Australia or anywhere else; (b) preparing specifications or other documents for the purposes of this Act or the patent law of another country; (c) giving advice (other than advice of a scientific or technical nature) about the validity, or infringement, of patents. #### 201B Incorporated patent attorney must have a patent attorney director Offence—failing to notify lack of patent attorney director (1) An incorporated patent attorney commits an offence if the incorporated patent attorney: (a) does not have a patent attorney director; and (b) does not notify the Designated Manager of that within 7 days. Penalty: 150 penalty units. Offence—acting after 7 days without patent attorney director (2) An incorporated patent attorney commits an offence if the incorporated patent attorney: (a) does not have a patent attorney director; and (b) has not had a patent attorney director during the previous 7 days; and (c) carries on business, practises or acts as a patent attorney. Penalty: 150 penalty units. Designated Manager may appoint a registered patent attorney (3) If an incorporated patent attorney does not have a patent attorney director, the Designated Manager may, by writing, appoint another registered patent attorney to take charge of the patents work of the incorporated patent attorney. (4) The appointment may be made only with the consent of the other registered patent attorney. Effect of appointment (5) A registered patent attorney holding an appointment under subsection (3) (the appointed attorney) is taken, for the purposes of this Act, to be a patent attorney director of the incorporated patent attorney. (6) However, for the purposes of the Corporations Act 2001: (a) the appointed attorney is not a director of the incorporated patent attorney only because: (i) the appointed attorney takes charge of the patents work of the incorporated patent attorney; and (ii) the appointed attorney is taken, for the purposes of this Act, to be a patent attorney director of the incorporated patent attorney; and (b) the Designated Manager is not a director of the incorporated patent attorney only because the Designated Manager appointed the appointed attorney. Designated Manager may remove incorporated patent attorney from Register (7) If an incorporated patent attorney does not have a patent attorney director, the Designated Manager may remove the incorporated patent attorney from the Register. #### 202 Documents prepared by legal practitioners A legal practitioner must not prepare a specification, or a document relating to an amendment of a specification, unless: (a) the practitioner is acting under the instructions of a registered patent attorney; or (b) the amendment has been directed by an order under section 105. Penalty: 30 penalty units. #### 202A Documents prepared by a member of a partnership A person who is: (a) a member of a partnership; and (b) not a registered patent attorney; must not prepare a specification, or a document relating to an amendment of a specification, unless: (c) the person is acting under the instructions or supervision of a registered patent attorney; or (d) the amendment has been directed by an order under section 105. Penalty: 30 penalty units. #### 202B Documents prepared by incorporated patent attorneys and incorporated legal practices An incorporated patent attorney or an incorporated legal practice commits an offence if: (a) an employee or member of the incorporated patent attorney or incorporated legal practice prepares a specification, or a document relating to an amendment of a specification; and (b) the employee or member is not a registered patent attorney; and (c) the specification or document is not prepared: (i) under the instructions or supervision of an individual who is a registered patent attorney; or (ii) as directed by an order under section 105. Penalty: 150 penalty units. #### 203 Attendance at patent attorney’s office A registered patent attorney commits an offence if: (a) the registered patent attorney practises, acts, or holds himself, herself or itself out as practising or acting, as a patent attorney, at an office or place of business where specifications or other documents are prepared for the purposes of this Act; and (b) there is not an individual who is a registered patent attorney: (i) in regular attendance at that office or place; and (ii) in continuous charge of the patents work done at that office or place. Penalty: 30 penalty units. #### 204 Time for starting prosecutions Despite section 15B of the Crimes Act 1914, a prosecution for an offence against subsection 201(1), (2), (3), (4), (5) or (6) or 201B(1) or (2), or section 202, 202A, 202B or 203, may be started at any time within 5 years after the offence was committed. Chapter 21—Administration #### 205 Patent Office and sub‑offices (1) For the purposes of this Act, there is to be an office called the Patent Office. (2) The Commissioner may establish one or more sub‑offices of the Patent Office as the Commissioner considers appropriate. (3) The Commissioner may abolish any such sub‑offices. #### 206 Patent Office seal (1) There is to be a seal of the Patent Office and impressions of the seal must be judicially noticed. (2) The seal of the Patent Office may be kept and used in electronic form. #### 207 Commissioner of Patents (1) There is to be a Commissioner of Patents. (2) The Commissioner has such powers and functions as are conferred on him or her under this Act or any other Act. #### 208 Deputy Commissioner of Patents (1) There is to be at least one Deputy Commissioner of Patents. (2) Subject to any direction by the Commissioner, a Deputy Commissioner has all the powers and functions of the Commissioner under this Act or any other Act, except the Commissioner’s powers of delegation under section 209. (3) A power or function of the Commissioner under this Act or any other Act, when exercised by a Deputy Commissioner, is to be taken, for the purposes of this Act or any other Act, to have been exercised by the Commissioner. (4) The exercise of a power or function of the Commissioner under this Act or any other Act by a Deputy Commissioner does not prevent the exercise of the power or function by the Commissioner. (5) Where, under this Act or any other Act, the exercise of a power or function by the Commissioner, or the operation of a provision of this Act or any other Act, is dependent on the opinion, belief or state of mind of the Commissioner in relation to a matter, that power or function may be exercised by a Deputy Commissioner, and that provision may operate, as the case may be, on the opinion, belief or state of mind of the Deputy Commissioner in relation to that matter. #### 209 Delegation of Commissioner’s powers and functions Delegation to employees (1) The Commissioner may, by instrument, signed by him or her, delegate all or any of the Commissioner’s powers or functions under this Act or any other Act to a prescribed employee, or a prescribed class of employees. Direction or supervision (2) A delegate must, if so required by the instrument of delegation, exercise or perform a delegated power or function under the direction or supervision of the Commissioner or an employee specified in the instrument. #### 210 Commissioner’s powers Commissioner’s powers (1) The Commissioner may, for the purposes of this Act: (a) summon witnesses; and (b) receive written or oral evidence on oath or affirmation; and (c) require the production of documents or articles; and (d) award costs against a party to proceedings before the Commissioner. Exercise of power to summon witnesses (2) The Commissioner must not summon a witness under paragraph (1)(a) unless: (a) the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, of the following matters: (i) the witness has a substantial interest in the proceedings before the Commissioner; (ii) the witness is likely to provide oral evidence of substantial relevance to a matter before the Commissioner; (iii) receiving oral evidence from the witness is necessary or desirable in all the circumstances; and (b) the Commissioner notifies the witness of the actions the Commissioner may take under section 210A if the witness fails or refuses to comply with the summons. (3) The Commissioner may summon a witness under paragraph (1)(a) whether the witness is in or out of the patent area. Exercise of power to require production of document or article (4) The Commissioner must not require a person to produce a document or article under paragraph (1)(c) unless: (a) the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, of the following matters: (i) the person has a substantial interest in the proceedings before the Commissioner; (ii) the document or article is likely to be of substantial relevance to a matter before the Commissioner; and (b) the Commissioner notifies the person of the actions the Commissioner may take under section 210A if the person fails or refuses to comply with the requirement. (5) The Commissioner may require a person to produce a document or article under paragraph (1)(c) whether the person is in or out of the patent area. Exercise of powers in relation to bodies corporate (6) The Commissioner’s powers in subsection (1) to make a requirement of a person extend, if the person is a body corporate, to making that requirement of any person who is an officer, agent or employee of the body corporate. #### 210A Sanctions for non‑compliance with Commissioner’s requirements (1) The Commissioner may take one or more of the actions listed in subsection (2) in relation to a person if: (a) the Commissioner summons the person to appear as a witness under paragraph 210(1)(a) or requires the person to produce a document or article under paragraph 210(1)(c); and (b) the person refuses or fails to comply with the summons or requirement; and (c) the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that it is appropriate in the circumstances to take the action. (2) The actions the Commissioner may take are: (a) if the person is an applicant for a patent—a refusal to grant the patent (see subsection 61(1); and (b) the drawing of an inference unfavourable to the person’s interest in proceedings before the Commissioner; and (c) actions of a kind that are prescribed by the regulations. (3) In deciding whether it is appropriate to take the action, the Commissioner must consider the following: (a) whether the person has a reasonable excuse for refusing or failing to comply with the summons or requirement; (b) whether the person has been offered payment of reasonable expenses associated with complying with the summons or requirement; (c) any other matter the Commissioner considers to be relevant. #### 211 Recovery of costs awarded by Commissioner Costs awarded by the Commissioner against a party are recoverable as a debt. Chapter 22—Miscellaneous #### 212 Copies of examination reports to be communicated A copy of each report relating to an examination or a re‑examination under this Act must, subject to Chapters 15 and 17, be given to the applicant or patentee, as the case requires. #### 213 Making and signing applications etc. An application, notice or request required or permitted under this Act to be made or signed by a person may be made or signed, on behalf of that person, by a registered patent attorney. #### 214 Filing of documents For the purposes of this Act, a document may be filed with the Patent Office by a means determined in an instrument under subsection 214A(1). #### 214A Approved means of filing documents (1) For the purposes of section 214, the Commissioner may, by writing, determine one or more means for filing a document with the Patent Office. (2) The means may be an electronic means or any other means. (3) The Commissioner must publish a notice in the Official Journal setting out the determination. (4) The Commissioner may, in a determination under subsection (1), specify that one or more means for filing a document with the Patent Office are preferred means. > Note: Under the regulations, reduced fees may be payable for filing a document by preferred means. (5) A determination under subsection (1) is not a legislative instrument. #### 214B Directions by Commissioner for filing of documents (1) The Commissioner may, by writing, give a direction specifying the form in which a document is to be filed under this Act. > Note 1: A reference to this Act includes the regulations (see Schedule 1). > Note 2: See also paragraph 228(2)(ba) (about regulations). (2) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a document that is required to be in an approved form. (3) The Commissioner must publish a notice in the Official Journal setting out the direction. (4) A direction under subsection (1) is not a legislative instrument. #### 214C Directions by Commissioner for filing of evidence (1) The Commissioner may, by writing, give a direction in relation to the filing of evidence in connection with a matter arising under this Act. > Note 1: A reference to this Act includes the regulations (see Schedule 1). > Note 2: See also paragraph 228(2)(bb) (about regulations). (2) Without limiting subsection (1), a direction under that subsection may relate to the following: (a) the number of copies of evidence to be filed; (b) the form in which evidence is to be filed (including the circumstances in which physical articles, other than documents, are or are not permitted to be filed); (c) the means by which evidence is to be filed. (3) Without limiting paragraph (2)(b), a direction under subsection (1) may require that evidence in writing be in the form of a declaration. (4) The Commissioner must publish a notice in the Official Journal setting out a direction under subsection (1). (5) A direction under subsection (1) is not a legislative instrument. #### 215 Death of applicant or nominated person (1) If an applicant dies before a patent is granted on the application, his or her legal representative may proceed with the application. (2) If a nominated person dies before a patent is granted on the application, the patent may be granted to his or her legal representative. (3) Where, at any time after a patent is granted, the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that the patentee had died (or, in the case of a body corporate, had ceased to exist) before the patent was granted, the Commissioner may amend the Register by substituting for the name of the patentee the name of the person to whom the patent should have been granted. (4) An amendment by the Commissioner has effect, and is to be taken always to have had effect, accordingly. #### 216 Exercise of discretionary power by Commissioner (1) The Commissioner must not exercise a discretionary power under this Act adversely to any person applying for the exercise of that power without first giving that person a reasonable opportunity to be heard. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to the Commissioner’s power to direct an applicant to request an examination. #### 217 Assessors A prescribed court may, if it thinks fit, call in the aid of an assessor to assist it in the hearing and trial or determination of any proceedings under this Act. #### 218 Costs where patent invalid in part In any proceedings in which the validity of a patent is disputed, the court may, if it is satisfied that some of the claims in the complete specification which are alleged to be invalid are not invalid but that other claims are invalid, apportion the costs between the parties to the proceedings as it thinks just. #### 219 Security for costs If a person who neither resides nor carries on business in Australia: (a) gives notice of opposition under this Act; or (b) appeals to the Federal Court; the Commissioner or the Federal Court, as the case may be, may require the person to give security for the costs of the proceeding or appeal and, where such security is not given to the satisfaction of the Commissioner or the Federal Court, as the case may be, may dismiss the proceeding or appeal. #### 220 Costs of attendance of patent attorney Where, at the hearing of proceedings under this Act, a registered patent attorney attends in court for the purpose of assisting a party in the conduct of the hearing and an order is made for payment of the costs of that party, those costs may include an allowance for that attendance. #### 220A Notifications by Commissioner under this Act (1) If under this Act the Commissioner is required or permitted: (a) to notify a person of a matter; or (b) to notify a person that the person is required to do a thing; the Commissioner may so notify the person by any means of communication (including by electronic means). > Note 1: A reference to this Act includes the regulations (see Schedule 1). > Note 2: Section 221 deals with the service etc. of documents on a person. (2) However, the notification must be by a means of communication such that the content of the notification is readily accessible so as to be usable for subsequent reference. #### 221 Service of documents (1) Where this Act provides for a document to be served on, or given or sent to, a person and the person has given the Commissioner an address in Australia or New Zealand for service of documents, the document may be served on, or given or sent to, the person by a prescribed means to that address. (2) After the time specified in the regulations, a reference in this section to an address includes a reference to an electronic address. (3) The time specified under subsection (2) must be later than the day on which the regulations are registered under the Legislation Act 2003. (4) For the purposes of this section, the question of whether an electronic address is in Australia is to be determined in accordance with the regulations. (5) For the purposes of this section, the question of whether an electronic address is in New Zealand is to be determined in accordance with the regulations. #### 222 Publication of Official Journal etc. (1) The Commissioner shall issue periodically an official journal containing such matters as are prescribed and such other matters (if any) as the Commissioner thinks fit. (2) The Commissioner must make arrangements for selling copies of the Official Journal. (3) The Commissioner may prepare, publish and sell such documents relating to inventions and patents as the Commissioner thinks fit. #### 222A Doing act when Patent Office reopens after end of period otherwise provided for doing act (1) If the last day of a period provided by this Act (except this section) for doing an act is a day when the Patent Office, or a sub‑office of the Patent Office (if any), is not open for business, the act may be done in prescribed circumstances on the next day when the office or sub‑office is open for business. (2) For the purposes of this section, the Patent Office, or a sub‑office of the Patent Office, is taken not to be open for business on a day: (a) declared by regulations to be a day on which the office or sub‑office is not open for business; or (b) declared, by a prescribed person in writing published in the prescribed way, to be a day on which the office or sub‑office is not open for business. Declarations (3) A declaration mentioned in paragraph (2)(a) or (b) may identify the day by reference to its being declared a public holiday by or under a law of a State or Territory. This does not limit the way the declaration may identify the day. (4) A declaration mentioned in paragraph (2)(b): (a) may be made before, on or after the day; and (b) is not a legislative instrument. Relationship with other law (5) This section has effect despite the rest of this Act. (6) Subsection 36(2) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 does not apply in relation to the act mentioned in subsection (1) of this section. Exception for prescribed act (7) This section does not apply to a prescribed act. > Note: Subsection 36(2) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 is relevant to a prescribed act. #### 223 Extensions of time (1) The Commissioner must extend the time for doing a relevant act that is required to be done within a certain time if the act is not, or cannot be, done within that time because of an error or omission by: (a) the Commissioner or a Deputy Commissioner; or (b) an employee; or (c) a person providing, or proposing to provide, services for the benefit of the Patent Office; or (d) the receiving Office; or (e) the International Bureau of the World Intellectual Property Organization. (2) Where, because of: (a) an error or omission by the person concerned or by his or her agent or attorney; or (b) circumstances beyond the control of the person concerned; a relevant act that is required to be done within a certain time is not, or cannot be, done within that time, the Commissioner may, on application made by the person concerned in accordance with the regulations, extend the time for doing the act. (2A) If: (a) a relevant act that is required to be done within a certain time is not done within that time; and (b) the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that the person concerned took due care, as required in the circumstances, to ensure the doing of the act within that time; the Commissioner must, on application made by the person concerned in accordance with the regulations and within the prescribed period, extend the time for doing the act. (2B) An extension of time under subsection (2A) cannot exceed the period prescribed for the purposes of this subsection. (3) The time allowed for doing a relevant act may be extended, whether before or after that time has expired. (3A) Despite subsection (3), the time allowed for doing a relevant act may be extended under subsection (2A) only after that time has expired. (4) The Commissioner must advertise in the Official Journal: (a) an application made for an extension of time for more than 3 months; or (b) an application made for an extension of time for doing a prescribed relevant act in prescribed circumstances. (6) Subject to subsection (6A), a person may, as prescribed, oppose the granting under subsection (2) or (2A) of the application. (6A) If the Commissioner is satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, that an application under subsection (2) or (2A) would not be granted even in the absence of opposition under subsection (6): (a) the Commissioner need not advertise the application in accordance with subsection (4); and (b) the application cannot be opposed, despite subsection (6); and (c) the Commissioner must refuse to grant the application. (7) Where: (a) a patent application lapses, or a patent ceases, because of a failure to do one or more relevant acts within the time allowed; and (b) the time for doing that act or those acts is extended; the application or patent must be treated as having been restored. (8) Where: (a) a provisional patent application lapses under subsection 142(1) at the end of the period prescribed for the purposes of section 38; and (b) that period is extended; the application must be treated as if it had not lapsed. (9) Where the Commissioner grants: (a) an extension of more than 3 months for doing a relevant act; or (b) an extension of time for doing a prescribed relevant act in prescribed circumstances; the prescribed provisions have effect for the protection or compensation of persons who, before the day on which the application for extension of time is advertised under subsection (4), exploited (or took definite steps by way of contract or otherwise to exploit) the invention concerned because of the failure to do the relevant act within the time allowed, the lapsing of the patent application or the ceasing of the patent, as the case may be. (10) Infringement proceedings cannot be brought in respect of an infringement committed: (a) between the day on which the patent application lapses and the day on which it is restored; or (b) between the day on which the patent ceases and the day on which it is restored. (11) In this section: > relevant act means an action (other than a prescribed action) in relation to a patent, a patent application, or any proceedings under this Act (other than court proceedings), and includes the making of a Convention application within the time allowed for making such applications. #### 223A Computerised decision‑making (1) The Commissioner may arrange for the use, under the Commissioner’s control, of computer programs for any purposes for which the Commissioner may, or must, under this Act: (a) make a decision; or (b) exercise any power or comply with any obligation; or (c) do anything else related to making a decision to which paragraph (a) applies or related to exercising a power, or complying with an obligation, to which paragraph (b) applies. > Note: A reference to this Act includes the regulations (see Schedule 1). (2) For the purposes of this Act, the Commissioner is taken to have: (a) made a decision; or (b) exercised a power or complied with an obligation; or (c) done something else related to the making of a decision or the exercise of a power or the compliance with an obligation; that was made, exercised, complied with or done by the operation of a computer program under an arrangement made under subsection (1). Substituted decisions (3) The Commissioner may substitute a decision for a decision the Commissioner is taken to have made under paragraph (2)(a) if the Commissioner is satisfied that the decision made by the operation of the computer program is incorrect. #### 224 Review of decisions (1) Application may be made to the Administrative Review Tribunal for review of: (a) a decision of the Commissioner under section 10, 17, 32, 33 or 52, subsection 56(1)(b), 74(3) or 103(2), section 113, subsection 137(3), paragraph 141(1)(b), subsection 150(2), 151(2), 152(2) or 152(3), or section 173, 215 or 223; or (b) a decision of the Designated Manager under section 198 not to register a person as a patent attorney; or (c) a decision of the Director under subsection 147(2) or (3), section 149 or subsection 152(1). (1A) If: (a) the Commissioner is taken to have made a decision (the initial decision) under paragraph 223A(2)(a); and (b) under subsection (1) of this section, application may be made to the Administrative Review Tribunal for review of the initial decision; and (c) the Commissioner, under subsection 223A(3), substitutes a decision for the initial decision; application may be made to the Administrative Review Tribunal for review of the substituted decision. (2) If, under subsection (1) or (1A), application may be made to the Administrative Review Tribunal for review of a decision and a written notice of the decision is given to a person whose interests are affected by the decision, the notice must include a statement to the effect that, subject to the Administrative Review Tribunal Act 2024, application may be made to the Administrative Review Tribunal for review of the decision to which the notice relates by or on behalf of the person or persons whose interests are affected by the decision. (3) Failure to comply with subsection (2) in relation to a decision does not affect the validity of the decision. (4) In this section: > decision has the same meaning as in the Administrative Review Tribunal Act 2024. #### 225 Conduct of employees and agents of natural persons (3) Where it is necessary to establish, for the purposes of a prosecution for an offence under this Act, the state of mind of a person other than a company in relation to particular conduct, it is sufficient to show: (a) that the conduct was engaged in by a servant or agent of the person within the scope of his or her actual or apparent authority; and (b) that the servant or agent had the state of mind. (4) Any conduct engaged in on behalf of a person other than a company by the person’s servant or agent within the scope of his or her actual or apparent authority is to be taken, for the purposes of a prosecution for an offence under this Act, to have been engaged in also by the person, unless the person establishes that he or she took reasonable precautions and exercised due diligence to avoid the conduct. (5) A reference in this section to an offence under this Act includes a reference to an offence created by: (a) section 6 of the Crimes Act 1914 that relates to this Act or the regulations; or (b) section 11.1, 11.2, 11.2A, 11.4 or 11.5 of the Criminal Code that relates to this Act or the regulations. (6) Where: (a) a person other than a company is convicted of an offence under this Act; and (b) the person would not have been convicted of the offence but for subsections (3) and (4); the person is not liable to be punished by imprisonment for that offence. (7) A reference in subsection (3) to the state of mind of a person includes a reference to: (a) the knowledge, intention, opinion, belief or purpose of the person; and (b) the person’s reasons for the intention, opinion, belief or purpose. (9) A reference in this section to engaging in conduct includes a reference to failing or refusing to engage in conduct. > Note: For provisions relating to proof of offences by bodies corporate, see Part 2.5 of the Criminal Code. #### 226 Documents open to public inspection do not infringe copyright (1) If a document mentioned in subsection (2) is open to public inspection, doing any of the following in relation to the whole or part of the document does not constitute an infringement of any copyright subsisting under the Copyright Act 1968 in any literary or artistic work: (a) reproducing the document in two‑dimensional form; (b) communicating (within the meaning of that Act) the document to the public; (c) translating (within the meaning of that Act) the document. (2) The documents are: (a) a provisional specification; and (b) a complete specification; and (c) a prescribed document. (3) If a reproduction of an unpublished work is made as a result of a document being open to public inspection, the supply or communication of the reproduction does not constitute the publication of the work for the purposes of the Copyright Act 1968. #### 227 Fees payable under this Act (1) The prescribed fees are payable in accordance with the regulations. (2) Without limiting subsection (1), different fees may be prescribed in respect of the doing of an act according to the time when the act is done. (2A) Without limiting subsection (1), different fees may be prescribed for filing a document with the Patent Office according to the means by which the document is filed. (2B) Without limiting subsection (1), different amounts of a fee may be prescribed according to the means by which the fee is paid. (2C) A fee must be paid by a means determined in an instrument under subsection 227AAA(1). (3) The regulations may provide for the consequences (for the purposes of this Act) of failing to pay a fee in accordance with the regulations. > Note: Some provisions of this Act provide expressly or implicitly for the consequences of failing to pay a fee (for example, see subsections 29A(5) and 142(2), section 143, subsection 151(4) and section 176). Regulations cannot provide for consequences inconsistent with those provisions. (4) In particular, the regulations may provide that, for the purposes of this Act: (a) an act is not to be done, or is taken not to have been done, if the fee for doing the act is not paid in accordance with the regulations; or (b) a document is not filed, or is taken not to have been filed, if the fee for filing the document is not paid in accordance with the regulations; or (c) a patent application lapses, or is taken to have lapsed, if the fee for filing the request and accompanying specification is not paid in accordance with the regulations. (5) Subsection (4) does not limit subsection (3). #### 227AAA Approved means of paying a fee (1) For the purposes of subsection 227(2C), the Commissioner may, by writing, determine one or more means for paying a fee. (2) The means may be an electronic means or any other means. (3) The Commissioner must publish a notice in the Official Journal setting out the determination. (4) The Commissioner may, in a determination under subsection (1), specify that one or more means for paying a fee are preferred means. > Note: Under the regulations, the amount of a fee may be reduced for paying the fee by preferred means. (5) A determination under subsection (1) is not a legislative instrument. #### 227AB Application of administrative law regime to decisions made in New Zealand Judicial review (1) For the purposes of the application of the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 to a decision under this Act, it is immaterial whether the decision was made in New Zealand. > Note: See also the Trans‑Tasman Proceedings Act 2010. (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), decision has the same meaning as in the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977. Merits review (3) For the purposes of the application of the Administrative Review Tribunal Act 2024 to a decision under this Act, it is immaterial whether the decision was made in New Zealand. > Note: See also the Trans‑Tasman Proceedings Act 2010. (4) For the purposes of subsection (3), decision has the same meaning as in the Administrative Review Tribunal Act 2024. #### 227A Trans‑Tasman IP Attorneys Board (1) The body known immediately before the commencement of this subsection as the Professional Standards Board for Patent and Trade Marks Attorneys is continued in existence as the Trans‑Tasman IP Attorneys Board. > Note 1: In this Act, Board means the Trans‑Tasman IP Attorneys Board—see Schedule 1. > Note 2: See also section 25B of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901. (2) The Board has the following functions: (a) such functions as are conferred on the Board by this Act or the Trade Marks Act 1995; (b) such functions as are conferred on the Board by regulations made for the purposes of any of the following provisions: (i) paragraph 198(4)(b) of this Act (which deals with the qualifications of patent attorneys); (ii) section 199 of this Act (which deals with the deregistration of patent attorneys); (iii) paragraph 228(2)(r) of this Act (which deals with the professional conduct of patent attorneys); (iv) paragraph 228A(4)(a) of the Trade Marks Act 1995 (which deals with the qualifications of trade marks attorneys); (v) section 228B of the Trade Marks Act 1995 (which deals with the deregistration of trade marks attorneys); (vi) paragraph 231(2)(ha) of the Trade Marks Act 1995 (which deals with the professional conduct of trade marks attorneys); (c) to do anything incidental to or conducive to the performance of any of the above functions. Membership of the Board (2A) The Board consists of the following members: (a) a Chair; (b) the Director‑General of IP Australia; (c) the New Zealand Commissioner of Patents; (d) at least 2 members nominated by the New Zealand Patents Minister to represent the New Zealand patent attorney profession; (e) at least 2 other members. (2B) The total number of members of the Board must not exceed 10. Appointment of members of the Board (2C) Each member of the Board mentioned in paragraph (2A)(a), (d) or (e) is to be appointed by the Minister by written instrument. > Note: For reappointment, see the Acts Interpretation Act 1901. (2D) A person is not eligible for appointment as a member of the Board mentioned in paragraph (2A)(a), (d) or (e) unless the Minister is satisfied that the person has: (a) substantial experience or knowledge; and (b) significant standing; in at least one of the following fields: (c) Australian patent attorney practice; (d) New Zealand patent attorney practice; (e) Australian trade mark attorney practice; (f) the regulation of persons engaged in a prescribed occupation; (g) public administration; (h) academia. (2E) A member of the Board holds office on a part‑time basis. Period of appointment for members of the Board (2F) A member of the Board mentioned in paragraph (2A)(a), (d) or (e) holds office for the period specified in the instrument of appointment. The period must not exceed: (a) in the case of the member mentioned in paragraph (2A)(a)—3 years; or (b) otherwise—5 years. > Note: For reappointment, see the Acts Interpretation Act 1901. Appointment of deputy of Director‑General of IP Australia (2G) The Director‑General of IP Australia may appoint an APS employee to be his or her deputy for the purpose of attendance at one or more specified meetings of the Board. (2H) If: (a) a person is the deputy of the Director‑General of IP Australia for the purpose of attendance at a particular meeting of the Board; and (b) the Director‑General of IP Australia is absent from the meeting; the person is entitled to attend the meeting and, when so attending, is taken to be a member of the Board. (2J) A deputy of the Director‑General of IP Australia is not entitled to any remuneration or allowances for attending a meeting of the Board (other than remuneration or allowances payable to the deputy in his or her capacity as an APS employee). Appointment of deputy of New Zealand Commissioner of Patents (2K) The New Zealand Commissioner of Patents may appoint a New Zealand patents official to be his or her deputy for the purpose of attendance at one or more specified meetings of the Board. (2L) If: (a) a person is the deputy of the New Zealand Commissioner of Patents for the purpose of attendance at a particular meeting of the Board; and (b) the New Zealand Commissioner of Patents is absent from the meeting; the person is entitled to attend the meeting and, when so attending, is taken to be a member of the Board. (2M) A deputy of the New Zealand Commissioner of Patents is not entitled to any remuneration or allowances for attending a meeting of the Board (other than remuneration or allowances payable to the deputy in his or her capacity as a New Zealand patents official). (3) The regulations may make provision for and in relation to: (a) the terms and conditions on which members of the Board mentioned in paragraph (2A)(a), (d) or (e) hold office; and (aa) the manner in which members of the Board mentioned in paragraph (2A)(a), (d) or (e) may resign their appointments; and (ab) the termination of the appointment of members of the Board mentioned in paragraph (2A)(a), (d) or (e); and (b) the manner in which the Board is to perform its functions; and (c) the procedure to be followed at or in relation to meetings of the Board, including (but not limited to) matters with respect to: (i) the convening of meetings of the Board; and (ii) the number of members of the Board who are to constitute a quorum; and (iii) the selection of a member of the Board to preside at a meeting of the Board; and (iv) the manner in which questions arising at a meeting of the Board are to be decided. (4) A member of the Board is to be paid such remuneration as is determined by the Remuneration Tribunal. If no determination of that remuneration by the Tribunal is in operation, the member is to be paid such remuneration as is prescribed. (5) A member of the Board is to be paid such allowances as are prescribed. (6) Subsections (4) and (5) have effect subject to the Remuneration Tribunal Act 1973. (7) The Board may perform its functions in Australia or New Zealand. #### 227B Publishing personal information of registered patent attorneys (1) The Board may publish on its website any or all of the following personal information (within the meaning of the Privacy Act 1988) that is about a registered patent attorney: (a) the name of the attorney; (b) the country in which the attorney’s work address is located; (c) if the attorney’s work address is located in Australia—the State or Territory in which the attorney’s work address is located; (d) if the attorney’s work address is located in a foreign country—the state, territory, province, region or other political subdivision (however described) of that country in which the attorney’s work address is located; (e) the attorney’s work email address. (2) Subsection (1) does not prevent the Board from publishing on its website other personal information (within the meaning of the Privacy Act 1988) that is about a registered patent attorney with the attorney’s written consent. #### 228 Regulations (1) The Governor‑General may make regulations, not inconsistent with this Act: (a) prescribing matters required or permitted by this Act to be prescribed; and (b) prescribing matters necessary or convenient to be prescribed for carrying out or giving effect to this Act; and (c) prescribing matters necessary or convenient to be prescribed for the conduct of any business relating to the Patent Office; and (d) for the purpose of carrying out or giving effect to the Budapest Treaty; and (e) for the purpose of carrying out or giving effect to the PCT, whether in relation to PCT applications or otherwise; and (f) for the purpose of carrying out or giving effect to the TRIPS Agreement. (2) Without limiting subsection (1), that subsection includes the power to make regulations: (aa) making provision for and in relation to: (i) the procedures for conducting a preliminary search and opinion in relation to a patent request and complete specification; and (ii) the reports to be made in relation to the preliminary search and opinion; and (a) making provision for and in relation to the procedures for the examination of a patent request and complete specification and the re‑examination of a complete specification; and (b) making provision for and in relation to the reports to be made in relation to an examination and a re‑examination; and (ba) making provision for and in relation to the following: (i) the requirements for filing a document under this Act (including the requirement that the document must be in the form (if any) specified in a direction under section 214B); (ii) the consequences of a document not being in accordance with an approved form or not complying with the requirements referred to in subparagraph (i); and (bb) making provision for and in relation to the consequences of not complying with a direction under section 214C; and (c) making provision for and in relation to the amendment of patent requests, provisional and complete specifications, and other filed documents: (i) to correct a clerical error or obvious mistake; or (ii) to remove a lawful ground of objection, whether the objection is raised in the course of examination or re‑examination or otherwise; or (iii) for any other purpose; and (e) making provision for and in relation to the amendment of an entry in the Register to correct a clerical error or an obvious mistake, or for any other purpose; and (g) making provision for and in relation to the preparation, filing and publication of abstracts of complete specifications; and (h) making provision for and in relation to opposition proceedings; and (ha) setting out the formalities checking process for innovation patents including, in particular, the following matters: (i) specifying the formalities requirements (including compliance with the requirements of subsections 18(2) and (3) and 29(4A) and (4B)) that must be met in respect of an application for an innovation patent; and (ii) empowering the Commissioner to direct an applicant for an innovation patent to do such things as are necessary to ensure that those formalities requirements are met; and (iii) providing for the lapsing of the application if such a direction is not complied with within a time specified in the regulations; and (iv) providing for the restoration of an application that has so lapsed; and (i) setting out the checking process for PCT applications including, in particular, the following matters: (i) specifying the requirements that must be met in respect of a PCT application, once the applicant has complied with subsection 29A(5); (ii) empowering the Commissioner to direct an applicant to do such things as are necessary to ensure that those requirements are met; (iii) providing for the lapsing of the PCT application if such a direction is not complied with within a time specified in the regulations; (ia) making provision for and in relation to: (i) empowering the Commissioner, in relation to a provisional patent application, to direct the applicant to do such things as are necessary to ensure that the provisional specification complies with the requirements of subsection 29(4); and (ii) the provisional specification being taken not to have been filed if such a direction is not complied with within a time specified in the regulations; and (j) empowering the Commissioner to direct an applicant for a standard patent to do such things as are necessary to ensure that the patent request or complete specification is in accordance with the requirements of subsection 29(4A) or (4B) and: (i) providing for the lapsing of the application if such a direction is not complied with within a time specified in the regulations; and (ii) providing for the restoration of an application that has so lapsed; and (k) empowering the Commissioner to hear and determine the question whether a person is an interested person for the purpose of doing any act permitted to be done under this Act by an interested person; and (m) providing for appeals against decisions of the Commissioner made under the regulations; and (n) making provision for and in relation to the practice and procedure of prescribed courts in proceedings under this Act, including provision prescribing the time within which any proceeding may be started or anything else may be done, and providing for the extension of any such time; and (p) requiring persons to make statutory declarations in relation to patent applications or patents or in proceedings under this Act (not being court proceedings); and (q) making provision for and in relation to the making of a declaration, or the doing of an act, under this Act on behalf of a person who, because of infancy or physical or mental disability, is unable to make the declaration or do the act; and (r) for the control of the professional conduct of registered patent attorneys and the practice of the profession and, for that purpose, making provision for and in relation to all or any of the following: (i) making complaints, and hearing charges, against registered patent attorneys about their professional conduct; (ia) assessing the professional conduct of registered patent attorneys by reference to standards of practice established by the Board from time to time; (ii) imposing penalties on registered patent attorneys, including issuing a reprimand and suspending or cancelling registration; (iii) summoning witnesses; (iv) requiring persons to give evidence on oath (whether orally or otherwise); (v) administering oaths to persons giving evidence (whether orally or otherwise); (vi) requiring persons to produce documents or articles; and (s) making provision for and in relation to: (i) the deposit for the purposes of this Act, the Budapest Treaty, or both, of micro‑organisms with prescribed depositary institutions and the storage and testing of, and furnishing of samples of, micro‑organisms by those institutions; and (ii) the charging of fees by prescribed depositary institutions situated in Australia in relation to the matters described in subparagraph (i); and (iii) the making of reports by prescribed depositary institutions situated in Australia in relation to those matters; and (iv) the powers and functions of the Commissioner in relation to prescribed depositary institutions with respect to those matters; and (t) modifying the operation of this Act in relation to PCT applications that are treated as patent applications under this Act by excluding, varying, or substituting different provisions for, specified provisions of this Act; and (w) making provision for and in relation to the refund, in specified circumstances, of the whole or part of a fee paid in respect of the filing of a document; and (y) making provision for and in relation to the remission of, or the exemption of specified classes of persons from the payment of, the whole or part of a fee; and (z) prescribing penalties for offences against the regulations not exceeding a fine of 10 penalty units; and (za) making such transitional and savings provisions as are necessary or convenient as a result of the repeal of the 1952 Act and the enactment of this Act. (3) The regulations may make provision for matters referred to in paragraph (2)(s) by empowering the Commissioner, on behalf of the Commonwealth, to enter into agreements with prescribed depositary institutions with respect to those matters. (4) Regulations made under paragraph (2)(s) and subsection (3) may make different provision with respect to different matters dealt with by or under those regulations, but this subsection shall not be taken to limit a power to make regulations conferred by any other provision of this Act. (4A) If the regulations confer a function on a person or body, the regulations may provide that the function may be performed in Australia or New Zealand. (4B) If the regulations confer a power on a person or body, the regulations may provide that the power may be exercised in Australia or New Zealand. (4C) If the regulations provide that application may be made to the Administrative Review Tribunal for review of a decision, the regulations may provide that it is immaterial whether the decision was made in New Zealand. (4D) The regulations may provide that it is immaterial whether an act or omission mentioned in the regulations took place in New Zealand. (4E) The regulations may provide that it is immaterial whether a matter mentioned in the regulations concerns something that took place in New Zealand. (5) Despite subsection 14(2) of the Legislation Act 2003, regulations made for the purposes of the definition of eligible importing country in Schedule 1 may make provision in relation to a matter by applying, adopting or incorporating, with or without modification, any matter contained in any other instrument or other writing as in force or existing from time to time. (7) Despite the repeal of the 1952 Act by this Act, regulations made under paragraph (2)(za) may provide for the continued operation of specified provisions of the 1952 Act in relation to prescribed persons or matters, or in prescribed circumstances. #### 229 Instrument determining formalities requirements for patent documents (1) The Commissioner may, by written instrument, determine formalities requirements for the purposes of the following: (a) paragraphs 29(4A)(d) and (4B)(c); (b) a provision of the regulations, if that provision refers to this section. (2) The Commissioner must publish a notice in the Official Journal setting out the determination. (3) A determination under subsection (1) is not a legislative instrument. Chapter 23—Transitional and savings provisions #### 237 Orders, directions etc. under 1952 Act Any report, order or direction made or given under the 1952 Act and in force immediately before the commencing day continues to have effect on and after that day as if it had been made or given under a corresponding provision of this Act. #### 239 The Register of Patents and Register of Patent Attorneys (1) On and after the commencing day, the Register of Patents under the 1952 Act is to be taken to form part of the Register of Patents under this Act. (2) On and after the commencing day, the Register of Patent Attorneys under the 1952 Act is to be taken to form part of the Register of Patent Attorneys under this Act. #### 240 Registered patent attorneys This Act applies, on and after the commencing day, in relation to a person who was, immediately before that day, a registered patent attorney under the 1952 Act as if the person had been registered as a patent attorney under this Act.