Schedule Sch 3 - Part 101 (Unmanned Aircraft and Rockets) Manual of Standards 2019 - Directory for practical competency standards for a RePL training course

Schedule 3 Directory for practical competency standards for a RePL training course

Appendix 1 Practical competency standards — Common units

Unit code	Unit of practical competency
GEL	General English language proficiency
RC1	Perform pre- and post-operation actions and procedures for RPAS
RC2	Energy management for RPAS
RC3	Manage crew, payload and bystanders for RPAS operation
RC4	Navigation and operations of RPAS
RNT	Non-technical skills for operation of RPAS
RAF	Automated flight management systems for RPAS — operation

Appendix 2 Practical competency standards — Aeroplane category

Unit code	Unit of practical competency
RA1	RPA that is an aeroplane — ground operation and launch
RA2	RPA that is an aeroplane — normal operation
RA3	RPA that is an aeroplane — land and recover
RA4	RPA that is an aeroplane — advanced manoeuvres
RA5	RPA that is an aeroplane — abnormal and emergency operations

Appendix 3 Practical competency standards — Helicopter (multirotor class) category

Unit code	Unit of competency
RM1	RPA that is a multirotor — control on ground, launch, hover and landing
RM2	RPA that is a multirotor — normal operations
RM3	RPA that is a multirotor — advanced manoeuvres
RM4	RPA that is a multirotor — abnormal situations and emergencies

Appendix 4 Practical competency standards — Helicopter (single rotor class) category

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:454.5pt; margin-bottom:0pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse"><thead><tr><td style="width:32.95pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Item</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Aeronautical knowledge topics</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Priority</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="width:32.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">1</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Direction of flight and wind(a) expressing direction of flight:(i) as a 3-figure group;(ii) in the clock code;(iii) as cardinal and ordinal compass points;(b) difference between aircraft heading and track;(c) wind velocity;(d) the relationship between true and magnetic heading.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">A</td></tr><tr style="height:60.55pt"><td style="width:32.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">2</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Time(a) time as a 4, 6 and 8-figure group;(b) UTC;(c) converting local and standard time to and from UTC.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">B</td></tr><tr><td style="width:32.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">3</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Units of measurement for aeronautics(a) differences between height, altitude and elevation;(b) units of measurement for:(i) horizontal distance;(ii) vertical distance;(iii) speeds;(iv) visibility;(v) temperature;(vi) atmospheric pressure;(vii) weight;(c) converting between different units of measurement.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">A</td></tr><tr><td style="width:32.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">4</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">EnergyAircraft energy, including:(a) potential energy;(b) kinetic energy;(c) inertia.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">B</td></tr><tr><td style="width:32.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">5</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Aerodynamics, weight and balance(a) terminology:(i) aerofoil, angle of attack and relative airflow;(ii) centre of pressure and centre of gravity;(iii) lift, weight, thrust and drag;(b) “Bernoulli’s principal”, “Coandra effect” and “Newton’s third law”;(c) basic weight and balance principles;(i) empty weight;(ii) operating weight;(iii) maximum gross weight;(iv) arm, moment, datum, station and index unit;(v) centre of gravity limits;(vi) loading limits.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">A</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" style="width:32.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">6</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Lift and drag(a) changes to lift and drag resulting from:(i) airspeed changes;(ii) angle of attack changes;</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">B</td></tr><tr><td style="width:362.5pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">(b) types of drag, including:(i) parasite (zero lift), form, interference and skin friction;(ii) induced (lift dependent).</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">C</td></tr><tr><td style="width:32.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">7</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Propellers and rotors(a) terminology;(b) blade angle, helix angle or pitch;(c) propeller/rotor thrust and torque;(d) propeller/rotor principles.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">B</td></tr><tr><td style="width:32.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">8</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Principles of operation — flight control(a) longitudinal, lateral and vertical axes;(b) pitch, roll and yaw;(c) skid and slip;(d) effect of changes in power on vertical and horizontal speed;(e) relationship between control inputs and aircraft movements;(f) angle of climb and rate of climb;(g) trim controls.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">A</td></tr><tr><td style="width:32.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">9</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Principles of operation — remote pilot stationFeatures of a remote pilot station:(a) transmitter;(b) command and control link;(c) flight controls;(d) other controls;(e) antennas/aerials;(f) software, including firmware and updates;(g) telemetry;(h) non-payload communications;(i) power supply.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">C</td></tr></tbody></table> ``` <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:454.5pt; margin-bottom:0pt; border-collapse:collapse"><thead><tr><td style="width:32.95pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Item</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Aeronautical knowledge topics</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Priority</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="height:225.1pt"><td style="width:32.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">1</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Airspace(a) classification of airspace;(b) airspace depiction on aeronautical charts, including:(i) flight information area;(ii) Class G airspace;(iii) controlled aerodromes;(iv) control area;(v) control zone;(vi) VFR route and lane of entry;(vii) prohibited areas;(viii) restricted areas;(ix) danger areas;(x) common traffic advisory frequencies and associated airspace;(xi) radio frequency boundaries;(c) airspace in relation to the circumstances in which an aeronautical radio qualification is required:(i) Air Traffic Control (ATC);(ii) in the vicinity of non-controlled aerodromes.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">A</td></tr><tr><td style="width:32.95pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">2</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Obtaining information or approval(a) permissions for RPA operations in restricted areas;(b) aeronautical information publications, including:(i) AIP;(ii) ERSA;(iii) NOTAM.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">A</td></tr><tr style="height:26.55pt"><td rowspan="2" style="width:32.95pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">3</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">NOTAMs(a) obtaining NOTAMs for operational areas;(b) decoding NOTAMs.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">A</td></tr><tr style="height:26.55pt"><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">NOTAM publication(c) Submitting a NOTAM for publication.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">C</td></tr><tr style="height:126pt"><td style="width:32.95pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">4</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Form of the earth, aeronautical charts and maps(a) features on an aeronautical chart (other than airspace);(b) cardinal and ordinal points of the compass;(c) latitude and longitude;(d) depiction of height and elevation on charts;(e) distance on the earth and in charts;(f) magnetic variation;(g) relationship between magnetic heading and magnetic bearing.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">A</td></tr><tr style="height:22.8pt"><td style="width:32.95pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">5</td><td style="width:362.5pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">Electronic flight bag(a) electronic maps and charts;(b) CASA verified drone safety app.</td><td style="width:55.95pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; vertical-align:top">C</td></tr></tbody></table> ``` <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:511.05pt; margin-bottom:0pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse"><thead><tr><td style="width:28.05pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#bfbfbf">Item</td><td style="width:49.35pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; background-color:#bfbfbf">Unit code</td><td style="width:100.6pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#bfbfbf">Unit of competency</td><td style="width:150.25pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#bfbfbf">Item/manoeuvre</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#bfbfbf">Accuracy/tolerance</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr style="height:90.3pt"><td rowspan="2" style="width:28.05pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">1</td><td rowspan="2" style="width:49.35pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">RC1</td><td rowspan="2" style="width:100.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top">Pre- and post-flight actions and procedures</td><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">1 Complete a JSA for a theoretical operation, relevant to the type of operations that the candidate will undertake when licensed, in accordance with an operational scenario provided by the examiner.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">1 The JSA addresses the safety of the operation; identifies safety risks arising from the operation; and has formulated risk mitigation measures for the operation, including a risk management plan.</td></tr><tr style="height:90.3pt"><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">2 The following:(a) assembly, inspection and preparation of the aircraft and ground station for flight, referring to the operator’s procedures manual as required;(b) disassembly and post-flight procedures.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">2 The following:(a) familiarisation with equipment and manuals to successfully assemble and disassemble the system;(b) all pre- and post‑flight procedures completed correctly;(c) dexterity with equipment/tooling;(d) completes a post‑flight damage inspection.</td></tr><tr><td style="width:28.05pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">2</td><td rowspan="2" style="width:49.35pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">RC2</td><td rowspan="2" style="width:100.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top">Energy management</td><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">1 Electric-powered RPA(a) identifies the amount of energy required and available for each flight stage, including reserves;(b) changes batteries within reserve limits (as required);(c) ensures RPS power within limits.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">1 The following:(a) the calculated RPA operation endurance is within +/- 10%;(b) sufficient reserves are available to cover variations and contingencies;(c) the RPA is operated within the manufacturer’s or operator’s voltage and current limits.</td></tr><tr><td style="width:28.05pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top"></td><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">2 Very small or small RPA with liquid-fuel system(a) identifies the amount of energy available for each flight stage, including reserves;(b) confirms correct amount of fuel is on aircraft;(c) fuels and refuels as required;(d) ensures RPS power within limits;(e) carries out fuel quality and contamination checks.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">2 The following:(a) the calculated RPA operation endurance is within +/- 10%;(b) sufficient reserves are available to cover variations and contingencies;(c) safe fuelling and refuelling procedures;(d) identifies correct fuel grade.</td></tr><tr><td style="width:28.05pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">3</td><td style="width:49.35pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">RC3</td><td style="width:100.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top">Manage crew, payload and bystanders</td><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">(a) communicates effectively with simulated crew and bystanders;(b) ensures payloads are correctly attached and suitable for the RPA (as applicable).</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">[No tolerances.]</td></tr><tr><td style="width:28.05pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">4</td><td style="width:49.35pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">RNT</td><td style="width:100.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top">Non-technical skills for the RPAS</td><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">(a) maintains effective lookout for other aircraft and hazards;(b) maintains situational awareness;(c) sets priorities and makes good decisions.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">(a) identifies and effectively manages hazards associated with the flight of the RPA;(b) chooses safest option when confronted with hazardous situation.</td></tr><tr><td style="width:28.05pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">5</td><td style="width:49.35pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">RAF</td><td style="width:100.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top">Autoflight systems for the RPAS</td><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">(a) performs examiner-selected items/manoeuvres in flight test schedule using automated flight controls;(b) programs the RPAS to complete an amendment to the planned flight;(c) safely manages the RPA in an emergency situation.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">(a) demonstrates good understanding of automated flight modes;(b) programs flight and amendment to plan in a timely way;(c) flies the RPA accurately during manoeuvres.</td></tr><tr><td style="width:28.05pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">6</td><td style="width:49.35pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">RA1</td><td style="width:100.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top">Ground operation and launch</td><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">(a) where applicable, taxi aircraft to take-off commencement point;(b) launch the aircraft or take-off and fly a circuit pattern;(c) where applicable, trim aircraft.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">(a) aircraft taxied safely, and taxi/pre-take-off checks completed;(b) safe and stable launch/take-off;(c) even rate of climb;(d) maintains nominated circuit height;(e) where applicable, aircraft trimmed correctly for each stage of flight;(f) lateral distances should be sufficient to allow stabilised final approach segment.</td></tr><tr style="height:38.25pt"><td rowspan="2" style="width:28.05pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">7</td><td rowspan="2" style="width:49.35pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">RA2</td><td rowspan="2" style="width:100.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top">Normal operations</td><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">1 Complete standard turns both left and right.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">1 The following:(a) turns should be straight and level with minimal variation in height;(b) turns should be of an equal radius, independent of wind direction.</td></tr><tr style="height:38.25pt"><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">2 Complete steep turns in different directions.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">2 The following:(a) turns should be straight and level with minimal variation in height;(b) turns should be of a constant radius, independent of wind direction.</td></tr><tr><td style="width:28.05pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">8</td><td style="width:49.35pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">RA3</td><td style="width:100.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top">Land or recover</td><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">(a) overfly the landing area at circuit height and then complete a landing with touch and go (remain 5 m off the ground if no undercarriage);(b) repeat in opposite direction;(c) demonstrate cross-wind landing technique.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">(a) approach attitude controlled by elevator and power;(b) stabilised descent controlled by power;(c) aircraft accurately positioned for landing;(d) constant climb-away angle.</td></tr><tr style="height:78.25pt"><td rowspan="3" style="width:28.05pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">9</td><td rowspan="3" style="width:49.35pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">RA4</td><td rowspan="3" style="width:100.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top">Advanced manoeuvres</td><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">1 Inward and outward figure of 8Fly at nominated height away from pilot and turn left or right 90 degrees, fly 30 m at a constant height turn left or right 180 degrees and fly back past the pilot for a further 30 m; then turn in the opposite direction 180 degrees again and then fly back to centre point opposite pilot and repeat.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">1 The following:(a) accurate altitude control;(b) equal circle size and crossover point directly in front of pilot.</td></tr><tr style="height:32.5pt"><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">2 Demonstrate the use of all available flight modes.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">2 Familiar with all modes and demonstrates competent ability to use them.</td></tr><tr style="height:32.5pt"><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">3 Simulate a typical complex task the applicant will be performing when qualified, using appropriate control method/s, radio procedures where applicable.Note The manoeuvre must assume full crew/team availability with examiner as an informed participant requiring briefing if applicable.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">3 The following:(a) maintains safe distance from obstacles;(b) other relevant tolerances at examiner’s discretion;(c) conducts suitable team briefing, including intent of operation, emergency plans, any other specific relevant tasking for team members.</td></tr><tr style="height:52.75pt"><td rowspan="3" style="width:28.05pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">10</td><td rowspan="3" style="width:49.35pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top">RA5</td><td rowspan="3" style="width:100.6pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top">Abnormal situations and emergencies</td><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff"><a id="_Hlk2937475">1 Glide approach/simulated “dead stick”</a>The manoeuvre must:(a) simulate zero power landing by bringing throttle to idle on command;(b) land/recover the aircraft without using engine/motor power from circuit height at a position over the landing area;</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">1 The following:(a) uses elevators to maintain slight nose-down attitude;(b) manoeuvres the aircraft to a suitable position to land/recover in the landing/recovery area;(c) maintains safe control of the aircraft;(d) completes pre-landing/ recovery checks;<a id="_Hlk2937488">(e) lands safely and without damage to the aircraft.</a></td></tr><tr style="height:33.5pt"><td style="width:150.25pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">2 Demonstrate/simulate the use of all available fail-safe equipment and modes.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">2 The following:(a) familiar with fail-safe features and how to use them effectively in flight;(b) ensures safe outcome from abnormal/ emergency scenarios.</td></tr><tr style="height:33.5pt"><td style="width:150.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding:1.4pt 2.48pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">3 Recover from aerodynamic stall in different configurations.</td><td style="width:138.25pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top; background-color:#ffffff">3 The following:(a) correct recovery technique used;(b) returns to safe level flight.</td></tr></tbody></table> ```

RH1	RPA that is a helicopter — control on ground
RH2	RPA that is a helicopter — launch, hover and landing
RH3	RPA that is a helicopter — normal operation
RH4	RPA that is a helicopter — advanced manoeuvres
RH5	RPA that is a helicopter — abnormal situations and emergencies

Unit code	Unit of competency
RP1	RPA that is a powered-lift category aircraft — control on ground, launch, hover and landing
RP2	RPA that is a powered-lift category aircraft — transition to and from vertical flight
RP3	RPA that is a powered-lift category aircraft — climb, cruise & descent
RP4	RPA that is a powered-lift category aircraft — advanced manoeuvres
RP5	RPA that is a powered-lift category aircraft — manage abnormal situations at altitude and near the ground

Item	Aeronautical knowledge topics	Priority
1	Electrical terms(a) volts;(b) amps;(c) watts;(d) ohms;(e) hertz.	B
2	Function of electrical components(a) electrical components of an RPA:(i) electronic speed controller;(ii) battery eliminator circuit;(iii) receiver and remote receivers;(iv) telemetry module;(v) flight batteries;(vi) receiver battery;(vii) circuit breakers and fuses;(viii) servomechanisms;(ix) aerials/antennas;(x) GPS receivers;(xi) altimeters (radio, radar, laser, acoustic);(xii) collision avoidance sensors;(b) equipment redundancy;(c) malfunctions and system back-ups;(d) consequences of a malfunction;(e) remedial actions in the event of failure.	A
3	Electric motors(a) current draw through the motor in relation to rotor or propeller diameter or pitch;(b) current draw through the motor in relation to rotor or propeller loads;(c) determination of appropriate “Kv”.	A
4	Batteries(a) types of batteries:(i) nickel metal hydride batteries;(ii) lithium polymer batteries;(iii) alkaline batteries;(iv) nickel cadmium batteries;(v) fuel cells;(b) battery specifications and abbreviations (types, voltage; amperage etc);(c) characteristics of batteries used as an energy source for the RPA:(i) cell count;(ii) nominal voltage;(iii) battery configuration:(A) parallel;(B) series;(iv) battery capacity;(v) maximum current draw;(vi) discharge rate;(vii) main power plug;(viii) balance plug;(d) batteries classified as dangerous goods for air transportation.	A
5	Charging/discharging batteries(a) charging procedures for batteries;(b) discharging procedures for batteries;(c) cell balancing in multi-cell batteries;(d) state of charge of a battery with reference to capacity and voltage.	A
6	Battery limitations(a) “continuous C-rating” and “maximum burst C-rating”;(b) trade-off between battery size and flight endurance of an electrically‑powered RPA;(c) battery serviceability;(d) battery checkers.	B
7	Electromagnetic radiation(a) radio waves;(b) characteristics of radio waves, wave propagation, transmission including:(i) the radio frequency band ranges (MF, HF, VHF, UHF);(ii) effective range of transmissions;(iii) factors affecting the propagation of radio waves, including:(A) terrain;(B) ionosphere;(C) sun spot activity;(D) interference from electrical equipment;(E) thunderstorms;(c) radio characteristics, optimisation and shielding:(i) digital and analogue signals;(ii) command and control link range testing;(iii) radio frequencies for RPA operations.	A
8	Global Positioning System (GPS)(a) components of a GPS;(b) how GPS works, including accuracy of different systems;(c) factors that affect the performance of GPS, including the following:(i) number of satellites available;(ii) path interference;(iii) type of software;(iv) signal availability;(v) indications of faulty GPS equipment.	A
9	Electromagnetic signal reliability and hazards(a) electromagnetic interference (EMI);(b) powerlines;(c) LTE and Wi-Fi.	B

Item	Aeronautical knowledge topics	Priority
1	General(a) airmanship (including, “aviate”, “navigate”, “communicate”);(b) differences between the sensory information available to a person operating an RPA compared to the pilot of manned aircraft;(c) situational awareness during RPA operations;(d) information processing and decision making in relation to the following factors:(i) personality traits;(ii) pride, peer pressure or employer pressure;(iii) desire to get the task done;(iv) anxiety, overconfidence, boredom or complacency;(v) long- or short-term memory;(vi) memory limitations;(vii) aide-memoires and rules of thumb;(viii) workload and overload;(ix) skill, experience and recency;(e) methods of enhancing decision-making skills;(f) temporal factors relating to system latency.	C
2	Basic healthMedical and psychological factors that may affect pilot performance in relation to operating RPA:(a) upper respiratory tract infections, including colds, hay fever, congestion of air passages and sinuses;(b) a headache, including a migraine;(c) an injury;(d) ageing;(e) dehydration and heat stroke;(f) fatigue;(g) alcohol use and smoking;(h) drug use, including prescription and over-the-counter medications;(i) emotions, including anger, anxiety, depression and fear.	C
3	Vision, spatial disorientation, illusions(a) anatomy of the eye and its functioning during the day and at night;(b) limitations of the eye:(i) the ability to discern objects/aircraft at a distance and height;(ii) empty field myopia;(iii) glare;(iv) colour discrimination;(v) myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia and parallax;(c) enhancing vision within the definition of VLOS:(i) prescription spectacles;(ii) suitable sunglasses;(d) disorientation during RPA operations;(e) visual illusions:(i) typical illusions, including relative motion;(ii) conditions under which visual illusions may occur;(iii) how to overcome sensory illusions.	B
4	Stress in relation to operating RPA(a) the effects of short- and long-term stress on the performance and health of a person operating an RPA;(b) symptoms of stress in an excessively hot, cold, windy, vibrating or noisy environment;(c) causes and effects of domestic or work-related stress;(d) principles of stress management, including:(i) cognitive or behavioural techniques for managing stress;(ii) relaxation;(iii) time management.	C
5	Threat and error management(a) principles of threat and error management in relation to operating RPA;(b) processes to identify and manage threats and errors during RPA operations;(c) the use of checklists and standard operating procedures to prevent errors;(d) crew resource management;(e) risk perception when remote from the location of RPA operation;(f) strategic versus tactical risk management.	B
6	Coordinating crew(a) verbal and non-verbal communication, including the following factors:(i) barriers to communication;(ii) listening skills;(iii) assertion skills;(b) aspects of individuals that may affect the safe operation of the RPA:(i) personality;(ii) judgement;(iii) leadership style.	C

Item	Aeronautical knowledge topics	Priority
1	General operations(a) general considerations relating to:(i) starting and ground running of motors/engines;(ii) bystanders;(iii) crew briefing;(b) responsibilities of the remote pilot:(i) under Part 101 of CASR;(ii) in relation to the operator’s documented practices and procedures;(iii) keeping operational, remote pilot and technical logs in accordance with MOS sections 10.05 to 10.06;(c) considerations:(i) after an operation has ended;(ii) in relation to aircraft noise and wildlife.	A
2	Risk assessment and management(a) the strategic risk assessment process relevant to RPAS operations, including:(i) hazard identification;(ii) risk identification;(iii) risk mitigation measures;(b) elements of a job safety assessment for the operation of an RPA;(c) completing a job safety assessment for the operation of an RPA.	A
3	Airworthiness — general(a) determine RPAS serviceability for a specific operation;(b) use of the RPA technical log;(c) responsibilities of the holder of a remote pilot licence in relation to the continuing airworthiness of the RPA, including:(i) conducting inspections of the RPA;(ii) reporting defects or unserviceability in relation to the RPAS.	A
4	Role equipment or sensorsSafety and performance implications of various payloads, including cameras and other sensors.	B
5	Accident and incident reporting(a) definitions of accident and incidents;(b) requirements for accident and incident reporting (however described) mentioned in the Transport Safety Investigation Regulations 2003 and the Transport and Safety Investigation (Voluntary and Confidential Reporting Scheme) Regulation 2012.	A
6	Abnormal operationsConsiderations in the event of the following:(a) if the engine or motors of an RPA fails in the following circumstances:(i) immediately after launch;(ii) on approach to landing;(iii) when operating within controlled airspace under ATC control;(iv) in a built-up area;(v) in the vicinity of bystanders;(b) a control link failure;(c) a remote pilot station failure;(d) if a fire takes hold on the RPA during flight or on the ground;(e) if the RPA is attacked by a bird.	A
7	Fail-safe procedures and emergency actionsFail-safe systems and emergency actions, including:(a) the “return to home” system;(b) regain link holding pattern;(c) the RPA flies to a predetermined holding point;(d) emergency parachute deployment;(e) immediate landing;(f) flight termination;(g) carbon fibre containment in the event of a crash.	A
8	Operation of RPA near aerodrome(a) considerations in relation to operating an RPA near an aerodrome:(i) the location at an aerodrome of each runway threshold, each runway threshold centrepoint, and the movement areas;(ii) the structure of the approach and departure paths for aerodromes and helicopter landing sites (HLS);(b) the prohibitions in Part 101 of CASR relating to operating an RPA at or near aerodromes and HLS;(c) the process to obtain a permission, approval or exemption (however described) under CASR in relation to operating an RPA at or in the approach and departure paths of a particular aerodrome;(d) determining the runway or runways in use at an aerodrome;(e) traffic patterns at aerodromes;(f) limitations on the operation of an RPA near an aerodrome if the aerodrome has more than 1 runway;(g) limitations imposed by the Part 101 MOS with respect to operations in controlled and non-controlled airspace.	A
9	Operations of RPA above 400 ft AGLConsiderations relating to operations of an RPA above 400 ft AGL:(a) airspace classification;(b) aeronautical radio use and qualifications;(c) identifying the location of non-controlled aerodromes;(d) use of RPA observers;(e) the process to obtain a permission, approval or exemption (however described) under CASR in relation to operating an RPA above 400 ft AGL.	A
10	Tethered operationsOperational considerations for when the RPA is tethered to the ground.	B

Sch 3Directory for practical competency standards for a RePL training course

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Item	Aeronautical knowledge topics	Priority
1	Weather phenomena(a) causes and effects of the following weather phenomena in relation to RPA operations:(i) thunderstorms;(ii) low cloud;(iii) poor visibility (fog, mist, dust, haze);(iv) turbulence;(v) extreme heat and cold;(vi) strong winds and windshear;(vii) rain and humidity;(viii) convection;(ix) precipitation static;(b) the meaning of symbols used on weather maps.	B
2	Weather observationsIndications of the presence of:(a) turbulence, thermals or dust devils; and(b) wind gradient and wind shear.	B
3	Aeronautical forecasts(a) obtaining aeronautical forecasts for the area of operations;(b) decoding an aeronautical forecast;(c) using public weather forecasts and reports.	B

Item	Aeronautical knowledge topics	Priority
1	Aviation legislation and information(a) documents that contain aviation legislation, aeronautical information and general operating rules that apply to the operation of RPA;(b) obtaining the documents and ensuring that the information is up to date;(c) guidance materials and information sources relating to RPAS operations.	A
2	Remote pilot licence(a) conditions that apply to a remote pilot licence under Part 101 of CASR;(b) conditions that may apply to a remote pilot licence under other legislation;(c) conditions that apply to a certified RPA operator under Part 101 of CASR.	B

Item	Aeronautical knowledge topics	Priority
1	RPA components(a) typical components found on the fuselage of the RPA:(i) hatches;(ii) vents;(iii) drains;(iv) aerials/antennas;(v) catapult attachment;(vi) airdrop launch attachment;(vii) fail-safe equipment;(b) typical features of the wings of the RPA:(i) leading and trailing edges;(ii) ailerons;(iii) flaps;(iv) elevon/flaperons;(v) servomechanisms;(c) typical components found on the tail of the RPA:(i) vertical stabiliser;(ii) elevator/stabilator;(iii) rudder;(d) undercarriage and recovery fittings of the RPA:(i) wheeled undercarriage;(ii) floats;(iii) brakes;(iv) steering mechanism;(v) hook/skid.	B
2	Aeroplane aerodynamicsCharacteristics of an aerofoil:(a) chord;(b) span;(c) aspect ratio;(d) camber;(e) aerodynamic stall;(f) wing loading.	B
3	Launch(a) effects of cross-wind on high- and low-wing aeroplanes during launch and control technique;(b) effects of cross-wind on tail-wheel equipped aeroplanes and control techniques;(c) advantages of launching into wind.	A
4	ClimbingEffect on climb rate and angle resulting from changes in the following:(a) weight;(b) power;(c) airspeed (changed from recommended);(d) flap deflection;(e) headwind/tailwind component, windshear;(f) bank angle;(g) altitude and density altitude.	A
5	Straight and levelRelationship between attitude, angle of attack and airspeed in level flight.	A
6	Turning(a) concept of balanced turns;(b) effect of increasing or decreasing bank angle on:(i) stall airspeed, including the rate of increase of stall speed with increasing bank;(ii) the aircraft’s structure (load factor);(c) precautions during steep turns:(i) shortly after launch; and(ii) during a glide, particularly on approach to land;(d) visual illusions during level turns at low level when turning downwind or into wind.	A
7	Stalling, spinning and spiral drives(a) the characteristics of a stall;(b) visual signs from the ground when the RPA is approaching a stall;(c) stall recovery:(i) the effect of using ailerons when approaching, and during, the stall; and(ii) why the RPA may stall at different speeds;(d) effects of the following on the stall airspeed:(i) power;(ii) flap;(iii) manoeuvres;(iv) weight;(v) airframe frost and ice;(vi) air density;(e) manoeuvres during which the RPA may stall at an angle which appears to be different to the true stalling angle;(f) differences between a spin and a spiral dive;(g) spiral dive recovery.	A
8	Descent(a) angle of descent and attitude relating to:(i) power;(ii) flap;(iii) aircraft nose position;(b) effect of headwind/tailwind;(c) rate and angle of descent.	A
9	Landing/recovery(a) achieving a smooth landing;(b) effects of a cross-wind on high- and low-wing aeroplanes during landing/recovery;(c) advantages of landing into the wind;(d) differences between a flapless approach and an approach with flap in terms of:(i) approach path angle; and(ii) threshold and touchdown speeds; and(iii) landing distance required;(e) deep stall landings;(f) use of a recovery net.	A

Item	Aeronautical knowledge topics	Priority
1	RPA components(a) typical components of the RPA:(i) the centre body;(ii) the arm attachments;(iii) the battery mounting;(iv) the motors and motor attachments;(v) the landing gear;(vi) other components of the RPA;(b) location and function of electrical components of the RPA:(i) its electronic speed controller(s);(ii) its receiver and antenna;(iii) its gyros/Inertial Management Unit;(iv) its flight controller;(v) its battery;(vi) its battery eliminator circuit;(vii) its GPS sensor/antenna.	B
2	Weight and balance — launch and landing and recoveryEffects of the following changes to the performance of the RPA:(a) weight;(b) power;(c) ground effect;(d) wind.	A
3	Aerodynamics — multirotor lift and drag(a) aerodynamic properties of a rotor blade:(i) aerofoil shape;(ii) blade twist;(iii) blade taper;(b) definitions of the following terms:(i) rotor thrust;(ii) rotor drag;(iii) relative airflow;(iv) rotational airflow;(v) induced airflow;(vi) torque reaction.	B
4	Aerodynamics — hovering and forward flight(a) definitions of the terms:(i) ground effect;(ii) recirculation;(b) translational lift;(c) drag in forward flight.	A
5	Principles of operation — flight controls(a) primary flight controls and how they affect the movement of a multirotor about its longitudinal, lateral and normal vertical axes, including:(i) hover;(ii) yaw control;(iii) forward operation;(iv) ascent and descent;(v) lateral horizontal operation;(b) stabilisation;(c) GPS hold.	A
6	Aerodynamics — abnormal operations(a) direction of rotation of a rotor and the implications of incorrect installation;(b) effects on the operation of the RPA if a motor of the RPA fails.	A
7	Launch(a) pre-launch checks;(b) post-launch checks.	B
8	ClimbingEffect on climb rate and angle from changes in the following:(a) weight;(b) power;(c) airspeed;(d) a headwind or tailwind or windshear;(e) bank angle;(f) temperature;(g) altitude.	A
9	Turning(a) banked turns;(b) rotations or flat turns;(c) limitations on steep turns.	B
10	Descending, landing and recovery(a) avoiding vortex ring state when operating the RPA;(b) recovery actions to escape vortex ring state;(c) advantages of landing/recovery into the wind;(d) pre-landing checks.	A

Item	Aeronautical knowledge topics	Priority
1	RPA components(a) typical components of the fuselage of the RPA, including:(i) inspection hatches;(ii) vents;(iii) drains;(iv) antennas/aerials;(v) the boom;(vi) the tail rotor;(b) typical components of the landing gear:(i) skids;(ii) floats;(c) other helicopter configurations:(i) contra-rotating main rotors;(ii) horizontal tail rotor;(iii) other solutions to centrifugal reaction.	B
2	Helicopter key lift componentsTypical components of the rotor system:(a) the flybar;(b) the swash plate;(c) the clutch.	A
3	Aircraft performanceEffects of the following on aircraft performance:(a) the gross weight of the RPA;(b) engine power;(c) ground effect.	A
4	Aerodynamics — lift and drag(a) aerodynamic properties of a rotor blade:(i) aerofoil shape;(ii) blade twist;(iii) blade taper;(b) definitions of the following terms:(i) rotor thrust;(ii) rotor drag;(iii) total reaction;(iv) relative airflow;(v) centrifugal reaction;(vi) rotor disc;(vii) coning angle;(c) terminology in relation to an operating rotor blade:(i) feathering;(ii) flapping;(iii) flapping to equality;(iv) dragging;(v) advance angle.	B
5	Aerodynamics of hovering(a) aerodynamic vectors of a rotor blade during hover;(b) terminology relating to hovering:(i) ground effect;(ii) tail rotor drift;(iii) rotor shaft tilt effect;(iv) recirculation;(c) abnormal operations:(i) vortex ring state (settling with power);(ii) loss of tail-rotor effectiveness;(iii) the appropriate recovery actions to (i) to (ii);(d) effects of the following on hovering:(i) the gross weight of the RPA;(ii) pressure altitude;(iii) temperature.	A
6	Aerodynamics — forward operationTerminology in relation to forward flight:(a) dissymmetry of lift;(b) flapback;(c) cyclic limits;(d) airflow reversal;(e) retreating blade stall;(f) compressibility;(g) inflow roll;(h) translational lift;(i) aerodynamic vectors of a rotor blade during forward flight.	B
7	Aerodynamics — power requirements(a) power available and power required in relation to the following:(i) best speed for range;(ii) best speed for endurance;(iii) best rate of climb;(iv) best angle of climb;(b) “overpitching” — causes and recovery actions.	A
8	Principles of flight — helicopter controls(a) flight controls:(i) cyclic and collective;(ii) trim systems;(iii) tail gyroscope;(b) aerodynamic enhancements:(i) a canted tail rotor;(ii) sweep back on tips;(iii) a shrouded tail rotor;(iv) tail surfaces, fins, end plates and stabilators.	A
9	Autorotative flight(a) the meaning of the following terms in relation to an RPA that is capable of autorotative flight:(i) autorotative force;(ii) autorotative section;(b) the effect on autorotation of the RPA if the following are varied:(i) all-up weight;(ii) density altitude;(iii) airspeed;(iv) rotor RPM.	A
10	Effects of particular conditions(a) undesirable aircraft states:(i) ground resonance;(ii) mast bumping;(iii) dynamic roll-over;(b) avoiding undesirable aircraft states.	A

Item	Aeronautical knowledge topics	Priority
1	RPA components(a) typical physical components of the RPA:(i) the fuselage;(ii) the motor attachments, including booms;(iii) hatches;(iv) vents;(v) drains;(vi) aerials;(vii) fail-safe equipment;(viii) the battery compartment/mounting;(ix) the motors/engines(s);(x) the landing gear;(xi) protective components of the RPA;(xii) rotors and propellers;(b) typical features of the wings of the RPA:(i) leading and trailing edges;(ii) ailerons;(iii) flaps;(iv) elevon/flaperon;(v) servomechanisms;(c) typical components found on the tail of the RPA:(i) vertical stabiliser;(ii) elevator/stabiliser/stabilator;(iii) rudder;(d) location and function of electrical components of the RPA:(i) its electronic speed controller(s);(ii) its receiver and antenna;(iii) its gyros/Inertial Management Unit;(iv) its flight controller;(v) its battery or batteries;(vi) its battery eliminator circuit;(vii) its GPS sensor and antenna.	B
2	Aeroplane aerodynamicsCharacteristics of an aerofoil:(a) chord;(b) span;(c) aspect ratio;(d) camber;(e) aerodynamic stall;(f) wing loading.	B
3	Aerodynamics — vertical flightDefinitions of the following terms:(a) rotor thrust;(b) rotor drag;(c) relative airflow;(d) rotational airflow;(e) induced airflow;(f) ground effect;(g) recirculation.	B
4	Principles of operation — flight controlsPrimary flight controls and how they affect the movement of the aircraft about its longitudinal, lateral and vertical axes, including:(a) yaw control;(b) roll control;(c) pitch control;(d) forward flight and turning using vertical motors;(e) vertical ascent and descent;(f) secondary flight controls — trim controls;(g) stabilisation;(h) GPS hold.	A
5	Launch, landing and recovery(a) effects of changes to the following on the performance of the RPA:(i) weight;(ii) power;(iii) ground effect;(iv) wind and windshear;(v) translational lift;(vi) pre-launch and pre-landing;(b) avoiding vortex ring state when launching/landing the RPA;(c) recovery actions to escape vortex ring state.	A
6	RESERVED
7	Aerodynamics — transitional flight and forward flight(a) aerodynamics of transition from vertical flight to horizontal/climbing flight;(b) aerodynamics of transition from horizontal flight/descent to vertical flight;(c) aircraft configuration changes during transitional flight;(d) relationship between attitude, angle of attack and airspeed in level flight;(e) drag in forward flight;(f) airspeed and ground speed.	A
8	Climbing — aeroplane modeEffect on climb rate and angle from changes in the following:(a) weight;(b) power;(c) airspeed;(d) a headwind or tailwind;(e) bank angle;(f) temperature;(g) pressure altitude.	A
9	Turning(a) concept of balanced turns;(b) effect of increasing or decreasing bank angle on:(i) stall airspeed, including the rate of increase of stall speed with increasing bank;(ii) the aircraft’s structure (load factor);(c) precautions during steep turns:(i) shortly after launch;(ii) during a glide, particularly on approach to land;(d) visual illusions during balanced level turns at low level when turning downwind or into wind;(e) rotations or flat turns in vertical mode.	A
10	Descent(a) angle of descent and attitude relating to:(i) power;(ii) flap;(iii) aircraft nose position;(b) effect of headwind/tailwind.	A
11	Aerodynamics — abnormal operations vertical flight(a) direction of rotation of a rotor and the implication of incorrect installation;(b) effects on the operation of the RPA if a motor of the RPA fails.	A
12	Stalling, spinning and spiral drives — aeroplane mode(a) the characteristics of a stall;(b) visual signs from the ground when the RPA is approaching a stall;(c) effects of the following on the stall airspeed:(i) horizontally/vertically-vectored power;(ii) flap;(iii) manoeuvres;(iv) weight;(v) airframe frost and ice;(vi) air density;(d) manoeuvres during which the RPA may stall at an angle which appears to be different to the true stalling angle;(e) differences between a spin and a spiral dive;(f) spin and spiral dive recovery.	A

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Launch and landing areasExplain considerations in locating and setting-up a launch and recovery area.	[No tolerances]	Areas suitable for aeroplanes and rotorcraft.
2	Pre-operation actions and procedures(a) obtain, interpret and apply information contained in the RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures mentioned in paragraph 101.370 (b) of CASR, including information relating to the following:(i) weather forecasts;(ii) local observations;(iii) NOTAMs;(iv) area approvals;(v) other aeronautical information such as information from ERSA and CASA;(b) decide whether the current and forecast weather conditions are suitable for the proposed operation;(c) decide whether the RPA’s equipment is serviceable for the proposed operation;(d) decide whether the aircraft batteries or fuel are the correct kind for the RPA and are serviceable.	(a) within a reasonable period of time;(b) demonstrating dexterity in handling the RPA.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) type of RPA;(c) weather forecast types;(d) single or multiple RPA operations in a day;(e) location of RPA operations;(f) with and without checklists;(g) day and night operations;(h) electric and liquid-fuel system powered.
3	Perform pre-flight inspection(a) assemble and prepare the RPA for operation;(b) conduct a post-assembly inspection of the RPA;(c) ensure locking and securing devices, covers and bungs for the RPA are removed;(d) complete a pre‑operation inspection as set out in the RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures;(e) start the RPA’s engine or motor in accordance with the RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures for the operation of the RPA.	(a) within a reasonable period of time;(b) demonstrating dexterity in handling the RPA;(c) no locking or securing devices, bungs or covers left in place.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) type of RPA.
4	Weight and balance(a) ensure aircraft is loaded within limits;(b) ensure that centre of gravity is within limits.	Aircraft loaded within manufacturer/operator limits.	Loading and limits relevant to aircraft type.
5	Post-operation actions and procedures(a) shut down aircraft in accordance with the operations manual;(b) conduct post-operation inspection and secure the aircraft (if applicable);(c) complete all required post-operation administration documentation;(d) disassemble aircraft for transport.	(a) within a reasonable period of time;(b) demonstrating familiarity with the RPA and the RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures;(c) demonstrating dexterity in handling the RPA;(d) all locking or securing devices, bungs or covers are in place.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) type of RPA;(c) dry and wet weather.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Plan energy requirements(a) work out the duration of the flight taking into account operational environment and relevant abnormal or emergency conditions, contingencies;(b) where applicable, calculate or identify the endurance for the RPA with designated reserve.	(a) demonstrating familiarity with the RPA and the RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) the calculated RPA operation endurance for the flight is within +/- 10% or within the reserve limits of the energy source.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) length and type of operation;(c) type of energy source for the RPA;(d) various wind and temperature conditions;(e) variation in operating weight and aircraft configuration.
2	Manage battery system or systems(a) if the energy source for the RPA is a battery or battery systems:(i) prior to launch, verify the time available for the flight given the current battery charge;(ii) ensure the batteries are secured to the RPA for the operation;(iii) ensure the battery connectors are connected properly and secure for the operation;(iv) monitor energy usage during the operation;(v) maintain a battery log for the operation;(vi) perform battery changes correctly;(b) if the energy source of the remote pilot station for the RPA is a battery or battery systems — manage the remote pilot station power supply to ensure sufficient energy to complete an operation with a suitable reserve.	(a) within a reasonable period of time;(b) demonstrating familiarity with the RPA;(c) demonstrating dexterity in handling the RPA and the batteries;(d) the RPA is not operated below the minimum voltage, as stated in the operator’s documented practices and procedures;(e) not operating above maximum current draw for the RPA systems, as stated in the operator’s documented practices and procedures.	(a) old and new batteries;(b) battery connector types;(c) types of battery;(d) with and without telemetry.
3	Recharge battery or batteries(a) inspect the battery to ensure it is safe to be recharged;(b) ensure the battery charger is setup correctly for the type of battery;(c) correctly connect and disconnect a battery to the battery charger;(d) perform battery quality and quantity checks after charging;(e) calculate the time it would take to use and recharge a battery for a particular operation;(f) if a battery is unsafe for an operation — recognise that the battery is unsafe for the operation;(g) check that the battery has sufficient charge for storage.	(a) within a reasonable period of time;(b) demonstrating familiarity with the RPA;(c) demonstrating care in handling the batteries;(d) battery is charged to the desired level;(e) does not exceed the charging limitations for the batteries.	(a) types of battery;(b) types of chargers;(c) battery management is performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures.
4	Manage fuel system (very small and small RPA)(a) if the RPA is a very small or small RPA and the energy source for the RPA is liquid fuel:(i) calculate fuel required for the flight;(ii) identify the quantity of fuel on board the RPA before the operation;(iii) ensure the fuel cap or caps are closed and locked before flight;(iv) operate the RPA’s fuel pumps and engine controls correctly during the operation;(v) monitor fuel use during the operation;(b) ensure the RPA lands at the end of the operation and is recovered with at least the correct amount of reserve fuel;(c) defuel the aircraft if required for storage or transport.	(a) within a reasonable period of time;(b) demonstrating familiarity with the RPA;(c) demonstrating dexterity in handling the RPA and the batteries:(i) for (i), in column 2, fuel calculation is within 10% (but not below);(ii) for (ii) in column 2, quantity is within +/- 10% accuracy;(iii) for (b) in column 2, calculated reserve is within of 10% actual reserve at end of flight.	(a) type of RPA;(b) kind of liquid fuel;(c) method used to calculate the fuel needed for an operation;(d) method used to calculate the fuel burn rate;(e) method used to check fuel quantity on board;(f) method used to check fuel quality.
5	Refuel RPA (very small and small RPA)If the RPA is a very small or small and liquid fuel is the source of the energy for the RPA — before the operation:(a) identify the correct kind of fuel to be used;(b) if the fuel of the RPA must be mixed — mix the fuel correctly;(c) correctly fuel or refuel the RPA;(d) perform a fuel quality check;(e) ensure the RPA’s fuel cap is closed and secured after the RPA has been fuelled.	(a) within a reasonable period of time;(b) demonstrating familiarity with the RPA;(c) demonstrating dexterity in handling the RPA and the fuel;(d) safe handling of fuel and equipment.	(a) refuelling procedures according to operator’s documented procedures;(b) types of liquid fuels;(c) factors which affect fuel-oil mix ratios.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Manage bystanders(a) ensure that bystanders remain a safe distance away from the operation;(b) ensure bystanders are aware of, and avoid interference with, the operation and the systems controls used in the operation such as the remote pilot station;(c) manage bystander safety in the event of abnormal or emergency situation arising as a result of the operation;(d) demonstrate effective oral communication to bystanders in a clear, effective manner.	Clear and effective communication.	(a) co-operative bystanders;(b) non-cooperative bystanders.
2	Manage people involved in the operation(a) establish and maintain clear communication with crew members, with a particular view to ensuring the safe operation of the RPA;(b) carry-out effective and safe handovers of remote pilot responsibilities before, during and after an RPA operation.	Clear, effective communication.	(a) communication face‑to‑face;(b) communication over a radio;(c) operations with and without visual observers (spotters).
3	Manage payloads and dangerous goods(a) manage loading, unloading and security of payload during an operation of the RPA;(b) identify dangerous goods and apply operator procedures to ensure safety of the operation.	(a) within a reasonable period of time;(b) demonstrating familiarity with the RPA;(c) demonstrating dexterity in handling the RPA.	(a) different kinds of payload;(b) internal and external payloads;(c) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Operational “rules”(a) operate the RPA in compliance with the requirements relating to operating the RPA mentioned in Part 101 of CASR and this MOS;(b) identify the location and relevant parts of the RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures men-tioned in paragraph 101.370 (b) of CASR relating to the operation of the RPA.	[No tolerances]	Activities are performed in accordance with the operator’s documented practices and procedures.
2	Operational basics(a) describe different traffic patterns of manned aircraft at aerodromes;(b) describe suitable vertical and horizontal separation distances between the RPA and other aircraft;(c) respond and take preventative actions to maintain the safety of the operation during simulated interactions with manned aircraft near aerodromes;(d) explain when an incident or accident report must be submitted in relation to an operation of the RPA.	[No tolerances]	(a) traffic patterns at aerodromes;(b) controlled and non‑controlled aerodromes;(c) flight separation considerations;(d) types of incident;(e) manual and automated flight.
3	Orientation(a) interpret a given map or chart in relation to a proposed operation of the RPA and work out its implications for the operation;(b) in relation to any kind of aerodrome (including HLS) — point out the approach and departure paths and movement areas;(c) explain the significance of track and ground speed in relation to an operation of the RPA;(d) state the relevance of height, altitude and elevation in relation to different circumstances in which the RPA is operated.	[No tolerances]	(a) type of map projection;(b) various map scales;(c) digital or paper map;(d) different aerodromes and HLS;(e) at, near and away from aerodromes and HLS.
4	Use of aeronautical chartsOn a visual navigation chart — identify, without reference to the chart legend:(a) major features, including roads, rivers, lakes;(b) obstacles, spot heights, including elevation or height above terrain;(c) CTA, CTR, PRDs and aerodrome information;(d) secondary controlled aerodromes;(e) identify airspace boundaries and symbols;(f) interpret other symbols with reference to the chart legend.	Quickly identifies major features, obstacles, heights and prescribed airspace boundaries.	Paper and digital maps and charts.
5	Use of ERSAUse an ERSA to extract:(a) information for a particular aerodrome or airspace;(b) information and data about PRD areas.	[No tolerances]	[No variables]
6	Operations preparation(a) identify the operational documentation required for a planned operation;(b) read and interpret a NOTAM, using NOTAM decode information;(c) obtain and comply with ATC clearances;(d) be aware of “fly neighbourly” areas and environmental protection;(e) read and interpret a local weather forecast and determine whether it would be suitable to operate the RPA for the operation given the forecast;(f) read and interpret an aeronautical weather forecast and determine whether it would be suitable to operate the RPA for the operation given the forecast.	(a) all necessary documents identified;(b) understanding of NOTAMs is accurate;(c) makes informed decisions about whether to carry out the operation.	(a) operational documentation;(b) complexity of NOTAM;(c) area approval;(d) type of weather forecast.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Maintain effective lookoutMaintain obstacle and traffic separation using a systematic visual scan technique at a rate determined by location, visibility and terrain.	[No tolerances]	(a) various weather conditions;(b) surrounding terrain and obstacles.
2	Maintain situational awareness(a) collect information to ensure the continued safe operation of the RPA;(b) non-weather hazards to operations (for example, thermal plumes, powerlines, animals).	Makes decisions in a timely manner.	Location of the RPA operation (for example, urban, suburban, park, beach).
3	Assess situations and make decisions(a) identify problems that may affect the safe operation of the RPA;(b) analyse the problems;(c) identify solutions to the problems;(d) assess the solutions and risks of the solutions;(e) decide on a course of action;(f) if appropriate — communicate the proposed course of action;(g) if appropriate — allocate tasks relating to the proposed course of action;(h) take actions to achieve optimum outcomes for the operation;(i) monitor progress of the course of action;(j) adjust the course of action to achieve the optimum outcomes for the operation.	Makes decisions in a timely manner.	Various operational scenarios.
4	Set priorities and manage tasks(a) organise workload and priorities to ensure safe operation of the RPA;(b) anticipate events and tasks that may occur during the operation;(c) plan events and tasks for the operation so that the events and task occur sequentially;(d) use technology to reduce workload and improve cognitive and manipulative activities during the operation.	[No tolerances]	[No variables]
5	Maintain effective communications and interpersonal relationships(a) establish and maintain effective and efficient communications and interpersonal relationships with all stakeholders to ensure the optimum outcome of the operation;(b) define and explain objectives to stakeholders;(c) recognise hazardous attitudes and mindsets;(d) demonstrate a level of assertiveness that ensures the optimum completion of the operation.	[No tolerances]	[No variables]
6	Recognise and manage threats(a) identify environmental or operational threats likely to affect the safety of the operation;(b) identify if competing priorities and demands may represent a threat to the safety of the operation;(c) develop and implement countermeasures to manage threats;(d) during the operation, monitor and assess the progress of the operation to ensure a safe outcome and modify actions accordingly;(e) identify and manage fatigue.	Quickly identifies threats and makes and implements suitable countermeasures in a timely way.	(a) types of threat;(b) types of fire and material hazards;(c) various risk mitigations to minimise threat.
7	Recognise and manage errors(a) apply the RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures mentioned in regulation 101.370 of CASR;(b) prevent aircraft handling, procedural or communication errors;(c) during the operation, identify errors in the operation of the RPA before the safety of the operation is affected;(d) during the operation, monitor the following to identify potential or actual errors:(i) in the RPA systems using a systematic scan technique;(ii) caused by the environment in which the RPA is operating;(iii) by the other individuals who have been assigned duty.	Minimises the consequences of an error in a timely manner.	Type of errors.
8	Considerations for indoor and underground operationsShow awareness of risks associated with indoor and underground operations.	[No tolerances]	(a) large and small spaces;(b) different fire hazards;(c) populated and unpopulated spaces.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA under an automated flight management system, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Pre-operation preparation(a) check the automated flight management system software is current and up to date;(b) load a flight plan for the automated operation of the RPA.	[No tolerances]	(a) various meteorological conditions;(b) size of operation area;(c) type of RPA.
2	Automated operation control(a) demonstrate an automated launch and initial climb of the RPA;(b) modify the pre-programmed flight path while the RPA is in flight;(c) demonstrate an automated approach and landing/recovery of an RPA.	(a) initial climb is made after post-launch checks are complete;(b) modifications made in a reasonable amount of time;(c) the RPA lands within designated/predicted area/limits.	(a) various meteorological conditions;(b) size of operation area;(c) type of RPA.
3	Emergency procedures(a) interrupt an automated operation of the RPA and redirect the RPA to a safe point;(b) demonstrate a baulked landing procedure;(c) demonstrate the procedure to terminate the automated operation of the RPA.	(a) error-free and timely reprogramming;(b) the RPA is handled with dexterity and actions performed or simulated in a timely way;(c) for the baulked landing, the aircraft does not descend below a nominated height and maintains a nominated track;(d) safe termination procedure.	(a) various meteorological conditions;(b) simulate operations in urban, suburban and unpopulated areas;(c) type of RPA.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is an aeroplane, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Ground operations taxiingWhen taxiing on the ground or water:(a) perform applicable taxi checks, including instrument checks as required;(b) maintain safe taxi speed and control of the RPA;(c) maintain safe spacing from obstructions, and persons;(d) avoid causing a hazard to another aircraft, objects or persons;(e) apply correct handling techniques to take wind into account;(f) use checklists at appropriate times during ground operations.	(a) demonstrates dexterity with equipment;(b) sets-up the RPA for launch in a timely way;(c) maintains safe control of the RPA at all times.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) distance from obstacles, people and aircraft;(c) with and without checklists;(d) types of undercarriage.
2	Ground operations —launchFor hand launching of the RPA:(a) demonstrate the correct way to hold the RPA pre-launch;(b) demonstrate the necessary precautions when hand launching;(c) ensure the flight path for launching the RPA is clear of other aircraft, people and other hazards before launch;(d) work out a plan of action, in advance, to ensure the safest outcome in the event of abnormal operation.	(a) demonstrates confidence in positioning and handling the RPA;(b) handles the RPA with skill and precision;(c) throwing action is controlled and safe;(d) the RPA is launched safely.	(a) type of RPA;(b) launch location;(c) remote pilot launch or launch by assistant;(d) different launch methods;(e) populated or unpopulated launch areas.
3	Launch actionsIf performing the launch of an RPA:(a) demonstrate correct launch technique;(b) perform the post-launch checks mentioned in the RPA checklist set out in operator’s operations manual;(c) demonstrate smooth application of power and a controlled initial climb.	Initial climb is without major deviations in heading or attitude.	(a) type of RPA;(b) launch location;(c) remote pilot launch and launch by assistant;(d) different launch methods;(e) populated and unpopulated launch areas.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is an aeroplane, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Straight and level(a) operate the RPA in straight and level flight at the desired altitude;(b) identify and avoid terrain and traffic when operating the RPA.	(a) the RPA to maintain a constant height and heading;(b) the RPA is operated within its performance limitations.	(a) various meteorological conditions.
2	Climb(a) operate the RPA at a constant angle of climb;(b) operate the RPA at a constant rate of climb.	The RPA maintains:(a) an even rate of climb;(b) a constant airspeed;(c) a consistent climb angle.	(a) various meteorological conditions.
3	TrimIf required, trim the RPA to maintain the desired flight path for the flight.	Trims the RPA to maintain a constant heading and height for approximately 10 seconds.	(a) various meteorological conditions.
4	Turns(a) operate the RPA to perform turns that are properly co-ordinated;(b) operate the RPA to perform turns that are conducted within a nominated area;(c) operate the RPA so that level turns are at a constant altitude.	(a) the RPA remains within the nominated area;(b) turns are conducted at a constant altitude and radius;(c) the RPA sink/skid is minimised during the turns;(d) completes turn within 15 degrees of stated final heading.	(a) various meteorological conditions.
5	Descent(a) descend the RPA at a constant angle of descent;(b) descend the RPA at a constant rate of descent;(c) use lift/drag devices appropriately during the descent of the RPA.	The RPA maintains:(a) an even rate of descent;(b) a constant airspeed;(c) a consistent descent angle;(d) consistent aircraft attitude.	(a) various meteorological conditions.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is an aeroplane, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Recover RPA(a) perform a rectangular circuit, of an appropriate length and width, in which the pilot demonstrates positive control, followed by a straight-line approach to a nominated point and landing;(b) allow sufficient space to align the RPA for a stabilised approach to the place at which the RPA will land or be recovered;(c) maintain a constant landing position aim point for the RPA;(d) if applicable, achieve a smooth, positively-controlled transition from final approach to touchdown, including the following:(i) minimise ballooning during flare;(ii) touchdown at a controlled rate of descent, in the specified touchdown zone;(iii) maintain positive directional control and cross-wind correction after landing, where applicable;(e) perform cross-wind landings.	(a) stable and controlled approach to land;(b) lands within the nominated area;(c) minimal deviations after landing;(d) keeps the RPA within approach area during a cross-wind landing;(e) landing speeds within 10% of recommended speed.	(a) meteorological conditions;(b) landing surface type;(c) undercarriage type;(d) aeroplane landing configuration;(e) different recovery methods.
2	Conduct a missed approach(a) recognise the conditions when a missed approach should be executed;(b) make the decision to execute a missed approach in a timely way;(c) carry out a missed approach and reposition for landing by doing the following:(i) select power, attitude and configuration to safely control the RPA;(ii) manoeuvre the RPA clear of the ground and conduct after launch procedures;(iii) make allowance for wind velocity during go-around.	(a) maintains the RPA within nominated area;(b) shows dexterity in configuring the RPA for go‑around;(c) the RPA does not descend below nominated height.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) various meteorological conditions.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is an aeroplane, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Enter and recover from stall (if applicable to the RPA)(a) perform pre-manoeuvre checks for stalling the RPA;(b) recognise stall signs and symptoms;(c) control the RPA by applying the required power and pitch, roll and yaw inputs as appropriate in a smooth, coordinated manner to recover from the following manoeuvres:(i) incipient stall;(ii) stall with full power applied;(iii) stall without power;(iv) stall when climbing, when descending, during an approach to land configuration and when turning;(d) perform stall recovery with the RPA as follows:(i) positively reduce angle of attack;(ii) use power available and available height to maximise the aircraft energy state;(iii) minimise height loss for simulated low altitude condition;(iv) re-establish desired flight path, and controlled and balanced operation of the RPA.	(a) minimal height loss;(b) performs recovery procedures in a timely manner;(c) control movements are made in a positive and precise manner;(d) desired flight path is quickly re-established;(e) the RPA performance limits are not exceeded during the stall recovery.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) the RPA at high and low heights.
2	Figure of 8Operate the RPA to demonstrate a figure of 8, without loss of height and with the crossover point in front of the operator.	(a) turns are smooth and controlled;(b) turn radius is consistent;(c) height is maintained and sink is minimised during the turns;(d) the crossover point is within 5 m either side of the remote pilot;(e) the figure of 8 loops are of similar size and radius.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) size of flight area;(c) various meteorological conditions.
3	Sideslip RPA (simulated, or if permitted for the RPA by its manufacturer)(a) perform a straight, forward sideslip by:(i) inducing slip to achieve increased rate of descent while maintaining track and airspeed; and(ii) adjusting the rate of descent by coordinating the angle of bank and applied rudder;(b) recover the RPA from a sideslip and return it to controlled and balanced flight.	(a) sideslip is done in a controlled manner;(b) smooth control inputs, the RPA remains stable during the manoeuvre;(c) the RPA is transitioned from a sideslip to controlled and balanced flight without delay and with confidence;(d) flight profile is maintained within the RPA performance limits.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) various slip characteristics;(c) the RPA at high and low heights.
4	Control at a distance(a) within visual line of sight, demonstrate accurate control and navigation at a reasonable distance sufficient to show competency in such control and navigation;(b) within visual line of sight, perform a horizontal rectangular circuit of a reasonable width, and at a reasonable distance, sufficient to show competency in carrying out such a manoeuvre;(c) demonstrate re-orientation of the RPA after it has been re-oriented by the instructor without the student watching.	(a) the RPA maintains a constant height;(b) the RPA turns are smooth;(c) heading corrections are minimised;(d) remote pilot shows coordination when flying the RPA towards him/herself;(e) the RPA is reoriented successfully in a timely way.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) various sizes of the RPA;(c) the RPA at high and low heights.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is an aeroplane, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Manage loss of thrust — launch(a) correctly identify loss of thrust after the RPA has been launched;(b) apply the highest priority to taking action to control the RPA;(c) maintain control of the RPA;(d) perform initial actions from memory consistent with the operator’s documented practices;(e) manoeuvre the RPA to achieve the safest possible outcome;(f) confidently state the actions being performed.	(a) identifies the problem in a timely way;(b) the RPA is configured correctly and in a timely manner for a forced landing;(c) best glide speed maintained;(d) the RPA remains within the nominated area;(e) safe landing achieved, or guaranteed before resuming normal powered flight.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) location of operation;(c) loss of thrust at different stages of flight;(d) various meteorological conditions.
2	Recover from unusual aircraft attitudes(a) identify unusual attitude of the RPA during flight — for example, whether it is nose-high or excessively banked;(b) recover the RPA from unusual attitudes and return to controlled and balanced operation.	(a) recovers in a timely manner;(b) uses efficient; control inputs;(c) minimal loss of height;(d) airspeeds are con-sistent with published aircraft performance information.	(a) location of operation;(b) various meteorological conditions;(c) various combinations of nose attitude and bank angle.
3	Loss of control linkOperate the RPA to demonstrate the loss of link procedures.	(a) identifies the problem in a timely way;(b) timely application of procedures.	(a) activities are perform-ed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and proce-dures;(b) various options for loss of command link.
4	Other emergency situationsPerform simulated emer-gency manoeuvres with the RPA to avoid a collision with another aircraft.	The RPA is manoeuvred correctly, confidently and without delay.	(a) by day and night;(b) various collision angles;(c) operations near and away from remote pilot.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is a multirotor, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Control multirotor on the groundDemonstrate control of the multirotor that is on the ground and has its rotors spinning.	No tipping, moving or sliding of the RPA.	(a) activities are perform-ed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) type of multirotor;(c) calm and windy conditions.
2	Launch and hover(a) launch the RPA to above eye-level, hover for 10 seconds;(b) perform a full pirouette, and then reverse to stop facing a predetermined direction.	(a) hover must be stable, over a designated point with heading and altitude reasonably constant;(b) post-launch checks completed in accordance with documented procedures;(c) the RPA must complete full circles and stop within 20 degrees of predetermined point.	(a) various meteorological conditions;(b) the RPA automation aids on and off.
3	Landing(a) perform a landing from a height of 10 m directly above the landing point;(b) perform an approach and landing with the RPA moving towards the remote pilot who is operating the RPA;(c) land the RPA from a 45‑degree sideways descent;(d) demonstrate a baulked landing procedure to a nominated hold point;(e) within visual line of sight, perform a horizontal rectangular circuit of a reasonable width, and at a reasonable distance, sufficient to show competency in carrying out such a manoeuvre; the manoeuvre itself must include a 45-degree climb and descent on the take-off and final legs of the circuit, and end with a landing;(f) perform a landing in a cross- or tail-wind conditions.	(a) the RPA must land within the nominated landing area;(b) stable approach to landing;(c) minimal bouncing on touchdown;(d) no damage to the RPA or its payload.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) various meteorological conditions;(c) open and confined landing area.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is a multirotor, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Return to home and parachute deployment(a) demonstrate the “return-to-home” fail‑safe function if such a function is fitted to the RPA;(b) demonstrate or simulate a parachute deployment recovery system if such a system is fitted to the RPA.	(a) the remote pilot carries out the correct procedure, including ensuring that the return path can be flown safely;(b) parachute deployment procedure timely and safe.	(a) various meteorological conditions;(b) various flight modes;(c) various events leading to the need for the safety actions.
2	Manage abnormal situations(a) demonstrate operating the RPA to avoid a vortex ring state;(b) identify conditions likely to lead to a vortex ring state;(c) simulate a recovery from a vortex ring state to a safe landing.	(a) no damage to the RPA;(b) the RPA handled with dexterity;(c) the RPA lands in the nominated area.	Various meteorological conditions.
3	Control link corruptionDemonstrate the loss of command and control link procedures in accordance with the RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures.	Timely application of procedures.	Activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures.
4	Safe forced landing and collision avoidanceSimulate emergency manoeuvres:(a) to avoid a collision with another aircraft;(b) to avoid other risks to the safe operation of the RPA (including bird attack);(c) to land the RPA safely in a confined landing area.	(a) no damage to the RPA;(b) manoeuvres completed with a suitable safety margin.	Activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is a single rotor, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Start and stop engine or motor(a) ensure the RPA is in a suitable location for starting the engine and rotors of the RPA;(b) perform pre-start and start actions for the operation of the RPA;(c) perform shutdown and after-shutdown actions for the operation of the RPA;(d) control blade sailing during start and shutdown of the operation of the RPA by appropriately positioning the RPA and using cyclic pitch;(e) comply with the RPA operator’s documented practices and report deviations from the procedures as required under the procedures;(f) manage emergencies appropriately (including simulated emergencies).	(a) start and stop the engine or motor in a timely manner;(b) show dexterity with engine or motor controls;(c) minimal blade sailing during start-up and shutdown;(d) emergency actions taken in a timely way.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) type of helicopter.
2	Engage rotor(a) if applicable — set the engine or motor RPM within limits before rotor engagement for the RPA for the operation;(b) if applicable — engage the rotor correctly for the RPA for the operation;(c) maintain motor or engine RPM within limits during rotor engagement when the RPA is being operated for the operation;(d) if applicable — operate the rotor brake for the RPA correctly during the operation.	(a) engine/motor and rotor systems operated within the RPA performance limits;(b) demonstrates dexterity in handling controls.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) type of helicopter.
3	Control main rotor disc and anti-torque system(a) maintain the correct main rotor disc attitude, RPM and loads during the operation of the RPA;(b) if applicable, set the correct anti-torque trim position to compensate for main rotor torque for the RPA for the operation.	(a) engine/motor and rotor systems operated within the RPA performance limits;(b) demonstrates dexterity in handling controls.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) type of helicopter control systems;(c) calm and windy conditions.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is a single rotor, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Return to homeDemonstrate the “return to home” fail-safe function if such a function is fitted to the RPA.	The RPA must return home to the nominated location via the nominated path.	(a) various meteorological conditions;(b) selected flight mode.
2	Manage abnormal situations(a) identify conditions likely to lead to a vortex ring state;(b) demonstrate operating the RPA to avoid a vortex ring state;(c) simulate a recovery from a vortex ring state to a safe landing;(d) simulate operating the RPA to perform an autorotation to a safe landing;(e) simulate operating the RPA to avoid loss of tail effectiveness;(f) simulate operating the RPA to avoid ground resonance.	(a) no damage to the RPA;(b) the RPA handled with dexterity;(c) the RPA lands in the nominated area.	Various meteorological conditions.
3	Control link corruptionDemonstrate the loss of command and control link procedures in accordance with the RPA operator’s documented practices and procedures mentioned in paragraph 101.370 (b) of CASR.	Timely application of procedures.	Activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures.
4	Safe forced landing and collision avoidanceSimulate emergency manoeuvres:(a) to avoid a collision with another aircraft; and to avoid other risks to the safe operation of the RPA (including bird attack);(b) to land the RPA safely in a confined landing area.	(a) no damage to the RPA;(b) manoeuvres completed with a suitable safety margin.	Activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is in the powered-lift category, the applicant must be able to operate the RPA to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Control the RPA on the groundDemonstrate control of the RPA that is on the ground and has its rotors spinning.	(a) no tipping, moving or sliding of the RPA;(b) activities are performed in accordance with the operator’s documented practices and procedures.	(a) type of powered-lift;(b) calm and windy conditions.
2	Launch and hover (if applicable to the RPA)Launch the RPA to above eye level, hover for 10 seconds.	(a) hover must be stable with heading and altitude reasonably constant;(b) the RPA must remain over the selected take‑off position with no drift;(c) post-launch checks completed.	(a) various meteorological conditions;(b) the RPA automation aids on and off.
3	Landing(a) perform an approach and landing;(b) perform an approach and landing when the RPA is moving towards the remote pilot;(c) perform a landing from approach, when the RPA is in a sideways orientation;(d) demonstrate a baulked landing procedure nominated hold point;(e) demonstrate a landing in cross- or tail-wind conditions.	(a) stable approach to landing;(b) minimal bouncing on touchdown;(c) no damage to the RPA or its payload;(d) the RPA must land within 2 m of the nominated landing position;(e) for the cross- or tail-wind landing, the aircraft is landed within the nominated landing area.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) various meteorological conditions;(c) open and confined landing area;(d) the RPA automation aids on and off.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is in the powered-lift category, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Manual transitional flight(a) accurately and safely transition the RPA from vertical flight to horizontal flight;(b) accurately and safely transition the RPA from horizontal flight to vertical flight.	(a) the RPA remains at a safe distance from people and obstacles during all manoeuvres;(b) airspeeds maintained within manufacturer’s limits for the transitions where applicable.	(a) various meteorological conditions.
2	Abnormal manual transitional flight(a) articulate a suitable and achievable plan to recover the RPA from abnormal transition;(b) recover the RPA from abnormal transition from vertical to horizontal flight;(c) recover the RPA from abnormal transition from horizontal to vertical flight.	(a) implements recovery plan in a timely way;(b) demonstrates dexterity in controlling the aircraft.	(a) various meteorological conditions.
3	Abnormal automated transitional flight(a) articulate suitable and achievable plan to recover the RPA from abnormal transition;(b) monitor transition to ensure safe flight;(c) implement recovery plan to ensure safe outcome.	Implements recovery plan in a timely way.	(a) various meteorological conditions.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is powered-lift category, the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Enter and recover from stall in other than vertical flight (if applicable to the RPA)(a) perform pre-manoeuvre checks for stalling the RPA;(b) recognise stall signs and symptoms when operating the RPA;(c) recover from the following conditions:(i) incipient stall;(ii) stall with full power;(iii) stall without power;(iv) stall during other flight phases;(d) perform stall recovery with the RPA as follows:(i) positively reduce angle of attack;(ii) use power available and excess height to increase the RPA’s energy state;(iii) recover using vertical power.	(a) minimal height loss;(b) the RPA performance limits are not exceeded during the stall recovery;(c) performs recovery procedures in a timely manner;(d) control movements are made in a positive and precise manner;(e) desired flight path is quickly re-established.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) various stall characteristics;(c) the RPA at high and low heights.
2	Figure of 8Operate the RPA to demonstrate a figure of 8, without loss of height and with the crossover directly in front of the operator and even-sized loops.	(a) turns are smooth and balanced;(b) turn radius is consistent;(c) height is maintained and sink is minimised during the turns;(d) the crossover point is within 5 m either side of the remote pilot;(e) the figure of 8 loops are of similar size and radius.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) size of flight area;(c) various meteorological conditions.
3	Sideslip RPA (if permitted for the RPA)(a) perform a straight, forward sideslip by:(i) inducing slip to achieve increased rate of descent while maintaining track and airspeed;(ii) adjusting the rate of descent by coordinating the angle of bank and applied rudder;(b) recover the RPA from a sideslip and return it to controlled and balanced flight.	(a) sideslip is done in a controlled manner;(b) smooth control inputs;(c) the RPA remains stable during the manoeuvre;(d) the RPA is transitioned from a sideslip to controlled and balanced flight without delay and with confidence;(e) flight profile is maintained within the RPA performance limits.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) various slip characteristics;(c) the RPA at high and low heights.
4	Control at a distance(a) within visual line of sight, demonstrate accurate control and navigation at a reasonable distance sufficient to show competency in such control and navigation;(b) within visual line of sight, perform a horizontal rectangular circuit of a reasonable width, and at a reasonable distance, sufficient to show competency in carrying out such a manoeuvre;(c) reorient the RPA after a simulated loss of orientation.	(a) the RPA maintains a constant height;(b) the RPA turns are smooth;(c) heading corrections are minimised;(d) remote pilot shows coordination when flying the RPA towards him/herself.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) the RPA at high and low heights.

Item	Topic and requirementIf operating an RPA that is powered-lift category the applicant must be able to…	Tolerances	Range of variables
1	Manage loss of thrust in other than vertical flight(a) correctly identify loss of thrust after the RPA has been launched;(b) apply the highest priority to taking action to control the RPA;(c) maintain control of the RPA;(d) perform initial actions from memory, consistent with the operator’s documented practices and procedures;(e) manoeuvre the RPA to achieve the safest possible outcome;(f) confidently state the actions being performed.	(a) identifies the problem in a timely way;(b) the RPA is configured correctly and in a timely manner for a forced landing;(c) best glide speed maintained;(d) the RPA remains within the nominated area.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) location of operation;(c) loss of thrust at different stages of flight;(d) various meteorological conditions.
2	Recover from unusual aircraft attitudes in other than vertical flight(a) identify unusual attitude of the RPA during an operation, for example, whether it is nose-high or nose-low;(b) recover the RPA from nose-low or excessive bank angle;(c) apply controlled corrective action while maintaining the RPA within performance limits.	(a) recovers in a timely manner;(b) uses efficient control inputs;(c) minimal loss of height;(d) airspeeds are consistent with published aircraft performance information where applicable.	(a) location of operation;(b) various meteorological conditions.
3	Loss of control linkOperate the RPA to demonstrate the lost link procedure.	(a) identifies the problem in a timely way;(b) timely application of procedures.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) various options for loss of command link.
4	Other abnormal situations(a) perform a safe gliding forced landing of the RPA;(b) land the RPA safely in a confined landing area;(c) perform emergency manoeuvres with the RPA to avoid a simulated collision with another aircraft or obstacle.	(a) no damage to the RPA;(b) manoeuvres completed with a suitable safety margin;(c) the RPA is manoeuvred correctly, confidently and without delay;(d) airspeeds are consistent with any published aircraft performance information.	(a) activities are performed in accordance with operator’s documented practices and procedures;(b) various collision angles;(c) operations near and away from remote pilot.
5	Parachute deployment in vertical flightSimulate a parachute deployment recovery system if such a system is fitted to the RPA.	Parachute deployment procedures carried out in a timely and safe way.	(a) various meteorological conditions;(b) various flight modes.
6	Manage abnormal situations(a) identify conditions that may lead to a vortex ring state;(b) demonstrate operating the RPA to avoid a vortex ring state;(c) demonstrate or simulate recovery from a vortex ring state to a safe landing.	(a) no damage to the RPA;(b) the RPA handled with dexterity;(c) the RPA lands in the nominated area.	Various meteorological conditions.