Part References - National Recovery Plan for the Norfolk Island Scarlet Robin (Petroica multicolor multicolor) and the Norfolk Island Golden Whistler (Pachycephala pectoralis xanthoprocta) - References

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References

ANPWS 1984. Plan of Management Norfolk Island National Park and Norfolk Island Botanic Garden. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.

Bell, B. 1990. The status and management of the White-breasted White-eye and other birds of Norfolk Island. Unpublished report by Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union to Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service.

Bennett, A. F. 1990. Habitat corridors. Their role in wildlife management and conservation. Department of Conservation and Environment, Melbourne.

Clarke, R.H. & Clarke, M.F. 1999. Translocation proposal for the Black-eared Miner. Report to the Black-eared Miner Recovery Team.

Clarke, R.H., Boulton, R.L. & Clarke, M.F. 2002. Translocation of the socially complex Black-eared Miner Manorina melanotis: a trial using hard and soft release techniques. Pacific Conservation Biology 8: 223-234

Commonwealth of Australia. 2000. Plan of Management Norfolk Island National Park and Norfolk Island Botanic Garden. Director of National Parks, Commonwealth of Australia.

De Ravin, J.A.1975. The birds of Norfolk Island. Australian Bird Watcher 6: 4-10.

Garnett S.T. & G.M. Crowley. 2000. The Action Plan for Australian Birds. Environment Australia, Canberra.

Gilmour, P.M. & Helman, C.E. 1989. The Vegetation of Norfolk Island National Park. Unpublished report to the Australian Parks and Wildlife Service.

Hay, R. 1986. Bird Conservation in the Pacific Island. International Council for Bird Preservation Study Report 7. Cambridge.

Hermes, N., Evans, O. & Evans, B. 1986. Norfolk Island birds: a review 1985. Notornis 33: 141-149.

Hermes, N. 1985. Birds of Norfolk Island. Wonderland Publications, Norfolk Island.

Hicks, J. & Greenwood, D. 1990. Rescuing Norfolk Island's Parrot. Birds International 2: 35-47.

Hill, R. 2002. Recovery Plan for the Norfolk Island Green Parrot Cyanoramphus novaeseelandiae cookii. Environment Australia, Canberra.

Innes, J. 1995. Evaluation of the Norfolk Island rat control program. Landcare Research Report to the Australian Nature Conservation Agency. Canberra.

McClelland, P.J., 2002a. Eradication of Pacific rats (Rattus exulans) from Whenua Hou Nature Reserve (Codfish Island), Putauhinu and Rarotoka Islands, New Zealand. Pp 173-181. In Veitch, C.R. and Clout, M.N. (eds). Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

McClelland, P.J., 2002b. Island quarantine - prevention is better than cure. Pp 409. In Veitch, C.R. and Clout, M.N. (eds). Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Norfolk Island Scarlet Robin	Norfolk Island Golden Whistler
Synonyms Norfolk Island Robin, Pacific Robin.	Synonyms Tamey, Norfolk Island Thickhead.
Population Restricted to a single important population, endemic to Norfolk I. The population is estimated at 380-440 pairs (Robinson 1988) or c. 440 pairs (Robinson 1997). Population has declined, and range contracted since c. 1960 (disappeared from most areas outside NINP in 1980s) due to habitat loss, modification of habitat and predation (Smithers & Disney 1969; Schodde et al. 1983; Hermes et al. 1986; Robinson 1988, 1997; Major 1989; Bell 1990). Population remained stable, 1987-96, and appears secure in NINP while predator control continues (Innes 1995; Robinson 1997). Sites of importance are NINP (by far the largest sub-population), valleys between Prince Phillip Drive and JE Rd, between JE Rd and Selwyn Pine Rd, between Selwyn Pine Rd and Mt Pitt Rd, between Mission Rd and Douglas Drive, between Mission Rd and the Park boundaries and the valleys near Duncombe Bay. Sites outside NINP contained c. 50 pairs, possibly up to 100 pairs in 1987, but numbers have since declined substantially outside NINP (Robinson 1997).	Population Restricted to a single important population, endemic to Norfolk I. The population was estimated at 535 pairs (Robinson 1988) or 1000 breeding birds in 1987, with medium level reliability (Garnett & Crowley 2000). However, Robinson (1997) found that the population had decreased substantially both in NINP and elsewhere on the island between 1987 and 1996. The population has generally decreased since 1960s in settled parts of the island after native vegetation was replaced with gardens (Smithers & Disney 1969; De Ravin 1975; Schodde et al. 1983; Hermes 1985), and Norfolk I. had been invaded by Black Rats (Olsen 1997). By far the most birds occur in NINP. Other sites with records in 1996 included Duncombe Bay Rd, Selwyn Reserve, Botanic Gardens, Calder's Valley, Morgie Jowett's, Berry Chapman's, Upper JE Rd, Agnes', Hibiscus Drive, and east of Selwyn Pine Rd (Robinson 1997).
Distribution Formerly distributed throughout Norfolk I. and probably Phillip I. Now confined mostly to NINP and nearby forested areas (Garnett & Crowley 2000) (Figure 1). Sites where there are recent historical records but birds have since disappeared include Bumboras, Collins Head, Ball Bay, and Rocky Point (Robinson 1988). The 11 Public Reserves (managed by NI Administration) and NINP are Commonwealth land.	Distribution Formerly distributed throughout Norfolk I. and probably Phillip I. Since 1978 it has disappeared from most areas outside NINP (Bell 1990; Robinson 1997). Now confined mostly to NINP and nearby forested areas (Robinson 1997) (Figure 1). The 11 Public Reserves (managed by NI Administration) and NINP are Commonwealth land.
Habitat requirements Mainly inhabit cooler and damper native rainforest, with lower densities in habitats dominated by Norfolk I. Palms Rhopalostylis baueri or exotic African Olives Olea europaea, and very occasionally in exotic eucalypt forest (Robinson 1988, 1997; Major 1989). Mainly in rainforest with an overstorey of native hardwoods and emergent 20m+ high Norfolk I. Pines Araucaria heterophylla, a middle layer 5-8m tall, dominated by Red Guava Psidium cattleianum mixed with various species including Beech Rapanea crassifolia, Ironwood Nestegis apetala, Maple Elaeodendron curtipendulum and Bloodwood Baloghia inophylla. Generally prefer areas such as gullies with a deep, moist litter-layer, dense shrub layer 1-10m tall to provide shelter and nest sites, and an open shaded layer near ground level to provide visibility for foraging (Robinson 1988, 1997). Habitats with denser ground-layer, such as dense patches of olives and guavas, restrict visibility for foraging (Robinson 1988). Occasionally in regenerating forest (Robinson 1988, 1997; Major 1989). Young tend to shelter close to ground (Robinson 1988).	Habitat requirements Most abundant in palm forest (Robinson 1988). Usually inhabit shrubby understorey in rainforest, palm forest and Norfolk Island Pine forest; also occur in regenerating forest and gardens; sometimes in remnant patches of vegetation in farmland (Smithers & Disney 1969; Hermes 1985). In 1960s and 1970s recorded in or at the edges of pockets of habitat, including riparian clumps of rainforest trees and thickets, throughout island (Smithers & Disney 1969; Schodde et al. 1983). However, much habitat has been cleared or fragmented and range has contracted recently; so that now mainly confined to largest tract of remnant forest in NINP (De Ravin 1975; Garnett & Crowley 2000). The finer points of the Whistler's habitat requirements, including breeding requirements, are poorly known.

Norfolk Island Scarlet Robin

Norfolk Island Golden Whistler

Synonyms Norfolk Island Robin, Pacific Robin.

Synonyms Tamey, Norfolk Island Thickhead.

Population Restricted to a single important population, endemic to Norfolk I. The population is estimated at 380-440 pairs (Robinson 1988) or c. 440 pairs (Robinson 1997). Population has declined, and range contracted since c. 1960 (disappeared from most areas outside NINP in 1980s) due to habitat loss, modification of habitat and predation (Smithers & Disney 1969; Schodde et al. 1983; Hermes et al. 1986; Robinson 1988, 1997; Major 1989; Bell 1990). Population remained stable, 1987-96, and appears secure in NINP while predator control continues (Innes 1995; Robinson 1997). Sites of importance are NINP (by far the largest sub-population), valleys between Prince Phillip Drive and JE Rd, between JE Rd and Selwyn Pine Rd, between Selwyn Pine Rd and Mt Pitt Rd, between Mission Rd and Douglas Drive, between Mission Rd and the Park boundaries and the valleys near Duncombe Bay. Sites outside NINP contained c. 50 pairs, possibly up to 100 pairs in 1987, but numbers have since declined substantially outside NINP (Robinson 1997).

Population Restricted to a single important population, endemic to Norfolk I. The population was estimated at 535 pairs (Robinson 1988) or 1000 breeding birds in 1987, with medium level reliability (Garnett & Crowley 2000). However, Robinson (1997) found that the population had decreased substantially both in NINP and elsewhere on the island between 1987 and 1996. The population has generally decreased since 1960s in settled parts of the island after native vegetation was replaced with gardens (Smithers & Disney 1969; De Ravin 1975; Schodde et al. 1983; Hermes 1985), and Norfolk I. had been invaded by Black Rats (Olsen 1997). By far the most birds occur in NINP. Other sites with records in 1996 included Duncombe Bay Rd, Selwyn Reserve, Botanic Gardens, Calder's Valley, Morgie Jowett's, Berry Chapman's, Upper JE Rd, Agnes', Hibiscus Drive, and east of Selwyn Pine Rd (Robinson 1997).

Distribution Formerly distributed throughout Norfolk I. and probably Phillip I. Now confined mostly to NINP and nearby forested areas (Garnett & Crowley 2000) (Figure 1). Sites where there are recent historical records but birds have since disappeared include Bumboras, Collins Head, Ball Bay, and Rocky Point (Robinson 1988). The 11 Public Reserves (managed by NI Administration) and NINP are Commonwealth land.

Distribution Formerly distributed throughout Norfolk I. and probably Phillip I. Since 1978 it has disappeared from most areas outside NINP (Bell 1990; Robinson 1997). Now confined mostly to NINP and nearby forested areas (Robinson 1997) (Figure 1). The 11 Public Reserves (managed by NI Administration) and NINP are Commonwealth land.

Habitat requirements Mainly inhabit cooler and damper native rainforest, with lower densities in habitats dominated by Norfolk I. Palms Rhopalostylis baueri or exotic African Olives Olea europaea, and very occasionally in exotic eucalypt forest (Robinson 1988, 1997; Major 1989). Mainly in rainforest with an overstorey of native hardwoods and emergent 20m+ high Norfolk I. Pines Araucaria heterophylla, a middle layer 5-8m tall, dominated by Red Guava Psidium cattleianum mixed with various species including Beech Rapanea crassifolia, Ironwood Nestegis apetala, Maple Elaeodendron curtipendulum and Bloodwood Baloghia inophylla. Generally prefer areas such as gullies with a deep, moist litter-layer, dense shrub layer 1-10m tall to provide shelter and nest sites, and an open shaded layer near ground level to provide visibility for foraging (Robinson 1988, 1997). Habitats with denser ground-layer, such as dense patches of olives and guavas, restrict visibility for foraging (Robinson 1988). Occasionally in regenerating forest (Robinson 1988, 1997; Major 1989). Young tend to shelter close to ground (Robinson 1988).

Habitat requirements Most abundant in palm forest (Robinson 1988). Usually inhabit shrubby understorey in rainforest, palm forest and Norfolk Island Pine forest; also occur in regenerating forest and gardens; sometimes in remnant patches of vegetation in farmland (Smithers & Disney 1969; Hermes 1985). In 1960s and 1970s recorded in or at the edges of pockets of habitat, including riparian clumps of rainforest trees and thickets, throughout island (Smithers & Disney 1969; Schodde et al. 1983). However, much habitat has been cleared or fragmented and range has contracted recently; so that now mainly confined to largest tract of remnant forest in NINP (De Ravin 1975; Garnett & Crowley 2000). The finer points of the Whistler's habitat requirements, including breeding requirements, are poorly known.