It is believed to be the only building with this system in the ACT and one of a few in Australia.
Ceilings are generally painted concrete slab but some areas have a suspended ceiling.
All plant equipment is new except one original motor and fan remains, but is unused. The original ventilation ducts built into the walls which are used for air conditioning.
A sub-basement room has been converted to storage for original material previously removed such as skirtings, architraves and lights.
The room in the north east corner of the basement and features a sloping floor which is understood to be the first morgue in the ACT. This room has been converted into a meeting/green room with video conference facilities and make up facilities.
3.4.2 Ground Floor
ENTRANCE FOYER
This is a two storey space
| Floor | Patterned marble tiles (local quarry). |
| Walls | Rendered and painted. Large sandstone panels to east and west sides together with some black marble detailing including skirting. |
| Ceiling | Painted concrete suspended with feature of a large Luxfer86 glass skylight with platypus. |
| Doors | Original timber framed glass doors in openings framed in sandstone (doors to corridor to upper floor were installed in the 1980s for air conditioning control). |
| Details | Includes embossed plaster cast panels of 12 significant scientists and nationalists (Stirling, Stuart, Allen, Bell, Hunter, Harvey, Lamarack, Darwin, Halford, Pasteur, Lister and Simpson). |
| Bronze Plaques | Include commemoration of founding director and ashes of Sir Colin McKenzie and the 1984 NFSA opening. This plaque is outside the foyer under the cloisters on the left-hand side as you enter the building. |
| Courtyard Entry | Two small rooms with glazed shutters exist each side of courtyard entry. |
| Condition | Condition is quite good with some signs of wear. |
86 Luxfer are a manufacturer of special prismatic glazing. Further information about the history of the company can be found at https://www.luxfer.com/about/timeline/
CORRIDORS
| Floor | Ceramic tile with some original tiles but most replaced in 1986. |
| Walls | Rendered and painted with wall vents and recessed radiator panels. |
| Ceiling | Plasterboard with stepped cornice. All are painted. |
| Doors | Refer entrance foyer and offices. |
| Lift | A lift exists to the south end. |
| Condition | Condition is quite good with some chipping and cracks in tiles. |
The Library was refitted for temporary use as an exhibition or multimedia display space in 2019. The installation of temporary walls, installed in front of the existing shelves, allows for the space to be used for a variety of exhibition purposes.
| Floor | Carpet over original timber boards. |
| <br>Walls | Mainly lined with dark stained timber bookshelves, bronze grills cover air conditioning outlets. Other walls are rendered and painted. |
| Ceiling | The celling is suspended with a feature of a large skylight or painted concrete under upper level. |
| Joinery | Includes the original bookshelves and cupboards and a large table which is not original. |
| Doors | Timber framed glass doors which have been re-hung to swing outwards. |
| Stair | A concrete stair provides access to the mezzanine with timber handrail and non-slip nosing (now not used). |
| Condition | Condition is quite good with some minor wear. |
The original Theatrette was refitted to a modern tiered theatrette in 2013 -14 with new seats, fitout, screen and acoustic panels.
The original shell remains with timber floor
(only part is exposed), rendered and painted walls and a suspended celling.
| Stair | Stair to stage has been widened with a handrail added |
| Lights | Original suspended lights remain although some have parts replaced. |
| Doors | Most doors have been replaced although the lift door has been converted from an original door. |
| Condition | Condition is good. |
These are generally original but some internal walls have been modified and a café now operates in the south western office area.
| Floor | Carpet over timber boards except in the café which is vinyl. |
| Walls | Rendered and painted but retain dark stained skirtings and architraves. |
| Ceiling | The celling is suspended plasterboard with stepped cornice. All painted. |
| Features | Radiator panels in timber surrounds. |
| Details | Original including light switches but lights are new. |
| Cafe | A café now operates in the south western office area and includes a vinyl floor and new exterior access. |
| Condition | Condition is quite good with some minor wear. Any new work or changes have matched original details. |
Both have been refurbished but retain many original details. The accessible toilet is all new.
| Floor | Ceramic tile, some have been replaced. |
| Walls | Rendered and painted with terrazzo partitions. |
| Ceiling | The celling is suspended painted plasterboard. |
| Doors | Timber painted |
| Fittings | All are new |
| Condition | Condition is quite good |
Figure 78: Ground Floor Male Toilets – SG28 (EMAA 2018)
The North Gallery was converted to the Arc Theatre in 2014. The new construction was inserted into the original gallery and includes new walls, stepped theatre, seating, screen, ramps and bio box.
| Floor | Timber with concrete gallery supported on concrete corbels. |
| Walls | Rendered and painted but set into the balustrade to the gallery are square painted plaster castings of platypus, kookaburra and wombat. Pilasters have fluted details. |
| Ceiling | Suspended and painted with painted concrete to gallery. |
| Lights | Are original suspended as are some display cases. Some downlights have been installed in the ceiling and under the mezzanine (not original). Performance lighting has been installed on lighting trusses, which are fixed to the concrete walls. |
| Doors | Eastern door has been replaced with a fire door. |
| Balustrade | Concrete balustrade has had a metal handrail added on top. |
| Features | A bust of Neville Howe exists above the courtyard door. |
| Fitout | A new timber and steel stepped floor has been inserted including seats, projection box and theatre screen as part of the Arc Theatre. A storeroom exists under the upper part of the tiered seating. |
| Condition | Condition is quite good with some wear. |
This has been modified over time but includes the basic original layout of paths.
| Paving | Concrete. |
| Pool | A pool exists in the south west corner. |
| Walls | Rendered and painted with wombat motifs above entrances. |
| Soffit | Painted concrete. |
| Access ramp | A new access ramp and raised timber deck has been added above original finishes in 2003 and extended in 2018. |
| Condition | The courtyard membrane to the colonnade roof was repaired in 2019 and is in good condition. Repairs to the render of the walls of the courtyard are being undertaken in 2020 which includes the removal of lead based paint. |
This is an extension added in 1998 and a relatively modern office building.
| Floor | Carpet and linoleum generally with tiles to wet areas. |
| Walls | Painted plasterboard and tile in wet areas. Many offices are glazed. |
| Ceiling | Suspended acoustic tiles or plasterboard painted with surface mounted lights. |
| Windows and Doors | Glazed in aluminum frames. |
| Condition | Condition is quite good. |
The film processing laboratories at the south end of the ground floor are being decommissioned in favour of digitisation of film.
Audio and Video studios are located at the north side of the ground floor.
Conservation labs are located on the ground floor.
The residence is a two-storey rendered brick cottage with tiled roof. It is generally in quite good condition except for the internal cracking which is quite extensive and the roof which is in poor condition due to damage to the roof from hail in February 2020.
The 2004 advice from John Skurr, structural engineer, made the following comment:
the overland flow of the surface stormwater was not satisfactory in itself and is also concluded as the most likely cause of the general cracking in the external and internal brick walls.
Externally the building is rendered and painted with stepped detailing to bay window and main room window and entry. The top of the chimney is also finely detailed. The roof is a hipped terracotta tiled roof with metal gutter and downpipes.
Typically the interior is rendered and painted walls, plaster or asbestos cement sheet ceilings, and carpeted floors. Original profiled timber cornices, picture rails, architraves and skirtings remain in most rooms. These are now dark paint finished. The interior of the residence was repainted in 2006.
Fireplaces exist in several living rooms with fine detailing to surrounds.
Figure 115: Renovations to the Residence, 2006 (NFSA 2018)
The main bathroom and two toilets retain original floor and wall tiling. The only original fixtures appear to be the basin and vanity cupboard in the bathroom.
An original Canberra Stove is in place in the stove alcove of the former kitchen (now staff lunchroom).
Doors are timber framed and five panelled with some glazing.
Windows are timber double hung with 2 light sashes and timber flyscreens.
The garage has been converted to a bike shed with a concrete slab floor, asbestos cement ceiling, rough rendered and painted masonry walls. The door is a ledged and braced timber door with D handle.
The laundry now joins with the house and is similarly finished to the residence. It has a painted panelled door with knob handle. The infill to the house includes an electrical distribution board and hot water cylinder.
Stone Heritage Impact Statement. 2018. SQC Architecture
Tree Condition Assessment for National Film and Sound Archive, AJ Mann, Canopy Tree Experts, February 2016
4.0 ANALYSIS & STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE
As NFSA is located on designated land and owned by the Commonwealth, the assessment will be undertaken using the Commonwealth Heritage List (CHL) criteria (Values) to determine the heritage and significance of the place.
4.1 Assessment Criteria
COMMONWEALTH HERITAGE LIST CRITERIA
The Commonwealth heritage criteria for a place are any or all of the following87:
The place has significant heritage value because of the place’s importance in the course, or pattern, of Australia’s natural or cultural history;
The place has significant heritage value because of the place’s possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Australia’s natural or cultural history;
The place has significant heritage value because of the place’s potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Australia’s natural or cultural history;
The place has a significant heritage value because of the place’s importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of:
A class of Australia’s natural or cultural places; or
A class of Australia’s natural or cultural environments;
5. The place has a significant heritage value because of the place’s importance in
exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group;
6. The place has significant heritage value because of the place’s importance in demonstrating
a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period;
7. The place has significant heritage value because of the place’s strong or special association
with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons;
8. The place has significant heritage value because of the place’s special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in Australia’s natural or cultural history;
9. The place has significant heritage value because of the place’s importance as part of Indigenous tradition.
4.2 Analysis
4.2.1 Introduction
This section analyses the buildings and setting in a wider context to more clearly understand their relevance and importance.
4.2.2 Location
The site is centrally located within the early Canberra City area and adjacent to the original administrative section at Acton. It is located on rising ground giving prominence of position over adjacent sites.
4.2.3 Setting & Landscape
4.2.3.1 General
There remains on site some remnant planting of woodland trees and (possibly) grasses which formed part of Acton Ridge woodland.
The landscape setting and (original) formal front lawns form contribute to the strong sense of place of the building and assists in distinguishing the building. It also reinforces Griffin’s concept of a Garden City.
One key element of the landscape surviving from the original plan is the perimeter tree planting around the site particularly the avenues along Liversidge Street and McCoy Circuit, predominantly featuring inner and outer rows of trees of contrasting species. The main setting consists of mixed native, deciduous and coniferous trees set in an open area throughout the site. Surface carparks have been added to the open landscape areas, but broad vistas across the site remain evident. There remain only remnants of the more intensively developed garden in front of the main building (open main lawn, and original plan form of front drive) and residence garden (garden beds against building, Residence lawns area, and perimeter hedge).
4.2.3.2 Courtyard
The courtyard has changed but its current form with paving crossing the courtyard retains the original path pattern. The original lawns have been removed and replaced with more intensive development which has assumed its own identity
with the MacKenzie Memorial Pool, ‘themed’ garden plantings in the quadrants c.1991, and the association of the Landscape design with the occupation of the building by NFSA. A second, smaller courtyard associated with the Annex building compliments the simple, symmetric format of the original and is visually separated by the original colonnade.
4.2.3.3 Residence
Within the site, the landscaping is used to define the separate main building and residence precincts. This is demonstrated through the hedge surrounding the residence, which encloses the smaller detailed garden space, and separates it
from the Main Building visually. The garden space is characterised by scattered trees, open grass, garden beds, and a fenced drying space with clothes hoist. Introduction to the garden space of surface car parking, shade structures, a paved ‘apron’ and drainage around the buildings has weakened the domestic landscape character, but the original garden setting remains broadly evident.
The north side of the main building was developed c.1998 as a formal landscape of orthogonal pathways, seating spaces, trees and mass planted garden beds.
4.2.4 Buildings
4.2.4.1 Exterior
The main building was originally designed to a ‘T’ shape plan. With the influence of Sir John Butters, Chairman of the FCC, this was varied to a ‘U’ shape which was seen as providing better opportunity for growth. The fourth wing originally proposed as enclosing the top of the U was finally constructed in 1998.
The integrity of the buildings is very high with little change to either building externally.
The 1998 Annex is sympathetic to the design of the main building, in massing, fenestration, material and colour. The design draws strong references from the 1940’s proposals
to extend the building. Whilst being a competent architectural solution, the Annex is not outstanding or unusual.
The access ramp from the Theatrette to the north east corner of the main building is an unfortunate element in that the location, massing and the detailing of balustrading are unsympathetic. The access ramp to the main entry of the Annex also does not comply with current codes.
The exteriors are in quite good condition except on stonework which is being conserved at present. The roof also leaks in places.
4.2.4.2 Interiors
MAIN BUILDING
The interior of the main building is substantially intact. Excepting for some work in ground floor offices, the Theatre, North Gallery (ARC Theatre) and Cafe all other work has been minor upgrading. On the first floor there has been some opening up of areas for a revised layout.
The interior is of a high quality of material, finish and detail throughout. Most of the detail is
intact. The interior detail is a fine example of inter-war stripped classical style with Art Deco detail. Workmanship is of a high quality. The busts in the foyer wall and animal plaques in the galleries and courtyard are unique decorative elements tied to the buildings and original inhabitants.
Alterations to the interior have generally been done in a manner sympathetic to the original detail. The adaptation of the North Gallery has changed the appreciation of the original character of the space. However the works are reversible.
The changes to the theatre have totally changed the space and appreciation of the original theatre. The fitout is to provide a modern lecture theatre and it is meant to be reversible.
Generally the interiors are in quite good condition but show some ongoing wear and tear.
THE RESIDENCE
Excepting for some elements of bathrooms, the interior of the Residence is substantially intact. Some original fabric has been replaced in refurbishment repair work. New work has been to match original detail.
The interior is simple yet elegant in its detail with a deco influence.
The interior is in reasonable condition except for quite extensive cracking.
ANNEX
The interior of the Annex wing is a modern commercial fitout
comprising plasterboard-finished walls, with aluminium framed internal doors, screens and windows. All furniture and fixtures in the fitout are new, and of modern design.
4.2.5 Other Issues
The Institute of Anatomy (1931) was one of the first major institutional buildings constructed in Canberra giving some indication of the importance with which the institution was regarded (and the political influence of its founder).
Other institutions of the period include:
Provisional Parliament House, 1927.
National Library of Australia moved to Canberra in 1927 but not housed in the current building until 1968.88
National Australian Archives (now National Archives of Australia). War records were transferred to the War Museum in 1920, with several attempts to establish an Archives office over the next 20 years. The first Archives Officer, as part of the
National Library was established in 1944 and the independent
Australian Archives (now National Archives of Australia) formed in 1984. It is currently housed in East Block which was completed in 1926. 89
CSIRO Division of Forestry, 1927.
Australian War Memorial, 1941.
Robert Garran Offices, 1941.
It was a memorable experience to visit the building for such displays as the Ethnological and Aboriginal material in glass display cabinets and individual items like Phar Lap’s heart. Many Australians have retained the memory of some of the exhibits and therefore the building has a special social meaning for them.
The building’s ongoing use as an archive working to manage, conserve and share Australia’s film and sound collection is also socially significant to Australians.
4.3 The People
4.3.1 William Colin MacKenzie 1877–1938
MacKenzie was the driving force and instigator of the Institute of Anatomy. He was world renowned for his orthopaedic skills and his fauna collection.
He was an influential man, illustrated by his skill in achieving the construction of a building for his collection.
4.3.2 Sir John Butters
As Chairman of the Federal Capital Commission at the time the building was being proposed, Butters was instrumental in creating the ‘U’ shape to the plan and selecting W.H. Morris as the Project Architect.
4.3.3 Sir John Sulman
As Chief Architect for the Federal Capital Commission (FCC), Sulman was a major contributor to Canberra’s Architecture in the 1920’s including:
Provisional Parliament House
East & West Block
Hotel Canberra
Hotel Kurrajong
Acton Hotel
Gorman House.
He worked with MacKenzie during the formative stages of the design.
4.3.4 Sir Neville Howse
He was Minister for health & Defence and was instrumental in pushing the initial proposal through Cabinet in 1928 who then transferred the responsibility to Howse’ portfolio. This influence was recognised by the erection of his portrait- in-relief which remains on view over the courtyard doorway to the south gallery.
4.3.5 Walter Hayward Morris
Morris was considered to be one of the FCC’s top architects.
The FCC were not satisfied with the early design by Robertson and when Morris returned from overseas in 1927 he was immediately appointed by Butters (Chief Commissioner of FCC) to the project due to his skills as a top class designing architect.
Morris also designed the CSIRO Division of Entomology at Black Mountain but it lacks the quality of the Institute of Anatomy Building.
4.3.6 E.H. Henderson
He was a Design Architect working for Morris and developed much of the interior furniture and joinery details. Henderson later became Chief Architect in the Department of Interior, Works and Services and later in his career was the Chief Commonwealth Architect. During his career he designed a number of significant public
buildings in the ACT including Manuka Pool, Robert Garran Offices and the Forrest Fire Station and residences.
4.3.7 Alexander E Bruce
Alexander Bruce was Director of Parks and Gardens from 1926 to 1936. As director, Bruce was responsible for all of Canberra’s public landscape design for the period under his control.
The use of rose gardens was typical of his influence and the landscape generally with the discrete use of hedges, scattered trees and formal street planting are fine examples of his work.
4.4 Comparative Analysis
4.4.1 Architectural Design
The building design is described as the Interwar Stripped Classical style, 1915–1940.
To the architect committed to modernism in the early
twentieth century, radical art movements such as Cubism and de StijI provided powerful aesthetic stimuli, exploding traditional preoccupations with static symmetry. Any ‘style’ was considered abhorrent, none more so than a classical style. “Sterile symmetry”, “meaningless”, “non functional ornament” and other such derogatory phrases were used to denigrate buildings that made reference to any aspect of the classical past. The fact that some significant modern architects (e.g. Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe) had drawn strength from the classical tradition was ignored or explained away as an aberration which had somehow been corrected or eliminated.
The interwar stripped classical building tends to illustrate a starkly functional, symmetrical building to which classical orders could easily be added. A few touches of Art Deco were not uncommon.90
Art Deco is a visually stimulating and intellectually undemanding
style that first came into prominence at the Exposition des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925. Art Deco motifs came to be especially favoured for both exteriors and interiors. The use of vivid decorative elements, which served no particular function, was often implemented. Straight lines often 3 in parallel were used horizontally, vertically and diagonally in conjunction with geometric curves. Low relief sculpture was popular.91”
Due to the number of public buildings being designed in Canberra at the time there are several examples of the style in Canberra. These include:
Provisional Parliament House (now MOADOPH)
J S Murdoch
1924
(Figure 126 & Figure 127)
NFSA (Institute of Anatomy)
W Hayward Morris
1929
(Figure 128 & Figure 129)
CSIRO Division of Entomology (Institute of Scientific Industrial Research)
W Hayward Morris
1929
(Figure 130 & Figure 131)
Old Patent Office
E H Henderson
1936
(Figure 132 & Figure 133)
Australian School of Forestry
J.H Kirkpatrick
c1927
It is interesting to compare these early Canberra buildings. Of all the examples NFSA stands as the best example due to the rich coloured motifs in the facade, the use of Australian fauna and aboriginal motifs (both influenced by MacKenzie) and the extent to which the design quality has been extended to the details which includes items such as furniture, joinery, door hardware, lights, light switches, radiator panels and step treads.