Medical Treatment Planning and Decisions Regulations 2018

The Regulations are built around three main concepts: prescribed witness qualifications for child advance care directives, prescribed formal particulars for appointments, and constrained definitions for who may qualify as a “registered psychologist” within the instrument.

1. Prescribed witness qualifications for a child’s advance care directive (regulation 5). Regulation 5 divides the witness qualifications by profession.
   • For a registered medical practitioner who witnesses an advance care directive given by a child, regulation 5(1) prescribes two elements: (a) a current Fellowship of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists; and (b) either a Certificate of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry awarded by that College, or a current Membership of the Faculty of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of that College (reg 5(1)(a)-(b)).
   • For a registered psychologist who witnesses such a directive, regulation 5(2) prescribes two elements: (a) a current endorsement by the Psychology Board of Australia as a clinical neuropsychologist or as a clinical psychologist; and (b) current employment as a psychologist providing specialist paediatric care in one of several specified contexts (reg 5(2)(a)-(b)). Paragraph (b) lists employment within specified health service institutions as defined in the Health Services Act 1988, employment in a named women’s health service listed in Schedule 6 to that Act, or employment by “any other person, body or organisation” that provides, delivers or facilitates access to health services, expressly including disability services or palliative care services (reg 5(2)(b)(i)-(iii) and subparagraphs).
2. Prescribed particulars for appointments (regulations 6 and 7). For the purposes of section 28(1)(c) of the Act, regulation 6 prescribes that an appointment of an appointed medical treatment decision maker must include the appointee’s name, date of birth and address (reg 6(a)-(c)). For the purposes of section 33(c) of the Act, regulation 7 prescribes that an appointment of a support person must include the same three particulars: name, date of birth and address (reg 7(a)-(c)). The Regulations do not add additional particulars beyond those three items.
3. Definitions and scope (regulation 4). The instrument defines “registered psychologist” by reference to registration under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law, excluding students (reg 4). The Regulations refer throughout to the parent Act as “the Act” (reg 4).

Ancillary statutory references in the Endnotes interpret the Regulations into the Victorian legislative framework: the Regulations were made on 13 February 2018 and commenced on 12 March 2018, they are Version No. 001 as at 12 March 2018, there are no amendments recorded as at publication, and they will sunset on 13 February 2028 under the Subordinate Legislation Act 1994 (Endnotes, General information; Table of Amendments).

The Regulations therefore operate as a tightly focussed set of formal prescription: they do not create broad policy rules, they do not set out procedural flows for how advance care directives are made beyond the specified formalities, and they do not themselves define who may be an appointed decision maker or what powers such appointees hold under the Act. Instead, they define the credentials required of witnesses for child directives and the minimum identifying particulars that must be recorded when making two specific kinds of appointments.

The Regulations name specific groups whose legal ability to effect or validate elements of the Act is constrained or enabled by the prescribed formalities.

• Children who give advance care directives. Regulation 5 explicitly applies to “an advance care directive given by a child” (reg 5 heading and text). The witness requirements in regulation 5 therefore apply when a child makes an advance care directive and the directive is to be witnessed by a medical practitioner or psychologist for the purposes of section 17(1)(e) of the Act.
• Registered medical practitioners in psychiatry. Regulation 5(1) confines acceptable medical practitioner witnesses for a child’s directive to those with a current Fellowship of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, plus specified child and adolescent psychiatry credentials (reg 5(1)(a)-(b)). This focuses responsibility on psychiatrists with specific college accreditation.
• Registered psychologists. The definition in regulation 4 limits “registered psychologist” to persons registered under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law, other than students. Regulation 5(2) then requires an endorsement by the Psychology Board of Australia as a clinical neuropsychologist or clinical psychologist, together with employment providing specialist paediatric care in specified settings or in organisations that provide health services such as disability or palliative care (reg 4, reg 5(2)(a)-(b)(i)-(iii), and subparagraphs).
• Appointees to roles under the Act. Persons who are named as an appointed medical treatment decision maker or as a support person are affected because an appointment instrument must include specific prescribed particulars,name, date of birth and address,to satisfy the requirements the Regulations prescribe for the purposes of s 28(1)(c) and s 33(c) of the Act (reg 6, reg 7).
• Employers and organisations that provide paediatric care, disability services or palliative care. Regulation 5(2)(b)(iii) explicitly brings within scope “any other person, body or organisation that provides, delivers or facilitates access in relation to health services including, but not limited to, disability services or palliative care services.” Where a psychologist’s employment in such an organisation is the basis for meeting the prescribed witness requirement, that employer’s willingness to confirm employment and the nature of the services provided becomes practically relevant (reg 5(2)(b)(iii)(A)-(B)).
• The Governor in Council and agencies. The Regulations were made by the Governor in Council under s 100 of the Act (reg 2), which places the instrument within executive rule-making powers; administrative bodies charged with oversight of statutory instruments and the parent Act must administer, apply and advise on the formalities established here.

Who is not covered is notable by omission. The Regulations do not prescribe witness qualifications for adult advance care directives within this instrument; they are limited to witnesses for directives given by a child (reg 5 heading and text). The Regulations do not create new categories of appointed decision makers or support persons; they simply prescribe the identifying particulars required by the parent Act’s relevant sections (regs 6 and 7). The instrument therefore reassigns legal significance to a narrow set of actors in the advance care directive process for children, and places administrative compliance obligations on practitioners, appointing parties, and employers or organisations confirming employment contexts.

The Regulations set out specific duties by reference to provisions of the Act; they do not themselves enumerate statutory rights beyond the implications created by satisfying the prescribed formalities.

Duties imposed by these Regulations

• Duty to possess prescribed qualifications to act as a witness to a child’s advance care directive. For a medical practitioner witness, regulation 5(1) prescribes that the witness must have a current Fellowship of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists and either a Certificate of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry or Membership of the Faculty of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of that College. For a psychologist witness, regulation 5(2) prescribes an endorsement by the Psychology Board of Australia as a clinical neuropsychologist or clinical psychologist, and current employment providing specialist paediatric care in specified settings or by organisations that provide health services including disability or palliative care (reg 5(1); reg 5(2)(a)-(b)). These elements are expressly defined “for the purposes of section 17(1)(e) of the Act,” so the duty is to meet these requirements insofar as the person is acting as a required witness under that subsection.
• Duty to include prescribed particulars in appointments. Regulation 6 prescribes that an appointment instrument under section 28(1)(c) of the Act must include the appointee’s name, date of birth and address. Regulation 7 prescribes the same three particulars for a support person appointment for the purposes of section 33(c) of the Act. The duty is to record those particulars when making those appointments, because the Regulations state they are the “prescribed details” for the purposes of the cited Act provisions (reg 6; reg 7).

Practical duties that follow

• Duty to verify credentials and employment. A practitioner or an administering institution that witnesses a child’s advance care directive will, to ensure compliance, need to verify that the witness holds the specific college fellowship/certificate or Psychology Board endorsement and is employed in one of the listed employment contexts when acting as witness (reg 5).
• Duty to record and retain identifying particulars. Persons making appointments of an appointed medical treatment decision maker or a support person must ensure the appointment instrument contains the exact prescribed particulars,name, date of birth, and address,relevant to s 28(1)(c) and s 33(c) of the Act (reg 6; reg 7).

Rights and legal effects arising from compliance

• The Regulations do not themselves create a right; rather, compliance with the Regulations supplies the formal prerequisites that the Act requires for certain instruments and actions to be valid. For example, where a witness meets the qualifications prescribed by regulation 5, that will satisfy the Regulations’ requirement “for the purposes of section 17(1)(e) of the Act.” The legal consequences and rights that flow from meeting the requirements are therefore those that the parent Act attaches to the presence of a valid witness or a valid appointment. The Regulations internalise how compliance with those Act provisions is to be proved or demonstrated by prescribing the specific credentials and particulars required (reg 5, reg 6, reg 7).

Limits on duties and rights in the Regulations

• The Regulations are narrowly procedural. They do not grant substantive decision-making powers or define the scope of an appointed medical treatment decision maker’s authority beyond prescribing the identifying details necessary for an appointment under the Act (reg 6). They likewise do not specify the procedural steps for implementing advance care directives, the capacity tests for making directives, nor penalties for non-compliance; those matters are left to the parent Act or other instruments (reg 2; Endnotes reference the enabling Act).

In short, the Regulations impose clear, documentable duties: only specified psychiatrists and psychologists can validly act as witnesses to a child’s advance care directive for the purposes identified, and appointments must record three prescribed identifying particulars. Meeting these duties is necessary to satisfy the corresponding subsections of the Act that the Regulations reference.

The Regulations themselves do not set out offences, penalties or an enforcement regime. They are framed as prescription of formal particulars and qualification thresholds “for the purposes” of specific sections of the Medical Treatment Planning and Decisions Act 2016 (reg 5, reg 6, reg 7), and they are authorised by section 100 of the Act (reg 2). The text of the Regulations contains no separate enforcement provisions or monetary penalties, and the Endnotes contain no record of penalty provisions attached to this Statutory Rule.

Consequences for non‑compliance must therefore be understood in two layers, as derived from the Regulations’ drafting and their relationship to the parent Act:

• Formal invalidity risk. Because the Regulations prescribe what counts for the purposes of specific subsections of the Act, failure to satisfy a prescribed requirement may mean that the formal prerequisite in the Act is not met. For example, the Regulations state that the prescribed training and experience requirements in regulation 5 are “for the purposes of section 17(1)(e) of the Act,” and that the prescribed details in regulations 6 and 7 are “for the purposes of section 28(1)(c)” and “section 33(c)” respectively. Absent the prescribed credentials or prescribed particulars, the Act’s relevant subsection may not be satisfied. The Regulations do not themselves state the legal effect of such a failure, but they anchor the question of validity to whether the Regulations’ prescriptions have been met.
• Enforcement under the parent Act or other instruments. Any statutory sanction, administrative consequence, or civil effect arising from failure to meet the Act’s requirements will depend on the Act and any relevant enforcement regime in other legislation. The Regulations do not create a separate enforcement mechanism; they operate as subordinate rules that define compliance for certain Act provisions (reg 2).

Administrative actors will need to apply the Regulations when assessing whether statutory formalities under the Act have been observed. That assessment will likely be relevant in administrative decision-making, clinical governance and, if invoked by the Act, in any contested proceedings. The Regulations provide the criteria those decision-makers must apply when the issue is whether a witness to a child’s advance care directive had the prescribed credentials, or whether an appointment contains the prescribed particulars. The specific statutory remedies, penalties or enforcement pathways are not set out in the Regulations themselves, and are outside the text of this instrument as published.

These Regulations are explicitly a subordinate instrument to the Medical Treatment Planning and Decisions Act 2016. Regulation 2 makes that relationship plain, stating the Regulations are made under section 100 of the Act. Each substantive prescription in the Regulations is tied to a particular subsection of the Act: regulation 5 is “for the purposes of section 17(1)(e) of the Act,” regulation 6 is “for the purposes of section 28(1)(c) of the Act,” and regulation 7 is “for the purposes of section 33(c) of the Act.” The interaction is therefore direct and functional: the Regulations specify how particular Act provisions are to be given effect in practice.

The Regulations also cross‑reference other statutes and statutory instruments:

• Health Services Act 1988. Regulation 5(2)(b)(i) refers to employment “in one of the following, all within the meaning of section 3(1) of the Health Services Act 1988,” and then lists “a health service establishment,” “a multi purpose service,” “a registered community health centre,” and “a registered funded agency.” Regulation 5(2)(b)(ii) then references “a women’s health service listed in Schedule 6 to the Health Services Act 1988.” Those cross-references import the definitions and lists contained in that Act into the meaning of the employment contexts that satisfy the psychologist witness requirement.
• Health Practitioner Regulation National Law. The definition of “registered psychologist” in regulation 4 is by reference to registration under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law; that definition expressly excludes students. That means the status of the psychologist as a registered practitioner under the National Law is a prerequisite under the Regulations.
• Psychology Board of Australia. Regulation 5(2)(a) requires a “current endorsement by the Psychology Board of Australia as a clinical neuropsychologist or as a clinical psychologist.” The Regulation therefore imports the Board’s endorsement categories and their evidentiary effects into the witness qualification.
• Subordinate Legislation Act 1994. The Endnotes record that the Regulations will sunset 10 years after making on 13 February 2028, referencing s 5 of the Subordinate Legislation Act 1994. That links the instrument into the lifecycle and review regime for subordinate legislation in Victoria.
• Interpretation of Legislation Act 1984. The Endnotes include interpretive notes which reference the ILA and aspects of statutory style and numbering, indicating how the Regulations should be read alongside general rules on headings, examples, punctuation and provision numbering. These interpretive cross-references affect how the Regulations are to be read and located in future amendments or citations.

Practical interaction effects

• The Regulations do not operate in isolation. Their prescriptions must be read alongside the substantive requirements of the Act, and the definitions they import from the Health Services Act 1988 and the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law will determine whether particular employment settings or credentials qualify under regulation 5.
• Administrative compliance will require verifying items that exist under other laws, for example confirming a psychologist’s endorsement from the Psychology Board of Australia, or confirming that an employer is a “registered community health centre” within the Health Services Act 1988 meaning. The Regulations therefore create cross-checking obligations that require consultation of and interaction with other statutory registers and instruments.
• Because the Regulations are silent about enforcement and remedies, any direct sanctions or civil effects of non-compliance must be sought in the parent Act or elsewhere. The Regulations’ primary legal function is to supply the specific, listed criteria that other statutory or administrative actors will apply when assessing compliance with the Act.

The Regulations present a simple amendment history in the Endnotes. As at the date of publication of the version included here (Version No. 001, as at 12 March 2018), the Table of Amendments records that there are no amendments made to the Medical Treatment Planning and Decisions Regulations 2018 by statutory rules, subordinate instruments or Acts (Endnotes, Table of Amendments). The separate section “Amendments Not in Operation” likewise records that there are no amendments not in operation at the date of publication.

Key dated milestones recorded in the instrument and the Endnotes are:

• Made by Governor in Council: 13 February 2018 (Endnotes, General information).
• Commencement: The Regulations come into operation on 12 March 2018 (regulation 3; Endnotes, General information).
• Version and publication: Version No. 001 as at 12 March 2018, published as S.R. No. 13/2018.
• Sunset: The Endnotes state the Regulations will sunset 10 years after the day of making, on 13 February 2028, under section 5 of the Subordinate Legislation Act 1994 (Endnotes, General information).

No amendments, legislative or regulatory, are recorded in the published Endnotes. There are no entries under “Explanatory details” at the date of publication. The lack of recorded amendments means that the operative text in this Version No. 001 remains the authoritative text until an amendment is made and recorded, or until the instrument is repealed or allowed to sunset.

Practitioners should note the sunset provision recorded in the Endnotes. Subordinate instruments that sunset may be reviewed, remade, replaced or allowed to lapse; the Endnotes flag the statutory lifecycle point and therefore a calendar date for review or re-enactment planning, namely 13 February 2028.

The Regulations and the Endnotes contain no references to case law, tribunal decisions or any litigation testing their operation. The Endnotes do not list any judicial consideration or disputes concerning the Regulations; the Table of Amendments lists no amendments that might have followed litigation; and the text itself contains no references to interpretive rulings.

The absence of litigation or reported cases in the instrument has practical implications for interpretation and implementation:

• Unsettled questions. Because no case law is recorded in the instrument’s Endnotes, questions about the application of provisions such as what constitutes “current employment as a psychologist providing specialist paediatric care” under regulation 5(2)(b), or what qualifies as an organisation that “provides, delivers or facilitates access in relation to health services” under regulation 5(2)(b)(iii), have not been authoritatively resolved within the instrument itself. Administrative and clinical bodies will need to rely on the plain text and any departmental guidance to decide borderline cases until such questions are judicially addressed.
• Reliance on parent Act and other statutory definitions. Interpreting the Regulations will require recourse to the parent Act and to other statutes explicitly referenced in the Regulations, such as the Health Services Act 1988 and the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law. How courts might reconcile ambiguities in the Regulations with definitional material from those other Acts is not illustrated by any reported decisions in the instrument.
• Evidence and proof issues. In the absence of litigation precedent, institutions and practitioners will need to be deliberate in evidencing that a witness met the qualification criteria at the time of witnessing, and that appointment instruments contain the prescribed particulars. The Regulations set out the criteria that will be applied, but how strictly courts or tribunals will construe documentary omissions, or what remedial approaches might be acceptable where technical requirements were not observed, cannot be inferred from the text of this instrument.

Because the Regulations are recent relative to their making date, the absence of litigation is not unexpected, but it does put a premium on administrative clarity, record-keeping, and on obtaining authoritative guidance from the agencies charged with administering the parent Act, where available. The Regulations themselves do not provide that guidance.

The Regulations are short, and several discrete drafting features create practical pitfalls for practitioners, employers and individuals who are making or witnessing advance care directives for children, or who are appointing decision makers or support persons.

1. Narrow witness categories for children’s directives (regulation 5). Regulation 5 confines acceptable medical practitioner witnesses to psychiatrists with specific college credentials, and acceptable psychologist witnesses to those with Psychology Board endorsements and current employment providing specialist paediatric care in specified settings. A common misstep is assuming that any registered medical practitioner or psychologist may witness a child’s advance care directive. The Regulations require more than general registration; they require specific fellowship, certificate, endorsement and employment conditions (reg 5(1); reg 5(2)(a)-(b)). Failure to check these elements can mean the witnessing does not satisfy the criteria “for the purposes of section 17(1)(e) of the Act.”
2. Employment context requirement for psychologists (regulation 5(2)(b)). The psychologist witness route requires “current employment as a psychologist providing specialist paediatric care” in one of several contexts, including employment by “any other person, body or organisation that provides, delivers or facilitates access in relation to health services.” That latter phrase is open-ended and may be interpreted broadly or narrowly in practice. Parties relying on an employer’s confirmation should ensure there is contemporaneous written evidence of the nature of employment and that the employer is willing to certify that the psychologist provides specialist paediatric care as required (reg 5(2)(b)(i)-(iii)).
3. Exclusion of students (regulation 4). The definition of “registered psychologist” expressly excludes students. A psychologist who is a registrant but practising under a student authorisation may not meet the Regulation’s definition. Verifying registration status and ensuring it is not a student qualification is essential (reg 4).
4. Limited prescribed particulars for appointments (regulations 6 and 7). The Regulations require only name, date of birth and address for an appointed medical treatment decision maker and for a support person (reg 6; reg 7). Two potential pitfalls follow. First, some appointment templates or lawyers may include additional particulars or statements; while additional particulars are not prohibited, the Regulations make these three items the prescribed minimum for the purposes of the specified Act subsections. Second, omitting any of those three particulars risks non-compliance with the Act’s specified subsections as shaped by the Regulations. Care must be taken to include exactly those items.
5. Records and proof at point in time. The Regulations refer to “current” fellowships, memberships and endorsements, and to “current employment.” That implies the relevant credential or employment must be in force at the time of witnessing. Practitioners should record the date of witnessing and retain proof that the witness’s credential and employment complied at that date (reg 5(1)(a)-(b); reg 5(2)(a)-(b)).
6. Interaction with external registers. Compliance often requires checking external authorities, such as the Psychology Board of Australia or the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. Failure to consult registers or to obtain written confirmation can create proof difficulties later.
7. Sunset date planning. The Regulations will sunset 13 February 2028 (Endnotes). Organisations should plan for any change in requirements near that date; reliance on existing forms or practices should be reviewed in good time.
8. No penalty or enforcement language in the Regulations. Because the Regulations do not set penalties or specify enforcement procedures, operational teams may be uncertain about remedial options where formalities are imperfectly observed. That uncertainty is itself a compliance risk when deciding whether to accept an appointment or a witnessed directive that potentially fails to meet the prescribed requirements.

These issues are practical and procedural rather than doctrinal. They arise from the Regulations’ focus on formalities and the tight way those formalities are specified. The concrete mitigation steps are documentation, verification of credentials and employment, consistent use of compliant appointment templates, and early engagement with administrative authorities where interpretive uncertainty exists.

Compliance with these Regulations is a straightforward recordkeeping and verification exercise, because the instrument prescribes specific credentials and identifying particulars. The steps below map the Regulations’ text into operational actions.

1. When witnessing an advance care directive given by a child, confirm whether you are a permissible witness and document that confirmation (regulation 5).
   • If you are a medical practitioner seeking to witness such a directive, confirm you hold a current Fellowship of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, and that you hold either a Certificate of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry from that College or a current Membership of the Faculty of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of that College. Keep a copy of the Fellowship certificate and the relevant certificate or membership evidence, and record the date they were current (reg 5(1)(a)-(b)).
   • If you are a psychologist seeking to witness such a directive, confirm you are registered as a psychologist under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law (not as a student) and that you hold a current endorsement by the Psychology Board of Australia as a clinical neuropsychologist or as a clinical psychologist (reg 4; reg 5(2)(a)). Keep copies of your registration and endorsement documentation.
   • For psychologist witnesses, also confirm and document “current employment as a psychologist providing specialist paediatric care” in one of the recognised contexts: employment within a health service establishment, multi purpose service, registered community health centre, registered funded agency as those terms are used in s 3(1) of the Health Services Act 1988; employment in a women’s health service listed in Schedule 6 to the Health Services Act 1988; or employment by an organisation that provides, delivers or facilitates access to health services, including disability or palliative care services (reg 5(2)(b)(i)-(iii)). Obtain and retain employer confirmation in writing of the nature of the psychologist’s role and that the employment was current at the time of witnessing.
   • Record the date and time of witnessing, and retain copies of all documentary evidence in a secure file. The Regulations’ repeated references to “current” credentials and “current employment” mean contemporaneous proof is material to whether the Regulations’ conditions were met at the time of witnessing (reg 5).
2. When appointing an appointed medical treatment decision maker under section 28(1)(c) of the Act, include the prescribed particulars (regulation 6).
   • Ensure the appointment instrument contains the appointee’s full name, date of birth and address. These are the particulars prescribed by the Regulations for the purposes of s 28(1)(c) of the Act (reg 6(a)-(c)).
   • Where the appointment instrument includes other identifying data or statements, retaining those additional items is permissible, but the three prescribed items must be present to satisfy the Regulations’ requirement as linked to the Act.
3. When appointing a support person under section 33(c) of the Act, include the prescribed particulars (regulation 7).
   • As with appointed decision makers, the support person’s full name, date of birth and address are the particulars prescribed for the purposes of s 33(c) of the Act (reg 7(a)-(c)). Ensure they are present and clearly recorded on the appointment instrument.
4. Maintain administrative processes and templates that embed the prescriptions.
   • Update appointment forms and advance care directive witnessing checklists to require the specific credentials and particulars the Regulations prescribe. Make “credential verification” a step in the form for medical practitioner and psychologist witnesses to capture Fellowship, certificate, endorsement, registration status and employer confirmation, as applicable (reg 5; reg 4).
   • Train staff and clinicians who support advance care directive processes in the limited scope of these Regulations, emphasising that they apply to directives given by a child and that the Regulations’ requirements are in addition to any substantive criteria in the Act.
5. Retain evidence and date-stamped records.
   • Keep copies of Fellowship certificates, Psychology Board endorsements, registration details and employer confirmations, together with the witnessed directive, the appointment instrument and the date of execution. Retain these documents in accordance with clinical records policies and any statutory retention obligations that apply under other laws; the Regulations themselves do not set retention periods.
6. Prepare for interpretive borderline cases.
   • For cases where it is not obvious whether employment qualifies as “providing specialist paediatric care” or whether an organisation “provides, delivers or facilitates access in relation to health services,” obtain a contemporaneous written statement from the employer describing the nature of the role and services, and escalate to legal or administrative advice if necessary (reg 5(2)(b)(iii)). Where there is uncertainty over whether a medical practitioner meets the required Fellowship or membership standards, obtain an official statement from the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists confirming current status.
7. Monitor the sunset date and any updates.
   • Note the instrument will sunset on 13 February 2028 unless remade or amended; plan reviews of forms and training ahead of that date (Endnotes, General information).

These steps map directly to the Regulations’ text. Compliance is a matter of documenting that the prescribed credentials and particulars were in place at the relevant time, because the Regulations attach legal importance to those specific items for the purposes of the cited subsections of the parent Act (reg 5; reg 6; reg 7).