(e) the minimum crossing angle between S(e) the minimum crossing angle between STAR and Standard Instrument Departure tracks should be 45°.

Section 8.4: Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs)

8.4.1 STAR Standards

8.4.1.1 Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs) must be designed in accordance with the following standards:

(a) RNAV systems are not to be used as the primary navigation reference below the en-route Lowest Safe Altitude;

(b) STAR procedures employing RNAV waypoints must be identified as RNAV procedures on the associated STAR charts;

(c) STARs should be seamless from the en-route cruise level to:

(i) the initial fix of an instrument approach; or

(ii) A fix from which radar vectors to the runway centreline are given; or

(iii) for domestic flights only, a fix from which a visual approach is given.

(d) holding patterns must be restricted to one per STAR.

(e) the minimum crossing angle between STAR and Standard Instrument Departure tracks should be 45°.