(e) except in the case of the R2 (defini(e) except in the case of the R2 (definite passing) standard, a buffer of 10 NM is added arithmetically. The distance standard, therefore, equals:

(e) except in the case of the R2 (definite passing) standard, a buffer of 10 NM is added arithmetically. The distance standard, therefore, equals:

begin bracket square root two times square root begin bracket d squared plus begin bracket dc end bracket squared end bracket end bracket plus db nautical miles

where:

d = magnitude of the CEP (NM)

dc = ‘closure’ distance of each aircraft owing to TAS variation

= 3 NM for initial climb

= 6 NM for cruise, arrival and change of level

db = buffer

=10 NM (except in case of R2)

= 0 (R2 only).