The instrument deploys a small number of tightly defined regulatory concepts. These concepts determine the legal effect and the operational steps required by administrators and regulated parties.

• Infringement offence for the purposes of section 17 of the Act. Regulation 4 operates "for the purposes of section 17" of the Litter Act 2007 to prescribe particular offences as amenable to infringement notices. The instrument therefore depends on the existence and content of s 17 of the Act: it does not reproduce the Act's procedures, only selects offences for that pathway and fixes the penalties payable under a notice.

• Penalty unit as the unit of sanction. Penalties are expressed as penalty units in Schedule 1 and are split into two columns: one for a "natural person" and one for a "body corporate" (reg 4(b)-(c); Schedule 1). The instrument therefore ties the monetary sanction to the statutory concept of a penalty unit, leaving conversion to currency to the relevant law or instrument that defines the monetary value of a penalty unit. The regulations do not themselves specify the monetary value of a penalty unit.

• Granular mapping by statutory subsection and paragraph. Schedule 1 maps specific subsections of the Act (for example, section 9(1), 9(2), 9(3), 9(4), 9(5), 9A(1), 11(1), and so on) and, in many cases, further distinguishes the relevant conduct by the paragraph of the penalty within that section (e.g., "if the offence is of the kind referred to in paragraph (a) of the penalty to that section"). This creates a layered mapping: to know the exact infringement penalty one must cross-reference the exact paragraph within the stated subsection of the Act.

• Differentiation by legal personhood. The schedule differentiates penalties for natural persons from penalties for bodies corporate. Column 3 is the penalty unit amount payable by a natural person under an infringement notice; column 4 is the penalty unit amount payable by a body corporate (reg 4(b)-(c); Schedule 1). The multiplier between natural person and corporate penalties varies by offence and is explicit in the table entries.

• Rescission and replacement. Schedule 2 lists earlier instruments that are rescinded. The instrument therefore functions as a replacement regime for the infringement-offence schedule that was previously provided in the instruments it rescinds.

• Administrative placement. The instrument records that it is administered by the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment (footer note). It is displayed and numbered under the Rules Publication Act 1953 and it specifies the Gazette notification date.

These concepts generate the obligations and choices for enforcement agencies and those facing or advising on infringement notices: identify the specific Act provision and paragraph, determine whether the recipient is a natural person or a corporate entity, apply the listed penalty in penalty units, and, for historical or transitional purposes, be aware that predecessor regulations have been rescinded.

The instrument identifies three categories of affected parties directly in its text: (1) natural persons who commit the specified offences under the Litter Act 2007, (2) bodies corporate that commit the specified offences, and (3) the administering department.

• Natural persons: Schedule 1 column 3 lists the penalty-unit amount payable "by a natural person under an infringement notice in respect of that offence" (reg 4(b)). Natural persons therefore bear direct financial exposure under this instrument when an offence listed in Schedule 1 is the subject of an infringement notice. The schedule distinguishes multiple gradations for different paragraphs under the same Act subsection (for example, section 9(1)(a) attracts 1 penalty unit, while section 9(1)(e) attracts 20 penalty units). Advisers working for or representing individuals will need to cross-reference the Act to identify the paragraph that applies, then apply the penalty unit quantum in column 3.

• Bodies corporate: Schedule 1 column 4 lists the corresponding penalty-unit amount payable by a body corporate under an infringement notice for each listed offence (reg 4(c)). The penalty-unit quantum for bodies corporate is often higher than that for natural persons; the table makes the quantum adjustment explicit (for example, section 9(1)(c) is 5 units for a natural person and 10 for a body corporate; section 9(1)(e) is 20 units for a natural person and 50 for a body corporate). Organisations exposed to regulatory enforcement must therefore be advised of the specific penalty-unit quantum attaching to each listed provision and must be prepared to address corporate liability under the Act when an infringement notice is issued.

• The administering agency and enforcement actors: The instrument notes it is administered by the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. The regulations do not themselves identify who may issue an infringement notice; they rely on the Act (reg 4's reference to s 17). Consequently, relevant administrative actors within the administering department, and any other enforcement officers empowered by the Act, are primary users of the table when issuing infringement notices. These actors will need to ensure that the correct penalty-unit quantum is selected according to the Schedule 1 mapping and that the identity of the recipient (natural person or body corporate) is correctly determined.

• Parties concerned with historical compliance and records: because Schedule 2 rescinds the prior infringement-regulation instruments (2011 and the 2019 amendment), organisations and advisers who need to understand prior enforcement outcomes must account for the change. The regulations themselves do not provide transitional detail; however, the rescission will affect which penalty-unit schedule applied to earlier dates.

Who does not appear as a direct addressee in the instrument: the regulations do not create new categories of regulated persons (for example, no new class of authorised officer is established here), and they do not alter any substantive definitions in the Litter Act beyond defining "Act" for purposes of the instrument. The practical effect is limited to persons and entities liable under the Litter Act provisions listed in Schedule 1 and the administering agency charged with implementing the infringement-notice process.

The instrument does not itself create substantive duties of behaviour; instead, it creates duties and rights that arise procedurally from the intersection of the Litter Act 2007 (the Act) and the mechanics of infringement notices.

Duties created or specified by the instrument

• Duty to pay the penalty in penalty units under an infringement notice. Regulation 4(b) and Schedule 1 specify the number of penalty units that a natural person must pay "under an infringement notice in respect of that offence". For bodies corporate, regulation 4(c) and Schedule 1 specify the number of penalty units payable by a body corporate "under an infringement notice in respect of that offence". The instrument therefore fixes the quantum of the monetary enforcement outcome when an infringement notice under s 17 of the Act is used.

• Duty to identify the precise provision of the Act. Because Schedule 1 maps to specific sections and subparagraphs of the Act (for example, section 9(1) and its paragraphs (a)-(e), section 9A(1), section 11(1), section 35(4) and so on), those issuing or responding to infringement notices must determine the exact paragraph of the Act that applies. Schedule 1 frequently ties a penalty-unit amount to "the kind referred to in paragraph (a) of the penalty to that section", which requires a cross-reference to the Act's text to determine which conduct is captured.

Rights created or affected by the instrument

• Right or obligation to pay the specified amount under an infringement notice. Where an enforcement actor issues an infringement notice under s 17 of the Act, the recipient will face the specified penalty-unit amount. The instrument determines the numerical penalty unit quantum that attaches to the infringement notice; it does not create or vary procedural rights connected to notices, such as contesting, requesting court proceedings, or the right to elect for court rather than pay, because those procedural modalities are matters within the Act itself.

• Differentiated legal exposure depending on personhood. The schedule creates a right for enforcement actors to demand higher penalty-unit amounts of bodies corporate than of natural persons for the same statutory subsection or paragraph. That differential is explicit (see Schedule 1 columns 3 and 4).

Limits and absences in the instrument

• Procedural rights and notice issuance are not set here. The instrument expressly operates "for the purposes of section 17 of the Act" but it does not restate or modify section 17’s procedural provisions, nor does it alter who has the authority to issue infringement notices, timeframes for payment, or remediation options. Those matters remain governed by the Act.

• Monetary conversion is not specified. The instrument sets penalties in penalty units; it does not specify the dollar value of a penalty unit. Therefore the duty to pay a penalty in money requires another statutory source that defines the value of a penalty unit.

• No transitional procedural duties are stated. Although the instrument rescinds earlier regulations, it does not include transitional provisions in the text provided that would, for example, specify how outstanding infringement notices under the rescinded instruments are to be handled.

Practical implication: lawyers and compliance advisers must advise clients that the regulations fix the penalty unit quantum to be applied when an infringement notice (under s 17 of the Act) is issued for an offence listed in Schedule 1, and must take care to identify the exact Act subsection and paragraph to determine the correct penalty unit. The instrument does not alter procedural rights or who may issue a notice; those remain matters for the Act.

This instrument prescribes penalty-unit amounts and ties those amounts specifically to enforcement by infringement notice under section 17 of the Litter Act 2007 (reg 4). It does not itself create new enforcement powers or set procedural rules for issuing or contesting infringement notices; those are matters for the Act. The enforcement consequence set by this instrument is therefore confined to the monetary quantum attached to infringement notices.

Structure and content of the penalty table

• Schedule 1 is the operative table. It lists 23 line items corresponding to specific sections or subsections of the Act: section 9(1) with subdivisions (a)-(e), section 9(2)(a)-(e), section 9(3)(a)-(d), section 9(4)(a)-(e), section 9(5)(a)-(e), section 9A(1), section 11(1), section 12(1), section 12(2), section 13, section 14, section 15, section 16(1), section 33, section 35(4), section 42, section 43(2), section 45(4), section 46(3), section 46(4), section 46A(3), section 46A(4), and section 50A(5). Each entry shows the penalty units for a natural person and for a body corporate.

• Differing penalty-unit quanta. The penalties range from low single units to higher multi-unit figures. Representative entries from the table include:

  • Section 9(1)(a): 1 unit (natural person); 1 unit (body corporate).
  • Section 9(1)(b): 2 units (natural person); 4 units (body corporate).
  • Section 9(1)(c): 5 units (natural person); 10 units (body corporate).
  • Section 9(1)(d): 10 units (natural person); 20 units (body corporate).
  • Section 9(1)(e): 20 units (natural person); 50 units (body corporate).
  • Section 9A(1): 5 units (natural person); 10 units (body corporate).
  • Section 33: 5 units (natural person); 10 units (body corporate).
  • Section 35(4): 8 units (natural person); 16 units (body corporate).
  • Section 50A(5): 5 units (natural person); 10 units (body corporate).
  • Numerous other sections carry 2 units for natural persons and 4 units for bodies corporate (for example, sections 11(1), 12(1), 12(2), 13, 14, 15, 16(1), 42, 43(2), 45(4), 46(3), 46(4), 46A(3), 46A(4)).

• Explicit allocation to infringement-notice pathway. Regulation 4 states that the penalty specified in column 3 is "the penalty that is payable by a natural person under an infringement notice in respect of that offence" and similarly for column 4 and bodies corporate. The instrument therefore attaches these specified penalty-unit amounts to the infringement-notice enforcement option under s 17 of the Act.

Enforcement dynamics and practical application

• Fixed monetary quantum for infringement notices. The table fixes the monetary exposure, expressed in penalty units, that a recipient of an infringement notice will face if the offence listed is the subject of the notice. This reduces uncertainty about the penalty quantum for infringement-notice enforcement so long as the correct mapping to the Act provision is used.

• Need to identify the correct paragraph of the Act. Many entries in Schedule 1 depend on the sub-paragraph within the Act (for example, "if the offence is of the kind referred to in paragraph (a) of the penalty to that section"). That phrasing requires that enforcement actors and recipients cross-reference the Act to identify the exact conduct to which the penalty-unit amount applies before issuing or responding to a notice.

• Differentiation by corporate status. The schedule deliberately sets different penalty-unit amounts for natural persons and bodies corporate; the table’s design makes that difference explicit for enforcement actors and recipients. This affects the magnitude of monetary exposure and will be relevant to organisations assessing regulatory risk and compliance budgets.

What the instrument does not do with respect to enforcement

• It does not itself authorise who issues infringement notices, specify timeframes for payment, provide for payment methods or set out procedural dispute mechanisms. Those functions remain with section 17 of the Act and any other procedural provisions in the Act. The regulations are limited to prescribing which offences are to be treated as infringement offences for the purposes of s 17 and to fixing the penalty-unit quantum for those offences when dealt with by infringement notice.

• It does not convert penalty units to currency. The instrument sets penalties in penalty units without stating their monetary equivalent.

Consequences for enforcement design

• Enforcement agencies must ensure correct cross-referencing when issuing notices to match the exact Act paragraph with the correct penalty-unit entry in Schedule 1, and must confirm whether the recipient is a natural person or a body corporate. The administering department noted in the instrument will have responsibility to incorporate these penalty-unit settings into any infringement-notice templates, internal guidelines and communications to enforcement officers.

The instrument is narrowly framed but it explicitly references and interfaces with other statutory instruments and laws in several ways that determine its legal context and operation.

• Relationship with the Litter Act 2007. The instrument defines "Act" to mean the Litter Act 2007 (reg 3) and expressly operates "for the purposes of section 17" of that Act (reg 4). The regulations therefore function as an implementing instrument for a specific procedural avenue (infringement notices) contained in the Act. The regulations do not reproduce or vary section 17; rather they identify which offences under the Act are to be treated as infringement offences and fix the penalty-unit amounts payable under infringement notices. To determine the underlying conduct, the issuing authority or recipient must cross-reference the substantive provisions of the Litter Act 2007 that are cited in Schedule 1 (for example, sections 9(1)-(5), 9A(1), 11(1), 35(4), 50A(5), etc).

• Dependence on the penalty-unit framework elsewhere. The instrument expresses penalties in penalty units and does not provide a monetary conversion. The conversion of penalty units into a dollar amount relies on the statutory or regulatory instrument elsewhere that defines the value of a "penalty unit". The instrument therefore intentionally defers to that separate legal mechanism for conversion to currency and leaves that function to the existing penalty-unit regime.

• Rescission of prior regulations. Regulation 5 rescinds the Litter (Infringement Offences) Regulations 2011 (No. 5 of 2011) and the Litter (Infringement Offences) Amendment Regulations 2019 (No. 75 of 2019) as listed in Schedule 2. That rescission alters the corpus of subordinate legislation that implements the Litter Act 2007 by replacing the previous infringement-offence schedule with the table in Schedule 1 of the current instrument. Any practitioner addressing historical enforcement action will need to identify which instrument governed the penalty schedule at the relevant date.

• Publication and statutory numbering framework. The instrument is displayed and numbered in accordance with the Rules Publication Act 1953 (document footer). That note indicates that the instrument is part of the statutory publication regime under that Act and that its effective date is tied to Gazette notification (reg 2). This procedural link determines when its provisions become legally operative (the day on which their making is notified in the Gazette).

• Administrative placement. The instrument records that it is administered by the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. That administrative relationship places responsibility for implementation, guidance and possibly enforcement coordination within that department.

Limitations of interaction in the text

• The instrument does not amend or vary substantive provisions of the Litter Act 2007 or other Acts; its scope is limited to the infringement-notice mechanism under s 17 and to rescinding specified prior instruments.

• Procedural mechanics such as who is authorised to issue an infringement notice, appeal pathways, or how penalty units are converted to currency are not set out in this instrument and remain governed by other statutory provisions. Practitioners must therefore consult the Litter Act 2007 and any penalty-unit legislation or instruments to understand the full legal effect.

In short, the regulations are a subordinate instrument that implements a defined procedural pathway within the Litter Act 2007 by prescribing which offences are subject to infringement notices and by fixing the penalty-unit quantum for those notices, while relying on separate statutory instruments for procedural issuance of notices and for penalty-unit conversion to currency.

The instrument contains a limited and explicit amendment and replacement history set out within its own text. It does not contain a long amendment schedule or cumulative modifications beyond the listings in Schedule 2 and the commencement note.

• Rescission of predecessor instruments. Schedule 2 lists the instruments that this regulation rescinds. Those are the Litter (Infringement Offences) Regulations 2011 (No. 5 of 2011) and the Litter (Infringement Offences) Amendment Regulations 2019 (No. 75 of 2019) (reg 5; Schedule 2). The text therefore performs an express replacement of the prior regulatory schedule(s) governing infringement offences under the Litter Act 2007.

• Commencement timeline. The regulations commence "on the day on which their making is notified in the Gazette" (reg 2). The instrument records that it was notified in the Gazette on 9 September 2020 (document footer). There is no textual indication of staggered commencement, phased implementation, provisional arrangements or transitional rules within the instrument itself.

• No in-instrument amendments. The instrument does not contain internal amendment provisions (for example, it does not amend the Litter Act 2007 by inserting or varying any of its substantive sections). It only prescribes the list of offences for the infringement-notice pathway and the penalty-unit table, and it rescinds prior instruments that previously performed a similar function.

• Display and numbering. The instrument is "Displayed and numbered in accordance with the Rules Publication Act 1953" (footer). That procedural statement records the statutory publishing process under which the instrument has been issued.

Points to note for historical research and compliance tracking

• When comparing historical enforcement outcomes, one must check whether a given infringement notice was issued under the old instruments (2011 or the 2019 amendment) or under the 2020 instrument. The instrument does not include transitional clauses in the text presented; the absence of transitional provisions means that any transitional treatment, if intended, would need to be found elsewhere or in the associated administrative guidance published by the administering department.

• There is no further amendment history contained in the instrument itself beyond the rescission; thus, to trace any subsequent amendments to the infringement-unit schedule after this instrument, one would need to consult later instruments or the legislative register.

In summary, the instrument replaces the earlier 2011 and 2019 regulations listed in Schedule 2, took effect on Gazette notification (9 September 2020), and does not, within its text, contain further amendment or transitional provisions.

The instrument itself does not record any litigation history or judicial interpretation. The text contains no references to court decisions, case names, judgements, appeals, or prosecutorial challenges. It is a schedule-setting subordinate instrument whose primary function is to map offences under the Litter Act 2007 to penalty-unit amounts for infringement notices.

Given the content of the instrument, the absence of litigation references in the instrument is consistent with its procedural and monetary-prescription role. The instrument does not purport to interpret the substantive reach of the Litter Act 2007 offences, nor does it establish procedural rules for the issuance, challenge, or payment of infringement notices; those matters are left to the Act. Therefore any litigation that might arise in relation to the application of a penalty specified by this instrument would likely engage the Act’s substantive and procedural provisions (for example, whether the underlying conduct satisfies the Act’s offence elements or whether the notice was validly issued under s 17 of the Act). However, those lines of litigation are not reported or referenced in this instrument.

For readers seeking judicial treatment of the penalty levels or of infringement-notice procedures under the Litter Act 2007, note that this instrument does not supply that material. Any questions about legal challenges, judicial review of infringement notices, enforcement practice, or penalties as applied in particular factual contexts must be answered by consulting case law that concerns the Act or infringement procedures; this instrument contains no internal litigation record.

Practical implication for advisers

• There is no litigation precedent documented within the instrument to guide interpretation of the penalty-unit mappings it creates. Advisers who require case law will need to consult external legal databases or court records for any judicial decisions that address the Litter Act 2007, infringement notices under s 17, or enforcement practice. The instrument itself provides the administrative mapping but not judicial guidance.

The instrument is compact but contains a number of practical traps and points of potential confusion that arise from the way it maps offences and penalises different legal persons. These are concrete interpretive and compliance "gotchas" that arise directly from the text.

• Cross-reference requirement to determine the applicable penalty. Schedule 1 frequently ties a penalty-unit amount to "the kind referred to in paragraph (a) of the penalty to that section" or similar phrasing. That wording requires a user to locate the relevant paragraph within the cited section of the Litter Act 2007 to determine whether the particular instance of conduct falls within paragraph (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) of that section. Failing to perform that cross-reference will lead to misapplication of penalty units.

• Variable multipliers between natural persons and bodies corporate. The penalty-unit differential between natural persons and bodies corporate is not uniform across the table. Some entries are equal for both legal person types (for example, section 9(1)(a) shows 1 unit and 1 unit), others are double for corporations (for example section 9(3)(a) 2 vs 4), and others show more-than-double increases (for example section 9(1)(e) 20 units for natural persons and 50 units for bodies corporate). Misreading the table or assuming a consistent multiplier will cause incorrect penalty calculations.

• Penalty expressed only in penalty units, not currency. The instrument sets penalties solely as numbers of penalty units. The instrument does not state the monetary value of a penalty unit. Practitioners must therefore identify elsewhere the current monetary value of a penalty unit to determine the payable dollar amount. The instrument itself gives no guidance on that conversion.

• The table references subsections that are not explained in the instrument. For example, Schedule 1 lists sections such as 9A(1), 35(4), 50A(5) without describing the conduct those provisions proscribe. Users unfamiliar with the Litter Act 2007 cannot determine what specific conduct attracts a particular penalty-unit quantum without consulting the Act.

• No procedural detail about issuance or enforcement adjustments. The instrument attaches penalties to infringement notices under s 17 of the Act but does not set out the process to be followed by an enforcement officer, nor whether an infringement notice precludes or coexists with prosecution. Those procedural consequences are left to the Act; practitioners must consult the Act for the enforcement pathway, contest rights and timing.

• Rescission without in-instrument transitional provisions. Schedule 2 rescinds the 2011 regulations and the 2019 amendment. The instrument contains no transitional rules within its text that explain how previously issued notices under the rescinded instruments are to be handled. Administering authorities and recipients should verify whether any transitional guidance was published by the administering department or whether transitional treatment is specified in the Act.

• Multiple entries for section 9 across several subparts. Sections 9(1) through 9(5) all appear, each with their own paragraph-based gradations. That creates potential for misattribution of which subsection applies to a single factual scenario. In practice an incident may engage different parts of section 9; the correct penalty-unit amount depends on identifying the specific paragraph matched in the Act.

• Administrative ownership stated but not operational detail. The instrument records that it is administered by the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. However, the instrument does not set out contact points, enforcement guidelines, or forms. Practitioners and enforcement officers will need to look to the administering department for operational guidance.

These are concrete implementation risks that arise solely from the instrument’s structure and the way it delegates substantive and procedural detail to other sources. They are not assertions about the Act but facts that flow from the instrument’s text and its reliance on cross-references.

Compliance under this instrument is procedural: it requires correct identification of the relevant Litter Act provision, correct determination of legal personhood, and conversion of penalty units to currency using the applicable penalty-unit value specified elsewhere.

Practical compliance steps for recipients of infringement notices and for advisers

1. Identify the Act provision cited on the notice. If an infringement notice cites an offence in the Litter Act 2007, check which section and subsection are cited. Many entries in Schedule 1 require that you identify not only the subsection but also the paragraph within that subsection (for example, section 9(1)(b) rather than section 9(1) generally).

2. Cross-reference the Act’s paragraph definitions. Because Schedule 1 repeatedly ties penalties to "the kind referred to in paragraph (a) of the penalty to that section" or similar phrasing, read the corresponding paragraph in the Act to confirm that the factual conduct alleged in the notice falls within that paragraph.

3. Determine legal personhood. Establish whether the recipient of the notice is a natural person or a body corporate. Schedule 1 specifies different penalty-unit amounts depending on whether column 3 (natural person) or column 4 (body corporate) applies. The table gives the penalty-unit quantum for each.

4. Convert penalty units to a monetary amount. The instrument sets only the number of penalty units. To determine the payable sum in currency, identify the current monetary value of a penalty unit as defined in the relevant statute, regulation or administrative instrument that sets penalty unit values. The instrument itself does not provide the conversion.

5. Check commencement date and retrospective effect. The regulations commence on the day on which their making is notified in the Gazette (reg 2), and the document records Gazette notification on 9 September 2020. For an infringement notice dated before that Gazette notification, verify whether the rescinded instruments (Schedule 2) were the applicable schedule at the relevant date. The instrument does not set out transitional rules; therefore, where timing is critical, check the issuing authority’s records or legal advice.

6. For enforcement agencies and issuing officers: use the Schedule 1 mapping in templates and internal policy. Enforcement templates should require the officer to specify the Act provision and paragraph relied on, the legal status of the recipient (natural person or body corporate) and the penalty-unit quantum to be applied as per Schedule 1. Agencies should ensure that their enforcement instructions, training materials and payment processing systems are aligned with the schedule.

7. For corporate compliance programs: adjust exposure modelling. Corporate legal teams should model likely infringement risk using the penalty-unit amounts set for bodies corporate in column 4 of Schedule 1. Because column 4 often shows higher multiples compared with column 3, corporates should budget for those specified penalty-unit amounts and incorporate them in decision-making about risk mitigation and remediation.

Administrative actions and checks

• Consult the administering department for operational guidance. The instrument identifies the Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment as the administering agency. That department is the appropriate source for official guidance, policies or templates relevant to the implementation of the infringement-notice regime and any practical questions about rescission of the earlier instruments.

• Verify whether any additional administrative guidance or forms accompany the instrument. While the regulations set the penalty-unit schedule, operational materials such as infringement notice forms, payment channels, internal enforcement manuals and transitional guidance are likely to be issued by the administering department; practitioners and recipients should seek those materials.

• Keep records of the cross-reference performed. Given the need to match an Act paragraph to a Schedule 1 penalty-unit entry, defendable compliance practice includes recording the exact textual match between the alleged conduct, the paragraph in the Act, and the penalty-unit entry applied. That record will be material in any dispute about the validity or correctness of the infringement notice.

Limitations and practical caveats

• This instrument does not itself authorise or change procedural rights about challenging notices. To understand remedies, contest mechanisms, or election to go to court, consult the Litter Act 2007 itself. The instrument only sets the penalty-unit amount for notices under s 17.

• The instrument provides no conversion to monetary values. Always verify the current value of a penalty unit in force at the relevant time to determine the payable monetary amount.

Following these steps will align practical compliance with the mechanical effects of this instrument as it prescribes which offences may be dealt with by infringement notice and the penalty-unit quantum for each listed offence as between natural persons and bodies corporate.