NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA
HEALTH CARE DECISION MAKING ACT 2023
As in force at 1 August 2025
Table of provisions
Part 1 Preliminary matters
1 Short title ......................................................................................... 1
2 Commencement .............................................................................. 1
3 Purposes of Act ............................................................................... 1
4 Definitions ........................................................................................ 2
5 Presumption of capacity to make health care decisions .................. 3
6 Meaning of health care .................................................................... 3
7 Meaning of health care decision ...................................................... 4
8 Meaning of impaired decision making capacity ............................... 4
9 Meaning of willing and able ............................................................. 6
10 Application of Criminal Code ........................................................... 6
Part 2 Health care decision makers
11 Authority of health care decision maker........................................... 6
12 Scope of health care decisions ........................................................ 7
13 Hierarchy of health care decision makers ........................................ 8
14 Appropriate health care decision maker .......................................... 9
15 Multiple appointees.......................................................................... 9
16 Relinquishing authority .................................................................. 10
17 Support to adult in making health care decision ............................ 10
18 Decision making principles ............................................................ 10
19 Advance consent decision ............................................................. 12
20 Exemptions .................................................................................... 12
21 Benefit to third party ...................................................................... 13
22 Role of Public Guardian ................................................................. 14
Part 3 Administering health care
23 Initial responsibilities of health care provider ................................. 14
24 Determination of capacity .............................................................. 15
25 Routine health care ....................................................................... 16
26 Palliative care ................................................................................ 16
27 Relief from pain and distress ......................................................... 17
28 Cosmetic surgery and other treatments ......................................... 17
29 Role of health care decision makers regarding "restrictive
practices" ....................................................................................... 17
30 Restricted health care .................................................................... 20
31 Reliance on health care decision makers and others .................... 21
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 ii
32 Reliance on consent of adult with unknown impaired decision
making capacity ............................................................................. 22
33 Other responsibilities of health care provider................................. 22
34 Unnecessary health care ............................................................... 22
35 Deemed unprofessional conduct ................................................... 23
36 Other laws allowing health care without consent not affected ....... 23
37 Other rights preserved ................................................................... 23
Part 4 Urgent health care
38 Application ..................................................................................... 23
39 Urgent health care without consent ............................................... 24
Part 5 NTCAT
40 Application to NTCAT .................................................................... 24
41 Orders by NTCAT .......................................................................... 25
42 Parties ........................................................................................... 26
43 Closed proceedings ....................................................................... 26
44 Oral reasons and findings of fact ................................................... 27
45 No internal review .......................................................................... 27
Part 6 Offences
46 Disclosure of identity information ................................................... 27
47 False representation ...................................................................... 28
48 Misleading information ................................................................... 29
49 Improper exercise of authority ....................................................... 30
50 Acting without authority ................................................................. 31
51 Contravention of decision making principles.................................. 31
52 Inducing contravention of decision making principles .................... 32
53 Limitation period for prosecutions .................................................. 33
Part 7 Administrative and other matters
54 Senior Practitioner directives and approvals.................................. 33
54A Delegation ..................................................................................... 34
55 Public Guardian guidelines ............................................................ 34
56 Report to Public Guardian ............................................................. 34
57 Liability of health care providers .................................................... 35
58 Regulations.................................................................................... 35
Part 8 Repeal
59 Act repealed .................................................................................. 35
ENDNOTES
NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA
As in force at 1 August 2025
HEALTH CARE DECISION MAKING ACT 2023
An Act to govern the making of health care decisions for adults with
impaired decision making capacity, for the provision of urgent health
care without consent to both adults and children and for related
purposes
Part 1 Preliminary matters
1 Short title
This Act may be cited as the Health Care Decision Making
Act 2023.
2 Commencement
(1) Subject to subsection (2), this Act commences on the day fixed by
the Administrator by Gazette notice.
(2) If a provision of this Act does not commence before 18 May 2025, it
commences on that day.
3 Purposes of Act
The purposes of this Act are the following:
(a) to provide authority to a hierarchy of persons to make
decisions regarding the health care of an adult with impaired
decision making capacity;
(b) to include, within that hierarchy, persons with authority under
the Advance Personal Planning Act 2013 and the
Guardianship of Adults Act 2016;
(c) to establish the principles and rules for making health care
decisions, while protecting an adult's freedom of decision and
action;
Part 1 Preliminary matters
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 2
(d) to regulate the administration of certain types of health care
and prohibit or restrict the making of certain health care
decisions, in relation to an adult with impaired decision making
capacity;
(e) to provide for the administration of health care without consent
to both adults and children in urgent circumstances.
4 Definitions
In this Act:
advance care statement, see section 3 of the Advance Personal
Planning Act 2013.
advance consent decision means a health care decision set out
in an advance personal plan under the Advance Personal Planning
Act 2013.
health care, see section 6.
health care decision, see section 7.
health care decision maker means a person determined under
Part 2 with authority under this Act to make a health care decision.
health care provider means an individual who provides health
care.
impaired decision making capacity, see section 8.
Public Guardian means the Public Guardian established under
section 60 of the Guardianship of Adults Act 2016.
Senior Practitioner means the person appointed under section 9
of the National Disability Insurance Scheme (Authorisations)
Act 2019.
willing and able, see section 9.
Note for section 4
The Interpretation Act 1978 contains definitions and other provisions that may be
relevant to this Act.
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Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 3
5 Presumption of capacity to make health care decisions
An adult is presumed to have capacity to make a health care
decision unless there is evidence to the contrary.
Note for section 5
In the absence of other evidence, an adult who merely appears to have impaired
decision making capacity is still presumed not to have impaired decision making
capacity. A guardianship order could be evidence to the contrary.
6 Meaning of health care
(1) Health care means any kind of health care, including the following
services or anything provided as part of any of the following
services:
(a) services provided by a health practitioner under the Health
Practitioner Regulation National Law;
(b) hospital services;
(c) mental health services;
(d) pharmaceutical services;
(e) ambulance services;
(f) community health services;
(g) health education services;
(h) welfare services necessary to implement any services referred
to in paragraphs (a) to (g);
(i) services provided by dietitians, massage therapists,
naturopaths, social workers, speech pathologists, audiologists
or audiometrists;
(j) pathology services;
(k) the removal of tissue from an adult's body in accordance with
Part 2 of the Transplantation and Anatomy Act 1979.
(2) An assessment conducted by a health care provider for the purpose
of assessing current or future health care requirements is taken to
be a form of health care.
Example for subsection (2)
An aged care assessment made in relation to care under the Aged Care
Act 1997 (Cth).
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Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 4
7 Meaning of health care decision
(1) A health care decision is a decision whether to commence,
continue, withdraw or withhold health care for an adult.
(2) A health care decision to commence, continue, withdraw or
withhold health care made by a health care decision maker is taken
to be consent on behalf of the adult to the commencement,
continuation, withdrawal or withholding of that health care.
(3) A health care decision to not commence, not continue, not withdraw
or not withhold health care made by a health care decision maker is
taken to be refusal to consent on behalf of the adult to the
commencement, continuation, withdrawal or withholding of that
health care.
8 Meaning of impaired decision making capacity
(1) An adult has impaired decision making capacity in relation to a
health care decision if the adult's capacity to make the health care
decision is impaired.
(2) An impairment in any of the following is relevant in determining
whether an adult's capacity to make the health care decision is
impaired:
(a) understanding and retaining information relevant to the health
care decision;
(b) weighing information relevant to the health care decision in
order to make the health care decision;
(c) communicating the health care decision in some way;
(d) understanding the effect of the health care decision.
(3) For subsection (2)(a), an adult is taken to understand information
relevant to a health care decision if the adult understands an
explanation of the information given to the adult in a way that is
appropriate to the adult's circumstances, whether by using modified
language, visual aids or other means.
(4) For subsection (2)(c), an adult is taken to communicate the health
care decision if the adult communicates the decision in a way that is
appropriate to the adult's circumstances, whether by using modified
language, visual aids or other means.
(5) An adult may have impaired decision making capacity in relation to
some matters and not others.
Part 1 Preliminary matters
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 5
(6) The degree to which an adult has impaired decision making
capacity may vary over time.
(7) The cause of the impairment of the decision making capacity is
immaterial.
(8) An adult does not have impaired decision making capacity merely
because the adult:
(a) has a disability, illness or other medical condition, whether
physical or mental; or
(b) requires the use of practicable and appropriate support,
including additional time for explanation, modified language,
visual or technological aids or other means of communication;
or
(c) engages in unconventional behaviour or another form of
personal expression; or
(d) chooses a living environment or lifestyle with which other
people do not agree; or
(e) makes decisions with which other people do not agree; or
(f) does not have a particular level of fluency in English; or
(g) does not have a particular level of literacy or education; or
(h) engages in particular cultural or religious practices; or
(i) does or does not express a particular religious, political or
moral opinion; or
(j) is of a particular sexual orientation or gender identity or
expresses particular sexual preferences; or
(k) takes or took, or is or was dependent on, alcohol or drugs,
unless the alcohol or drugs are causing actual impairment in
relation to the health care decision; or
(l) engages or engaged in illegal or immoral conduct.
Examples for subsection (8)(b)
1 Using information or formats tailored to the particular needs of the adult.
2 Communicating or assisting a person to communicate the adult's decision.
3 Giving a person additional time and discussing the matter with the adult.
4 Using technology that alleviates the effects of an adult's disability.
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Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 6
9 Meaning of willing and able
A person is willing and able to make a health care decision for an
adult with impaired decision making capacity if the person:
(a) has capacity to make the decision; and
(b) is reasonably available; and
(c) is willing to make the decision; and
(d) understands the obligation to act in accordance with the
decision making principles; and
(e) has the information reasonably needed to make a balanced
decision; and
(f) has adequate time to consider that information; and
(g) understands the effect of making the decision; and
(h) is able to make the decision voluntarily and without undue
influence from any person.
Example for paragraph (b)
The person is available by telephone or video call.
10 Application of Criminal Code
Part IIAA of the Criminal Code applies to an offence against this
Act.
Note for section 10
Part IIAA of the Criminal Code states the general principles of criminal
responsibility, establishes general defences, and deals with burden of proof. It
also defines, or elaborates on, certain concepts commonly used in the creation of
offences.
Part 2 Health care decision makers
11 Authority of health care decision maker
(1) A health care decision maker has authority to make a health care
decision for an adult if:
(a) the adult has impaired decision making capacity in relation to
the health care decision; and
(b) the adult has not made an advance consent decision in an
advance personal plan in relation to the health care decision.
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Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 7
(2) A health care decision maker has no authority under this Act
regarding the following:
(a) any treatment or care ordered by the Local Court under the
Disability Services Act 1993;
(b) any treatment under the Mental Health and Related Services
Act 1998:
(i) for complex cognitive impairment or mental illness; or
(ii) of a mentally disturbed person;
(c) any neurosurgery for mental illness.
(3) In this section:
complex cognitive impairment, see section 6A of the Mental
Health and Related Services Act 1998.
mental illness, see section 6 of the Mental Health and Related
Services Act 1998.
mentally disturbed, see section 4 of the Mental Health and
Related Services Act 1998.
12 Scope of health care decisions
(1) A health care decision may be made in relation to health care to be
provided:
(a) in specified circumstances; or
(b) as a course of health care to be provided over a period of
time.
(2) Subsection (1) does not authorise a health care decision maker to
avoid responsibility by delegating a health care decision to
someone else.
Example for subsection (2)
A health care decision maker cannot decide to have someone else make the
health care decision in the future, but would allow consent to be given to a
surgeon to make immediately required decisions during surgery.
Part 2 Health care decision makers
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 8
13 Hierarchy of health care decision makers
The following persons, listed in descending order of priority, are the
potential health care decision makers for an adult with impaired
decision making capacity:
(a) a person with health care authority appointed by the adult in
an advance personal plan under the Advance Personal
Planning Act 2013 or an equivalent document under a law of a
State or another Territory;
(b) a guardian of the adult with health care authority appointed
under the Guardianship of Adults Act 2016;
(c) a relative of the adult who is considered by Aboriginal or other
customary law or tradition to be the appropriate person to be a
health care decision maker;
(d) a spouse or de facto partner of the adult who has a close and
continuing relationship with the adult;
(e) a person who is the carer of the adult and not providing that
care as a service on a commercial basis;
(f) a child of the adult who has a close and continuing
relationship with the adult;
(g) a parent of the adult who has a close and continuing
relationship with the adult;
(h) a sibling of the adult who has a close and continuing
relationship with the adult;
(i) a friend of the adult who has a close and continuing
relationship with the adult.
Notes for section 13
1 The persons specified in paragraphs (a) and (b) are appointed under other
legislation and accordingly have statutory functions. The other persons in the
section are persons with familial or other connections to the adult.
2 A friend or relative is not precluded from being a health care decision maker
because they are receiving a carer payment from the Commonwealth to be a
carer of the adult.
3 The Public Guardian may make guidelines on applying and interpreting this
section. See section 55(a).
Part 2 Health care decision makers
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 9
14 Appropriate health care decision maker
(1) If needed to make a health care decision for an adult with impaired
decision making capacity, the appropriate health care decision
maker is the person specified in section 13 who meets the following
criteria:
(a) the person has the highest priority under that section;
(b) the person is an adult;
(c) the person is willing and able to make the decision.
(2) If a guardian with health care authority is appointed for the adult
under the Guardianship of Adults Act 2016 after another person
had authority as the adult's health care decision maker, the
guardian becomes the health care decision maker instead of the
other person.
(3) If a person specified in section 13(a) or (b) exists but is not willing
and able to make a health care decision, that person must apply to
NTCAT for an order under section 41(1)(c), unless it is not
reasonably practicable to do so.
(4) The application under subsection (3) must be made as soon as
practicable.
(5) The Public Guardian is taken to be the health care decision maker
for an adult if an application is required but not made in accordance
with subsections (3) and (4).
15 Multiple appointees
(1) This section applies if 2 or more persons referred to in section 13(a)
or (b) are appointed.
(2) All of the persons appointed are considered to be the health care
decision maker and must exercise their authority in accordance with
their appointment.
Note for subsection (2)
They may be appointed to act jointly, severally or jointly and severally.
(3) If a person appointed is not willing and able to make the decision,
the remaining person or persons have authority to make the health
care decision, unless the persons are jointly appointed.
(4) If 2 or more persons who are severally appointed agree on the
health care decision, any one of them may make the decision.
Part 2 Health care decision makers
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 10
(5) If 2 or more persons who are jointly appointed do not agree on the
health care decision, none of them may make the decision.
16 Relinquishing authority
(1) A health care decision maker, other than one specified in
section 13(a) or (b), may relinquish authority under this Act at any
time for any reason.
(2) If a health care decision maker relinquishes authority, the next
person who meets the criteria of section 14(1) is the appropriate
health care decision maker.
17 Support to adult in making health care decision
(1) Before exercising authority under this Act, a health care decision
maker must make a reasonable effort to use any practicable
support appropriate to the circumstances to assist the adult in
making the health care decision.
(2) A health care decision maker may also consult other persons who
may have relevant information before exercising authority under
this Act.
18 Decision making principles
(1) This section governs the exercise of authority of a health care
decision maker to make a health care decision in relation to an
adult with impaired decision making authority.
(2) Subject to sections 20(1) and 41(1)(e), the health care decision
maker must give effect to any advance care statement, about the
health care decision, made by the adult.
(3) If no advance care statement was made about the health care
decision, the health care decision maker must exercise authority
under this Act in the way the health care decision maker believes
on reasonable grounds the adult would in the circumstances.
(4) In determining what the adult would do in the circumstances, the
health care decision maker must take into account:
(a) the adult's current and previously stated decisions, views,
wishes and objections about the matter; and
Part 2 Health care decision makers
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 11
(b) the health care decision maker's personal knowledge of the
adult.
Note for subsection (4)(a)
This would include the advance personal plan for a person with health care
authority appointed under the Advance Personal Planning Act 2013.
(5) If a health care decision maker forms a belief on reasonable
grounds regarding what the adult would do in the circumstances,
the health care decision maker must exercise authority in that way,
even if doing so may not be in the adult's best interests.
Note for subsection (5)
Certain decisions, practices and health care are restricted or limited under
sections 29 and 30.
(6) Subsection (5) does not require giving the adult addictive
substances, without therapeutic benefit, that the adult would use if
the adult had legal capacity.
(7) If a health care decision maker is unable to form a belief on
reasonable grounds regarding what the adult would do in the
circumstances, the health care decision maker must exercise
authority in the way that the decision maker believes on reasonable
grounds is in the best interests of the adult.
(8) For subsection (7), in determining what is in the best interests of the
adult, the health care decision maker must:
(a) take into account all relevant considerations; and
(b) assess those considerations by giving each of them the weight
the health care decision maker believes on reasonable
grounds is appropriate in the circumstances.
(9) Without limiting subsection (8)(a), relevant considerations regarding
the adult include the following:
(a) protecting the adult from harm, neglect, abuse and
exploitation;
(b) providing the adult with appropriate care;
(c) promoting the adult's happiness, enjoyment of life and
wellbeing;
(d) protecting the adult's freedom of decision and action;
(e) enabling the adult to be as independent as practicable;
Part 2 Health care decision makers
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 12
(f) enabling the adult to achieve the adult's maximum physical,
social, emotional and intellectual potential;
(g) enabling the adult to live in the general community and take
part in community activities;
(h) maintaining the adult's right to be treated with dignity and
respect;
(i) enabling the adult to maintain the adult's preferred living
environment and lifestyle;
(j) maintaining or creating a positive support network for the
adult;
(k) protecting the adult's property and financial resources from
loss, damage and misuse;
(l) protecting the adult's right to keep the adult's information
confidential.
(10) In determining what is appropriate in the circumstances under
subsection (8)(b), the health care decision maker must exercise
authority in a way that:
(a) is the least restrictive of the adult's freedom of decision and
action as is practicable; and
(b) provides the adult with as much support as is practicable to
make the adult's own health care decisions.
19 Advance consent decision
Subject to section 41, an advance consent decision made by an
adult has effect for all purposes as if it is a health care decision
made by a fully informed adult with capacity to make the health
care decision.
20 Exemptions
(1) A health care decision maker is not required to comply with
section 18(2) if:
(a) the adult made a subsequent written declaration stating that
the adult does not want to give effect to the advance care
statement, at a time when the adult did not have impaired
decision making capacity to make a health care decision; or
(b) there is no reasonable possibility the adult would have
intended the statement to apply in the circumstances.
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Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 13
(2) A health care decision maker is not required to comply with
section 18(2) or (3) if compliance would:
(a) be impracticable; or
(b) be unlawful; or
(c) impose a burden on another person that is so unreasonably
onerous that it is justifiable to override the adult's wishes; or
(d) be so unreasonable that it is justifiable to override the adult's
wishes.
(3) If a health care decision maker relies on subsection (1) or (2), the
health care decision maker must keep a written record of the
reasons for not complying with section 18(2) or (3), as the case
may be.
21 Benefit to third party
A health care decision maker may exercise authority under this Act
in a way that benefits a person other than the adult with impaired
decision making capacity if:
(a) the benefit to the other person is of a kind that the adult with
impaired decision making capacity:
(i) provided to the other person before their decision
making capacity became impaired; or
(ii) might reasonably be expected to provide to the other
person but for the impaired decision making capacity;
and
(b) providing the benefit to the other person:
(i) would be reasonable in the circumstances; and
(ii) would not have a significantly adverse effect on the best
interests of the adult with impaired decision making
capacity.
Example for section 21
A health care decision maker might consent to the adult with impaired decision
making capacity donating bone marrow to treat a child of the adult with
leukaemia, even though doing so may involve some risk to the adult.
Part 3 Administering health care
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 14
22 Role of Public Guardian
(1) The Public Guardian has authority to make a health care decision
for an adult if:
(a) the adult has impaired decision making capacity in relation to
the health care decision; and
(b) the adult has not made an advance consent decision in an
advance personal plan in relation to the health care decision;
and
(c) no health care decision maker meets the criteria of
section 14(1); and
(d) no application is made to NTCAT for an order under
section 41(1)(c).
(2) In addition to subsection (1), the Public Guardian has authority to
make a health care decision for an adult if:
(a) appointed as the adult's guardian with health care authority
under the Guardianship of Adults Act 2016; or
(b) appointed as a person with health care authority for the adult
under the Advance Personal Planning Act 2013; or
(c) ordered to be the health care decision maker by NTCAT under
section 41(1)(c)(i).
(3) The following provisions of this Act apply to the making of a health
care decision by the Public Guardian under subsections (1) and (2):
(a) section 15;
(b) sections 17 to 21;
(c) sections 27 to 30.
Part 3 Administering health care
23 Initial responsibilities of health care provider
(1) Before administering health care to an adult with impaired decision
making capacity, a health care provider must make reasonable
efforts in the circumstances to ascertain if the adult made an
advance consent decision in relation to the health care.
Part 3 Administering health care
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 15
(2) Subject to sections 33(2) and 41(2), a health care provider has
authority to administer health care to an adult with impaired
decision making capacity in accordance with the adult's advance
consent decision in relation to the health care, without the consent
of a health care decision maker.
Note for subsection (2)
Section 19 provides for the effect of an advance care consent decision.
(3) If after reasonable efforts the health care provider is not aware of
an advance consent decision, the health care provider must make
reasonable efforts in the circumstances to contact the appropriate
health care decision maker for the adult with impaired decision
making capacity.
(4) A health care provider must keep a written record of the provider's
efforts to comply with subsections (1) and (3).
(5) For this section, a health care provider must make reasonable
efforts to follow any guidelines issued by the Public Guardian under
section 55(b).
Note for section 23
These responsibilities are subject to Part 4 regarding administration of health
care in urgent circumstances.
24 Determination of capacity
(1) Before a health care decision maker makes a health care decision
for an adult with impaired decision making capacity, the health care
provider who would administer the health care must first determine:
(a) the extent of the adult's impairment in relation to the decision;
and
(b) whether the impairment is likely to be temporary or
permanent; and
(c) whether the health care decision maker needs to exercise
authority to make the decision in the circumstances.
(2) The determination under subsection (1) must be done in
collaboration with the health care decision maker if reasonably
practicable.
(3) If the health care provider determines the adult's impairment to be
temporary, any health care provided to the adult must be limited to
what is necessary during the expected period of impairment.
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Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 16
(4) For this section, a health care provider must make reasonable
efforts to follow any guidelines issued by the Public Guardian under
section 55(c).
25 Routine health care
(1) A health care provider may administer routine health care to an
adult with impaired decision making capacity without the consent of
a health care decision maker.
(2) Subsection (1) authorises administering routine personal hygiene
and grooming.
(3) Subsections (1) and (2) do not authorise a health care provider to
administer any health care that:
(a) is objected to by the adult; or
(b) consists of an ongoing course of treatment; or
(c) causes a significant degree of intrusion into the body of the
adult; or
(d) creates a significant risk of harm to the adult; or
(e) causes significant side-effects to the adult; or
(f) causes significant pain or distress to the adult.
(4) For this section, a health care provider must make reasonable
efforts to follow any guidelines issued by the Public Guardian under
section 55(d).
26 Palliative care
(1) A health care provider may administer palliative care to an adult
with impaired decision making capacity without the consent of, and
despite an objection from, a health care decision maker, if the adult:
(a) has an active, progressive and advanced disease; and
(b) has little or no prospect of cure and is expected to die.
(2) The health care provider must consult with the health care decision
maker before administering palliative care to an adult with impaired
decision making capacity.
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Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 17
(3) In addition to the duty in section 23, a health care provider must
have regard to any preferences and values of the adult with
impaired decision making capacity known to the health care
provider when making a decision to administer palliative care under
subsection (1).
(4) In this section:
palliative care means reasonable treatment for the relief of pain,
suffering and distress provided to an adult:
(a) with an active, progressive and advanced disease; and
(b) who has little or no prospect of cure; and
(c) who is expected to die; and
(d) for whom the primary goal is to optimise the quality of life.
27 Relief from pain and distress
(1) A health care decision maker must exercise their authority to
ensure that an adult with impaired decision making capacity does
not needlessly suffer significant pain or distress.
(2) A health care provider may administer health care that provides
relief to an adult with impaired decision making capacity from
significant pain or distress without the consent of, and despite an
objection from, a health care decision maker.
28 Cosmetic surgery and other treatments
A health care decision maker has authority to consent to the
administration of cosmetic surgery, botulinum toxin injections or
body piercing to an adult with impaired decision making capacity if:
(a) the procedure is justified as health care; or
(b) both of the following apply:
(i) the adult gave explicit directions to have the procedure
before their decision making capacity became impaired;
(ii) the procedure carries a low risk of harm to the adult.
29 Role of health care decision makers regarding "restrictive
practices"
(1) A health care decision maker has no authority to consent to any
practice or health care that has the effect of restricting the rights or
freedom of movement of an adult with impaired decision making
Part 3 Administering health care
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 18
capacity in relation to that practice or health care, including, but not
limited to, the following:
(a) seclusion of an adult in a room or place where voluntary exit is
prevented or where it is implied that voluntary exit is not
permitted;
(b) chemical restraint of an adult for the primary purpose of
influencing the adult's behaviour;
(c) mechanical restraint of an adult to prevent, restrict or subdue
the adult's movement for the primary purpose of influencing
the adult's behaviour;
(d) physical restraint of an adult by physical force to prevent,
restrict or subdue movement of the adult's body, or part of
their body, for the primary purpose of influencing their
behaviour;
(e) environmental restraint of an adult preventing free access to
their preferred activities or to all parts of their environment,
including their personal belongings or other items.
(2) Despite subsection (1), a health care decision maker has authority
to consent to the following practices or health care being
administered by a health care provider:
(a) the use of drugs or chemicals if:
(i) they are used for the treatment of, or to enable the
treatment of, a diagnosed illness, injury or other organic
malfunction; and
(ii) they are the least restrictive method of treatment in the
circumstances;
(b) the use of a hands-on technique to restrain an adult if:
(i) used to prevent potential injury or harm to the adult or
others; and
(ii) used in a manner consistent with reasonable care of the
adult; and
(iii) it is the least restrictive method of prevention in the
circumstances;
Part 3 Administering health care
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 19
(c) seclusion as mentioned in subsection (1)(a) if:
(i) it is reasonably required to assist in the management of
the adult; and
(ii) used in a manner consistent with reasonable care of the
adult; and
(iii) it is the least restrictive method of prevention in the
circumstances;
(d) a practice expressly approved by, or allowed by a directive
issued by, the Senior Practitioner under section 54;
(e) a practice or health care expressly approved in relation to a
particular adult by:
(i) if the adult is receiving health care at a public hospital –
the medical practitioner who is director of medical
services for the hospital; or
(ii) if the adult is receiving health care at a private hospital –
the medical practitioner who is the manager of the
hospital under the Private Hospitals Act 1981;
(f) a practice or health care:
(i) otherwise permitted by section 25; or
(ii) authorised or required under another law of the Territory;
or
(iii) prescribed by regulation.
(3) An approval of a particular practice or health care in relation to a
particular adult under subsection (2)(e):
(a) has effect for a period of no longer than 72 hours, as specified
in the approval; and
(b) cannot be reapproved.
(4) In administering any practice or health care mentioned in this
section, a health care provider must make reasonable efforts to
follow any directives issued by the Senior Practitioner under
section 54.
Note for section 29
An advance consent decision may be made about a matter to which this section
applies.
Part 3 Administering health care
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 20
30 Restricted health care
(1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), a health care decision maker
has no authority in relation to the following:
(a) sterilisation;
(b) termination of a pregnancy;
(c) removal of non-regenerative tissue, as defined in section 4 of
the Transplantation and Anatomy Act 1979, for transplantation
into another person;
(d) special medical research or experimental health care that:
(i) relates to a condition the adult has or to which the adult
has a significant risk of being exposed; or
(ii) is intended to gain knowledge for use in the diagnosis,
maintenance or treatment of a condition the adult has or
had;
(e) health care that is not yet accepted as evidence-based or best
practice by a substantial number of health care providers
specialising in the relevant area of health care;
(f) electroconvulsive therapy;
(g) any treatment that involves the use of an aversive stimulus,
whether mechanical, chemical, physical or otherwise;
(h) any procedure prescribed by regulation.
(2) A health care decision maker has authority to consent to the
administration of a procedure referred to in subsection (1)(a) or (b)
to an adult if:
(a) the primary reason for the procedure is to treat an illness,
injury or other organic malfunction; and
(b) serious or irreversible damage to the adult's health is likely
unless the procedure is performed.
Part 3 Administering health care
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 21
(3) Subsection (1)(d) does not prohibit research (including
psychological research), a clinical trial or the collection of
information:
(a) that is:
(i) approved by a Human Research Ethics Committee
registered with the National Health and Medical
Research Council; and
(ii) conducted in accordance with any human research
guidelines made under section 10 of the National Health
and Medical Research Council Act 1992 (Cth); or
(b) that is prescribed by regulation.
Note for section 30
An advance consent decision may be made about a matter to which this section
applies.
31 Reliance on health care decision makers and others
(1) A health care provider who administers health care to an adult is
taken, for all purposes, to have the consent of the adult in relation
to that health care, if the health care provider:
(a) believes on reasonable grounds the adult has impaired
decision making capacity in relation to making a health care
decision; and
(b) relies on the consent to the health care or a health care
decision given by:
(i) the adult in an advance consent decision; or
(ii) another person whom the health care provider believes
on reasonable grounds to be the appropriate health care
decision maker for the adult; or
(iii) the Public Guardian under section 22; or
(iv) NTCAT under section 41(1)(c) or (d).
(2) For subsection (1)(b)(i), the health care provider may rely on an
advance consent decision that NTCAT previously ordered to be
disregarded if the health care provider does not know, and could
not reasonably be expected to know, about the order.
(3) Subsection (1) has effect even if administering the health care will
hasten the death of the adult.
Part 3 Administering health care
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 22
32 Reliance on consent of adult with unknown impaired decision
making capacity
(1) A health care provider who administers health care to an adult is
taken, for all purposes, to have the consent of the adult in relation
to that health care if:
(a) the health care provider relies in good faith on consent
purportedly given by the adult; and
(b) the adult has impaired decision making capacity in relation to
making a decision about the health care; and
(c) the health care provider does not know, and could not
reasonably be expected to know, that the adult has impaired
decision making capacity in relation to a decision about the
health care.
(2) Subsection (1) has effect even if administering the health care will
hasten the death of the adult.
33 Other responsibilities of health care provider
(1) Nothing in this Act affects any other duty of care owed by a health
care provider to a person.
(2) Nothing in this Act relieves a health care provider from the
requirement to comply with any of the following in administering
health care under this Act:
(a) another law of the Territory;
(b) any requirements applicable to the health care provider by any
relevant professional organisation;
(c) any operational requirements for the administration of the
health care.
34 Unnecessary health care
Nothing in this Act requires a health care provider to administer
health care that is extraordinary, excessively burdensome, intrusive
or futile.
Part 4 Urgent health care
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 23
35 Deemed unprofessional conduct
A health care provider's conduct constitutes unprofessional conduct
for the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law and any other
law prescribed by regulation if:
(a) the health care provider believes on reasonable grounds that
an adult has impaired decision making capacity to make a
health care decision; and
(b) administering the health care requires a health care decision
made in accordance with this Act; and
(c) the health care provider administers the health care to the
adult without that health care decision.
36 Other laws allowing health care without consent not affected
This Act does not affect the operation of any other law of the
Territory that allows a person to administer health care to another
person without that other person's consent.
Example for section 36
Part 3 of the Mental Health and Related Services Act 1998.
37 Other rights preserved
(1) This Act does not affect any right of an adult with capacity to make
a health care decision.
(2) This Act does not affect the common law relating to the recognition
of an adult's instructions about their health care that are given other
than in an advance personal plan.
Part 4 Urgent health care
38 Application
(1) This Part applies in relation to the administration of health care to
both adults and children.
(2) Parts 2 and 3 are subject to this Part and if a provision of those
Parts is inconsistent with this Part, this Part prevails to the extent of
the inconsistency.
Part 5 NTCAT
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 24
39 Urgent health care without consent
(1) A health care provider may administer health care to an individual
without the consent of the individual or any other person if the
health care provider believes on reasonable grounds that:
(a) the health care is necessary, as a matter of urgency to:
(i) save the individual's life; or
(ii) prevent serious damage to the individual's health; or
(iii) prevent the individual suffering, or continuing to suffer,
from significant pain or distress; and
(b) the individual has impaired decision making capacity in
relation to the health care; and
(c) it is not practicable to delay the health care to obtain or
attempt to obtain consent from:
(i) if the impaired decision making capacity is temporary –
the individual; or
(ii) a health care decision maker; and
(d) the health care is limited to what is necessary, as a matter of
urgency.
(2) Subsection (1) does not authorise a health care provider to
administer health care to an individual if the health care provider is
aware the individual has refused that health care by way of:
(a) an advance consent decision; or
(b) a previously informed refusal when the individual did not have
impaired decision making capacity.
Part 5 NTCAT
40 Application to NTCAT
(1) An application may be made to NTCAT for an order under
section 41 by the following persons:
(a) a health care provider who has the care of, or is administering
health care to, an adult;
(b) the health care decision maker for an adult;
Part 5 NTCAT
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 25
(c) the Public Guardian;
(d) any other person who NTCAT is satisfied has a special
interest in the affairs of the adult.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), an application must be commenced as
soon as practicable.
(3) An application on the grounds that a health care decision maker
made or is making a health care decision contrary to the wishes of
an adult must be filed without delay after the applicant forms a
reasonable belief of those grounds.
Note for subsection (3)
The application should be filed within a day of forming the belief if possible.
41 Orders by NTCAT
(1) NTCAT may, by order, do one or more of the following:
(a) limit or vary a health care decision or the authority of a health
care decision maker to make a health care decision under this
Act;
(b) decide who is the appropriate health care decision maker for
an adult with impaired decision making capacity;
(c) if a person specified in section 13(a) or (b) is not willing or able
to make a health care decision:
(i) determine who should be the health care decision
maker; or
(ii) make the health care decision itself;
(d) approve or allow any practice or health care for which a health
care decision maker has no authority under section 29 or 30;
(e) subject to subsection (2), disregard an advance consent
decision;
(f) provide for any related matter it considers necessary.
(2) NTCAT may order that an advance consent decision be
disregarded only if satisfied that:
(a) there is no reasonable possibility that the adult would have
intended the advance consent decision to apply in the
circumstances; or
Part 5 NTCAT
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 26
(b) the advance consent decision was not an informed decision;
or
(c) giving effect to the advance consent decision:
(i) would cause the adult unacceptable pain and suffering;
or
(ii) would otherwise be so wholly unreasonable that it is
justifiable to override the adult's wishes.
(3) NTCAT may make an order under subsection (1) on application or
on its own initiative.
(4) The authority to make orders under this section comes within
NTCAT's original jurisdiction.
(5) NTCAT must act in accordance with the decision making principles
in section 18 when making a health care decision.
42 Parties
(1) The following persons are parties to any proceeding before NTCAT
under this Act:
(a) the adult to whom the health care is to be administered or for
whom the health care decision is to be made;
(b) any person who commenced the proceeding;
(c) any health care decision maker who is the subject of the
proceeding;
(d) any person whose selection as a health care decision maker
is the subject of the proceeding.
(2) The Public Guardian may intervene in any proceeding before
NTCAT under this Act in which it is not a party.
43 Closed proceedings
(1) Despite section 60 of the Northern Territory Civil and Administrative
Tribunal Act 2014 but subject to subsection (2):
(a) a proceeding under this Part is not open to the public and
must be heard in private; and
(b) information that identifies, or is likely to lead to the
identification of, an adult who is the subject of the proceeding
must not be published.
Part 6 Offences
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 27
(2) If satisfied that it is in the public interest, NTCAT may, by order:
(a) open to the public a proceeding under this Part; and
(b) authorise publication of information prohibited under
subsection (1)(b).
44 Oral reasons and findings of fact
(1) Despite section 105(2) of the Northern Territory Civil and
Administrative Tribunal Act 2014, NTCAT may give the reasons for
a decision and any relevant findings of fact in any proceeding orally
to the parties to the proceeding.
(2) If requested by a party, NTCAT must give the reasons in writing to
the parties within 28 days after the day the request is made.
(3) A request referred to in subsection (2) must be made within 28 days
after the day the reasons are given orally.
(4) The President of NTCAT may extend the time limits in
subsections (2) and (3).
45 No internal review
Section 140(1) of the Northern Territory Civil and Administrative
Tribunal Act 2014 does not apply in relation to a decision of NTCAT
under this Act.
Part 6 Offences
46 Disclosure of identity information
A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person intentionally engages in conduct; and
(b) the conduct results in the disclosure of information that
identifies, or is likely to lead to the identification of, an adult
who is the subject of a proceeding under Part 5; and
(c) the disclosure is not:
(i) authorised by an order of NTCAT; or
(ii) for a purpose connected with the administration of this
Act, including a legal proceeding arising out of the
operation of this Act; or
Part 6 Offences
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 28
(iii) to a person who is otherwise entitled to the information;
and
(d) the person is reckless in relation to the result and
circumstances referred to in paragraph (b) and (c).
Maximum penalty: 200 penalty units or imprisonment for
2 years.
Note for section 46
In addition to the circumstances specified in this section, a person who discloses
information specified in this section will not be criminally responsible for an
offence if the disclosure is justified or excused by or under a law (see
section 43BE of the Criminal Code).
47 False representation
(1) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person intentionally represents, by words or conduct, that
the person or another person:
(i) is a health care decision maker; or
(ii) is a health care decision maker with authority for a
particular matter; and
(b) the representation is false and the person has knowledge of
that circumstance.
Maximum penalty: 200 penalty units or imprisonment for
2 years.
(2) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person represents, by words or conduct, that the person or
another person:
(i) is a health care decision maker; or
(ii) is a health care decision maker with authority for a
particular matter; and
(b) the representation is false and the person has knowledge of
that circumstance; and
(c) the person engages in the conduct mentioned in paragraph (a)
with the intention of obtaining a benefit for the person or
another person.
Maximum penalty: Imprisonment for 7 years.
Part 6 Offences
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 29
(3) Subsection (2)(c) is the fault element for the conduct in
subsection (2)(a).
48 Misleading information
(1) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person intentionally gives information to another person;
and
(b) the other person is:
(i) the Public Guardian; or
(ii) the Senior Practitioner; or
(iii) a member of NTCAT; or
(iv) a health care provider; or
(v) a health care decision maker; or
(vi) a person acting under the authority of a person specified
in subparagraph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) or (v); and
(c) the information is misleading and the person has knowledge of
that circumstance; and
(d) the other person is acting in an official capacity and the person
has knowledge of that circumstance.
Maximum penalty: 400 penalty units or imprisonment for
2 years.
(2) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person intentionally gives a document to another person;
and
(b) the other person is:
(i) the Public Guardian; or
(ii) the Senior Practitioner; or
(iii) a member of NTCAT; or
(iv) a health care provider; or
(v) a health care decision maker; or
Part 6 Offences
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 30
(vi) a person acting under the authority of a person specified
in subparagraph (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) or (v); and
(c) the document contains misleading information and the person
has knowledge of that circumstance; and
(d) the other person is acting in an official capacity and the person
has knowledge of that circumstance.
Maximum penalty: 400 penalty units or imprisonment for
2 years.
(3) Strict liability applies to subsections (1)(b) and (2)(b).
(4) It is a defence to a prosecution for an offence against
subsection (1) or (2) if the defendant, when giving the information or
document:
(a) draws the misleading aspect of the information or document to
the other person's attention; and
(b) to the extent to which the defendant can reasonably do so –
gives the other person the information necessary to remedy
the misleading aspect of the information or document.
Note for subsection (4)
The defendant has an evidential burden in relation to the matters mentioned (see
section 43BU of the Criminal Code).
(5) In this section:
acting in an official capacity means exercising powers or
performing functions under, or otherwise related to the
administration of, this Act.
49 Improper exercise of authority
(1) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person intentionally engages in conduct; and
(b) the conducts purports to be the exercise of authority as a
health care decision maker for an adult; and
(c) the adult does not have impaired decision making capacity for
that health care decision and the person is reckless in relation
to that circumstance.
Maximum penalty: 400 penalty units or imprisonment for
5 years.
Part 6 Offences
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 31
(2) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person engages in conduct; and
(b) the conducts purports to be the exercise of authority as a
health care decision maker for an adult; and
(c) the adult does not have impaired decision making capacity for
that health care decision and the person is reckless in relation
to that circumstance; and
(d) the person engages in the conduct mentioned in paragraph (a)
with the intention obtaining a benefit for the person or another
person.
Maximum penalty: 400 penalty units or imprisonment for
7 years.
(3) Subsection (2)(d) is the fault element for the conduct in
subsection (2)(a).
(4) Strict liability applies to subsections (1)(b) and (2)(b).
50 Acting without authority
(1) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person intentionally makes a health care decision; and
(b) the health care decision is in relation to an adult with impaired
decision making capacity; and
(c) the person is not a health care decision maker and the person
is reckless in relation to that circumstance.
Maximum penalty: 400 penalty units or imprisonment for
5 years.
(2) Strict liability applies to subsection (1)(b).
51 Contravention of decision making principles
(1) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person is a health care decision maker; and
(b) the person intentionally engages in conduct in the exercise of
the decision maker's authority as a health care decision
maker; and
Part 6 Offences
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 32
(c) the conduct results in a contravention of section 18 and the
decision maker is reckless in relation to that result; and
(d) the conduct is not exempted by section 20.
Maximum penalty: 400 penalty units or imprisonment for
5 years.
(2) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person is a health care decision maker; and
(b) the person engages in conduct in the exercise of the decision
maker's authority as a decision maker; and
(c) the conduct results in a contravention of section 18 and the
decision maker is reckless in relation to that result; and
(d) the person engages in the conduct mentioned in paragraph (a)
with the intention obtaining a benefit for the person or another
person; and
(e) the conduct is not exempted by section 20.
Maximum penalty: 400 penalty units or imprisonment for
7 years.
(3) Subsection (2)(d) is the fault element for the conduct in
subsection (2)(b).
(4) Strict liability applies to subsections (1)(d) and (2)(e).
52 Inducing contravention of decision making principles
(1) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person intentionally engages in conduct; and
(b) the conduct induces a health care decision maker to
contravene section 18 and the person has intention in relation
to that result; and
(c) the result is not exempted by section 20.
Maximum penalty: 400 penalty units or imprisonment for
5 years.
(2) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person engages in conduct; and
Part 7 Administrative and other matters
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 33
(b) the conduct induces a health care decision maker to
contravene section 18 and the person has intention in relation
to that result; and
(c) the person engages in the conduct mentioned in paragraph (a)
with the intention of obtaining a benefit for the person or
another person; and
(d) the result is not exempted by section 20.
Maximum penalty: 400 penalty units or imprisonment for
7 years.
(3) Subsection (2)(c) is the fault element for the conduct in
subsection (2)(a).
(4) Strict liability applies to subsections (1)(c) and (2)(d).
53 Limitation period for prosecutions
(1) Proceedings for an offence against this Act may not be brought
later than 2 years after the day on which the offence was
committed.
(2) A proceeding for an offence may be brought after the end of the
limitation period in subsection (1) if:
(a) fresh evidence relevant to the offence is discovered; and
(b) the court of competent jurisdiction is satisfied that the
evidence could not reasonably have been discovered within
the limitation period.
(3) For subsection (1), if an offence is committed on more than 1 day,
the period of time is to be counted from the last day.
Part 7 Administrative and other matters
54 Senior Practitioner directives and approvals
(1) The Senior Practitioner may, in consultation with the Public
Guardian, issue the following:
(a) general directives regarding the use of a practice referred to in
section 29(1);
(b) directives expressly allowing the use of a practice for which a
health care decision maker would otherwise have no authority
to consent to under section 29.
Part 7 Administrative and other matters
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 34
(2) The Senior Practitioner may approve the use, for a particular adult,
of a practice to which a health care decision maker has no authority
to consent under section 29, with or without conditions.
54A Delegation
(1) The Senior Practitioner may delegate the Senior Practitioner's
powers and functions under this Act to a public sector employee.
(2) The Senior Practitioner must be satisfied that the employee has the
qualifications, clinical experience and personal qualities necessary
to exercise the Senior Practitioner's powers and perform the Senior
Practitioner's functions.
55 Public Guardian guidelines
The Public Guardian may make guidelines for this Act in relation to
the following:
(a) how to apply and interpret section 13, including determining
the appropriate health care decision maker when more than
one person may be the appropriate health care decision
maker;
(b) satisfying the duty of a health care provider under section 23;
(c) determining capacity under section 24;
(d) administering routine health care under section 25;
(e) making health care decisions generally under this Act.
56 Report to Public Guardian
A health care provider must give written notice to the Public
Guardian of any instance when:
(a) the health care provider is aware of the health care decision
maker refusing to consent to significant treatment for an adult
with impaired decision making capacity; and
(b) the health care provider believes on reasonable grounds that
the health care decision maker does not know, and cannot
infer, the wishes and views of the adult with impaired decision
making capacity.
Note for section 56
The Public Guardian has powers under the Guardianship of Adults Act 2016 to
take action if appropriate in the circumstances.
Part 8 Repeal
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 35
57 Liability of health care providers
A health care provider who, in good faith and without negligence,
administers or does not administer health care to a person in
accordance with this Act and believes on reasonable grounds that
the requirements of this Act have been complied with is not:
(a) guilty of an offence; or
(b) liable for unprofessional conduct or professional misconduct;
or
(c) liable in any civil proceeding; or
(d) liable for contravention of any code of conduct.
58 Regulations
(1) The Administrator may make regulations under this Act.
Note for subsection (1)
See section 65 of the Interpretation Act 1978.
(2) The Regulations may apply, adopt or incorporate, with or without
changes, the whole or part of a document as in force or existing at
a particular time or from time to time.
Part 8 Repeal
59 Act repealed
The Emergency Medical Operations Act 1973 (Act No. 45, 1973) is
repealed.
ENDNOTES
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 36
ENDNOTES
1 KEY Key to abbreviations
amd = amended od = order
app = appendix om = omitted
bl = by-law pt = Part
ch = Chapter r = regulation/rule
cl = clause rem = remainder
div = Division renum = renumbered
exp = expires/expired rep = repealed
f = forms s = section
Gaz = Gazette sch = Schedule
hdg = heading sdiv = Subdivision
ins = inserted SL = Subordinate Legislation
lt = long title sub = substituted
nc = not commenced
2 LIST OF LEGISLATION
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 (Act No. 19, 2023)
Assent date 17 August 2023
Commenced 1 July 2024 (Gaz G13, 20 June 2024, p 2)
Attorney-General Legislation Amendment Act 2025 (Act No. 14, 2025)
Assent date 6 June 2025
Commenced 1 August 2025 (Gaz G14, 10 July 2025, p 1)
3 LIST OF AMENDMENTS
s 54A ins No. 14, 2025, s 4
pt 9 hdg rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
pt 9
div 1 hdg rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
pt 9
div 1
sdiv 1 hdg rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
ss 60 – 75 rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
pt 9
div 1
sdiv 2 hdg rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
ss 76 – 78 rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
pt 9
div 2 hdg rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
pt 9
div 2 rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
sdiv 1 hdg rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
ss 79 – 86 rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
pt 9
div 2
sdiv 2 hdg rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
ss 87 – 88 rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
ENDNOTES
Health Care Decision Making Act 2023 37
pt 9
div 3 hdg rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
ss 89 – 100 rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
pt 9
div 4 hdg rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
ss 101 – 102 rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
pt 9
div 5 hdg rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
ss 103 – 109 rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
pt 9
div 6 hdg rep No. 19, 2023, s 110
s 110 rep No. 19, 2023, s 110