Gene Technology Regulations 2021

Version No. 002

Gene Technology Regulations 2021

S.R. No. 94/2021

Version incorporating amendments as at
17 June 2025

TABLE OF PROVISIONS

Regulation Page

Part 1—Preliminary 1

1 Objective 1

1A Authorising provision 1

2 Commencement 1

2A Revocations 2

3 Definitions 2

3A Numbering 6

3B Notes 7

Part 2—Interpretation and general operation 8

4 Techniques not constituting gene technology 8

4A Organisms that are genetically modified organisms 8

5 Organisms that are not genetically modified organisms 8

Part 2A—Gene Technology Regulator 9

5A Functions of the Regulator 9

Part 3—Dealings with GMOs 10

Division 1—Licensing system 10

6 Dealings exempt from licensing 10

7 Application for licence—prescribed fee 10

8 Time limit for deciding an application 10

9 Prescribed authorities 13

9A Risks posed by dealings proposed to be authorised by licence 14

10 Risk assessment—matters to be taken into account 14

11 Prescribed conditions of licence 15

11A Time limit for deciding variation application 15

Division 2—Notifiable low risk dealings 16

12 Notifiable low risk dealings 16

13 Requirements for undertaking notifiable low risk dealings 16

13B Requirements for Institutional Biosafety Committees about records of assessments of notifiable low risk dealing proposals 19

13C Information to be kept or given to the Regulator by persons or accredited organisations 20

Division 3—Certification and accreditation 22

14 Regulator to decide certification application within 90 days 22

15 Application for certification—failure to provide section 85 information 22

16 Regulator to decide accreditation application within 90 days 22

17 Application for accreditation—failure to provide section 93 information 23

Part 4—Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee 24

Division 1—Conditions of appointment 24

18 GTTAC members and advisers—term of appointment 24

19 GTTAC members and advisers—resignation 24

20 GTTAC members—disclosure of interests 24

21 GTTAC members and advisers—termination of appointment 24

22 GTTAC members—leave of absence 24

23 Expert advisers—disclosure of interests 25

Division 2—Committee procedures 25

24 Committee procedures generally 25

25 Committee meetings 25

26 Presiding member 25

27 Quorum 25

28 Voting 26

29 Records and Reports 26

Division 3—Subcommittees 26

30 Operation of subcommittees 26

Part 5—Ethics and Community Committee 27

31 Ethics and Community Committee—conditions of appointment 27

32 Ethics and Community Committee—Committee procedures 27

33 Ethics and Community Committee—operation of subcommittees 27

Part 7—Miscellaneous 28

37 Reviewable State decisions 28

38 Review of decisions 28

39 Record of GMO Dealings 28

40 Inspector identity card 29

Schedule 1A—Techniques that are not gene technology 30

Schedule 1B—Organisms that are genetically modified organisms 31

Schedule 1—Organisms that are not genetically modified organisms 32

Schedule 2—Dealings exempt from licensing 34

Schedule 3—Notifiable low risk dealings in relation to a GMO 42

═════════════

Endnotes 56

1 General information 56

2 Table of Amendments 58

3 Explanatory details 59

Version No. 002

Gene Technology Regulations 2021

S.R. No. 94/2021

Version incorporating amendments as at
17 June 2025

Part 1—Preliminary

1 Objective

The objective of these Regulations is to prescribe those matters that are—

(a) required or permitted by the Gene Technology Act 2001 to be prescribed; and

(b) necessary or convenient to be prescribed for carrying out or giving effect to that Act.

Note

This regulation differs from regulation 1 of the Commonwealth Regulations.

1A Authorising provision

These Regulations are made under section 193 of the Gene Technology Act 2001.

Note

This regulation does not appear in the Commonwealth Regulations.

2 Commencement

These Regulations come into operation on 29 August 2021.

2A Revocations

The following regulations are revoked—

(a) the Gene Technology Regulations 2011[1];

(b) the Gene Technology Amendment Regulations 2016[2];

(c) the Gene Technology Amendment Regulations 2019[3].

Note

This regulation does not appear in the Commonwealth Regulations.

3 Definitions

In these Regulations—

Act means the Gene Technology Act 2001;

Note

This definition differs from the definition of Act in regulation 3 of the Commonwealth Regulations.

advantage, in relation to an organism that is genetically modified, means a superior ability in its modified form, relative to the unmodified parent organism, to survive, reproduce or otherwise contribute to the gene pool;

animal includes every kind of organism in the animal kingdom, including non-vertebrates but not including human beings;

characterised means—

(a) in relation to a nucleic acid—the nucleic acid has been sequenced and there is an understanding of potential gene products or potential functions of the nucleic acid; or

(b) in relation to a genetic modification—the gene or genomic region which is modified has been sequenced and there is an understanding of—

(i) potential gene products or potential functions of the gene or genomic region; and

(ii) the likely effect of the genetic modification on the gene products or functions;

code for, for Schedule 2, has the meaning given in Part 3 of that Schedule;

Commonwealth Regulations means the Gene Technology Regulations 2001 of the Commonwealth;

Note

This definition does not appear in regulation 3 of the Commonwealth Regulations.

expert adviser means—

(a) in Part 4—an expert adviser appointed under section 102(1) of the Commonwealth Act; and

(b) in Part 5—an expert adviser appointed under section 112(1) of the Commonwealth Act;

genetically modified laboratory guinea pig means a laboratory strain of guinea pig of the species Cavia porcellus that has been modified by gene technology;

genetically modified laboratory mouse means a laboratory strain of mouse of the species Mus musculus that has been modified by gene technology;

genetically modified laboratory rabbit means a laboratory strain of rabbit of the species Oryctolagus cuniculus that has been modified by gene technology;

genetically modified laboratory rat means a laboratory strain of rat of either the species Rattus rattus or Rattus norvegicus that has been modified by gene technology;

host/vector system has a meaning affected by clause 2.1(3) of Schedule 2;

infectious agent means an agent that is capable of entering, surviving in, multiplying, and potentially causing disease in, a susceptible host;

inspector means a person appointed by the Regulator under section 150 of the Act as an inspector;

known means known within the scientific community;

non‑conjugative plasmid, for Schedule 2, has the meaning given in Part 3 of that Schedule;

non‑vector system has the meaning given in Part 3 of Schedule 2;

nucleic acid means either, or both, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), or ribonucleic acid (RNA), of any length;

oncogenic modification means a genetic modification capable of contributing to tumour formation, including modifications that cause at least one of the following—

(a) defects in DNA proofreading and repair;

(b) defects in chromosome maintenance;

(c) defects in cell cycle checkpoint mechanisms;

(d) uncontrolled cell proliferation;

(e) resistance to apoptosis;

(f) cellular immortalisation;

packaging cell line means an animal or human cell line that contains a gene or genes that when expressed in trans are necessary and sufficient to complement packaging defects of a replication defective viral vector in order to produce packaged replication defective virions;

pathogenic, in relation to an organism, means having the capacity to cause disease or abnormality;

pathogenic determinant means a characteristic that has the potential to increase the capacity of a host or vector to cause disease or abnormality;

physical containment level, followed by a numeral, is a specified containment level under guidelines made by the Regulator, under section 90 of the Act, for the certification of facilities;

plasmid means a DNA molecule capable of autonomous replication and stable extra‑chromosomal maintenance in a host cell;

shot‑gun cloning means the production of a large random collection of cloned fragments of nucleic acid from which genes of interest can later be selected;

toxin means a substance that is toxic to any vertebrate;

toxin‑producing organism means an organism producing toxin with an LD50 of less than 100 micrograms per kilogram;

transduce, in relation to a viral vector or viral particle, means enter an intact cell by interaction of the viral particle with the cell membrane.

Note

Several other words and expressions used in these Regulations have the meaning given by section 10, or another provision, of the Act. For example—

• accredited organisation

• deal with

• environment

• Ethics and Community Committee

• facility

• Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee

• GMO

• Institutional Biosafety Committee

• intentional release of the GMO into the environment (see section 11)

• notifiable low risk dealing

• Regulator.

3A Numbering

(1) In order to maintain consistent numbering between these Regulations and the Commonwealth Regulations—

(a) if the Commonwealth Regulations contain a regulation that is not required in these Regulations, the regulation number and heading to the regulation appearing in the Commonwealth Regulations are included in these Regulations despite the omission of the body of the regulation; and

(b) if these Regulations contain a regulation that is not included in the Commonwealth Regulations, the regulation is numbered so as to maintain consistency in numbering between regulations common to both Regulations.

(2) A regulation number and heading referred to in subregulation (1)(a) form part of these Regulations.

Notes

1 A note appears under each heading of a kind referred to in subregulation (1)(a) describing the omitted regulation of the Commonwealth Regulations.

2 A note appears under each regulation of a kind referred to in subregulation (1)(b) highlighting the non‑appearance of an equivalent regulation in the Commonwealth Regulations.

3 This regulation does not appear in the Commonwealth Regulations.

3B Notes

Notes do not form part of these Regulations.

Note

This regulation does not appear in the Commonwealth Regulations.

Part 2—Interpretation and general operation

4 Techniques not constituting gene technology

For the purposes of paragraph (c) of the definition of gene technology in section 10(1) of the Act, gene technology does not include a technique mentioned in Schedule 1A.

4A Organisms that are genetically modified organisms

For the purposes of paragraph (c) of the definition of genetically modified organism in section 10(1) of the Act, an organism is a genetically modified organism if an item in Schedule 1B applies to the organism.

5 Organisms that are not genetically modified organisms

For the purposes of paragraph (e) of the definition of genetically modified organism in section 10(1) of the Act, an organism is not a genetically modified organism if—

(a) one or more items of Schedule 1 apply to the organism; and

(b) the organism has not been modified by gene technology except for any modifications described in those items; and

(c) the organism has not inherited any traits from an organism (the initial organism), being traits that occurred in the initial organism because of gene technology, except as described in item 9 of Schedule 1; and

(d) none of the items of Schedule 1B apply to the organism.

Part 2A—Gene Technology Regulator

5A Functions of the Regulator

Note to reg. 5A substituted by S.R. No. 51/2025 reg. 4.

Note

Regulation 5A of the Commonwealth Regulations sets out the Regulator's functions of—

(a) making inspectors available to be appointed as inspectors under the National Health Security Act 2007 of the Commonwealth; and

(b) making inspectors available to undertake inspections and audits, in relation to the containment of poliovirus, of laboratories in Australia that hold poliovirus.

Part 3—Dealings with GMOs

Division 1—Licensing system

6 Dealings exempt from licensing

(1) For the purposes of section 32(3) of the Act, a dealing, in relation to a GMO, is an exempt dealing if—

(a) it is a dealing of a kind referred to in Part 1 of Schedule 2; and

(b) it does not involve a genetic modification other than a modification described in Part 1 of Schedule 2; and

(d) it does not involve an intentional release of the GMO into the environment.

(2) For the avoidance of doubt, exemption under subregulation (1) does not apply to a dealing that does not comply with subregulation (1), whether or not that dealing is related to a dealing that does so comply.

Notes

1 A dealing affected by this regulation could be any of the forms of dealing mentioned in the definition of deal with in section 10(1) of the Act.

2 Exemption from provisions of the Act does not preclude the application of other Commonwealth and State laws.

7 Application for licence—prescribed fee

Note

At the commencement of these Regulations, no application fee is prescribed under section 40(6) of the Act.

8 Time limit for deciding an application

(1) For the purposes of section 43(3) of the Act, the period within which the Regulator must issue, or refuse to issue, a licence is—

(a) in relation to an application to which Division 3 of Part 5 of the Act applies—90 days after the day the application is received by the Regulator; or

(b) in relation to an application to which Division 4 of Part 5 of the Act applies—

(i) for a limited and controlled release application for which the Regulator is satisfied that the dealings proposed to be authorised by the licence do not pose significant risks to the health and safety of people or to the environment—150 days after the day the application is received by the Regulator; and

(ii) for a limited and controlled release application for which the Regulator is satisfied that at least one of the dealings proposed to be authorised by the licence may pose significant risks to the health and safety of people or to the environment—170 days after the day the application is received by the Regulator; and

(iii) in any other case—255 days after the day the application is received by the Regulator.

(2) For the purpose of determining the end of a period mentioned in subregulation (1), the following days are not counted—

(a) a Saturday, a Sunday or a public holiday in the Australian Capital Territory;

(b) a day on which the Regulator cannot proceed with the decision-making process, or a related function, because the Regulator is awaiting information that the applicant has been requested, in writing, to give;

(c) if, in relation to the application, the Regulator publishes notice of a public hearing under section 53 of the Act, a day in the period that—

(i) begins on the day of publication; and

(ii) ends on the day when the public hearing ends;

(d) a day on which the Regulator cannot proceed with the decision-making process, or a related function, because—

(i) the applicant has requested, under section 184 of the Act, that information given in relation to the application be declared confidential commercial information for the purposes of the Act; and

(ii) the Regulator is—

(A) considering the application; or

(B) waiting until any review rights under section 181 or 183 of the Act, in relation to the application, are exhausted;

(e) if, in relation to the application, the Regulator requests the Ethics and Community Committee to provide advice on an ethical issue, a day in the period that—

(i) begins on the day the request is made; and

(ii) subject to subregulation (3)—ends on the day when the advice is given or, if the advice is not given within the period, if any, specified under subregulation (3), on the last day of that period.

(3) The Regulator, when seeking advice under section 50(3) or 52(3) of the Act, or from the Ethics and Community Committee, may specify a reasonable period within which the advice must be received, and, if the advice is not received within that period, must proceed without regard to that advice.

(4) In subregulation (1)—

limited and controlled release application means an application for a licence to which section 50A of the Act applies.

9 Prescribed authorities

For the purposes of sections 50(3)(c) and 52(3)(c) of the Act, the following Commonwealth authorities and agencies are prescribed—

(a) Food Standards Australia New Zealand;

(b) the Department administered by the Minister administering Part 1 of Chapter 8 of the Biosecurity Act 2015 of the Commonwealth;

Reg. 9(d) substituted by S.R. No. 51/2025 reg. 5(a).

(d) that part of the Department of Health and Aged Care of the Commonwealth known as the Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme;

(e) Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority;

Reg. 9(f) amended by S.R. No. 51/2025 reg. 5(b).

(f) that part of the Department of Health and Aged Care of the Commonwealth known as the Therapeutic Goods Administration.

Notes

1 Paragraph (c) is omitted in these Regulations and the Commonwealth Regulations.

2 This regulation differs from regulation 9 of the Commonwealth Regulations.

9A Risks posed by dealings proposed to be authorised by licence

For the purpose of section 51(1)(a) of the Act, the Regulator must have regard to the following matters—

(a) the properties of the organism to which dealings proposed to be authorised by a licence relate before it became, or will become, a GMO;

(b) the effect, or the expected effect, of the genetic modification that has occurred, or will occur, on the properties of the organism;

(c) provisions for limiting the dissemination or persistence of the GMO or its genetic material in the environment;

(d) the potential for spread or persistence of the GMO or its genetic material in the environment;

(e) the extent or scale of the proposed dealings;

(f) any likely impacts of the proposed dealings on the health and safety of people.

10 Risk assessment—matters to be taken into account

(1) For the purposes of section 51(1)(g) and (2)(g) of the Act, other matters to be taken into account in relation to dealings proposed to be authorised by a licence are—

(a) subject to section 45 of the Act, any previous assessment by a regulatory authority, in Australia or overseas, in relation to allowing or approving dealings with the GMO; and

(b) the potential of the GMO concerned to—

(i) be harmful to other organisms; and

(ii) adversely affect any ecosystems; and

(iii) transfer genetic material to another organism; and

(iv) spread, or persist, in the environment; and

(v) have, in comparison to related organisms, an advantage in the environment; and

(vi) be toxic, allergenic or pathogenic to other organisms.

(2) In taking into account a risk mentioned in section 51(1) of the Act, or a potential capacity mentioned in subregulation (1), the Regulator must consider both the short term and the long term.

11 Prescribed conditions of licence

Note

At the commencement of these Regulations, no conditions are prescribed under section 61(b) of the Act.

11A Time limit for deciding variation application

(1) For the purposes of section 71(7) of the Act, the Regulator must vary the licence, or refuse to vary the licence, within 90 days after the day an application for a variation of the licence is received by the Regulator.

(2) For the period mentioned in subregulation (1), the following days are not counted—

(a) a Saturday, a Sunday or a public holiday in the Australian Capital Territory;

(b) a day on which the Regulator cannot proceed with the decision-making process, or a related function, because the Regulator is waiting for information that the applicant has been asked, in writing, to give.

Division 2—Notifiable low risk dealings

12 Notifiable low risk dealings

(1) For the purposes of section 74(1) of the Act, a dealing with a GMO is a notifiable low risk dealing if—

(a) it is a dealing of a kind mentioned in Part 1 or 2 of Schedule 3; and

(ab) it is not a dealing of a kind mentioned in Part 3 of Schedule 3; and

(b) it does not involve an intentional release of the GMO into the environment.

(2) For the avoidance of doubt, subregulation (1) does not apply to a dealing that does not comply with subregulation (1), whether or not that dealing is related to a dealing that does so comply.

Note

A dealing affected by this regulation could be any of the forms of dealing mentioned in the definition of deal with in section 10(1) of the Act.

13 Requirements for undertaking notifiable low risk dealings

(1) A person may undertake a notifiable low risk dealing only if—

(a) a person or an accredited organisation has prepared and submitted a written proposal for an Institutional Biosafety Committee to assess whether the dealing is a notifiable low risk dealing; and

(b) the Institutional Biosafety Committee has assessed the dealing to be a kind of dealing mentioned in Part 1 or 2 of Schedule 3, and not mentioned in Part 3 of Schedule 3; and

(c) the dealing undertaken is the dealing described in the Institutional Biosafety Committee's record of assessment of the proposal; and

(d) the dealing is only undertaken no later than the day 5 years after the date of the assessment; and

(e) the person is mentioned in, or is in a class of persons mentioned in, the Institutional Biosafety Committee's record of assessment as having the appropriate training and experience to undertake the dealing; and

(f) subject to subregulation (3), the dealing is undertaken in facilities that—

(i) are mentioned in, or are in a class of facilities mentioned in, the Institutional Biosafety Committee's record of assessment as being appropriate for the dealing; and

(ii) are facilities in which subregulation (2) permits the dealing to be undertaken; and

(g) the person keeps or can give, on request, a copy of the Institutional Biosafety Committee's record of assessment to an inspector; and

(h) the person does not compromise the containment of a GMO involved in the dealing.

(2) A notifiable low risk dealing must be undertaken—

(a) for a kind of dealing mentioned in Part 1 of Schedule 3—in a facility certified by the Regulator to at least physical containment level 1 and that is appropriate for the dealing; or

(b) for a kind of dealing mentioned in clause 2.1 of Schedule 3 (but not clause 2.2)—in a facility certified by the Regulator to at least physical containment level 2 and that is appropriate for the dealing; or

(ba) for a kind of dealing mentioned in clause 2.2 of Schedule 3—in a facility certified by the Regulator to at least physical containment level 3 and that is appropriate for the dealing; or

(c) in a facility that the Regulator has agreed in writing is a facility in which the dealing may be undertaken.

(3) If a notifiable low risk dealing involves the transportation, storage or disposal of a GMO, the transportation, storage or disposal may happen outside a facility that complies with subregulations (1)(f) and (2), if it is conducted in accordance with—

(a) the Guidelines for the Transport, Storage and Disposal of GMOs, as in force from time to time, that have been issued by the Regulator under section 27(d) of the Act; or

(b) transportation, storage or disposal requirements that the Regulator has agreed in writing are appropriate for the containment of the GMO.

(4) For subregulation (2)(c), the Regulator must consider the capacity of a facility to contain GMOs before deciding whether to agree, in writing, to a facility.

Note

This regulation differs from regulation 13 of the Commonwealth Regulations.

13B Requirements for Institutional Biosafety Committees about records of assessments of notifiable low risk dealing proposals

An Institutional Biosafety Committee that has assessed a proposal as to whether a dealing is a notifiable low risk dealing must—

(a) make a record of its assessment, in a form approved by the Regulator, that includes the following—

(i) the identifying name of the dealing to be undertaken that was given to the dealing by the person or accredited organisation that submitted the proposal;

(ii) a description of the dealing to be undertaken;

(iii) its assessment whether the dealing is a kind of dealing mentioned in Part 1 or 2 of Schedule 3 (and not mentioned in Part 3 of Schedule 3);

(iv) if the Committee has assessed the dealing as being a kind of dealing mentioned in Part 1 or 2 of Schedule 3 (and not mentioned in Part 3 of Schedule 3)—which kind of dealing in those Parts that the dealing is;

(v) the date of the Committee's assessment of the dealing;

(vi) the persons or classes of persons considered by the Committee to have the appropriate training and experience to undertake the dealing;

(vii) the facilities or classes of facilities the Committee considers to be of the appropriate physical containment level and type for the dealing, having regard to the requirements of regulation 13(2);

(viii) the name of the Committee that assessed the proposal;

(ix) the name of the person or accredited organisation that submitted the proposal;

(x) the person or persons proposing to undertake the dealing; and

(b) give a copy of the record of assessment to the person or accredited organisation that submitted the proposal to the Committee.

13C Information to be kept or given to the Regulator by persons or accredited organisations

(1) A person or accredited organisation that has been given a copy of a record of assessment by an Institutional Biosafety Committee under regulation 13B(b) must, if the dealing has been assessed by the Committee as a notifiable low risk dealing, give the Regulator a record of the dealing.

(2) A record of a dealing for the purposes of subregulation (1) must include—

(a) the particulars, prescribed under regulation 39 in relation to the dealing, to be included in the Record of GMO Dealings; and

(b) the name of the Committee that assessed the proposal relating to the dealing; and

(c) the name of the person or accredited organisation that submitted the proposal to the Committee for assessment.

(2A) The record must be given to the Regulator—

(a) in a form approved by the Regulator; and

(b) no later than 30 September in the financial year following the one in which the Institutional Biosafety Committee made the assessment.

(2B) An accredited organisation that is required, as a condition of accreditation, to give an annual report to the Regulator, must—

(a) include the record in the annual report for the year in which the Institutional Biosafety Committee made the assessment; or

(b) certify in the annual report that the record has previously been given to the Regulator.

(3) A person or accredited organisation given a copy of a record of assessment by an Institutional Biosafety Committee under regulation 13B(b) must keep a copy of the Committee's record of assessment for 8 years after the date of the assessment.

(4) The Regulator may at any time, by written notice, require from the following persons or organisations further information about how a notifiable low risk dealing is being undertaken, including information about a GMO being dealt with—

(a) the person or accredited organisation that submitted the proposal for assessment of the dealing;

(b) any other person involved with undertaking the dealing.

(5) A person or organisation given a notice under subregulation (4) must, by the end of the period mentioned in the notice, give the Regulator the information required by the notice.

Division 3—Certification and accreditation

14 Regulator to decide certification application within 90 days

Note

Regulation 14 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides the period within which the Regulator must consider and decide an application for certification of a facility.

15 Application for certification—failure to provide section 85 information

If an applicant for certification fails to provide information required under section 85(1) of the Act within the period specified in a notice given under section 85(2) of the Act, and gives no reasonable explanation for the failure, the Regulator may refuse to certify the facility that is the subject of the application.

Note

A refusal to certify a facility is a reviewable decision (see Division 2 of Part 12 of the Act).

16 Regulator to decide accreditation application within 90 days

Note

Regulation 16 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides the period within which the Regulator must consider and decide an application for accreditation of an organisation.

17 Application for accreditation—failure to provide section 93 information

If an applicant for accreditation fails to provide information required under section 93(1) of the Act within the period specified in a notice given under section 93(2) of the Act, and gives no reasonable explanation for the failure, the Regulator may refuse to accredit the organisation that is the subject of the application.

Note

A refusal to accredit an organisation is a reviewable decision (see Division 2 of Part 12 of the Act).

Part 4—Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee

Division 1—Conditions of appointment

18 GTTAC members and advisers—term of appointment

Note

Regulation 18 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides for the term of appointment of members of the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee and expert advisers to the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee.

19 GTTAC members and advisers—resignation

Note

Regulation 19 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides for the resignation of members of the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee and expert advisers to the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee.

20 GTTAC members—disclosure of interests

Note

Regulation 20 of the Commonwealth Regulations sets out when and how members of the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee must disclose any interests of a kind likely to be considered at a meeting of the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee.

21 GTTAC members and advisers—termination of appointment

Note

Regulation 21 of the Commonwealth Regulations sets out the circumstances of terminating the appointment of members of the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee and expert advisers to the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee.

22 GTTAC members—leave of absence

Note

Regulation 22 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides when the Chairperson and members of the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee may be granted leave.

23 Expert advisers—disclosure of interests

Note

Regulation 23 of the Commonwealth Regulations sets out when and how expert advisers to the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee must disclose any interests of a kind likely to be considered at a meeting of the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee.

Division 2—Committee procedures

24 Committee procedures generally

Note

Regulation 24 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides that the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee must perform its functions as informally as the Commonwealth Regulations allow and provides how the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee may obtain information.

25 Committee meetings

Note

Regulation 25 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides when the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee may have meetings and provides that in certain circumstances meetings may be by videoconference or teleconference.

26 Presiding member

Note

Regulation 26 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides that the Chairperson of the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee presides at Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee meetings and provides who presides in the Chairperson's absence.

27 Quorum

Note

Regulation 27 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides that half the members of the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee comprises the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee's quorum.

28 Voting

Note

Regulation 28 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides that decisions of the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee must be made by a majority of members present and voting and that the Chairperson has a deliberative and casting vote.

29 Records and Reports

Note

Regulation 29 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides that records must be kept of the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee's proceedings and provides when reports must be prepared.

Division 3—Subcommittees

30 Operation of subcommittees

Note

Regulation 30 of the Commonwealth Regulations states that regulations 24, 25, 26 and 28 of those Regulations apply to a subcommittee established under section 105(1) of the Commonwealth Act. It also provides for a quorum for meetings of a subcommittee, for records of its proceedings and for a copy of each of its resolutions to be given to the Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee.

Part 5—Ethics and Community Committee

31 Ethics and Community Committee—conditions of appointment

Note

Regulation 31 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides that Division 1 of Part 4 of the Commonwealth Regulations applies to the conditions of appointment of members of the Ethics and Community Committee.

32 Ethics and Community Committee—Committee procedures

Note

Regulation 32 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides that Division 2 of Part 4 of the Commonwealth Regulations applies to the procedures of members of the Ethics and Community Committee.

33 Ethics and Community Committee—operation of subcommittees

Note

Regulation 33 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides that regulations 24, 25, 26 and 28 of the Commonwealth Regulations apply to a subcommittee established under section 111(1) of the Commonwealth Act. It also provides for a quorum for meetings of a subcommittee, for records of its proceedings and for a copy of each of its resolutions to be given to the Ethics and Community Committee.

Part 7—Miscellaneous

Note

The Commonwealth Regulations or these Regulation do not contain a Part 6.

37 Reviewable State decisions

Note

At the commencement of these Regulations, no decision has been declared by the Commonwealth Regulations to be a reviewable State decision for the purposes of section 19 of the Commonwealth Act.

38 Review of decisions

Note to reg. 38 amended by S.R. No. 51/2025 reg. 6.

Note

Regulation 38 of the Commonwealth Regulations provides that a person whose interests are affected by a decision in relation to the appointment of a member to a committee under those Regulations may apply to the Administrative Review Tribunal for review of the decision.

39 Record of GMO Dealings

For the purposes of section 138(2) of the Act, the following particulars are prescribed in relation to a notifiable low risk dealing that is notified to the Regulator—

(a) the person or persons that proposed to undertake the dealing, as recorded by the Institutional Biosafety Committee that assessed the dealing as a notifiable low risk dealing;

(b) the kind of notifiable low risk dealing, in terms of Part 1 or 2 of Schedule 3;

(c) the identifying name given to the dealing by the person or accredited organisation that submitted the dealing to the Institutional Biosafety Committee for assessment;

(d) the date of assessment by the Institutional Biosafety Committee that the dealing is a notifiable low risk dealing.

40 Inspector identity card

For the purposes of section 151(2)(a) of the Act, an inspector's identity card must—

(a) display a recent photograph of the inspector's face; and

(b) state the date of issue; and

(c) state the period of its validity.

Sch. 1A amended by S.R. No. 51/2025 reg. 7.

Schedule 1A—Techniques that are not gene technology

Regulation 4

Schedule 1B—Organisms that are genetically modified organisms

Regulation 4A

Sch. 1 amended by S.R. No. 51/2025 reg. 8.

Schedule 1—Organisms that are not genetically modified organisms

Regulation 5

Schedule 2—Dealings exempt from licensing

Regulation 6

Note

Regulation 6(1) sets out other requirements for exempt dealings.

Part 1—Exempt dealings

Part 2—Host/vector systems for exempt dealings

2.1 Hosts and vectors

(1) A reference to a host mentioned in this Part is a reference to a host mentioned in column 2 of an item of the table in this clause.

(2) A reference to a vector mentioned in this Part is a reference to a vector mentioned in column 3 of an item in the table in this clause.

(3) A reference to a host/vector system mentioned in this Part is a reference to any of the following—

(a) a system involving a host mentioned in column 2 of an item in the table in this clause and a vector mentioned in column 3 of the same item;

(b) a non‑vector system involving a host mentioned in column 2 of an item in the table;

(c) a system involving a GMO mentioned as a vector in column 3 of an item in the table (except item 7), without a host.

Note

Column 1 of the table is included for information only.

Hosts and vectors

Part 3—Definitions

In this Schedule—

code for, in relation to a toxin, means to specify the amino acid sequence of the toxin;

non‑conjugative plasmid means a plasmid that is not self‑transmissible, and includes, but is not limited to, non‑conjugative forms of the following plasmids—

(a) bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs);

(b) cosmids;

(c) P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs);

(d) yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs);

non-vector system means a system in which donor nucleic acid is or was introduced into a host cell—

(a) in the absence of a nucleic acid-based vector; or

(b) using a nucleic acid-based vector in the course of a previous dealing and the vector is—

(i) no longer present; or

(ii) present but cannot be remobilised from a host cell.

Examples

1 A system mentioned in paragraph (a) might involve the use of electroporation or particle bombardment.

2 A system mentioned in paragraph (b) might involve cells that were transduced with a replication defective retroviral vector in which no vector particles remain.

Schedule 3—Notifiable low risk dealings in relation to a GMO

Regulations 12 and 13

Part 1—Notifiable low risk dealings suitable for at least physical containment level 1

Note

Because of regulation 12(1), a dealing mentioned in this Part is not a notifiable low risk dealing if it is also a dealing of a kind mentioned in Part 3.

1.1 Kinds of dealings suitable for at least physical containment level 1

The following kinds of notifiable low risk dealings must be undertaken, unless regulation 13(2)(c) or (3) applies, in facilities certified to at least physical containment level 1 and that are appropriate for the dealings—

(a) a dealing involving a genetically modified laboratory guinea pig, a genetically modified laboratory mouse, a genetically modified laboratory rabbit or a genetically modified laboratory rat, unless—

(i) an advantage is conferred on the animal by the genetic modification; or

(ii) the animal is capable of secreting or producing an infectious agent as a result of the genetic modification;

(c) a dealing involving virions of a replication defective vector derived from Human adenovirus or from Adeno‑associated virus, either without a host or with a host mentioned in item 9 of the table in Part 2 of Schedule 2, if the donor nucleic acid—

(i) cannot restore replication competence to the vector; and

(ii) does not confer an oncogenic modification or immunomodulatory effect in humans.

Part 2—Notifiable low risk dealings suitable for at least physical containment level 2 or 3

Note

Because of regulation 12(1), a dealing mentioned in this Part is not a notifiable low risk dealing if it is also a dealing of a kind mentioned in Part 3.

2.1 Kinds of dealings suitable for at least physical containment level 2

The following kinds of notifiable low risk dealings must be undertaken, unless regulation 13(2)(c) or (3) applies, in facilities certified to at least physical containment level 2 and that are appropriate for the dealings—

(a) a dealing involving whole animals (including non-vertebrates) that—

(i) involves genetic modification of the genome of the oocyte or zygote or early embryo by any means to produce a novel whole organism; and

(ii) does not involve any of the following—

(A) a genetically modified laboratory guinea pig;

(B) a genetically modified laboratory mouse;

(C) a genetically modified laboratory rabbit;

(D) a genetically modified laboratory rat;

(E) a genetically modified Caenorhabditis elegans;

(aa) a dealing involving a genetically modified laboratory guinea pig, a genetically modified laboratory mouse, a genetically modified laboratory rabbit, a genetically modified laboratory rat or a genetically modified Caenorhabditis elegans, if—

(i) the genetic modification confers an advantage on the animal; and

(ii) the animal is not capable of secreting or producing an infectious agent as a result of the genetic modification;

(b) a dealing involving a genetically modified plant;

(c) a dealing involving a host/vector system not mentioned in clause 1.1(c) or Part 2 of Schedule 2, if neither host nor vector has been implicated in, or has a history of causing, disease in otherwise healthy—

(i) human beings; or

(ii) animals; or

(iii) plants; or

(iv) fungi;

(d) a dealing involving a host/vector system not mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2, if—

(i) the host or vector has been implicated in, or has a history of causing, disease in otherwise healthy—

(A) human beings; or

(B) animals; or

(C) plants; or

(D) fungi; and

(ii) the genetic modification is characterised; and

(iii) the characterisation of the genetic modification shows that it is unlikely to increase the capacity of the host or vector to cause harm;

Example

A genetic modification would not comply with subparagraph (iii) if, in relation to the capacity of the host or vector to cause harm, it—

(a) provides an advantage; or

(b) adds a potential host species or mode of transmission; or

(c) increases its virulence, pathogenicity or transmissibility.

(e) a dealing involving a host/vector system mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2, if the donor nucleic acid—

(i) is characterised, and the characterisation shows that it may increase the capacity of the host or vector to cause harm; or

(ii) is uncharacterised nucleic acid from an organism that has been implicated in, or has a history of causing, disease in otherwise healthy—

(A) human beings; or

(B) animals; or

(C) plants; or

(D) fungi;

(f) a dealing involving a host/vector system mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2 and producing more than 25 litres of GMO culture in each vessel containing the resultant culture, if—

(i) the dealing is undertaken in a facility that is certified by the Regulator as a large scale facility; and

(ii) the donor nucleic acid satisfies the conditions set out in item 4(2) of the table in Part 1 of Schedule 2;

(g) a dealing involving complementation of knocked-out genes, if the complementation is unlikely to increase the capacity of the GMO to cause harm compared to the capacity of the parent organism before the genes were knocked out;

Example

A dealing would not comply with paragraph (g) if it involved complementation that, in relation to the parent organism—

(a) provides an advantage; or

(b) adds a potential host species or mode of transmission; or

(c) increases its virulence, pathogenicity or transmissibility.

(h) a dealing involving shot-gun cloning, or the preparation of a cDNA library, in a host/vector system mentioned in items 1 to 6 in the table in Part 2 of Schedule 2, if the donor nucleic acid is derived from either—

(i) a pathogen; or

(ii) a toxin-producing organism;

(i) a dealing involving virions of a replication defective viral vector unable to transduce human cells and a host not mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2, if the donor nucleic acid cannot restore replication competence to the vector;

(j) a dealing involving virions of a replication defective non‑retroviral vector able to transduce human cells, either without a host or with a host mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2, if—

(i) the donor nucleic acid cannot restore replication competence to the vector; and

(ii) the dealing is not a dealing mentioned in clause 1.1(c);

(k) a dealing involving virions of a replication defective non-retroviral vector able to transduce human cells and a host not mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2, if—

(i) the donor nucleic acid cannot restore replication competence to the vector; and

(ii) the donor nucleic acid does not confer an oncogenic modification or immunomodulatory effect in humans;

(l) a dealing involving virions of a replication defective retroviral vector able to transduce human cells, either without a host or with a host mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2, if—

(i) all viral genes have been removed from the retroviral vector so that it cannot replicate or assemble new virions without these functions being supplied in trans; and

(ii) viral genes needed for virion production in the packaging cell line are expressed from independent, unlinked loci with minimal sequence overlap with the vector to limit or prevent recombination; and

(iii) either—

(A) the retroviral vector includes a deletion in the Long Terminal Repeat sequence of DNA that prevents transcription of genomic RNA following integration into the host cell DNA; or

(B) the packaging cell line and packaging plasmids express only viral genes gagpol, rev and an envelope protein gene, or a subset of these;

(m) a dealing involving virions of a replication defective retroviral vector able to transduce human cells and a host not mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2, if—

(i) the donor nucleic acid does not confer an oncogenic modification or immunomodulatory effect in humans; and

(ii) all viral genes have been removed from the retroviral vector so that it cannot replicate or assemble new virions without these functions being supplied in trans; and

(iii) viral genes needed for virion production in the packaging cell line are expressed from independent, unlinked loci with minimal sequence overlap with the vector to limit or prevent recombination; and

(iv) either—

(A) the retroviral vector includes a deletion in the Long Terminal Repeat sequence of DNA that prevents transcription of genomic RNA following integration into the host cell DNA; or

(B) the packaging cell line and packaging plasmids express only viral genes gagpol, rev and an envelope protein gene, or a subset of these.

2.2 Kinds of dealing suitable for at least physical containment level 3

(1) A kind of dealing that—

(a) is a kind mentioned in clause 2.1; and

(b) involves a micro-organism of a class of micro-organism referred to in clause 2.2(1)(b) in Part 2 of Schedule 3 to the Commonwealth Regulations—

must be undertaken, unless regulation 13(2)(c) or (3) applies, in facilities certified to at least physical containment level 3 and that are appropriate for the dealings.

(2) For the purposes of subclause (1)(b), a genetically modified micro‑organism is taken to satisfy the criteria referred to in clause 2.2(1)(b) in Part 2 of Schedule 3 to the Commonwealth Regulations if the unmodified parent micro‑organism satisfies those criteria.

(3) However, subclause (2) does not apply in relation to a replication defective retroviral vector that meets the criteria in clause 2.1(l) or (m).

Part 3—Dealings that are not notifiable low risk dealings

Notes

1 The following list qualifies the list in Parts 1 and 2, and is not an exhaustive list of dealings that are not notifiable low risk dealings.

2 If a dealing is not a notifiable low risk dealing, or an exempt dealing, as provided by these Regulations, a person undertaking the dealing must be authorised by a GMO licence unless the dealing is within one of the other exceptions to licensing provided by the Act: see section 32 of the Act.

3.1 Kinds of dealings

(1) A dealing of any of the following kinds, or involving a dealing of the following kinds, is not a notifiable low risk dealing—

(a) a dealing (other than a dealing mentioned in clause 2.1(h)) involving cloning of nucleic acid encoding a toxin having an LD50 of less than 100 micrograms per kilogram;

(b) a dealing involving high level expression of toxin genes, even if the LD50 is 100 micrograms per kilogram or more;

(c) a dealing (other than a dealing mentioned in clause 2.1(h)) involving cloning of uncharacterised nucleic acid from a toxin‑producing organism;

(d) a dealing involving virions of a replication defective viral vector and a host not mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2, if—

(i) the donor nucleic acid confers an oncogenic modification or immunomodulatory effect in humans; and

(ii) the dealing is not a dealing mentioned in clause 2.1(i);

(e) a dealing involving a replication competent virus or viral vector, other than a vector mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2, if the genetic modification confers an oncogenic modification or immunomodulatory effect in humans;

(f) a dealing involving, as host or vector, a micro-organism, if—

(i) the micro-organism has been implicated in, or has a history of causing, disease in otherwise healthy—

(A) human beings; or

(B) animals; or

(C) plants; or

(D) fungi; and

(ii) none of the following sub‑subparagraphs apply—

(A) the host/vector system is a system mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2;

(B) the genetic modification is characterised and its characterisation shows that it is unlikely to increase the capacity of the host or vector to cause harm;

(C) the dealing is a dealing mentioned in clause 2.1(g);

Example

A genetic modification would not comply with sub-subparagraph (B) if, in relation to the capacity of the host or vector to cause harm, it—

(a) provides an advantage; or

(b) adds a potential host species or mode of transmission; or

(c) increases its virulence, pathogenicity or transmissibility.

(g) a dealing involving the introduction, into a micro-organism, of nucleic acid encoding a pathogenic determinant, unless—

(i) the dealing is a dealing mentioned in clause 2.1(g); or

(ii) the micro-organism is a host mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2;

(h) a dealing involving the introduction into a micro-organism, other than a host mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 2, of genes whose expressed products are likely to increase the capacity of the micro-organisms to induce an autoimmune response;

(i) a dealing involving use of a viral or viroid genome, or fragments of a viral or viroid genome, to produce a novel replication competent virus with an increased capacity to cause harm compared to the capacity of the parent or donor organism;

Example

A dealing would comply with paragraph (i) if it produces a novel replication competent virus that has a higher capacity to cause harm to any potential host species than the parent organism because the new virus has—

(a) an advantage; or

(b) a new potential host species or mode of transmissibility; or

(c) increased virulence, pathogenicity or transmissibility.

(j) a dealing, other than a dealing mentioned in clause 2.1(l) or (m), with a replication defective retroviral vector (including a lentiviral vector) able to transduce human cells;

(k) a dealing involving a genetically modified animal, plant or fungus that is capable of secreting or producing infectious agents as a result of the genetic modification;

(l) a dealing producing, in each vessel containing the resultant GMO culture, more than 25 litres of that culture, other than a dealing mentioned in clause 2.1(f);

(m) a dealing that is inconsistent with a policy principle issued by the Ministerial Council;

(n) a dealing involving the intentional introduction of a GMO into a human being, unless the GMO—

(i) is a human somatic cell; and

(ii) cannot secrete or produce infectious agents as a result of the genetic modification; and

(iii) if it was generated using viral vectors—

(A) has been tested for the presence of viruses likely to recombine with the genetically modified nucleic acid in the somatic cells; and

(B) the testing did not detect a virus mentioned in sub‑subparagraph (A); and

(C) the viral vector used to generate the GMO as part of a previous dealing is no longer present in the somatic cells;

(o) a dealing involving a genetically modified pathogenic organism, if the practical treatment of any disease or abnormality caused by the organism would be impaired by the genetic modification;

(p) a dealing involving a micro-organism that is of a class of micro-organism referred to in clause 3.1(1)(p) in Part 3 of Schedule 3 to the Commonwealth Regulations;

Note

This paragraph differs from clause 3.1(p) of Part 3 of Schedule 3 to the Commonwealth Regulations.

(q) a dealing involving a micro‑organism that is of a class of micro-organism referred to in clause 3.1(1)(p) in Part 3 of Schedule 3 to the Commonwealth Regulations and that is not undertaken—

(i) in a facility that is certified by the Regulator to at least physical containment level 3 and that is appropriate for the dealing; or

(ii) in a facility that the Regulator has agreed in writing is a facility in which the dealing may be undertaken;

Note

This paragraph differs from clause 3.1(q) of Part 3 of Schedule 3 to the Commonwealth Regulations.

(r) a dealing involving a GMO capable of sexual reproduction, the sexual progeny of which are, as a result of the genetic modification, more likely to inherit a particular nucleotide sequence or set of nucleotide sequences (when compared to inheritance from the unmodified parent organism);

(s) a dealing involving a viral vector that can modify an organism capable of sexual reproduction, so that the sexual progeny of the organism are more likely to inherit a particular nucleotide sequence or set of nucleotide sequences (when compared to inheritance from the unmodified parent organism).

Note

A modification that increases the likelihood of inheritance of a nucleotide sequence or sequences, as described in paragraphs (r) and (s), is generally known as an engineered gene drive.

(2) For the purposes of subclause (1)(p), a genetically modified micro‑organism is taken to satisfy the criteria referred to in clause 3.1(2) in Part 3 of Schedule 3 to the Commonwealth Regulations if the unmodified parent micro‑organism satisfies those criteria.

(3) For the purposes of subclause (1)(q), a genetically modified micro‑organism is taken to satisfy the criteria referred to in clause 3.1(3) in Part 3 of Schedule 3 to the Commonwealth Regulations if the unmodified parent micro‑organism satisfies those criteria.

(4) However, subclause (3) does not apply in relation to a replication defective retroviral vector that meets the criteria in clause 2.1(l) or (m).

Note

Clause 3.1(2)–(4) differs from clause 3.1(2)–(4) of Part 3 of Schedule 3 to the Commonwealth Regulations.

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Endnotes

1 General information

See www.legislation.vic.gov.au for Victorian Bills, Acts and current Versions of legislation and up-to-date legislative information.

The Gene Technology Regulations 2021, S.R. No. 94/2021 were made on 3 August 2021 by the Governor in Council under section 193 of the Gene Technology Act 2001, No. 67/2001 and came into operation on 29 August 2021: regulation 2.

The Gene Technology Regulations 2021 will sunset 10 years after the day of making on 3 August 2031 (see section 5 of the Subordinate Legislation Act 1994).

INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION ACT 1984 (ILA)

Style changes

Section 54A of the ILA authorises the making of the style changes set out in Schedule 1 to that Act.

References to ILA s. 39B

Sidenotes which cite ILA s. 39B refer to section 39B of the ILA which provides that where an undivided regulation, rule or clause of a Schedule is amended by the insertion of one or more subregulations, subrules or subclauses the original regulation, rule or clause becomes subregulation, subrule or subclause (1) and is amended by the insertion of the expression "(1)" at the beginning of the original regulation, rule or clause.

Interpretation

As from 1 January 2001, amendments to section 36 of the ILA have the following effects:

• Headings

All headings included in a Statutory Rule which is made on or after
1 January 2001 form part of that Statutory Rule. Any heading inserted in a Statutory Rule which was made before 1 January 2001, by a Statutory Rule made on or after 1 January 2001, forms part of that Statutory Rule.
This includes headings to Parts, Divisions or Subdivisions in a Schedule; Orders; Parts into which an Order is divided; clauses; regulations; rules; items; tables; columns; examples; diagrams; notes or forms.
See section 36(1A)(2A)(2B).

• Examples, diagrams or notes

All examples, diagrams or notes included in a Statutory Rule which is made on or after 1 January 2001 form part of that Statutory Rule. Any examples, diagrams or notes inserted in a Statutory Rule which was made before 1 January 2001, by a Statutory Rule made on or after 1 January 2001, form part of that Statutory Rule. See section 36(3A).

• Punctuation

All punctuation included in a Statutory Rule which is made on or after
1 January 2001 forms part of that Statutory Rule. Any punctuation inserted in a Statutory Rule which was made before 1 January 2001, by a Statutory Rule made on or after 1 January 2001, forms part of that Statutory Rule.
See section 36(3B).

• Provision numbers

All provision numbers included in a Statutory Rule form part of that Statutory Rule, whether inserted in the Statutory Rule before, on or after
1 January 2001. Provision numbers include regulation numbers, rule numbers, subregulation numbers, subrule numbers, paragraphs and subparagraphs. See section 36(3C).

• Location of "legislative items"

A "legislative item" is a penalty, an example or a note. As from 13 October 2004, a legislative item relating to a provision of a Statutory Rule is taken to be at the foot of that provision even if it is preceded or followed by another legislative item that relates to that provision. For example, if a penalty at the foot of a provision is followed by a note, both of these legislative items will be regarded as being at the foot of that provision. See section 36B.

• Other material

Any explanatory memorandum, table of provisions, endnotes, index and other material printed after the Endnotes does not form part of a Statutory Rule. See section 36(3)(3D)(3E).

2 Table of Amendments

This publication incorporates amendments made to the Gene Technology Regulations 2021 by statutory rules, subordinate instruments and Acts.

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Gene Technology Amendment Regulations 2025, S.R. No. 51/2025

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3 Explanatory details

1. Reg. 2A(a): S.R. No. 91/2011 as amended by S.R. Nos 130/2016 and 91/2019. ↑

2. Reg. 2A(b): S.R. No. 130/2016. ↑

3. Reg. 2A(c): S.R. No. 91/2019. ↑