1Threat Abatement Plan for predation, habitat degradation, competition and disease transmission by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) (2017)

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meta-content-style-type: text/css meta-content-type: application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8 meta-description: For Minister Hunt's Signature -- Letters to Commonwealth, State and Territory Ministers -- Seeking Comment on Revised Feral Pig Threat Abatement Plan title: NEW Feral Pig TAP 2016 – FINAL

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COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

Making of a Threat Abatement Plan – Section 270B

I, JOSH FRYDENBERG, Minister for the Environment and Energy, pursuant to section 270B of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 have decided to make the Threat abatement plan for predation, habit degradation, competition and disease transmission by feral pigs (Sus scrofa)(2017), for the purpose of reducing the effect of the key threatening process as specified below:

Key Threatening Process	Threat Abatement Plan
Predation, habit degradation, competition and disease transmission by feral pigs (Sus scrofa)	Department of the Environment and Energy (2017). Threat abatement plan for predation, habit degradation, competition and disease transmission by feral pigs (Sus scrofa)

The Threat abatement plan for predation, habit degradation, competition and disease transmission by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) (2017) will come into force on the day after the plan is registered on the Federal Register of Legislation.

Dated this 19th day of February 2017.

JOSH FRYDENBERG

Minister for the Environment and Energy

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Threat Abatement Plan for predation, habitat degradation, competition and disease transmission by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) (2017)

Action	Priority/ Timeframe	Outcome	Output	Key Actioners
Action 1.1: Identify key species, ecological communities, ecosystems and locations for priority protection.<br>Note EPBC-listed threatened species and ecological communities.<br>Factor in other sites/species/ecosystems where appropriate (e.g. cultural, iconic).<br>	High priority.<br>Years 1–2 with ongoing refinement where necessary.	Key species, ecological communities, ecosystems and locations prioritised for protection and management.<br>Linkages to recovery plans or pest management strategies where they exist or are made.	Spatially explicit report that identifies priority areas for pig control.	To be undertaken by the Australian Government and other land managers in consultation with experts.<br>This action will require careful consultation to ensure all priority factors are considered, and communication of priority species, ecological communities, ecosystems and locations to affected land managers.<br>
Action 1.2: Implement feral pig control in priority areas, combining national priorities and local knowledge into on-ground action.	Medium priority.<br>Years 1–2.	Small areas of high / special environmental value in need of feral pig management better identified.	Feral pig damage to small areas of high / significant environmental value measurably reduced.	Regional groups and land managers.<br>This action will require the detailed understanding of habitats within regions and their relative importance across the region, which requires on-ground knowledge.

Action	Priority/ Timeframe	Outcome	Output	Key Actioners
Action 2.1: Encourage the integration of feral pig management into land management activities at all levels of government, and regional groups.<br>For more consistent and effective feral pig management across Australia, all government departments and agencies with land management responsibilities should aim to integrate feral pig management into their land management activities (e.g. weed control, threatened species surveying/recovery work, fuel reduction, etc.) and planning. Similarly, regional groups such as Natural Resource Management groups, Landcare groups and Local Land Services should aim to integrate feral pig management into their land management activities.	High priority.<br>Years 1–5.<br>(ongoing)	More consistent and effective feral pig management occurs across Australia at all levels of government, and in regional groups.<br>Inclusion of actions to mitigate the impacts of feral pigs on key species, ecological communities and ecosystems into land or property plans, for areas where feral pigs have been identified as a problem.	Reduction in environmental damage by feral pigs.<br>AND/OR<br>A reduction in feral pig populations as a proxy for reduced environment damage.<br>Increased participation of groups and individuals in feral pig management.	Land managers.

Action	Priority/ Timeframe	Outcome	Output	Key Actioners
Action 3.1: Research into feral pigs impacts on nationally threatened, and near-threatened, species and ecological communities.<br> <br>Identified recovery actions should be included in research proposals related to feral pigs.	High priority.<br>Years 1–5.	Increase in feral pig research activity.<br>Greater understanding of feral pig impacts on nationally threatened, and near-threatened, species and ecological communities.<br> <br>More informed and effective feral pig management.	Research papers and reports focused on understanding feral pig impacts on nationally threatened, and near-threatened, species and ecological communities published.<br>Recovery plans, as they are updated, reflect the improved knowledge of feral pig management needs.	Commonwealth, state and territory agencies funding or commissioning research.<br> <br>Researchers.<br> <br>As this type of research will require field studies, the involvement of local land managers and groups may provide valuable assistance.
Action 3.2: Research into feral pig population dynamics and ecology.<br>A greater understanding of feral pig population dynamics and ecology will aid in feral pig management.	Medium priority.<br>Years 1–5.	Improved knowledge leading to more informed and effective feral pig management.	Research papers and reports focused on understanding feral pig population dynamics and ecology published.<br>Research translates into improved quality and currency of information/ guidance for land managers undertaking feral pig control programs.	Commonwealth, state and territory agencies funding or commissioning research.<br>Researchers.<br>As this type of research will require field studies, the involvement of local land managers and groups may provide valuable assistance.
Action 3.3: Research into spatial and temporal use of landscapes by feral pigs.<br>A greater understanding of feral pigs’ use of the landscape and how it varies spatially and over time will aid feral pig management.	Medium priority.<br>Years 1–5.	Improved knowledge leading to more informed and effective feral pig management.<br>Improved knowledge to target appropriate timing for feral pig management or placement of control techniques.	Research papers and reports focused on understanding feral pig spatial and temporal landscape use published.<br>Research translates into improved quality and currency of information/ guidance for land managers undertaking feral pig control programs.	Commonwealth, state and territory agencies funding or commissioning research.<br>Researchers.<br>As this type of research will require field studies, the involvement of local land managers and groups may provide valuable assistance.
Action 3.4: Research into the effectiveness of feral pig control methods.	Medium priority.<br>Years 1–5.	Improved knowledge leading to managers effectively applying control methods in a more efficient manner.	Research papers and reports focused on the effectiveness of control methods published.<br>Research translated into easily accessible information for managers to adopt in their control programs.	Commonwealth, state and territory agencies funding or commissioning research.<br>Researchers and land managers.<br>This research will require field studies, and ideally be done in conjunction with local land managers and groups undertaking control programs.

Action

Priority/ Timeframe

Outcome

Output

Key Actioners

Action 3.1: Research into feral pigs impacts on nationally threatened, and near-threatened, species and ecological communities. Identified recovery actions should be included in research proposals related to feral pigs.

High priority. Years 1–5.

Increase in feral pig research activity. Greater understanding of feral pig impacts on nationally threatened, and near-threatened, species and ecological communities. More informed and effective feral pig management.

Research papers and reports focused on understanding feral pig impacts on nationally threatened, and near-threatened, species and ecological communities published. Recovery plans, as they are updated, reflect the improved knowledge of feral pig management needs.

Commonwealth, state and territory agencies funding or commissioning research. Researchers. As this type of research will require field studies, the involvement of local land managers and groups may provide valuable assistance.

Action 3.2: Research into feral pig population dynamics and ecology. A greater understanding of feral pig population dynamics and ecology will aid in feral pig management.

Medium priority. Years 1–5.

Improved knowledge leading to more informed and effective feral pig management.

Research papers and reports focused on understanding feral pig population dynamics and ecology published. Research translates into improved quality and currency of information/ guidance for land managers undertaking feral pig control programs.

Commonwealth, state and territory agencies funding or commissioning research. Researchers. As this type of research will require field studies, the involvement of local land managers and groups may provide valuable assistance.

Action 3.3: Research into spatial and temporal use of landscapes by feral pigs. A greater understanding of feral pigs’ use of the landscape and how it varies spatially and over time will aid feral pig management.

Medium priority. Years 1–5.

Improved knowledge leading to more informed and effective feral pig management. Improved knowledge to target appropriate timing for feral pig management or placement of control techniques.

Research papers and reports focused on understanding feral pig spatial and temporal landscape use published. Research translates into improved quality and currency of information/ guidance for land managers undertaking feral pig control programs.

Action 3.4: Research into the effectiveness of feral pig control methods.

Medium priority. Years 1–5.

Improved knowledge leading to managers effectively applying control methods in a more efficient manner.

Research papers and reports focused on the effectiveness of control methods published. Research translated into easily accessible information for managers to adopt in their control programs.

Commonwealth, state and territory agencies funding or commissioning research. Researchers and land managers. This research will require field studies, and ideally be done in conjunction with local land managers and groups undertaking control programs.

Action	Priority/ timeframe	Outcome	Output	Key Actioners
Action 4.1: Encourage monitoring to enable the evaluation of the effectiveness of feral pig control.<br>Monitoring of appropriately chosen sites will allow the effectiveness of feral pig control to be evaluated, and will allow land managers to change feral pig control actions as necessary.<br>In particular, monitoring of threatened species/ecological communities being impacted by feral pigs can determine whether changes in feral pig abundance caused by feral pig control are resulting in a positive response in those threatened species/ecological communities.<br>Sharing information on effectiveness of control actions will allow other land managers to learn from it.	High priority.<br>Years 1–5.	Feral pig control actions include site monitoring and effectiveness.<br>Increased use of FeralPigScan to improve this platform’s information base and usefulness.	Information to refine feral pig control actions.	Land managers undertaking control programs or contractors working for land managers.
Action 4.2: Develop further effective monitoring techniques.	High priority.	Effective monitoring techniques that can be used by non-specialist land managers.<br> <br>	Information to judge the effectiveness of feral pig control techniques.	State and territory agencies.<br>Research institutions.
Action 4.3: Encourage the use of the existing FeralPigScan platform for centralised recording platform of feral pig control actions and any monitoring/recording of their effectiveness.<br>Issues of data standards, data security and data access may need to be considered.	Medium priority.<br>Years 1–5.	Increased use of FeralPigScan to improve this platform’s information base and usefulness.	Data on where and how feral pigs are controlled available for regional, state/territory and national planning and prioritisation.	Australian, state and territory governments to determine feasibility.<br>If this is implemented land managers will need to provide information.

Action

Priority/ timeframe

Outcome

Output

Key Actioners

Action 4.1: Encourage monitoring to enable the evaluation of the effectiveness of feral pig control. Monitoring of appropriately chosen sites will allow the effectiveness of feral pig control to be evaluated, and will allow land managers to change feral pig control actions as necessary. In particular, monitoring of threatened species/ecological communities being impacted by feral pigs can determine whether changes in feral pig abundance caused by feral pig control are resulting in a positive response in those threatened species/ecological communities. Sharing information on effectiveness of control actions will allow other land managers to learn from it.

High priority. Years 1–5.

Feral pig control actions include site monitoring and effectiveness. Increased use of FeralPigScan to improve this platform’s information base and usefulness.

Information to refine feral pig control actions.

Land managers undertaking control programs or contractors working for land managers.

Action 4.2: Develop further effective monitoring techniques.

High priority.

Effective monitoring techniques that can be used by non-specialist land managers.

Information to judge the effectiveness of feral pig control techniques.

State and territory agencies. Research institutions.

Action 4.3: Encourage the use of the existing FeralPigScan platform for centralised recording platform of feral pig control actions and any monitoring/recording of their effectiveness. Issues of data standards, data security and data access may need to be considered.

Medium priority. Years 1–5.

Increased use of FeralPigScan to improve this platform’s information base and usefulness.

Data on where and how feral pigs are controlled available for regional, state/territory and national planning and prioritisation.

Australian, state and territory governments to determine feasibility. If this is implemented land managers will need to provide information.

Action	Priority/ timeframe	Outcome	Output	Key Actioners
Action 5.1: Increase delivery of training courses and/or extension programs to build feral pig management skills amongst landholders and land managers<br>Training courses / extension programs will acquaint participants with:<br>current humane feral pig management products and techniquesrelevant legislation, including animal welfare legislationcodes of practice and standard operating proceduresthe value of monitoring, and basic techniques for monitoring.	High priority.<br>Years 1–5.	Increased capability to manage feral pigs amongst landholders and land managers.<br>More feral pig management undertaken by landholders and land managers.	Formal vocational training courses (e.g. Certificate III in Vertebrate Pest Management) available in all states and territories.<br>Where records are available, the ongoing delivery of vertebrate pest management information or training at agricultural and town shows, field days and public meetings.<br>Ongoing access of feral pig training material available on the PestSmart Connect website (http://www.pestsmart.org.au/) (developed by the Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre).	TAFEs, universities, organisations delivering agricultural and natural resource management advice (e.g. Natural Resource Management, Local Land Services, state and territory government departments).<br>Delivery of training takes place formally through courses or workshops and informally through agricultural and town shows, field days and public meetings.
Action 5.2: Increase understanding of social impediments to feral pig control.	Medium priority.<br>Years 1–5.	Feral pig management programs tailored to take account of social factors, including Indigenous social factors, while protecting threatened species/ ecological communities.<br>Create opportunities for discussion and exchange of ideas and experience regarding feral pig control.	Guidance available to land managers undertaking control programs.	Researchers in association with TAFEs, universities, organisations delivering agricultural and natural resource management advice.

Action

Priority/ timeframe

Outcome

Output

Key Actioners

Action 5.1: Increase delivery of training courses and/or extension programs to build feral pig management skills amongst landholders and land managers Training courses / extension programs will acquaint participants with: current humane feral pig management products and techniquesrelevant legislation, including animal welfare legislationcodes of practice and standard operating proceduresthe value of monitoring, and basic techniques for monitoring.

High priority. Years 1–5.

Increased capability to manage feral pigs amongst landholders and land managers. More feral pig management undertaken by landholders and land managers.

Formal vocational training courses (e.g. Certificate III in Vertebrate Pest Management) available in all states and territories. Where records are available, the ongoing delivery of vertebrate pest management information or training at agricultural and town shows, field days and public meetings. Ongoing access of feral pig training material available on the PestSmart Connect website (http://www.pestsmart.org.au/) (developed by the Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre).

TAFEs, universities, organisations delivering agricultural and natural resource management advice (e.g. Natural Resource Management, Local Land Services, state and territory government departments). Delivery of training takes place formally through courses or workshops and informally through agricultural and town shows, field days and public meetings.

Action 5.2: Increase understanding of social impediments to feral pig control.

Medium priority. Years 1–5.

Feral pig management programs tailored to take account of social factors, including Indigenous social factors, while protecting threatened species/ ecological communities. Create opportunities for discussion and exchange of ideas and experience regarding feral pig control.

Guidance available to land managers undertaking control programs.

Researchers in association with TAFEs, universities, organisations delivering agricultural and natural resource management advice.

Action	Priority/ timeframe	Outcome	Output	Key Actioners
Action 6.1: Develop and deliver a public education program about feral pigs and the environmental damage and problems they cause.<br>Raising public awareness of feral pigs is necessary. Where opportunities arise, such as in conjunction with feral pig management programs or as a component of a broader program raising awareness of invasive/feral animals generally, a public education campaign can be run.<br> <br>	Low priority.<br>Years 1–5.	Greater public awareness of the environmental damage feral pigs cause, and the problems feral pigs cause to both the environment and primary producers.<br>Public support is forthcoming for funding feral pig control programs.	Media monitoring shows an increase in stories/articles or awareness of the feral pig problem.<br>AND/OR<br>Public surveys on the environment indicate an awareness of the feral pig problem.<br>	Australian, state and territory biosecurity agencies.<br>Specific control programs should deliver education in local areas as appropriate.
Action 6.2: Ensure deterrents are in place to discourage the translocation of feral pigs, and include this information in community education programs	Medium priority.<br>Years 1–5	Greater public awareness of biosecurity regulations related to feral pigs.<br>Public support is forthcoming to minimise the dispersal and abundance of feral pigs	Public surveys on the environment indicate an awareness of regulation related to feral pigs.<br>	Relevant state and territory authorities.

Action	Cost anticipated or known at time of TAP development for action times	Comments
Exclusion fencing	Fencing (total cost) $7,000–14,000 per kilometre.<br>Components:<br>Fencing materials $2,600 per kilometre<br>Fencing labour $45 per hour	Can be double in hilly country
Trapping	Trap costs $650–800 each; comprising:<br>Trapping materials for 1 trap $200–500<br>Labour – construction for 1 trap ranges from $25–$45 per hour for one day per trap.<br>Maintenance labour with vehicle is $100,000 per year. An extra person adds $70,000 per year.<br> <br>Labour – checking traps $45 per hour, full day to check traps. Vehicle use $1.20 per kilometre and may average 150 km per day.<br> <br>Materials – bait (molasses/ apples/grain) $10 per kilogram. Also need to include ammunition/firearm costs plus training requirements for use of corporate firearms.	Depends on trap type – these estimates are provided for a weldmesh style figure 6 trap.<br>
Aerial shooting	Helicopter $1100–1200 per hour of flight<br>Labour $75 per hour of flight<br>Ammunition $100–150 per hour of flight
Poisoning with 1080 (meat or grain baits)	Grain + 1080 at 0.016 litres (16 mls) per kilogram, $250–300 per 100 kilograms<br>Meat $1.80 per bait (2.4 mls injected 1080)<br>Grain is $12/25kg, need to pre-feed for 1 month.<br>Baiting programs can cost as little as $1,000–2,000 for the materials.
Poisoning with sodium nitrite (estimated; not released for use yet)	Estimated $60 for quantity sufficient to kill up to 20 pigs<br> <br> <br> <br>
Research projects, including development of new control tools and models	$250,000 annually per researcher.
Social research into barriers for pig control	$200,000 including community engagement.	Estimated $200,000 over whole of TAP (nationally; 5 years).
Prioritisation of pig control areas	$100,000 for initial regional reviews of areas per state/territory.	Estimated $800,000 plus additional funding for finer scale prioritisation over whole of TAP (nationally; 5 years).
Development of coordinated reporting mechanisms	$50,000 per state/territory.	Estimated $300,000 over whole of TAP (nationally; 5 years).
Development of management plans	$10,000 for each regional plan.	Estimated $200,000 for 20 regions.
Community education	$200,000 per state/territory for general promotion per year. This amount may decline as material can be reused and education levels rise.	Estimated $1.2 million per state/territory over 5 years.
Training	$10,000 to $100,000 to develop different materials and programs.<br>$2,000 to $100,000 for delivery.	Estimated $250,000 over whole of TAP (nationally; 5 years).<br>Estimated over $300,000 over whole of TAP (nationally; 5 years).

Action

Cost anticipated or known at time of TAP development for action times

Comments

Exclusion fencing

Fencing (total cost) $7,000–14,000 per kilometre. Components: Fencing materials $2,600 per kilometre Fencing labour $45 per hour

Can be double in hilly country

Trapping

Trap costs $650–800 each; comprising: Trapping materials for 1 trap $200–500 Labour – construction for 1 trap ranges from $25–$45 per hour for one day per trap. Maintenance labour with vehicle is $100,000 per year. An extra person adds $70,000 per year. Labour – checking traps $45 per hour, full day to check traps. Vehicle use $1.20 per kilometre and may average 150 km per day. Materials – bait (molasses/ apples/grain) $10 per kilogram. Also need to include ammunition/firearm costs plus training requirements for use of corporate firearms.

Depends on trap type – these estimates are provided for a weldmesh style figure 6 trap.

Aerial shooting

Helicopter $1100–1200 per hour of flight Labour $75 per hour of flight Ammunition $100–150 per hour of flight

Poisoning with 1080 (meat or grain baits)

Grain + 1080 at 0.016 litres (16 mls) per kilogram, $250–300 per 100 kilograms Meat $1.80 per bait (2.4 mls injected 1080) Grain is $12/25kg, need to pre-feed for 1 month. Baiting programs can cost as little as $1,000–2,000 for the materials.

Poisoning with sodium nitrite (estimated; not released for use yet)

Estimated $60 for quantity sufficient to kill up to 20 pigs

Research projects, including development of new control tools and models

$250,000 annually per researcher.

Social research into barriers for pig control

$200,000 including community engagement.

Estimated $200,000 over whole of TAP (nationally; 5 years).

Prioritisation of pig control areas

$100,000 for initial regional reviews of areas per state/territory.

Estimated $800,000 plus additional funding for finer scale prioritisation over whole of TAP (nationally; 5 years).

Development of coordinated reporting mechanisms

$50,000 per state/territory.

Estimated $300,000 over whole of TAP (nationally; 5 years).

Development of management plans

$10,000 for each regional plan.

Estimated $200,000 for 20 regions.

Community education

$200,000 per state/territory for general promotion per year. This amount may decline as material can be reused and education levels rise.

Estimated $1.2 million per state/territory over 5 years.

Training

$10,000 to $100,000 to develop different materials and programs. $2,000 to $100,000 for delivery.

Estimated $250,000 over whole of TAP (nationally; 5 years). Estimated over $300,000 over whole of TAP (nationally; 5 years).

EPBC Act<br>	The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the Australian Government’s environment legislation.
Key threatening process	A threatening process listed under the EPBC Act that meets any of the following criteria:<br>could cause a native species or an ecological community to become eligible for listing in any category, other than conservation dependentcould cause a listed threatened species or a listed threatened ecological community to become eligible to be listed in another category representing a higher degree of endangermentadversely affects two or more listed threatened species (other than conservation dependent species) or two or more listed threatened ecological communities.
Threatened ecological community	An ecological community listed under the EPBC Act as being critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable.
Threatened species	A species listed under the EPBC Act as being critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or conservation dependent.
Near-threatened species	A species currently not listed as threatened under the EPBC Act, but being impacted by threats in such a way that they could become eligible for listing as threatened in the near future. Note this is a purely descriptive term used for purposes of this document and is not a legal term or category used in the EPBC Act.

Species or Community Name	EPBC Status	Grouping[2]	Confidence	Comments (may be regionally focussed)
Amytornis barbatus barbatus<br>(Grey Grasswren (Bulloo)	Endangered	Bird	Perceived	There are a number of factors which may contribute to habitat degradation including rooting (digging) by feral pigs.
Casuarius casuarius johnsonii<br>(Southern Cassowary (Australian), Southern Cassowary)	Endangered	Bird	Known	Southern cassowary occurs along the eastern part of Cape York. Feral pigs degrade the bird's habitat by degrading water sources.<br> <br>Feral pigs probably compete with Southern Cassowaries for fallen fruit. Pig traps are also known to have resulted in the deaths of some cassowaries. Feral pigs wallowing and rooting around the edges of watercourses and swamps degrade habitat and affect water quality
Dasyornis brachypterus<br>(Eastern Bristlebird)	Endangered	Bird	Known	Feral pigs damage habitat, particularly by uprooting Wild Sorghum.<br>
Epthianura crocea macgregori<br>(Yellow Chat (Dawson))	Critically Endangered	Bird	Perceived	Current habitat is being grazed by... feral pigs which may be causing long-term habitat degradation.
Epthianura crocea tunneyi<br>(Yellow Chat (Alligator Rivers))	Endangered	Bird	Known	Immediate threat ... is habitat damage by feral pigs.
Erythrura gouldiae<br>(Gouldian Finch)	Endangered	Bird	Known	In the Northern Territory, habitat degradation by feral pigs can destroy or reduce wet season foraging habitat for these birds.
Geophaps smithii blaauwi<br>(Partridge Pigeon (western))	Vulnerable	Bird	Perceived	Potential threats include grazing and trampling of habitat by feral animals particularly cattle (Bos taurus), donkeys (Equus asinus) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Leipoa ocellata<br>(Malleefowl)	Vulnerable	Bird	–	Added on advice of Parks Victoria in October 2015.
Malurus coronatus coronatus<br>(Purple-crowned Fairy-wren (western))	Endangered	Bird	Known	Identified threats include grazing and trampling of habitat by cattle and feral herbivores, notably water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), donkeys (Equus aqinus) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Neochmia phaeton evangelinae<br>(Crimson Finch (white-bellied))	Vulnerable	Bird	Known	Grazing mammals such as feral pigs and cattle can degrade riparian habitats during the dry season when they congregate around sources of fresh water and destroy the rank grasses by feeding upon and trampling them.
Pedionomus torquatus<br>Plains Wanderer	Critically Endangered	Bird	–	Added on advice from Parks Victoria in October 2015.
Psephotus chrysopterygius<br>(Golden-shouldered Parrot)	Endangered	Bird	Perceived	A shortage of food occurs annually in the early wet season and this can be made worse by intense cattle and feral pig grazing. Pigs and cattle can also destroy the termite mounds that the parrots breed in.
Turnix melanogaster<br>(Black-breasted Button-quail)	Vulnerable	Bird	Known	Affected by grazing and other disturbances caused by cattle, horses and feral pigs; being ground-nesters, they are also affected by predation by cats, foxes and pigs.
Euploea alcathoe enastri<br>(Gove Crow Butterfly)	Endangered	Butterfly	Perceived	Feral animals, particularly water buffalo Bubalus bubalis and feral pigs Sus scrofa, are on the Gove Peninsula. Such animals are known to damage monsoon rainforest habitat, and may also damage the groundwater forest which is the habitat where the Gove Crow Butterfly occurs.
Paralucia spinifera<br>(Bathurst Copper Butterfly, Purple Copper Butterfly, Bathurst Copper, Bathurst Copper Wing, Bathurst-Lithgow Copper, Purple Copper)	Vulnerable	Butterfly	Known	Feral pigs have been identified as a threat to Native Blackthorn (Bursaria spinosa subsp. Lasiophylla), a tall native shrub that this species only occurs in the presence of.
Engaeus martigener<br>(Furneaux Burrowing Crayfish)	Endangered	Crayfish<br>(Burrowing)	Perceived	Feral pigs have previously been identified as a potential risk to the species through the pigs’ digging. While burrow depth would again appear to protect crayfish from the direct effects of such disturbance, this is an issue that needs to be addressed.
Engaewa reducta<br>(Dunsborough Burrowing Crayfish)	Critically Endangered	Crayfish<br>(Burrowing)	Perceived	Main potential threats include feral pigs.
Engaewa walpolea<br>(Walpole Burrowing Crayfish)	Endangered	Crayfish<br>(Burrowing)	–	Main potential threats to existing populations include feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Engaewa pseudoreducta<br>(Margaret River Burrowing Crayfish)	Critically Endangered	Crayfish<br>(Burrowing)	Perceived	Feral pigs could damage habitat through ground-rooting feeding behaviour and prey on crayfish.
Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar Bioregions	Endangered	Ecological Community	Known
Temperate Highland Peat Swamps on Sandstone	Endangered	Ecological Community	Known	Main identified threats include damage from introduced animals such as feral pigs (Sus scrofa), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), dogs (Canis familiaris), cats (Felis catus), and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
The community of native species dependent on natural discharge of groundwater from the Great Artesian Basin	Endangered	Ecological Community	Known
White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland	Critically Endangered	Ecological Community	–	Threat of habitat degradation by feral pigs.
White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland	Critically endangered	Ecological Community
Temperate highland peat swamps on sandstone	Endangered	Ecological Community
Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar Bioregions	Endangered	Ecological Community
The community of native species dependent on natural discharge of groundwater from the Great Artesian Basin	Endangered	Ecological Community
Chlamydogobius squamigenus<br>(Edgbaston Goby)	Vulnerable	Fish<br>(Freshwater)	Known
Chlamydogobius micropterus<br>(Elizabeth Springs Goby)	Endangered	Fish<br>(Freshwater)	Known
Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis<br>(Redfin Blue Eye, Redfin Blue-eye)	Endangered	Fish<br>(Freshwater)	Known
Geocrinia alba<br>(White-bellied Frog, Creek Frog)	Endangered	Frog	Some Perceived, Some Known	Other threats to the white-bellied frogs include habitat destruction by (fire and) feral pigs.
Geocrinia vitellina<br>(Orange-bellied Frog)	Vulnerable	Frog	Some Known,<br>Some Perceived	Potential threats to G. vitellina include feral pigs.
Litoria dayi<br>(Lace-eyed Tree Frog, Australian Lacelid)	Endangered	Frog	Perceived	Threatened by potential predation when on the ground (e.g. stream edges and adjacent forest); also habitat damage.<br> <br>This frog is a rainforest species, endemic to the Wet Tropics Bioregion (Williams & Hero 1998, 2001).
Litoria lorica<br>(Armoured Mistfrog)	Critically Endangered	Frog	Perceived	Threatened by potential predation when on the ground (e.g. stream edges and adjacent forest); also habitat damage.<br> <br>The Armoured Mistfrog occurs on the Carbine Tablelands in north-east Queensland where a single population is restricted to 4 km of stream habitat with a total population size of 500-1000 (Hoskin & Puschendorf 2013).
Litoria nannotis<br>(Waterfall Frog, Torrent Tree Frog)	Endangered	Frog	Perceived	Threatened by potential predation when on the ground (e.g. stream edges); also habitat damage.<br> <br>The Waterfall Frog occurs throughout the Wet Tropics Bioregion, North Queensland, from Paluma to Cooktown (Hero & Fickling 1994), but only has stable populations at lowland sites (180-400 m) (Hero et al. 1998, 2002; McDonald & Alford 1999).
Litoria nyakalensis<br>(Mountain Mistfrog)	Critically Endangered	Frog	Perceived	Feral pigs are a potential cause of riparian habitat damage and adult frog mortality.<br> <br>The Mountain Mistfrog formerly occurred across two thirds of the Wet Tropics Region from Douglas Creek near Cardwell to Alexandra Creek, Thornton Peak, north-east Queensland (Hero & Fickling 1994) at altitudes between 380 and 1020 m (McDonald 1992).
Litoria rheocola<br>(Common Mistfrog)	Endangered	Frog	Perceived	Threatened by potential predation when on the ground (e.g. stream edges and adjacent forest); also habitat damage.<br> <br>The Common Mistfrog historically occurred from Broadwater Creek National Park to Amos Bay, northern Queensland, at altitudes between 0 and 1180 m above sea level (asl) (McDonald 1992).
Litoria olongburensis<br>(Wallum Sedge Frog)	Vulnerable	Frog	Perceived	Other known and potential threats include habitat disturbance and predation by feral pigs.<br>The Wallum Sedge Frog has been recorded in south-east Queensland and north-east NSW and on several other offshore sand islands, including Bribie, Moreton and North Stradbroke Islands.
Mixophyes fleayi<br>(Fleay's Frog)	Endangered	Frog	Known	Large areas of this species' habitat have been and continue to be degraded by feral animals (e.g. feral pigs in the Conondale Range).
Mixophyes iteratus<br>(Giant Barred Frog, Southern Barred Frog)	Endangered	Frog	Known	Threat of predation by feral pigs.
Pseudophryne corroboree<br>(Southern Corroboree Frog)	Critically Endangered	Frog	Perceived	Threat of habitat degradation by feral pigs.
Pseudophryne pengilleyi<br>(Northern Corroboree Frog)	Critically Endangered	Frog	Perceived	Excavation by feral pigs has also been identified as a potentially threatening process for the species.
Spicospina flammocaerulea<br>(Sunset Frog)	Endangered	Frog	Perceived
Taudactylus pleione<br>(Kroombit Tinker Frog, Pleione's Torrent Frog)	Critically Endangered	Frog	Known	Soil disturbance by feral pigs is also likely to greatly increase the spread of riparian weeds such as mistflower and crofton weed. Feral pigs are also potential vectors of chytrid fungus.<br> <br>At Kroombit Tops, feral pigs have only recently arrived but they have caused significant damage to at least two sites known to support the Kroombit Tinker Frog. Although there may be direct predation by feral pigs, the greatest effect is likely to be the impact of habitat degradation.
Taudactylus rheophilus<br>(Tinkling Frog)	Endangered	Frog	Perceived
Liopholis guthega<br>(Guthega Skink)	Endangered	Lizard	Potential
Nangura spinosa<br>(Nangur Spiny Skink)	Critically Endangered	Lizard		Key threats to the Nangur Spiny Skink include predation by feral animals, including feral pigs.
Pseudomys pilligaensis<br>(Pilliga Mouse, Poolkoo)<br> <br>Note: some DNA evidence suggests this species may be an isolated population of the non-threatened delicate mouse (Pseudomys delicatulus); this may alter this species’ listing in the future, or lead to its de-listing.	Vulnerable	Mammal<br>(Placental)	Known	Threat of habitat degradation by feral pigs.
Xeromys myoides<br>(Water Mouse, False Water Rat, Yirrkoo)	Vulnerable	Mammal<br>(Placental)	Known
Zyzomys maini<br>(Arnhem Rock-rat, Arnhem Land Rock-rat, Kodjperr)	Vulnerable	Mammal<br>(Placental)	Known	27% of rainforest patches were "severely disturbed" by feral pigs.
Zyzomys palatalis<br>(Carpentarian Rock-rat, Aywalirroomoo)	Endangered	Mammal<br>(Placental)	Known
Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi<br>(Woylie)	Endangered	Marsupial	Known	Dogs (Canis familiaris) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa) have also been implicated as the cause of several failed reintroduction attempts. Habitat destruction can also come about from feral pigs.
Bettongia tropica<br>(Northern Bettong)	Endangered	Marsupial	Known	The major threat from invasive species to the northern bettong is competition for hypogeous (underground) fungi from feral pigs
Isoodon obesulus obesulus<br>(Southern Brown Bandicoot (Eastern))	Endangered	Marsupial		Threat of habitat degradation by feral pigs.
Lasiorhinus krefftii<br>(Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat, Yaminon)	Endangered	Marsupial	Perceived
Potorous longipes<br>(Long-footed Potoroo)	Endangered	Marsupial	Perceived	Threat of competition with feral pigs.
Caladenia arenaria<br>(Sand-hill Spider-orchid)	Endangered	Orchid	Perceived	There may ... be consumption of the tubers by various animals, such as feral pigs.
Caladenia atroclavia<br>(Black-clubbed Spider-orchid)	Endangered	Orchid	Known	Main identified threat to C. atroclavia is feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Caladenia dorrienii<br>(Cossack Spider-orchid)	Endangered	Orchid	Perceived	Main potential threats to cossack spider-orchid include grazing and disturbance by kangaroos and feral pigs. Feral pigs have also caused significant disturbance in the past through diggings and trampling to the habitat at one population.
Caladenia elegans<br>(Elegant Spider-orchid)	Endangered	Orchid	Some Known, Some Perceived	Feral pig activity has been observed in most populations. As well as grazing the orchids themselves, feral pigs can destroy the underground tubers of the orchid and also affect the growth of symbiotic fungi that are essential for germination and for providing starches for the plant (Hoffman and Brown, 1998).
Caladenia hoffmanii	Endangered	Orchid	Perceived	Main potential threats include feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Caladenia tessellata<br>(Thick-lipped Spider-orchid, Daddy Long-legs)	Vulnerable	Orchid	Potential
Caladenia wanosa<br>(Kalbarri Spider-orchid)	Vulnerable	Orchid	Known	Main identified threats include substrate disturbance by feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Caladenia winfieldii<br>(Majestic Spider-orchid)	Endangered	Orchid	Known	[Feral pigs are] ... affecting the growth of the symbiotic fungi essential for germination and starch provision to the plant.<br> <br>Two remaining populations are threatened by feral pigs.
Caladenia harringtoniae	Vulnerable	Orchid	Known	Other identified threats include grazing by feral pigs.
Diuris pedunculata<br>(Small Snake Orchid, Two-leaved Golden Moths, Golden Moths, Cowslip Orchid, Snake Orchid)	Endangered	Orchid	–	Threat of grazing and/or habitat degradation by feral pigs.
Diuris venosa<br>(Veined Doubletail, Goat Orchid, Veined Donkey-orchid)	Vulnerable	Orchid	Known	Threatened by damage by feral pigs.
Drakaea concolor<br>(Kneeling Hammer-orchid)	Vulnerable	Orchid	Perceived	Main identified threats to kneeling hammer-orchid include grazing; evidence of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) grazing on the species at numerous populations.
Habenaria macraithii<br>(an orchid)	Endangered	Orchid	Perceived	Main potential threats to the species are those that affect its habitat including feral pigs.
Microtis globula<br>(South-Coast Mignonette Orchid)	Vulnerable	Orchid	Perceived	Main potential threat to South-Coast mignonette orchid is feral pigs (Sus scrofa) – habitat degradation and grazing.
Phaius australis<br>(Lesser Swamp-orchid)	Endangered	Orchid	Known	Threat of grazing and/or habitat degradation by feral pig; feral pigs, although not thought to be feeding on the swamp orchids, root up the soil whilst searching for food and are especially damaging in Bundjalung National Park, north-east New South Wales.
Phaius bernaysii<br>(Yellow Swamp-orchid)	Endangered	Orchid	Known	... feral pigs have adversely affected ... Phaius australis var. bernaysii.
Phaius pictus<br>(an orchid)	Vulnerable	Orchid	Perceived	Feral pigs are a potential threat to this species.
Prasophyllum morganii<br>(Mignonette Leek-orchid, Cobungra Leek-orchid, Dense Leek-orchid)	Vulnerable	Orchid	–	Threat of habitat degradation by feral pig.
Pterostylis cucullata<br>(Leafy Greenhood)	Vulnerable	Orchid	–	Threat of habitat degradation by feral pigs.
Pterostylis saxicola<br>(Sydney Plains Greenhood)	Endangered	Orchid	–	Threat of grazing by feral pigs.
Pterostylis sinuata<br>(Northampton Midget Greenhood, Western Swan Greenhood)	Endangered	Orchid	Known	Feral pig activity has been observed in most populations.
Thelymitra dedmaniarum<br>(Cinnamon Sun-orchid)	Endangered	Orchid	Known	As well as grazing the orchids themselves, pigs can destroy the underground tubers of the orchid and also affect the growth of symbiotic fungi that are essential for germination.
Vappodes lithocola<br>(an orchid)	Endangered	Orchid	Perceived	Some populations may sustain damage from feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Vrydagzynea grayi (Australian population)<br>(an orchid)	Endangered	Orchid	Perceived	Feral pigs are a potential threat.
Zeuxine polygonoides<br>(Velvet Jewel Orchid)	Vulnerable	Orchid	Perceived	Main potential threats include feral pigs.
Asplenium wildii<br>(a fern)	Vulnerable	Plant	Perceived	Main potential threats include feral pigs.
Ballantinia antipoda<br>(Southern Shepherd's Purse)	Endangered	Plant	Known	The feral pigs cause considerable damage to vegetation and soils, including Southern Shepherds Purse habitat.
Baloskion longipes<br>(Dense Cord Rush)	Vulnerable	Plant	Known	Threat of habitat degradation by feral pig – feral pigs (Sus scrofa) rooting for food, directly damaging the species and surrounding habitat (CA, 2008).
Burmannia sp. Melville Island (R.Fensham 1021)	Endangered	Plant	Known
Calotis glandulosa<br>(Mauve Burr-daisy)	Vulnerable	Plant	Known	In the Kosciuszko area, threat of habitat degradation and population loss by feral pigs (CA, 2008).
Chingia australis<br>(a fern)	Endangered	Plant	Known
Crepidium lawleri<br>(a small plant)	Endangered	Plant	Known	Suffering from disturbance and degradation by feral pigs.
Cynanchum elegans<br>(White-flowered Wax Plant)	Endangered	Plant	Known	Grazing by cattle, goats, rabbits, feral pigs, horses, sheep and deer is affecting remnant patches, causing rapid deterioration of the C. elegans habitat.
Diplazium pallidum<br>(a fern)	Endangered	Plant	Known	Main identified threats include feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Diplazium cordifolium<br>(a fern)	Vulnerable	Plant	Known	Damage by feral pigs (but not by direct predation).
Eleocharis obicis<br>(a spike rush)	Vulnerable	Plant	Known	Main identified threats to E. obicis include grazing and habitat destruction by feral rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Eriocaulon carsonii<br>(Salt Pipewort, Button Grass)	Endangered	Plant	Known	Rooting by feral pigs could potentially be the major threat to the species.
Eryngium fontanum<br>(Blue Devil)	Endangered	Plant	Known
Gardenia psidioides<br>(Hann Gardenia)	Vulnerable	Plant	Perceived	Main potential threats include damage from feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Gentiana baeuerlenii<br>(Baeuerlen's Gentian)	Endangered	Plant	Perceived	Main threats to survival are likely to be damage caused to the area by feral pigs.
Gentiana bredboensis<br>(Bredbo Gentian)	Vulnerable	Plant	Known	Main identified threats include habitat destruction by feral pigs (CA, 2008).
Gentiana wissmannii<br>(New England Gentian)	Vulnerable	Plant	Perceived	Presently disturbance of soil by feral pigs and resulting destruction of vegetation in the swamps and on their margins occurs periodically.
Hoya australis subsp. oramicola<br>(a vine)	Vulnerable	Plant	Perceived	The subspecies’ habitat, monsoon forests, are vulnerable to feral pigs.
Kennedia glabrata<br>(Northcliffe Kennedia)	Vulnerable	Plant	Known	Main identified threats to Northcliffe kennedia include disturbance from feral pigs.
Lawrencia buchananensis<br>(a plant)	Vulnerable	Plant	Known	Below-ground parts heavily browsed by feral pigs.
Lepidium aschersonii<br>(Spiny Pepper-cress)	Vulnerable	Plant	Known
Lepidium monoplocoides<br>(Winged Pepper-cress)	Endangered	Plant	–	Threat of habitat degradation by feral pigs.
Mitrella tiwiensis<br>(a vine)	Vulnerable	Plant	Perceived	The subspecies’ habitat, monsoon forests, are vulnerable to disturbance from feral pigs
Myriophyllum coronatum<br>(an aquatic plant)	Vulnerable	Plant<br>(Aquatic)	Perceived	Main potential threats include settlement pressures such as feral animals, especially feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Plectranthus torrenticola<br>(a plant)	Endangered	Plant	Perceived	Other possible threatening processes in the future include habitat degradation caused by feral pigs.
Plesioneuron tuberculatum<br>(a plant)	Endangered	Plant	Perceived	Main potential threat to P. tuberculatum is feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Reedia spathacea<br>(Reedia)	Critically Endangered	Plant	Known	Main identified threats include predation by feral pigs; feral pigs pose the major threat to the species.
Rutidosis leiolepis<br>(Monaro Golden Daisy)	Vulnerable	Plant	Perceived	Potential threats within Kosciuszko NP include feral pig activity
Swainsona murrayana<br>(Slender Darling-pea, Slender Swainson, Murray Swainson-pea)	Vulnerable	Plant	Perceived	Other threats include disturbance by feral pigs.
Trachymene scapigera<br>(Mountain Trachymene)	Endangered	Plant	Perceived	Main potential threats to the species include disturbance by feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Typhonium jonesii<br>(a herb)	Endangered	Plant	Perceived	Feral pigs are present on Bathurst Island and have recently been introduced to Melville Island. Feral pigs may potentially dig up the tuber of this species.
Typhonium mirabile<br>(a herb)	Endangered	Plant	Perceived	Feral pigs may potentially dig up the tuber and cause a decline in numbers.
Verticordia fimbrilepis subsp. fimbrilepis<br>(Shy Featherflower)	Endangered	Plant	–
Acacia ammophila<br>(a shrub)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	... in the Lake Bindegolly area ... feral pigs threaten the populations by the uprooting of seedlings.
Acacia phasmoides<br>(Phantom Wattle)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Perceived
Almaleea cambagei<br>(Torrington Pea)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	Main identified threats to Almaleea cambagei include disturbance of habitat by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and goats (Capra hircus).
Astrotricha roddii (a shrub)	Endangered	Shrub	Known	Main identified threats include grazing and habitat disturbance by feral goats (Capra hircus) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa)
Beyeria lepidopetala<br>(Small-petalled Beyeria, Short-petalled Beyeria)	Endangered	Shrub	Known
Boronia deanei<br>(Deane's Boronia)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	Threat of habitat degradation by feral pig. Main identified threats to Deane's boronia include feral pigs (Sus scrofa) which cause direct damage to the species and to its swamp and stream bank habitat.
Callistemon forresterae<br>(Forrester's Bottlebrush)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Potential
Denhamia parvifolia<br>(Small-leaved Denhamia)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Perceived	Lantana invasion, assisted by fire, feral pig and cattle damage can increase the frequency of hot fires which, in turn, leads to a further increase in density of Lantana.
Grevillea molyneuxii<br>(a shrub)	Endangered	Shrub	Known	Main potential threats to G. molyneuxii include digging by animals such as feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in the shallow moss and peaty soil of the heathland community.
Homoranthus prolixus<br>(a shrub)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	Habitat degradation by feral pig is identified main threat (CA, 2008).
Hypocalymma longifolium<br>(Long-leaved Myrtle)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	Main identified threats include digging and trampling from feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Lechenaultia chlorantha<br>(Kalbarri Leschenaultia)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	Main identified threats to Kalbarri leschenaultia include grazing and habitat disturbance by feral pigs (Sus scrofa), feral rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and feral goats (Capra hircus).
Leucopogon confertus<br>(Torrington Beard-heath)	Endangered	Shrub	Perceived	Possible threatening processes include grazing/digging by feral pigs.
Pimelea curviflora var. curviflora<br>(a shrub)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	Main identified threats to Pimelea curviflora var. curviflora include grazing by pest fauna including feral pigs.
Pultenaea parrisiae<br>(Bantam Bush-pea, Parris' Bush-pea)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	Main identified threats include damage by feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Solanum dunalianum<br>(a shrub)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	Main identified threats include exotic animals, such as feral pigs.
Stachystemon nematophorus<br>(Three-flowered Stachystemon)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	Main identified threats include trampling by feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Styphelia perileuca<br>(a shrub)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Perceived	Main potential threats include disturbance by feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Tasmannia glaucifolia<br>(Fragrant Pepperbush)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	Main identified threats include grazing and trampling by pigs (Sus scrofa).
Tetratheca juncea<br>(Black-eyed Susan)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	Threat of grazing by feral pigs.
Xerothamnella parvifolia<br>(a shrub)	Vulnerable	Shrub	Known	Main identified threats include grazing by feral pigs, (Sus scrofa).
Xylopia monosperma<br>(a shrub)	Endangered	Shrub	Potential	Main identified threats include feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Gudeoconcha sophiae magnifica<br>(a helicarionid land snail)	Critically Endangered	Snail	Potential
Mathewsoconcha grayi<br>(Gray's Helicarionid Land Snail)	Critically Endangered	Snail	Potential
Mathewsoconcha phillipii<br>(Phillip Island Helicarionid Land Snail)	Critically Endangered	Snail	Potential
Mystivagor mastersi<br>(Masters' Charopid Land Snail)	Critically Endangered	Snail	Potential
Pseudocharopa whiteleggei<br>(Whitelegge's Land Snail)	Critically Endangered	Snail	Potential
Pseudocharopa lidgbirdi<br>(Mount Lidgbird Charopid Land Snail)	Critically Endangered	Snail	Potential
Quintalia stoddartii<br>(Stoddart's Helicarionid Land Snail)	Critically Endangered	Snail	Potential
Archontophoenix myolensis<br>(Myola Palm, Myola Archontophoenix)	Endangered	Tree	Perceived	Potential threats identified are feral pigs.
Cadellia pentastylis<br>(Ooline)	Vulnerable	Tree	Known	Main identified threats include grazing and soil compaction by feral pigs.
Gulubia costata<br>(a palm)	Vulnerable	Tree	Perceived	Feral pigs could cause habitat disturbance
Pouteria eerwah<br>(Shiny-leaved Condoo, Black Plum, Wild Apple)	Endangered	Tree	Known	Main identified threats include seed predation by insects and feral pigs.
Sankowskya stipularis<br>(a small tree)	Endangered	Tree	Perceived	Main potential threats to S. stipularis include feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Caretta caretta<br>(Loggerhead Turtle)	Endangered	Turtle<br>(Marine)	Known	The main threats are identified as: predation of turtle eggs by native and introduced animals [including feral pigs].
Chelonia mydas<br>(Green Turtle)	Vulnerable	Turtle<br>(Marine)	Known	Threat of predation [eggs and hatchlings] by feral pigs.
Dermochelys coriacea<br>(Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth)	Endangered	Turtle<br>(Marine)	Potential	Threat of predation [eggs and hatchlings] by feral pigs.
Eretmochelys imbricata<br>(Hawksbill Turtle)	Vulnerable	Turtle<br>(Marine)	Known	Egg predation. Predation of nests by feral pigs occurs in Qld.
Natator depressus<br>(Flatback Turtle)	Vulnerable	Turtle<br>(Marine)	Known	Egg predation. Feral pigs destroy up to 90% of the nests on western Cape York.
Elusor lavarackorum<br>(Gulf Snapping Turtle)	Endangered	Turtle<br>(Freshwater)	Known	Main identified threats to the Gulf Snapping Turtle include disturbance to nesting sites by feral animals, such as feral pigs (Sus scrofa).
Rheodytes leukops<br>(Fitzroy River Turtle, Fitzroy Tortoise, Fitzroy Turtle, White-eyed River Diver)	Vulnerable	Turtle<br>(Freshwater)	Perceived	Turtles may be vulnerable to predation by pigs, foxes and dogs if forced to move over land due to artificial barriers communal nesting sites along river banks are now heavily exploited by foxes (Vulpes vulpes), feral pigs (Sus scrofa), dingos (Canis lupus).
Pseudemydura umbrina<br>(Western Swamp Turtle)	Critically Endangered	Turtle (Freshwater)	Known

Species or Community Name

EPBC Status

Grouping[2]

Confidence

Comments (may be regionally focussed)

Amytornis barbatus barbatus (Grey Grasswren (Bulloo)

Endangered

Bird

Perceived

There are a number of factors which may contribute to habitat degradation including rooting (digging) by feral pigs.

Casuarius casuarius johnsonii (Southern Cassowary (Australian), Southern Cassowary)

Endangered

Bird

Known

Southern cassowary occurs along the eastern part of Cape York. Feral pigs degrade the bird's habitat by degrading water sources. Feral pigs probably compete with Southern Cassowaries for fallen fruit. Pig traps are also known to have resulted in the deaths of some cassowaries. Feral pigs wallowing and rooting around the edges of watercourses and swamps degrade habitat and affect water quality

Dasyornis brachypterus (Eastern Bristlebird)

Endangered

Bird

Known

Feral pigs damage habitat, particularly by uprooting Wild Sorghum.

Epthianura crocea macgregori (Yellow Chat (Dawson))

Critically Endangered

Bird

Perceived

Current habitat is being grazed by... feral pigs which may be causing long-term habitat degradation.

Epthianura crocea tunneyi (Yellow Chat (Alligator Rivers))

Endangered

Bird

Known

Immediate threat ... is habitat damage by feral pigs.

Erythrura gouldiae (Gouldian Finch)

Endangered

Bird

Known

In the Northern Territory, habitat degradation by feral pigs can destroy or reduce wet season foraging habitat for these birds.

Geophaps smithii blaauwi (Partridge Pigeon (western))

Vulnerable

Bird

Perceived

Potential threats include grazing and trampling of habitat by feral animals particularly cattle (Bos taurus), donkeys (Equus asinus) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Leipoa ocellata (Malleefowl)

Vulnerable

Bird

–

Added on advice of Parks Victoria in October 2015.

Malurus coronatus coronatus (Purple-crowned Fairy-wren (western))

Endangered

Bird

Known

Identified threats include grazing and trampling of habitat by cattle and feral herbivores, notably water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), donkeys (Equus aqinus) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Neochmia phaeton evangelinae (Crimson Finch (white-bellied))

Vulnerable

Bird

Known

Grazing mammals such as feral pigs and cattle can degrade riparian habitats during the dry season when they congregate around sources of fresh water and destroy the rank grasses by feeding upon and trampling them.

Pedionomus torquatus Plains Wanderer

Critically Endangered

Bird

–

Added on advice from Parks Victoria in October 2015.

Psephotus chrysopterygius (Golden-shouldered Parrot)

Endangered

Bird

Perceived

A shortage of food occurs annually in the early wet season and this can be made worse by intense cattle and feral pig grazing. Pigs and cattle can also destroy the termite mounds that the parrots breed in.

Turnix melanogaster (Black-breasted Button-quail)

Vulnerable

Bird

Known

Affected by grazing and other disturbances caused by cattle, horses and feral pigs; being ground-nesters, they are also affected by predation by cats, foxes and pigs.

Euploea alcathoe enastri (Gove Crow Butterfly)

Endangered

Butterfly

Perceived

Feral animals, particularly water buffalo Bubalus bubalis and feral pigs Sus scrofa, are on the Gove Peninsula. Such animals are known to damage monsoon rainforest habitat, and may also damage the groundwater forest which is the habitat where the Gove Crow Butterfly occurs.

Paralucia spinifera (Bathurst Copper Butterfly, Purple Copper Butterfly, Bathurst Copper, Bathurst Copper Wing, Bathurst-Lithgow Copper, Purple Copper)

Vulnerable

Butterfly

Known

Feral pigs have been identified as a threat to Native Blackthorn (Bursaria spinosa subsp. Lasiophylla), a tall native shrub that this species only occurs in the presence of.

Engaeus martigener (Furneaux Burrowing Crayfish)

Endangered

Crayfish (Burrowing)

Perceived

Feral pigs have previously been identified as a potential risk to the species through the pigs’ digging. While burrow depth would again appear to protect crayfish from the direct effects of such disturbance, this is an issue that needs to be addressed.

Engaewa reducta (Dunsborough Burrowing Crayfish)

Critically Endangered

Crayfish (Burrowing)

Perceived

Main potential threats include feral pigs.

Engaewa walpolea (Walpole Burrowing Crayfish)

Endangered

Crayfish (Burrowing)

–

Main potential threats to existing populations include feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Engaewa pseudoreducta (Margaret River Burrowing Crayfish)

Critically Endangered

Crayfish (Burrowing)

Perceived

Feral pigs could damage habitat through ground-rooting feeding behaviour and prey on crayfish.

Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar Bioregions

Endangered

Ecological Community

Known

Temperate Highland Peat Swamps on Sandstone

Endangered

Ecological Community

Known

Main identified threats include damage from introduced animals such as feral pigs (Sus scrofa), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), dogs (Canis familiaris), cats (Felis catus), and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The community of native species dependent on natural discharge of groundwater from the Great Artesian Basin

Endangered

Ecological Community

Known

White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland

Critically Endangered

Ecological Community

–

Threat of habitat degradation by feral pigs.

White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely's Red Gum Grassy Woodland and Derived Native Grassland

Critically endangered

Ecological Community

Temperate highland peat swamps on sandstone

Endangered

Ecological Community

Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar Bioregions

Endangered

Ecological Community

The community of native species dependent on natural discharge of groundwater from the Great Artesian Basin

Endangered

Ecological Community

Chlamydogobius squamigenus (Edgbaston Goby)

Vulnerable

Fish (Freshwater)

Known

Chlamydogobius micropterus (Elizabeth Springs Goby)

Endangered

Fish (Freshwater)

Known

Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis (Redfin Blue Eye, Redfin Blue-eye)

Endangered

Fish (Freshwater)

Known

Geocrinia alba (White-bellied Frog, Creek Frog)

Endangered

Frog

Some Perceived, Some Known

Other threats to the white-bellied frogs include habitat destruction by (fire and) feral pigs.

Geocrinia vitellina (Orange-bellied Frog)

Vulnerable

Frog

Some Known, Some Perceived

Potential threats to G. vitellina include feral pigs.

Litoria dayi (Lace-eyed Tree Frog, Australian Lacelid)

Endangered

Frog

Perceived

Threatened by potential predation when on the ground (e.g. stream edges and adjacent forest); also habitat damage. This frog is a rainforest species, endemic to the Wet Tropics Bioregion (Williams & Hero 1998, 2001).

Litoria lorica (Armoured Mistfrog)

Critically Endangered

Frog

Perceived

Threatened by potential predation when on the ground (e.g. stream edges and adjacent forest); also habitat damage. The Armoured Mistfrog occurs on the Carbine Tablelands in north-east Queensland where a single population is restricted to 4 km of stream habitat with a total population size of 500-1000 (Hoskin & Puschendorf 2013).

Litoria nannotis (Waterfall Frog, Torrent Tree Frog)

Endangered

Frog

Perceived

Threatened by potential predation when on the ground (e.g. stream edges); also habitat damage. The Waterfall Frog occurs throughout the Wet Tropics Bioregion, North Queensland, from Paluma to Cooktown (Hero & Fickling 1994), but only has stable populations at lowland sites (180-400 m) (Hero et al. 1998, 2002; McDonald & Alford 1999).

Litoria nyakalensis (Mountain Mistfrog)

Critically Endangered

Frog

Perceived

Feral pigs are a potential cause of riparian habitat damage and adult frog mortality. The Mountain Mistfrog formerly occurred across two thirds of the Wet Tropics Region from Douglas Creek near Cardwell to Alexandra Creek, Thornton Peak, north-east Queensland (Hero & Fickling 1994) at altitudes between 380 and 1020 m (McDonald 1992).

Litoria rheocola (Common Mistfrog)

Endangered

Frog

Perceived

Threatened by potential predation when on the ground (e.g. stream edges and adjacent forest); also habitat damage. The Common Mistfrog historically occurred from Broadwater Creek National Park to Amos Bay, northern Queensland, at altitudes between 0 and 1180 m above sea level (asl) (McDonald 1992).

Litoria olongburensis (Wallum Sedge Frog)

Vulnerable

Frog

Perceived

Other known and potential threats include habitat disturbance and predation by feral pigs. The Wallum Sedge Frog has been recorded in south-east Queensland and north-east NSW and on several other offshore sand islands, including Bribie, Moreton and North Stradbroke Islands.

Mixophyes fleayi (Fleay's Frog)

Endangered

Frog

Known

Large areas of this species' habitat have been and continue to be degraded by feral animals (e.g. feral pigs in the Conondale Range).

Mixophyes iteratus (Giant Barred Frog, Southern Barred Frog)

Endangered

Frog

Known

Threat of predation by feral pigs.

Pseudophryne corroboree (Southern Corroboree Frog)

Critically Endangered

Frog

Perceived

Threat of habitat degradation by feral pigs.

Pseudophryne pengilleyi (Northern Corroboree Frog)

Critically Endangered

Frog

Perceived

Excavation by feral pigs has also been identified as a potentially threatening process for the species.

Spicospina flammocaerulea (Sunset Frog)

Endangered

Frog

Perceived

Taudactylus pleione (Kroombit Tinker Frog, Pleione's Torrent Frog)

Critically Endangered

Frog

Known

Soil disturbance by feral pigs is also likely to greatly increase the spread of riparian weeds such as mistflower and crofton weed. Feral pigs are also potential vectors of chytrid fungus. At Kroombit Tops, feral pigs have only recently arrived but they have caused significant damage to at least two sites known to support the Kroombit Tinker Frog. Although there may be direct predation by feral pigs, the greatest effect is likely to be the impact of habitat degradation.

Taudactylus rheophilus (Tinkling Frog)

Endangered

Frog

Perceived

Liopholis guthega (Guthega Skink)

Endangered

Lizard

Potential

Nangura spinosa (Nangur Spiny Skink)

Critically Endangered

Lizard

Key threats to the Nangur Spiny Skink include predation by feral animals, including feral pigs.

Pseudomys pilligaensis (Pilliga Mouse, Poolkoo) Note: some DNA evidence suggests this species may be an isolated population of the non-threatened delicate mouse (Pseudomys delicatulus); this may alter this species’ listing in the future, or lead to its de-listing.

Vulnerable

Mammal (Placental)

Known

Threat of habitat degradation by feral pigs.

Xeromys myoides (Water Mouse, False Water Rat, Yirrkoo)

Vulnerable

Mammal (Placental)

Known

Zyzomys maini (Arnhem Rock-rat, Arnhem Land Rock-rat, Kodjperr)

Vulnerable

Mammal (Placental)

Known

27% of rainforest patches were "severely disturbed" by feral pigs.

Zyzomys palatalis (Carpentarian Rock-rat, Aywalirroomoo)

Endangered

Mammal (Placental)

Known

Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi (Woylie)

Endangered

Marsupial

Known

Dogs (Canis familiaris) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa) have also been implicated as the cause of several failed reintroduction attempts. Habitat destruction can also come about from feral pigs.

Bettongia tropica (Northern Bettong)

Endangered

Marsupial

Known

The major threat from invasive species to the northern bettong is competition for hypogeous (underground) fungi from feral pigs

Isoodon obesulus obesulus (Southern Brown Bandicoot (Eastern))

Endangered

Marsupial

Threat of habitat degradation by feral pigs.

Lasiorhinus krefftii (Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat, Yaminon)

Endangered

Marsupial

Perceived

Potorous longipes (Long-footed Potoroo)

Endangered

Marsupial

Perceived

Threat of competition with feral pigs.

Caladenia arenaria (Sand-hill Spider-orchid)

Endangered

Orchid

Perceived

There may ... be consumption of the tubers by various animals, such as feral pigs.

Caladenia atroclavia (Black-clubbed Spider-orchid)

Endangered

Orchid

Known

Main identified threat to C. atroclavia is feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Caladenia dorrienii (Cossack Spider-orchid)

Endangered

Orchid

Perceived

Main potential threats to cossack spider-orchid include grazing and disturbance by kangaroos and feral pigs. Feral pigs have also caused significant disturbance in the past through diggings and trampling to the habitat at one population.

Caladenia elegans (Elegant Spider-orchid)

Endangered

Orchid

Some Known, Some Perceived

Feral pig activity has been observed in most populations. As well as grazing the orchids themselves, feral pigs can destroy the underground tubers of the orchid and also affect the growth of symbiotic fungi that are essential for germination and for providing starches for the plant (Hoffman and Brown, 1998).

Caladenia hoffmanii

Endangered

Orchid

Perceived

Main potential threats include feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Caladenia tessellata (Thick-lipped Spider-orchid, Daddy Long-legs)

Vulnerable

Orchid

Potential

Caladenia wanosa (Kalbarri Spider-orchid)

Vulnerable

Orchid

Known

Main identified threats include substrate disturbance by feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Caladenia winfieldii (Majestic Spider-orchid)

Endangered

Orchid

Known

[Feral pigs are] ... affecting the growth of the symbiotic fungi essential for germination and starch provision to the plant. Two remaining populations are threatened by feral pigs.

Caladenia harringtoniae

Vulnerable

Orchid

Known

Other identified threats include grazing by feral pigs.

Diuris pedunculata (Small Snake Orchid, Two-leaved Golden Moths, Golden Moths, Cowslip Orchid, Snake Orchid)

Endangered

Orchid

–

Threat of grazing and/or habitat degradation by feral pigs.

Diuris venosa (Veined Doubletail, Goat Orchid, Veined Donkey-orchid)

Vulnerable

Orchid

Known

Threatened by damage by feral pigs.

Drakaea concolor (Kneeling Hammer-orchid)

Vulnerable

Orchid

Perceived

Main identified threats to kneeling hammer-orchid include grazing; evidence of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) grazing on the species at numerous populations.

Habenaria macraithii (an orchid)

Endangered

Orchid

Perceived

Main potential threats to the species are those that affect its habitat including feral pigs.

Microtis globula (South-Coast Mignonette Orchid)

Vulnerable

Orchid

Perceived

Main potential threat to South-Coast mignonette orchid is feral pigs (Sus scrofa) – habitat degradation and grazing.

Phaius australis (Lesser Swamp-orchid)

Endangered

Orchid

Known

Threat of grazing and/or habitat degradation by feral pig; feral pigs, although not thought to be feeding on the swamp orchids, root up the soil whilst searching for food and are especially damaging in Bundjalung National Park, north-east New South Wales.

Phaius bernaysii (Yellow Swamp-orchid)

Endangered

Orchid

Known

... feral pigs have adversely affected ... Phaius australis var. bernaysii.

Phaius pictus (an orchid)

Vulnerable

Orchid

Perceived

Feral pigs are a potential threat to this species.

Prasophyllum morganii (Mignonette Leek-orchid, Cobungra Leek-orchid, Dense Leek-orchid)

Vulnerable

Orchid

–

Threat of habitat degradation by feral pig.

Pterostylis cucullata (Leafy Greenhood)

Vulnerable

Orchid

–

Threat of habitat degradation by feral pigs.

Pterostylis saxicola (Sydney Plains Greenhood)

Endangered

Orchid

–

Threat of grazing by feral pigs.

Pterostylis sinuata (Northampton Midget Greenhood, Western Swan Greenhood)

Endangered

Orchid

Known

Feral pig activity has been observed in most populations.

Thelymitra dedmaniarum (Cinnamon Sun-orchid)

Endangered

Orchid

Known

As well as grazing the orchids themselves, pigs can destroy the underground tubers of the orchid and also affect the growth of symbiotic fungi that are essential for germination.

Vappodes lithocola (an orchid)

Endangered

Orchid

Perceived

Some populations may sustain damage from feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Vrydagzynea grayi (Australian population) (an orchid)

Endangered

Orchid

Perceived

Feral pigs are a potential threat.

Zeuxine polygonoides (Velvet Jewel Orchid)

Vulnerable

Orchid

Perceived

Main potential threats include feral pigs.

Asplenium wildii (a fern)

Vulnerable

Plant

Perceived

Main potential threats include feral pigs.

Ballantinia antipoda (Southern Shepherd's Purse)

Endangered

Plant

Known

The feral pigs cause considerable damage to vegetation and soils, including Southern Shepherds Purse habitat.

Baloskion longipes (Dense Cord Rush)

Vulnerable

Plant

Known

Threat of habitat degradation by feral pig – feral pigs (Sus scrofa) rooting for food, directly damaging the species and surrounding habitat (CA, 2008).

Burmannia sp. Melville Island (R.Fensham 1021)

Endangered

Plant

Known

Calotis glandulosa (Mauve Burr-daisy)

Vulnerable

Plant

Known

In the Kosciuszko area, threat of habitat degradation and population loss by feral pigs (CA, 2008).

Chingia australis (a fern)

Endangered

Plant

Known

Crepidium lawleri (a small plant)

Endangered

Plant

Known

Suffering from disturbance and degradation by feral pigs.

Cynanchum elegans (White-flowered Wax Plant)

Endangered

Plant

Known

Grazing by cattle, goats, rabbits, feral pigs, horses, sheep and deer is affecting remnant patches, causing rapid deterioration of the C. elegans habitat.

Diplazium pallidum (a fern)

Endangered

Plant

Known

Main identified threats include feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Diplazium cordifolium (a fern)

Vulnerable

Plant

Known

Damage by feral pigs (but not by direct predation).

Eleocharis obicis (a spike rush)

Vulnerable

Plant

Known

Main identified threats to E. obicis include grazing and habitat destruction by feral rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Eriocaulon carsonii (Salt Pipewort, Button Grass)

Endangered

Plant

Known

Rooting by feral pigs could potentially be the major threat to the species.

Eryngium fontanum (Blue Devil)

Endangered

Plant

Known

Gardenia psidioides (Hann Gardenia)

Vulnerable

Plant

Perceived

Main potential threats include damage from feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Gentiana baeuerlenii (Baeuerlen's Gentian)

Endangered

Plant

Perceived

Main threats to survival are likely to be damage caused to the area by feral pigs.

Gentiana bredboensis (Bredbo Gentian)

Vulnerable

Plant

Known

Main identified threats include habitat destruction by feral pigs (CA, 2008).

Gentiana wissmannii (New England Gentian)

Vulnerable

Plant

Perceived

Presently disturbance of soil by feral pigs and resulting destruction of vegetation in the swamps and on their margins occurs periodically.

Hoya australis subsp. oramicola (a vine)

Vulnerable

Plant

Perceived

The subspecies’ habitat, monsoon forests, are vulnerable to feral pigs.

Kennedia glabrata (Northcliffe Kennedia)

Vulnerable

Plant

Known

Main identified threats to Northcliffe kennedia include disturbance from feral pigs.

Lawrencia buchananensis (a plant)

Vulnerable

Plant

Known

Below-ground parts heavily browsed by feral pigs.

Lepidium aschersonii (Spiny Pepper-cress)

Vulnerable

Plant

Known

Lepidium monoplocoides (Winged Pepper-cress)

Endangered

Plant

–

Threat of habitat degradation by feral pigs.

Mitrella tiwiensis (a vine)

Vulnerable

Plant

Perceived

The subspecies’ habitat, monsoon forests, are vulnerable to disturbance from feral pigs

Myriophyllum coronatum (an aquatic plant)

Vulnerable

Plant (Aquatic)

Perceived

Main potential threats include settlement pressures such as feral animals, especially feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Plectranthus torrenticola (a plant)

Endangered

Plant

Perceived

Other possible threatening processes in the future include habitat degradation caused by feral pigs.

Plesioneuron tuberculatum (a plant)

Endangered

Plant

Perceived

Main potential threat to P. tuberculatum is feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Reedia spathacea (Reedia)

Critically Endangered

Plant

Known

Main identified threats include predation by feral pigs; feral pigs pose the major threat to the species.

Rutidosis leiolepis (Monaro Golden Daisy)

Vulnerable

Plant

Perceived

Potential threats within Kosciuszko NP include feral pig activity

Swainsona murrayana (Slender Darling-pea, Slender Swainson, Murray Swainson-pea)

Vulnerable

Plant

Perceived

Other threats include disturbance by feral pigs.

Trachymene scapigera (Mountain Trachymene)

Endangered

Plant

Perceived

Main potential threats to the species include disturbance by feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Typhonium jonesii (a herb)

Endangered

Plant

Perceived

Feral pigs are present on Bathurst Island and have recently been introduced to Melville Island. Feral pigs may potentially dig up the tuber of this species.

Typhonium mirabile (a herb)

Endangered

Plant

Perceived

Feral pigs may potentially dig up the tuber and cause a decline in numbers.

Verticordia fimbrilepis subsp. fimbrilepis (Shy Featherflower)

Endangered

Plant

–

Acacia ammophila (a shrub)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

... in the Lake Bindegolly area ... feral pigs threaten the populations by the uprooting of seedlings.

Acacia phasmoides (Phantom Wattle)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Perceived

Almaleea cambagei (Torrington Pea)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

Main identified threats to Almaleea cambagei include disturbance of habitat by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and goats (Capra hircus).

Astrotricha roddii (a shrub)

Endangered

Shrub

Known

Main identified threats include grazing and habitat disturbance by feral goats (Capra hircus) and feral pigs (Sus scrofa)

Beyeria lepidopetala (Small-petalled Beyeria, Short-petalled Beyeria)

Endangered

Shrub

Known

Boronia deanei (Deane's Boronia)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

Threat of habitat degradation by feral pig. Main identified threats to Deane's boronia include feral pigs (Sus scrofa) which cause direct damage to the species and to its swamp and stream bank habitat.

Callistemon forresterae (Forrester's Bottlebrush)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Potential

Denhamia parvifolia (Small-leaved Denhamia)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Perceived

Lantana invasion, assisted by fire, feral pig and cattle damage can increase the frequency of hot fires which, in turn, leads to a further increase in density of Lantana.

Grevillea molyneuxii (a shrub)

Endangered

Shrub

Known

Main potential threats to G. molyneuxii include digging by animals such as feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in the shallow moss and peaty soil of the heathland community.

Homoranthus prolixus (a shrub)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

Habitat degradation by feral pig is identified main threat (CA, 2008).

Hypocalymma longifolium (Long-leaved Myrtle)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

Main identified threats include digging and trampling from feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Lechenaultia chlorantha (Kalbarri Leschenaultia)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

Main identified threats to Kalbarri leschenaultia include grazing and habitat disturbance by feral pigs (Sus scrofa), feral rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and feral goats (Capra hircus).

Leucopogon confertus (Torrington Beard-heath)

Endangered

Shrub

Perceived

Possible threatening processes include grazing/digging by feral pigs.

Pimelea curviflora var. curviflora (a shrub)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

Main identified threats to Pimelea curviflora var. curviflora include grazing by pest fauna including feral pigs.

Pultenaea parrisiae (Bantam Bush-pea, Parris' Bush-pea)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

Main identified threats include damage by feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Solanum dunalianum (a shrub)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

Main identified threats include exotic animals, such as feral pigs.

Stachystemon nematophorus (Three-flowered Stachystemon)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

Main identified threats include trampling by feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Styphelia perileuca (a shrub)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Perceived

Main potential threats include disturbance by feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Tasmannia glaucifolia (Fragrant Pepperbush)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

Main identified threats include grazing and trampling by pigs (Sus scrofa).

Tetratheca juncea (Black-eyed Susan)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

Threat of grazing by feral pigs.

Xerothamnella parvifolia (a shrub)

Vulnerable

Shrub

Known

Main identified threats include grazing by feral pigs, (Sus scrofa).

Xylopia monosperma (a shrub)

Endangered

Shrub

Potential

Main identified threats include feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Gudeoconcha sophiae magnifica (a helicarionid land snail)

Critically Endangered

Snail

Potential

Mathewsoconcha grayi (Gray's Helicarionid Land Snail)

Critically Endangered

Snail

Potential

Mathewsoconcha phillipii (Phillip Island Helicarionid Land Snail)

Critically Endangered

Snail

Potential

Mystivagor mastersi (Masters' Charopid Land Snail)

Critically Endangered

Snail

Potential

Pseudocharopa whiteleggei (Whitelegge's Land Snail)

Critically Endangered

Snail

Potential

Pseudocharopa lidgbirdi (Mount Lidgbird Charopid Land Snail)

Critically Endangered

Snail

Potential

Quintalia stoddartii (Stoddart's Helicarionid Land Snail)

Critically Endangered

Snail

Potential

Archontophoenix myolensis (Myola Palm, Myola Archontophoenix)

Endangered

Tree

Perceived

Potential threats identified are feral pigs.

Cadellia pentastylis (Ooline)

Vulnerable

Tree

Known

Main identified threats include grazing and soil compaction by feral pigs.

Gulubia costata (a palm)

Vulnerable

Tree

Perceived

Feral pigs could cause habitat disturbance

Pouteria eerwah (Shiny-leaved Condoo, Black Plum, Wild Apple)

Endangered

Tree

Known

Main identified threats include seed predation by insects and feral pigs.

Sankowskya stipularis (a small tree)

Endangered

Tree

Perceived

Main potential threats to S. stipularis include feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Caretta caretta (Loggerhead Turtle)

Endangered

Turtle (Marine)

Known

The main threats are identified as: predation of turtle eggs by native and introduced animals [including feral pigs].

Chelonia mydas (Green Turtle)

Vulnerable

Turtle (Marine)

Known

Threat of predation [eggs and hatchlings] by feral pigs.

Dermochelys coriacea (Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth)

Endangered

Turtle (Marine)

Potential

Threat of predation [eggs and hatchlings] by feral pigs.

Eretmochelys imbricata (Hawksbill Turtle)

Vulnerable

Turtle (Marine)

Known

Egg predation. Predation of nests by feral pigs occurs in Qld.

Natator depressus (Flatback Turtle)

Vulnerable

Turtle (Marine)

Known

Egg predation. Feral pigs destroy up to 90% of the nests on western Cape York.

Elusor lavarackorum (Gulf Snapping Turtle)

Endangered

Turtle (Freshwater)

Known

Main identified threats to the Gulf Snapping Turtle include disturbance to nesting sites by feral animals, such as feral pigs (Sus scrofa).

Rheodytes leukops (Fitzroy River Turtle, Fitzroy Tortoise, Fitzroy Turtle, White-eyed River Diver)

Vulnerable

Turtle (Freshwater)

Perceived

Turtles may be vulnerable to predation by pigs, foxes and dogs if forced to move over land due to artificial barriers communal nesting sites along river banks are now heavily exploited by foxes (Vulpes vulpes), feral pigs (Sus scrofa), dingos (Canis lupus).

Pseudemydura umbrina (Western Swamp Turtle)

Critically Endangered

Turtle (Freshwater)

Known