Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (South-east Marine Parks Network Management Plan) Instrument 2025
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A rosey wrasse swims among diverse sessile invertebrates in Franklin Marine Park
Image: A rosy wrasse swims among diverse sessile invertebrates in Franklin Marine Park (Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies)
S4.1 Supporting information
ANZECC (Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council) (1998) Guidelines for establishing the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas, ANZECC Task Force on Marine Protected Areas, Canberra.
ANZECC (Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council) (1999) Strategic plan of action for the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas: a guide for action for Australian Governments, ANZECC Task Force on Marine Protected Areas, Canberra.
Barrett N, Monk J, Nichol S, Falster G, Carroll A, Siwabessy J, Deane A, Nanson R, Picard K, Dando N and Hulls J (2020) Beagle Marine Park: post survey report. Report to the National Environmental Science Program, Marine Biodiversity Hub, University of Tasmania.
Burne R, Cresswell I, Thackway R, Lyne V, Last P, Hamilton N, Blake S, Muldoon J, Phillips J Pollard D, Brown I, Billyard R, Stevens T, Edyvane K, Fotheringham D, Bosworth P, Peters D, Edgar G, Hough D and Simpson C (2006) A guide to the Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia, IMCRA version 4.0.
Butler I, Patterson H, Bromhead D, Galeano D, Timmiss T, Woodhams J and Curtotti R (2024) Fishery status reports 2024, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, Canberra.
Commonwealth of Australia (2000) Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000, Environment Australia, Canberra.
Creswell ID, Bax NJ, Constable AJ, Reid K and Smith ADM (2023) The unique marine ecosystem surrounding Macquarie Island, independent report, Australian Marine Conservation Society and Pew Charitable Trusts.
Davey C, Barrett N and Bastiaansen A (2022) Hydrographic survey of Zeehan and Franklin marine parks, west coast Tasmania, University of Tasmania.
Day J, Dudley N, Hockings M, Holmes G, Laffoley D, Stolton S and Wells S (2012) Guidelines for applying the IUCN protected area management categories to marine protected areas, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Department of Environment (2014) Final approval decision for the taking of actions in accordance with an endorsed program under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Clth) (EPBC Act), Australian Government.
Department of Environment (2014) Streamlining offshore petroleum environmental approvals – program report – strategic assessment of the environmental management authorisation process for petroleum and greenhouse gas storage activities administered by the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority under the Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006, Australian Government.
Department of Environment (2015) South-east marine region profile: a description of the ecosystems, conservation values and uses of the South-east Marine Region, Australian Government.
Devine C, Scoulding B, Althaus F and Williams A (2023) Basketwork Eel Survey 3 (October 2023) – Patience Seamount, Huon Marine Park, Voyage report NV202303, CSIRO, Australia.
Edgar GJ, Stuart-Smith RD, Willis TJ, Kininmonth S et al. (2014) Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features, Nature 506:216220.
Environment Australia (2002) Australian IUCN reserve management principles for Commonwealth MPAs, National Heritage Trust, Canberra.
Hamacher D, Nunn P, Gantevoort M, Taylor R, Lehman G, Law K, Miles M (2023) The archaeology of orality: Dating Tasmania Aboriginal oral traditions to the Late Pleistocene, Journal of Archaeological Science 159:105819.
Hayes KR, Dunstan P, Woolley S, Barrett N, Howe SA, Samson CR, Bowling R, Ryan MP, Foster S, Monk J, Peel D, Hosack GR and Francis SO (2021) Designing a targeted monitoring program to support evidence based management of Australian Marine Parks: a pilot on the South-East Marine Parks Network, report to Parks Australia and the National Environmental Science Program, Marine Biodiversity Hub, Parks Australia, University of Tasmania and CSIRO, Hobart, Australia.
Hill NA, Barrett N, Lawrence E, Hulls J, Dambacher JM, Nichol S, Wiliams A and Hayes KR (2014) Quantifying fish assemblages in large, offshore marine protected areas: an Australian case study, PLoS ONE 9(10):e110831.
Hobday AJ and Pecl GT (2014) Identification of global marine hotspots: sentinels for change and vanguards for adaptation action, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 24:415425.
Ierodiaconou D, Young M and O’Brien S (2020) Hydrographic survey of Apollo Marine Park, final report to Parks Australia, Deakin University
Lawrence E, Hayes KR, Lucieer VL, Nichol SL, Dambacher JM, Hill NA, Barrett N, Kool J and Siwabessy J (2015) Mapping habitats and developing baselines in offshore marine reserves with little prior knowledge: a critical evaluation of a new approach, PLoS ONE 10(10):e0141051.
Lucieer V, Monk J, Huang Z, Nichol S, Miller K. Barrett N and Williams A (2019) An eco-narrative of Huon Marine Park: south-east marine region, report to the National Environmental Science Programme, Marine Biodiversity Hub.
Lynch TP, Foster S, Devine C, Hegarty A, McEnnulty F, Burton M and Lyle JM (2020) Trail camera video systems: investigating their utility in interpreting patterns of marine, recreational, trailer-boat fishers’ access to an offshore marine park in differing weather conditions, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 77(78):3110–3126.
Maguire K, O’Neill H, Althaus F, White W and Williams A (2023) Seamount coral reefs are egg case nurseries for deep-sea skates, Fish Biology 102(6):14551469.
Mason C, Alderman R, McGowan J, Possingham HP, Hobday AJ, Sumner M and Shaw J (2018) Telemetry reveals existing marine protected areas are worse than random for protecting the foraging habitat of threatened shy albatross (Thalassarche cauta), Diversity and Distributions 24:17441755.
May A, Mackenzie E, Davis N and Thatcher N (2022) South-East Commonwealth Marine Reserves Network Management Plan evaluation: final report, report to the Director of National Parks, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Sustineo Pty Ltd.
McInnes J, Travers T, Pascoe P, Thalmann S, Lea M, Bird J and Raymond B (2024) The utilisation of the Macquarie Island Marine Park by seabirds and marine mammals – a review of current knowledge and future directions, draft report to Parks Australia, University of Tasmania.
Monk J, Barrett N and Bastiaansen A (2023) Zeehan and Franklin Marine Park multibeam mapping and drop-camera validation for Parks Australia, report to Parks Australia, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania.
Monk J, Barrett NS, Hill NA, Lucieer VL, Nichol SL, Siwabessy JPW and Williams SB (2016) Outcropping reef ledges drive patterns of epibenthic assemblage diversity on cross-shelf habitats, Biodiversity and Conservation 25:485502.
Monk J, Barrett NS, Hulls J, James L, Hosack G, Oh E, Martin T, Edwards S, Nau A, Heaney B and Foster S (2016) Seafloor biota, rock lobster and demersal fish assemblages of the Tasman Fracture Commonwealth Marine Reserve Region: determining the influence of the shelf sanctuary zone on population demographics, report to the National Environmental Research Program, Marine Biodiversity Hub, University of Tasmania.
Monk J, Williams J, Barrett N, Jordan A, Lucieer V, Althaus F and Nichol S (2017) Biological and habitat feature descriptions for the continental shelves of Australia’s temperate-water marine parks including collation of existing mapping in all AMPs, report to the National Environmental Science Programme, Marine Biodiversity Hub, Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania.
Navarro M, Langlois TJ, Burton M, Hegarty A, Aston C, Kragt ME and Rogers A (2021) Social and economic benchmarks of the Australian Marine Parks, report to the National Environmental Science Program, Marine Biodiversity Hub, University of Western Australia.
O’Hara T (2019) The eastern Australian Marine Parks: biodiversity, assemblage structure, diversity and origin, report to Parks Australia, National Environmental Science Program Marine Biodiversity Hub, Museums Victoria.
O’Hara TD, Smith PJ, Mills VS, Smirnov I and Steinke D (2013) Biogeographical and phylogeographical relationships of the bathyal ophiuroid fauna of the Macquarie Ridge, Southern Ocean, Polar Biology 36:321–333.
O’Hara TD, Williams A, Althaus F, Ross AS and Bax NJ (2020) Regional-scale patterns of deep seafloor biodiversity for conservation assessment, Biodiversity Research 26(4):479494.
Perkins N, Monk J and Barrett N (2021) Analysis of a time-series of benthic imagery from the South-east Marine Parks Network, report to Parks Australia, University of Tasmania.
Perkins N, Monk J, Bastiaansen A, Hulls J and Barrett N (2024) Fish assemblages on the continental shelves of Freycinet and Huon Marine Parks: insights from stereo BUV and ROV surveys, report to Parks Australia, University of Tasmania.
Perkins N, Monk J, Wong R, Bento de Almeida J and Barrett N (2024) Autonomous Underwater Vehicle-based benthic fauna surveys and monitoring of Huon Marine Park and Freycinet Marine Park shelf habitats 2022/2023, report to Parks Australia, University of Tasmania.
Perkins N, Monk J, Wong R, Willis S, Bastiaansen A and Barrett N (2022) Changes in rock lobster, demersal fish, and sessile benthic organisms in the Tasman Fracture Marine Park: comparisons between 2015 and 2021, report to the Parks Australia, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania.
Rowden AA and Voyage Participants (2008) Voyage report, McRidge 2 – TAN0803, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand.
Terauds A, Gales R, Barry Baker G and Alderman R (2006) Foraging areas of black-browed and grey-headed albatrosses breeding on Macquarie Island in relation to marine protected areas, Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16(2):133–146.
Thresher RE, Guinotte JM, Matear RJ and Hobday AJ (2015) Options for managing impacts of climate change on a deep-sea community, Nature Climate Change 5:635639.
Thresher RE, Althaus F, Adkins J, Gowlett-Holmes K, Alderslade P, Dowdney J, Cho W, Gagnon A, Staples D, McEnnulty F and Williams A (2014) Strong depth-related zonation of megabenthos on a rocky continental margin (~700-4000m) off southern Tasmania, Australia, PLoS ONE 9(1):e85872.
Thresher RE, Tilbrook B, Fallon S, Wilson NC and Adkins J (2011) Effects of chronic low carbonate saturation levels on the distribution, growth and skeletal chemistry of deep-sea corals and other seamount megabenthos, Marine Ecology Progress Series 442:8799.
Trebilco R, Fischer M, Hunter C, Hobday A, Thomas L and Evans K (2021) Australia state of the environment 2021: marine, independent report to the Australian Government Minister for the Environment, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.
Vandenbossche P and Davey C (2018) Hydrographic survey of the Boags Commonwealth Marine Reserve in southwestern Bass Strait, report to the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania and Parks Australia.
Wienecke B and Robertson G (2002) Foraging areas of king penguins from Macquarie Island in relation to a marine protected area, Environmental Management 29(5):662672.
Williams A, Althaus F, Barker B, Kloser R and Keith G (2007) Using data from the proposed Zeehan MPA to provide an inventory of benthic habitats and biodiversity, and evaluate prospective indicators for monitoring and performance assessment: research and monitoring for benthic ecosystems in marine protected areas of the South-east Marine Region, final report to the Department of the Environment and Water Resources.
Williams A, Althaus F, Green M, Maguire K, Untiedt C, Mortimer N, Jackett CJ, Clark M, Bax N, Pitcher R and Schlacher T (2020) True size matters for conservation: a robust method to determine the size of deep-sea coral reefs shows they are typically small on seamounts in the southwest Pacific Ocean, Frontiers in Marine Science 7:187.
Williams A, Althaus F, Maguire K, Green M, Untiedt C, Alderslade P, Clark MR, Bax N and Schlacher TA (2020) The fate of deep-sea coral reefs on seamounts in a fishery-seascape: what are the impacts, what remains, and what is protected?, Frontiers in Marine Science 7:567002.
Williams A, Green M, Untiedt C, Maguire K, Althaus F, Alderslade P and Bax N (2020) Status of deep-sea seamount coral and fish communities, and recovery from trawling, in the Tasman Fracture Marine Park and Huon Marine Park, final report to Parks Australia.
Williams A, Osterhage D, Althaus F, Ryan T, Green M and Pogonoski J (2021) A very large spawning aggregation of a deep-sea eel: magnitude and status, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9(7):723.
Young M, Doran T, Simmons H, Cardilini A, Ierodiaconou D and Whitmarsh S (2024) Apollo Marine Park: habitat mapping and biodiversity assessment, draft report to Parks Australia, Deakin University.
S4.2 Map data sources
Spatial data sources for individual park maps:
DCCEEW (2024): Australian Marine Parks
DCCEEW (2023): Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database 2022
Geoscience Australia (2020): Australian Maritime Boundaries
Geoscience Australia (2006): GEODATA TOPO 2050K
Geoscience Australia (2005): Australian Bathymetry and Topography
Aeronautical Information Services – Airforce (2016): Danger and restricted airspace
regions over Australia
Australian Fisheries Management Authority (2014): Commonwealth Fishing Activity
(Status Report)
Australian Maritime Safety Authority (2015): Automatic Identification System (Shipping)
Department of the Environment and Energy (2018): Australia’s Network of Marine Parks
Department of the Environment and Energy (2015): Key Ecological Features
Department of the Environment and Energy (2016): Collaborative Australian Protected
Areas Database
Department of the Environment and Energy (2012): Commonwealth Marine Regions
Department of the Environment and Energy (2011): Bathomes within Australian waters
Department of the Environment and Energy (2006): Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia v.4.0 Provincial Bioregions
Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (Environment branch – Indigenous Employment
and Recognition Division) (2017): Indigenous Protected Areas – dedicated
ESRI Australia Pty Ltd (1992): ARCWORLD World Dataset 1:3 million
Geoscience Australia (2014): Australian Maritime Boundaries (AMB) v3
Geoscience Australia (2006): GEODATA TOPO 250K
Geoscience Australia (2006): GEODATA TOPO 2.5 M
Geoscience Australia (2005): Australian Bathymetry and Topography
Geoscience Australia (2004): Geomorphic Features of the EEZ
Geoscience Australia (2004): GEODATA TOPO 100k – Coastline
National Geospatial – Intelligence Agency (2012): World Port Index
PBEncom Petroleum Information (2017): GPInfo petroleum exploration database.