Turn the raw legal text into a practical explanation grounded in Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (Recovery Plan— Turnix melanogaster) Instrument 2023.
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title: National Recovery Plan for Black-breasted Button-quail (Turnix melanogaster)
National Recovery Plan for Black-breasted Button-quail (Turnix melanogaster) is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people. For licence conditions see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
This report should be attributed as ‘National Recovery Plan for Black-breasted Button-quail (Turnix melanogaster), Commonwealth of Australia 2022’.
While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Near Threatened
Species description, distribution and habitat
The Black-breasted Button-quail is a relatively large, plump, white-eyed button-quail which ranges in size from 16–19 cm in length. It has a grey bill and bright yellow legs. The plumage is of a brown, black, white and grey complexion. The chest is black with half-moon markings in white. The distinguishing feature between the male and female is that the male has a white face and throat while the female has a black face and throat. The juvenile bird resembles the male but is slightly duller in colouration.
At least 90% of Black-breasted Button-quail habitat (subtropical and dry rainforests) had been cleared by the late 1960s (Hamley et al. 1997). The core population of the Black-breasted Button-quail is now considered to be confined to south-eastern Queensland from near Byfield in the north to the Border Ranges in the south, and as far west as Palmgrove National Park and Barakula State Forest. The species may now be locally extinct in New South Wales (DPIE 2021a). Many occupied patches of habitat are widely separated, either naturally by open forest, on islands or artificially by cleared agricultural land. However, there are sufficient records of vagrants (e.g. Smyth et al. 2001), including in small islands of habitat, to suggest that mobility is not constrained and that there is a single dispersed population (Webster et al. 2021).
The species’ preferred habitats include vine thickets, softwood scrubs, bottle tree scrubs, vine scrub regrowth, Lantana (Lantana camara) and other shrubs under mature plantations of Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), and Acacia and Austromyrtus scrubs on sandy coastal soils. Small groups of button-quails search in the leaf litter for invertebrates and seeds (Webster et al. 2019; Webster et al. 2021) and presence of their feeding scrapes may reveal occurrence at sites. A deep, well-developed and extensive leaf-litter layer is preferred for foraging, though birds also occur where litter is shallow and discontinuous, including seasonally (e.g. during very wet spells when much litter washes away) and locally (e.g. at some sandier coastal sites) (R Jaensch pers. comm. May 2022).
Recovery Plan Vision, Objective, and Strategies:
Long-term vision
The Black-breasted Button-quail population size and area of occupancy has increased to such an extent that the species no longer qualifies for listing as threatened under any of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 listing criteria.
Recovery plan objectives
By 2032, maintain and improve the extent, condition and connectivity of habitat of the Black-breasted Button-quail.
By 2032, demonstrably reduce the severity of identified anthropogenic threats across the extent of the species’ range.
By 2032, achieve, measure and sustain a stable or positive trend in area of occupancy and population size (assessed by new baseline counts) in the number of mature individuals of the Black-breasted Button-quail.
This will be achieved by implementing the actions set out in this recovery plan that minimise threats while protecting and enhancing the species’ habitat throughout its range, adequately monitoring the species, generating new knowledge to guide recovery actions and increasing public awareness.
Strategies to achieve objectives
Implement management strategies to reduce threats to the Black-breasted Button-quail and its habitat.
Enhance protection, improve the quality and increase the extent of suitable habitat for the Black-breasted Button-quail.
Improve knowledge of the distribution, biology and ecology of the Black-breasted Button-quail through targeted research and implement a monitoring strategy to identify and measure population trends.
Increase stakeholder participation in Black-breasted Button-quail conservation and management.
Coordinate, review and report on recovery progress.
Criteria for success
This recovery plan will be deemed successful if, within 10 years, all of the following have been achieved:
The Black-breasted Button-quail population has been adequately monitored and the trends in the area of occupancy and population size are shown to have changed from declining to increasing, as a result of recovery actions.
Threats within the range of the Black-breasted Button-quail are managed, and reduced to avoid or mitigate impacts on the species.
There has been an improvement in the quality and extent of Black-breasted Button-quail habitat throughout, and at the extremities, of the species’ range and a network of sites is protected and managed for the species.
Understanding of the species’ ecology has increased, in particular knowledge of movement patterns, habitat use, the impact of threatening processes and breeding ecology.
There is increased participation by key stakeholders and the public in recovery efforts and monitoring.
Recovery team
Recovery teams provide advice and assist in coordinating actions described in recovery plans. They include representatives from organisations with a direct interest in the recovery of the species, including those involved in funding and those participating in actions that support the recovery of the species. The Black-breasted Button-quail Recovery Team has the responsibility of providing advice, coordinating and directing the implementation of the recovery actions outlined in this recovery plan. The membership of the recovery team includes individuals from relevant government agencies, non-government organisations, Traditional Owners, industry groups and expertise from independent researchers and community groups.
Introduction
This document constitutes the ‘National Recovery Plan for Black-breasted Button-quail (Turnix melanogaster).’ The plan considers the conservation requirements of the species across its range and identifies the actions to be taken to ensure the species’ long-term viability in nature, and the parties that will undertake those actions.
This recovery plan supersedes the previous recovery plan (Mathieson & Smith 2009) that was adopted under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) in November 2009.
The previous Black-breasted Button-quail recovery plan (Mathieson & Smith 2009) was reviewed in January 2021 by the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. The review noted that since the adoption of the recovery plan in 2009, a small amount of progress had been made in facilitating the conservation of the species. Most effort was directed towards defining and mapping habitat and developing species- specific survey methods. However, most actions were still to be initiated, or progress on these actions could not be tracked. Many of the actions identified in the recovery plan were still deemed relevant for recovering the species. The review noted that lack of on-ground investment was the primary limiting factor in achieving the stated objectives. Success of the recovery plan was also limited by the availability of knowledgeable and experienced personnel to undertake recovery actions.
The review determined that the actions required to conserve and promote recovery of the species include short- and long-term activities that need to be coordinated at a landscape/regional level with a range of stakeholder groups. The review concluded a new recovery plan should be developed for the Black-breasted Button-quail. The Black-breasted Button-quail recovery plan is available from: www.environment.gov.au
The Black-breasted Button-quail is a listed threatened species under the EPBC Act. The species is also listed under state legislation (Table 1).
The species was eligible for listing under the EPBC Act as on 16 July 2000 it was listed as Vulnerable under Schedule 1 of the preceding Act, the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (Cwlth).
Table 1: National and state conservation status of the Black-breasted Button-quail
Legislation
Conservation Status
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwth)
Vulnerable
Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Qld)
Vulnerable
Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (NSW)
Critically Endangered
Taxonomy
Conventionally accepted as Turnix melanogaster (Gould 1837).
Species description
The Black-breasted Button-quail is a relatively large, plump, white-eyed button-quail. Males are about 18 cm long, with a wingspan of 32–35 cm, and weigh approximately 65-80 g. Females are larger, measuring up to 19 cm and weighing up to 150 g (Marchant & Higgins 1993; P Webster unpublished data). The sexes differ in plumage and no seasonal variation has been documented. Males have finely patterned backs and wings with brown, black, grey and white mottling. The face and throat are whitish with streaks across the face, and the breast is black with numerous white half-moon markings. The female is similar in all respects except for having a black face and throat, a larger dark area over the upper and lower breast with heavier white half-moon markings. The bill is grey, and the legs are bright yellow. Juveniles resemble males but are duller (Marchant & Higgins 1993).
Males, juveniles and immature birds may be confused with the Painted Button-quail (Turnix varius), which sometimes occur in both the drier and moister parts of the environment occupied by Black-breasted Button quail (Marchant & Higgins 1993). The dark breast and white eye of the Black-breasted Button-quail are features which can be used to separate the two species.
The species’ eggs are shiny grey-white or buff splotched with dark brown-black and lavender. The eggs measure 28 mm x 23 mm.
Black-breasted Button-quails are now thought to be confined to south-eastern Queensland from near Byfield (central Queensland) in the north to the Border Ranges in the south and as far west as Palmgrove National Park and Barakula State Forest (Figure 1). The species also occurs in the Brigalow Belt and in part of the Central Queensland Coast bioregion at Byfield-Yeppoon (R Jaensch pers. comm. May 2022). While they may now be locally extinct from New South Wales (DPIE 2021; Webster et al. 2021), their range may extend further north (e.g., within similar coastal-dune vine scrub habitat in Shoalwater Bay) as historical records from Queensland’s Wet Tropics (Le Souef 1897; Bravery 1970) are not necessarily implausible given that Spotted Quail-thrushes (Cinclosoma punctatum) remained undetected in the region until recently (Webster et al. 2021).
Many occupied patches of suitable habitat are widely separated, either naturally by open forest, on islands or artificially by cleared agricultural land. Given the extent of loss of vine thicket vegetation and other Black-breasted Button-quail habitat (up to 90%, as suggested in Hamley et al. 1997), the species’ distribution was thought to be fragmented (TSSC 2015). However, Webster et al. (2021) state that there are sufficient records of vagrants (e.g. Smyth et al. 2001), including on small coastal islands, to suggest that mobility is unconstrained and that there is a single dispersed population. Their apparent absence from a 40-hectare site at Redwood Park in south-east Queensland for several months in some years, suggests some movements may be regular in years of similar rainfall (RP Jaensch unpublished, cited in Webster et al. 2021). However, seasonal movements have not been documented in other populations (P Webster pers. comm. 2022). Further studies are needed to determine if such seasonal movements are common in other Black-breasted Button-quail populations.
Recent targeted camera trapping surveys in the Great Sandy Region collectively - K’gari (Fraser Island), Cooloola and Inskip Peninsula – demonstrated the species’ presence in littoral forest along the eastern coast of K’gari (Fraser Island) and Cooloola (Webster et al. 2021a). This suggests Black-breasted Button-quail could be widely distributed along the east coast of the Great Sandy Region and in a few isolated inland sites (Webster et al. 2021a).
The species is also known to occur in coastal vine scrub north of Yeppoon (R Jaensch pers. comm. May 2022). In New South Wales, suitable habitat remains in the western Border Ranges, Richmond Range, Koreelah and Tooloom Ranges and in the Mt Warning caldera area and associated ranges, but the species has not been reliably recorded since 1995 (Milledge 2000; DPIE 2021).
Figure 1: Modelled distribution of Black-breasted Button-quail.
Caveat: The information presented in this map has been provided by a range of groups and agencies. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy and completeness, no guarantee is given, nor responsibility taken by the Commonwealth for errors or omissions, and the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility in respect of any information or advice given in relation to, or as a consequence of, anything contained herein.
Species distribution mapping: The species distribution mapping categories are indicative only and aim to capture (a) the habitat or geographic feature that represents recently observed locations of the species (known to occur) or habitat occurring in close proximity to these locations (likely to occur); and (b) the broad environmental envelope or geographic region that encompasses all areas that could provide habitat for the species (may occur). These presence categories are created using an extensive database of species observations records, national and regional-scale environmental data, environmental modelling techniques and documented scientific research.
Key Biodiversity Areas
The Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) program aims to identify, map, monitor and conserve the critical sites for global biodiversity across the planet. This process is guided by a Global Standard for the Identification of Key Biodiversity Areas, the KBA Standard (IUCN 2016). It establishes a consultative, science-based process for the identification of globally important sites for biodiversity worldwide. Sites qualify as KBAs of global importance if they meet one or more of 11 criteria in five categories: threatened biodiversity; geographically restricted biodiversity; ecological integrity; biological processes; and, irreplaceability. The KBAs program is the successor and extension of BirdLife Australia’s Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs). Critically, the KBA Standard provides consistency to assist governments meeting their conservation obligations under various international treaties. For more information on KBAs visit - www.keybiodiversityareas.org/home.
The global KBA partnership currently recognises five Key Biodiversity Areas as important for Black-breasted Button-quail conservation and to support the long-term persistence of the species. KBAs are also undergoing a regular revision to ensure changes in IUCN red list status, taxonomic changes, local population trends as well as increased knowledge of the species are reflected accurately in the KBA network. As such, over time, additional KBAs may be recognised for their importance for Black-breasted Button-quail or new KBAs may be declared for this and other taxa. Detailed KBA Factsheets, including boundary maps, population estimates of trigger species and scientific references are available from the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas (BirdLife International 2021). The five KBAs with Black-breasted Button-quail as one of their Trigger species were also recognised prior to the introduction of the KBA standard as Important Bird Areas for the species in 2009 based on the analysis of BirdLife Australia. They comprise:
Scenic Rim: This KBA consists of a series of contiguous protected areas along the Queensland-New South Wales border. It is defined as the following protected areas: Main Range National Park, Glen Rock Regional Park, Mount Barney National Park, Mount Chinghee National Park, Lamington National Park, Springbrook National Park, Border Ranges National Park, Koreelah National Park, Mebbin National Park, Wollumbin National Park, Mount Clunie National Park, Mount Nothofagus National Park, Mount Warning National Park, Limpinwood Nature Reserve and Numinbah Nature Reserve. The KBA also includes private properties.
Palmgrove: Located 185 km north-north-east of Roma in south-central Queensland. This KBA is designated on the basis of more than 10 pairs of Black-breasted Button-quail comprising the most-western population. The vegetation is moderately diverse, hosting a variety of eucalypt woodland and forest types as well as vine thicket and acacia thicket communities. These thickets, which comprise the habitat of the Black-breasted Button-quail, occur in very small pockets in other nearby protected areas and State Forests, all of which have been logged, and are not known to support populations of the button-quail.
Conondale Range: The KBA is located 125 km north-north-east of Brisbane in the Sunshine Coast hinterland. It comprises a series of protected areas and forest reserves that support Black-breasted Button-quail, including the following National Parks: Amamoor, Conondale, Glastonbury and Maleny; and King Conservation Park; and Forest Reserves: Conondale, Elgin, Glastonbury, Imbil 1 & 2, Jimna, Kandanga, Kenilworth, Oakview, Wrattens, Yabba 1 & 2; and State Forests: Amamoor, Brooyar 1 & 2, Conondale, Diaper, Elgin Vale, Gallangowan, Glastonbury, Imbil 1 & 2, Jimna, Jimmys Scrub, Kabunga, King, Marys Creek, Mount Stanley 1, Oakview, Schact Creek, Squirrel Creek, Sunday Creek, Upper Kanganga, Wrattens, Yabba; and Conondale Resources Reserve. These areas are largely but not entirely connected and, as a whole, are surrounded by land cleared for agriculture and farming.
Bunya Mountains and Yarraman: This KBA is triggered by the presence of a large population of Black-breasted Button-quail and is defined as the following national parks: Bunya Mountains, Tarong, Mt Binga, Pidna and The Palms, and Bunya Mountains National Park (Recovery) and Conservation Park; and the following state forests: Archookoora, Benarkin, East Nanango, Gibson, Googa, Mt Binga, Pidna, South Nanango, Tarong and Yarraman. The Black-breasted Button-quail population within the KBA is thought to be the largest in the world. The presence of this species at more than 1,000 m above sea level in the adjacent Bunya Mountains is unusual as the species is not generally found over 500 m elsewhere.
Cooloola and Fraser Coast: Situated approximately 175 km north of Brisbane in coastal south-eastern Queensland. It consists of the K’gari (Fraser Island) and Cooloola sections of Great Sandy National Park and the intervening land of Inskip Point, excluding the township of Rainbow Beach. This area is a huge sand mass, which supports a wide range of coastal vegetation communities including vine thickets, wallum swamps and open forests and woodlands. This KBA is designed to capture a large population of Black-breasted Button-quail, estimated to possibly support 250 breeding females. The climate is subtropical with warm winters, hot summers and mean annual rainfall of more than 1,200 mm.
Population trends
There is no monitoring of Black-breasted Button-quail abundance, and population estimates remain uncertain (Garnett et al. 2011; Webster et al. 2021). The species is too cryptic in both appearance and behaviour for birdwatcher records to be a reliable means for determining trends and there is no publicly available trend data for any sites that are monitored regularly (Webster et al. 2021).
Webster et al. (2021) estimate there to be 4,800 (range 3,000–6,500) mature Black-breasted Button-quail in the wild, however the reliability of this estimate is low. The population size was estimated through expert elicitation but with very little baseline information (Garnett et al. 2011; Webster et al. 2021). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) for the species is estimated at 64,000 km2 (58,000–70,400 km2) and 760 km2 (760–1,000 km2), respectively. Both EOO and AOO trends are estimated to be stable with medium reliability, but given ongoing threats the EOO and AOO could decline in the future without management action (Webster et al. 2021). A continuing decline of population size is likely as a result of ongoing environmental degradation (Webster et al. 2021).
There is now sufficient evidence to suggest the population is not fragmented, contrary to previous assessments, with movements between disjunct populations highly probable (Webster et al. 2021). For example, the ephemeral presence of the species on offshore islands and in atypical habitat is indicative of a high potential for movement between suitable habitat patches (Webster et al. 2021). The degree of movement between isolated populations remains unknown; however, the species may exist as a single metapopulation (Webster et al. 2021). The species may be suffering the effects of fragmentation (historical and ongoing), even if a level of connectivity is maintained. Climate change impacts could make the drier western edge of the species’ current range inhospitable in the near future (S Legge pers. comm. 2022). The species is not subject to extreme fluctuations in EOO, AOO, number of subpopulations, locations or mature individuals (Webster et al. 2021).
In New South Wales, multiple records in the three decades prior to 1995, from multiple observers, indicated the presence of Black-breasted Button-quails in the state. However, many of those historical observations are questionable (Milledge 2000; NSW Scientific Committee 2009) and targeted surveys in the late 1990s failed to locate the species (Milledge 2000; M. Andren pers. comm. 1997). There have been no confirmed sightings in over two decades, implying a decline across the range of the Black-breasted Button-quail in New South Wales (DPIE 2021). Queensland populations occur close to the border and birds could reappear in New South Wales, however, resident breeding populations may be extinct.
Survey guidelines
Black-breasted Button-quail are usually detected by observation of birds that flush or walk away after being disturbed (DEWHA 2010). The species may also be detected by the scratching noises that it makes when foraging in the leaf litter (DEWHA 2010). Survey guidelines for Australia’s threatened birds (DEWHA 2010) recommend land-based area searches of 15 hours over three days as standard (in areas of less than 50 ha). Platelets (see 2.7.2 Feeding ecology) may indicate presence of birds but are not conclusive as these are also made by other button-quail species (DEWHA 2010).
Males and juveniles could possibly be confused with the Turnix varius (Painted Button-quail) but can be distinguished by darker upperparts lacking bright rufous markings and pale iris (Marchant & Higgins 1993) if sufficiently clear views are obtained (often not possible).
Cultural and community significance
Black-breasted Button-quail are currently known to occur on the lands of at least the following Indigenous Peoples: Bailai, Butchulla, Danggan Balun, Gooreng Gooreng, Gurang, Jagera, Kabi Kabi, Taribelang Bunda, Quandamoka, Ugarapul and Yuggera (Webster et al. 2021). The Butchulla name for the species is ‘Mur’rindum’. The cultural and community significance of the species is not known. Further research into the subject area may benefit the conservation of the species by providing insights about traditional culture and land management.
This statement of significance is not intended to be comprehensive, applicable to, or speak for, all Indigenous Australians and it is acknowledged that Indigenous groups and individuals are the custodians of this knowledge.
Relevant biology and ecology
Habitat requirements
The Black-breasted Button-quail has specific habitat requirements involving soil fertility, leaf litter and litter accumulation and habitat structural attributes that are important determinants of food availability and protection from predation. The species habitat includes:
Dense forest or thicket vegetation with closed canopy and dense mid storey, providing concealment from predators, but little ground-covering vegetation, and a thick bed of leaf litter and soft fertile soil in which the birds forage for invertebrates.
Habitat with closed canopy but very little mid-storey, and also where there’s ground cover of native and/or exotic forbs such as Coral Berry (Ardisia crenata).
Sandy dune scrub on the coast.
Typically, Black-breasted Button-quail occur in vegetation that is seasonally wet, that being a condition associated with heavy leaf fall, which creates the deep layer of leaf litter. In dry rainforest, the seasonal stress of the late dry season together with the deciduous or semi-deciduous nature of some trees, are major contributors to leaf fall.
Black-breasted Button-quails are most frequently reported from the following ecological communities and vegetation types:
Vine thickets and rainforest vegetation types that are periodically water-stressed. These include semi-evergreen vine thicket, low microphyll vine forest, Araucarian microphyll vine forest, Araucarian notophyll vine forest and Brachychiton scrubs that may incorporate bottle trees Brachychiton spp., Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) and Belah (Casuarina cristata) (Flower et al. 1995).
Low thickets or woodlands with a dense understorey but little ground cover, typically dominated by Acacia spp. (Flower et al. 1995).
In littoral habitats, dry vine scrubs, acacia (Acacia spp.) thickets and areas densely covered in shrubs, particularly Midgen Berry (Austromyrtus dulcis) (Marchant & Higgins 1993).
Regrowth of the above vegetation groups, in most cases adjacent to intact remnants.
Patches of the introduced weed (Lantana camara), particularly when associated with the above vegetation types.
Hoop Pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations where there is a dense understorey, usually comprised of the introduced weed Lantana camara and then, generally adjacent to the above-listed forest types.
Wetter subtropical rainforest sometimes in association with moist eucalypt forest in New South Wales (Garnett & Crowley 2000).
Black-breasted Button-quail habitat may also change when populations are put under intense pressure e.g., Hervey Bay where birds have been found foraging at the edge of mangroves.
Black-breasted Button-quails appear to be generalist insectivores (Webster et al. 2019), feeding mostly on invertebrates in the order Coleoptera (beetles), Formicidae (ants) and Dermaptera (earwigs) (Marchant & Higgins 1993; Webster et al. 2018). The vegetation types described above generally possess a well-developed leaf litter layer between 3 to 10 cm deep. It is through this leaf litter that the Black-breasted Button-quail forages using a technique termed “pivot-feeding”.
The birds scratch at the leaf litter with one leg while pivoting the body on the other, thus displacing leaves and soil, exposing invertebrate prey. Birds are known to also pivot feed in soil with little or no leaf litter, however there is usually leaf litter nearby (R Jaensch pers. comm. May 2022). This scratching produces distinctive circular feeding depressions often termed “platelets” that are between 15 and 25 cm in diameter. All other button-quail species in Australia feed in a similar fashion. Although Black-breasted Button-quail typically produce the most completely formed platelets (that are often much larger and deeper than other species due to the soft substrate in which the species’ forages), in soft friable soil Painted Button-quail platelets are not discernible from Black-breasted Button-quail platelets (P Webster pers. comm. 2022).
There is little known about the breeding habits of Black-breasted Button-quail, however they are assumed to breed throughout their contemporary range (Marchant & Higgins 1993). The breeding season is September to April-May (Garnett et al. 2011). The breeding strategy of the species is polyandrous, which means that a female will mate with several males during the one breeding season.
Nests consist of a scrape in the ground measuring 10 cm by 6 cm, that is lined with leaves or moss. Nests are well-concealed and placed in the buttressed roots of a tree or sapling or under a low bush or grass tussock (Marchant & Higgins 1993). It is not known which sex builds the nest.
Between three and five eggs are laid (Marchant & Higgins 1993). The incubation period in the wild is 18–21 days. The female can lay two clutches of eggs 8–10 days apart. Females usually produce 3 to 4 young per clutch, which are incubated and tended solely by the male (Marchant & Higgins 1993). Generational length is estimated at 3.2 years (range 3.0–3.4 years) with high reliability (Bird et al. 2020).
All Black-breasted Button-quail have calls that can be grouped into three categories: 1) advertising “oom”, 2) drumming, and 3) contact clucks (Hughes & Hughes 1991). Of the advertising oom each note is comprised of a series of rapidly repeated elements giving the note a tremulous quality.
This call type is only given by the females and is thought to be related to territorial and breeding activities (Hughes & Hughes 1991). The drum is a series of deep short rapidly repeated notes given in quick succession often referred to as the motorboat or motorbike call. This vocalisation has only been recorded from the female and is likely related to breeding and territorial activities (Hughes & Hughes 1991). Both sexes give a great diversity of soft clucks, trills and whistles (del Hoyo et al. 1992). The role of these calls is undetermined but are likely short-range communications.
Movement patterns
Female Black-breasted Button-quail are territorial, establishing territories between two and 10 hectares. Birds are commonly seen in pairs or small groups, some of which may be families, though females are occasionally seen singly (Hughes & Hughes 1991; Marchant & Higgins 1993). The dispersal patterns of this species are poorly understood. They are generally considered to be sedentary, although birds can appear intermittently in some patches of good habitat, or as transients in habitats not considered core to the species (Marchant & Higgins 1993; Smith et al. 1998; Lees & Smith 2000; Smyth et al. 2001).
Black-breasted Button-quail are elusive, well-camouflaged and rely on stealth to avoid danger. Birds become immobilised to avoid predation (Marchant & Higgins 1993). They are very reluctant to flush preferring to run when pursued, only taking flight as a last resort.
Habitat critical to the survival
Habitat critical to the survival or important habitats of a species or ecological community refers to areas that are necessary:
for activities such as foraging, breeding, roosting, or dispersal;
for the long-term maintenance of the species or ecological community (including the maintenance of species essential to the survival of the species or ecological community, such as pollinators);
to maintain genetic diversity and long-term evolutionary development; or
for the reintroduction of populations or recovery of the species or ecological community.
Such habitat may be, but is not limited to: habitat identified in a recovery plan for the species or ecological community as habitat critical for that species or ecological community; and/or habitat listed on the Register of Critical Habitat maintained by the Minister under the EPBC Act.
Habitat critical to the survival of the Black-breasted Button-quail includes:
Foraging and breeding habitat:
Vine thickets and rainforest vegetation types that are periodically water-stressed. These include: semi-evergreen vine thicket, low microphyll vine forest, Araucarian microphyll vine forest, Araucarian notophyll vine forest and Brachychiton scrubs that may incorporate bottle trees (Brachychiton sp.), Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) and Belah (Casuarina cristata).
Low thickets or woodlands with a dense understorey but little ground cover, typically dominated by Acacia spp.
In littoral situations, dry vine scrubs, acacia thickets and areas densely covered in shrubs, particularly Midgen Berry (Austromyrtus dulcis).
Habitat for the long-term maintenance of the species:
All Key Biodiversity Areas with Black-breasted Button-quail as a trigger species.
Suitable habitat in future climate niches as information becomes available.
Areas with potential habitat
Areas with Black-breasted Button-quail habitat attributes that occur within the modelled distribution of the Black-breasted Button-quail that have been surveyed without confirmed detections may be habitat that is temporarily unoccupied. A greater understanding about Black-breasted Button-quail patterns of occurrence, population dynamics and dispersal, and detectability is required before these areas can be classed as unoccupied or unsuitable.
Areas supporting recovery
Population connectivity is important for Black-breasted Button-quail persistence. Areas that are not currently occupied may support dispersing individuals and be critical for maintaining connectivity and genetic resilience. These biologically important areas are likely to:
Occur between areas of known or potential habitat,
Provide vegetation cover and temporary shelter resources to protect dispersing individuals from predation, and
Provide sufficient food resources during dispersal.
It is also important to consider and maintain buffer zones and refugia habitat for the species. When Black-breasted Button-quail populations are placed under intense pressure, the species may also be found in other habitats, for example, displaced populations in Hervey Bay which were found foraging at the edge of mangroves. These adjacent habitats may provide a temporary refugia when more preferred habitat is no longer available and should also be considered habitat critical to the survival.
Detrimental actions in areas supporting recovery are likely to interfere with the long-term persistence of the Black-breasted Button-quail.
Habitat critical to the survival of Black-breasted Button-quail occurs across a wide range of land tenures, including freehold land and reserves, publicly owned forests, state reserves and national parks (including K’gari World Heritage Area). It is essential that the locations where the species regularly occurs is given the highest protection and conservation measures target these productive habitats.
In order to increase the Black-breasted Button-quail area of occupancy and population size all currently occupied areas should be protected (not cleared); areas that could potentially be occupied should not be cleared and should be restored; and areas that will be needed in the future should not be cleared and should possibly be restored.
No Critical Habitat as defined under section 207A of the EPBC Act has been identified or included in the Register of Critical Habitat.
Key considerations in environmental impact assessments
When considering habitat loss, alteration or likely degradation to habitat in any part of the Black-breasted Button-quail range, including in areas where the species ‘may occur’, surveys for occupancy at the appropriate times of the year and identifying preferred habitat remain an important tool in refining understanding of the area’s relative importance for the species. The species’ pattern of habitat use means that both recent survey data and historical records need to be considered when assessing the relative importance of a local area or region for Black-breasted Button-quail. Surveys should be designed to take account of the cryptic nature of the species (e.g., camera traps).
Black-breasted Button-quail also utilise patches of introduced weeds (Lantana and sometimes Privet; particularly when associated with the above vegetation types), and Hoop Pine plantations with dense understorey (generally adjacent to the above-listed forest types). These disturbed habitats are quite important for the species in some areas. For the purposes of this recovery plan, these modified habitats are not considered ‘habitat critical to the survival’ of Black-breasted Button-quail. However, logging, clearing or weeding of these areas may pose a risk to small populations of button-quail and should be carried out sensitively. Land managers need to ensure that weed control measures include strategic, staged replacement of weed thickets with native plant species that form similarly dense patches of habitat.
Habitat critical to the survival of the species should not be destroyed or modified. Actions that have indirect impacts on habitat critical to the survival should be minimised and adequately mitigated (e.g. noise). Actions that compromise adult and juvenile survival should also be avoided, for example, the transmission and introduction of diseases, and actions that might increase predation threat from introduced predators. Actions should not be assessed in isolation and consideration must be given to existing and future activities that may impact the species to ensure conservation outcomes on a landscape scale are achieved.
Actions that remove, fragment and/or degrade habitat critical to the survival would interfere with the recovery of the Black-breasted Button-quail and reduce the area of occupancy of the species. It is important to retain all of the diversity of habitats utilised by this species described above.
Threats
Historical causes of decline
By the late 1960s, at least 90% of Black-breasted Button-quail habitat (subtropical and dry rainforests) had been cleared for agriculture or plantations of Hoop Pine (Hamley et al. 1997). This caused direct habitat loss, subsequent habitat fragmentation and degradation for the species. Intentional habitat removal of habitat such as bottletree Brachychiton spp. scrubs has been much reduced in recent decades, though it is still considered to be an ongoing threat in some parts of the species range, outside protected areas (Webster et al. 2021).
Current threatening processes
Currently, the main threat to the species is weed invasion, particularly Cat’s Claw Creeper (Dolichandra unguis-cati) which gradually smothers the leaf litter layer and kills trees and shrubs that form the near-closed cover under which the birds feed, rendering habitat unsuitable (P Webster, RP Jaensch unpublished cited in Webster et al. 2021). However, the effects of Lantana invasion may not be as detrimental as the species is known to occupy habitats where Lantana dominates the understorey layers.
Fire resulting from edge effects (weed invasion), increased drought and elevated temperatures pose a significant threat to the species (P Webster pers. comm. 2022). This threat has the potential to irreversibly alter currently suitable habitat to a state not suitable for Black-breasted Button-quail. Droughts severe enough to kill trees also expose and dry out the leaf litter, reducing invertebrate density and making destruction of habitat by fire more likely. Drought severity is likely to increase with climate change (Evans et al. 2017).
Ongoing habitat clearance and fragmentation caused by housing and development pressure (e.g., Hervey Bay), and habitat degradation caused by domestic stock, feral pigs (Sus scrofa) and overabundant macropods also threaten the species (Smith et al. 1997; Lees & Smith 2000; Webster et al. 2021). Black-breasted Button-quails appear vulnerable to ground predators, particularly nocturnal predators which might prey on sleeping or nesting birds. Predation by cats (Felis catus) and foxes (Vulpes vulpes) may reduce populations.
Black-breasted Button-quail are known to be preyed upon by cats, and button-quail in general are preferred prey items for cats (Woinarski et al. 2017), but the impacts of cats on Black-breasted Button-quail populations are unknown (Webster et al. 2021). The impacts of habitat clearing and predation are likely to interact. Removal of button-quail habitat is likely to favour cats and foxes by creating more open conditions, and cats and foxes are likely to amplify the impacts on the species of habitat clearing and associated fragmentation by increasing mortality of birds attempting to move between isolated habitat patches.
Weeds altering habitat
Invasive weeds typically change the floristic and structural characteristics of habitat, thereby changing resource availability (French & Zubovic 1997). Some weeds may also increase the flammability of habitat, amplifying bushfire risk (Salvo Aires 2014).
Cat’s Claw Creeper was recently identified as a priority threat to Black-breasted Button-quail in the Action Plan for Australian Birds 2020 (Webster et al. 2021). Cat’s Claw Creeper is a major weed of native forests and riparian areas in eastern Australia. Its climbing woody stems (lianas) cling to tree trunks, enabling it to grow into the forest canopy. In rainforests it can overtop and kill mature trees, removing the canopy under which Black-breasted Button-quail feed and opening up the canopy for light-loving weeds. Cat’s Claw Creeper competes with native plants by forming a dense above-ground mat and numerous underground reproductive tubers, impeding Black-breasted Button-quail’s ability to forage and rendering habitat unsuitable.
Dense infestations of Cat’s Claw Creeper are very difficult to control due to the numerous lianas, abundant seed and ability to resprout from tubers, sometimes for years. In selecting the most suitable control techniques it is essential to minimise adverse impacts on native vegetation and to encourage its subsequent recovery (Weeds Australia 2011). The methods chosen should be adapted to the type of native vegetation invaded, stage in the restoration program, size and growth stage of the weeds and level of infestation. Weeding should proceed gradually as creation of large gaps can lead to further weed invasion. Follow up is essential. Regrowth should be treated before it reaches the foliage of the host tree, or the hanging ends of previously cut stems of Cat’s Claw Creeper. Regrowth may require treatment for five or more years and ongoing monitoring is needed (Webster et al. 2021).
Madeira Vine (Anredera cordifolia), Green Panic Grass (Megathyrsus maximus), Climbing Asparagus (Asparagus plumosus) and Coral Berry (Rivina humilis) are other weeds that also degrade the native vegetation that provides core Black-breasted Button-quail habitat (DPIE 2021; R Jaensch pers. comm. May 2022). Madeira Vine and Climbing Asparagus act in similar ways to Cat’s Claw Creeper and are exceptionally difficult to eradicate; Madeira Vine produces fertile tubers along its stems and thus must be poisoned below ground. Near Toowoomba, Climbing Asparagus is rapidly becoming one of the most difficult creepers to eradicate because it forms impenetrable thorny thickets (R Jaensch pers. comm. May 2022).
Lantana forms dense thickets, sometimes impenetrable to humans, and is listed as the most significant environmental weed by the South-East Queensland Environmental Weeds Management Group. Lantana dominance appears to adversely affect the species richness of soil fauna assemblages, such as ants, and decreases the diversity of soil fungi (Weeds Australia 2020). It can also affect flora diversity by reducing seedling germination and by increasing the chance and severity of fire in plant communities such as dry rainforest. Lantana has been identified as a potential threat to many threatened and endangered plants and animals and a number of endangered ecological communities (Weeds Australia 2020). While Lantana and other weeds adjoining or within dry rainforests can provide suitable habitat for Black-breasted Button-quail by providing dense low cover and good leaf litter for foraging, they are low quality habitat for other native species, and the careful restoration of these areas to native vegetation should be prioritised. Removal of weeds and restoration activities must be completed slowly and in stages so that disturbance to Black-breasted Button-quail habitat is minimised, and their occurrence in these patches is maintained over time.
The threat of weeds interacts with rainfall. For example, the very wet period during 2021/2022 caused an explosion in extent and impact of creepers on vine thicket scrub in south-east Queensland (R Jaensch pers. comm. May 2022).
Increase in frequency, scale and/or intensity of fire
Inappropriate fire regimes are the greatest threat to Australia’s birds after direct human destruction and alteration of habitats (Olsen et al. 2005). Too frequent fire may contribute to Black-breasted Button-quail decline through: increased weed invasion following fire; loss of woody debris; reduction in leaf litter; and decline in invertebrate abundance (Spencer & Baxter 2006). By opening the understorey, fire can increase the risk of predation by cats and foxes (Hradsky 2020). Several fires in close succession can also prevent plants and animals from returning to an area (particularly in fragmented landscapes), and prevent soil seed set (Wilson & Bignall 2009).
Many of the dry rainforest type habitats of Black-breasted Button-quail do not have a capacity to regenerate after fire and only survive because of a lack of fire. This is not the same for the littoral habitats which are dominated by sclerophyll vegetation which experience regular fire such as in the Great Sandy region.
Fires in vegetation surrounding adjoining habitat could have significant impacts if not managed and wildfire incursions into preferred habitat could damage remnants irretrievably. Frequent fires, coupled with consistent heavy grazing, is also likely to further degrade grass and shrub understorey.
Black-breasted Button-quail within Palmgrove and Scenic Rim KBAs were impacted by the 2019/2020 fires. However, current information on AOO and population size are too inadequate to allow a robust analysis of the impacts of these fires (Todd & Maurer 2020). Similarly, 87,000 hectares (more than 50%) of K’gari (Fraser Island) was burnt in late 2020 (Queensland Government 2021). Black-breasted Button-quail is distributed along the east coast of K’gari inland to about 1 km. Observations by researchers in August 2021 confirmed that only a small portion of previously occupied habitat along the coast or in K’gari was burnt (P Webster pers. comm. October 2021).
Increased frequency and/or length of droughts
Drought exposes and dries out leaf litter and increases the likelihood of high-severity fire. Climate change models predict increasingly frequent and more severe drought events in South East Queensland (Evans et al. 2017). This may negatively affect small patches and strips of Black-breasted Button-quail habitat, which may disappear or decline in quality due to water stress and possible increased frequency and severity of fire events. A history of Black-breasted Button-quail in the Fitzroy basin indicates that long-lasting drought and cattle stocking led to the disappearance of the species from the region (Flower et al. 1995).
It is not fully known how these weather events, or their cumulative effects, will affect the Black-breasted Button-quail’s survival and reproduction.
Ongoing impacts of historical habitat loss caused by clearing for agriculture
The main threats to bird survival in agricultural areas is habitat loss caused by clearing of native vegetation, and subsequent degradation of the remnants (Stevens 2001). Since European settlement, over 43% of forests, 90% of temperate woodlands and mallee, and 75% of rainforests have been cleared nationwide (Bradshaw 2012). The majority of remnants are generally isolated and small, are vulnerable to edge effects, and are often below the critical size needed to sustain healthy populations of many bird species (Olsen et al. 2005).
Additionally, as habitats become increasingly fragmented due to further clearing, native birds become more vulnerable to the other threats, such as predation by feral species and destructive fires, and lose the ability to recolonise previously suitable habitat (Olsen et al. 2005). The ongoing fragmentation and degradation of remnant vegetation can also disrupt essential ecosystem processes such as pollination, seed dispersal and regeneration (Jackson et al. 2016).
At least 90% of the habitat of the Black-breasted Button-quail had been cleared for agriculture or plantations of Hoop Pine by the 1960’s. Ongoing impacts of historical habitat loss and fragmentation from agriculture is a significant threat affecting Black-breasted Button-quail (Webster et al. 2021). Retention and restoration of native vegetation in agricultural areas are urgently needed to prevent further declines in the Black-breasted Button-quail population, as is the cessation of land clearing.
Habitat loss caused by forestry plantations
Forests harvested for wood production in Australia are regenerated to produce another harvest of trees. Loss and modification of habitat in order to maintain timber-harvesting and other forestry-related practices is a serious threat to the viability of Black-breasted Button-quail (Webster et al. 2021). For example, harvesting Hoop Pine plantations with well-developed understorey can destroy established Black-breasted Button-quail habitat and may facilitate access of introduced predators.
Growing, harvesting and regrowing are governed by a rigorous regulatory framework (both government and NGO certified) to ensure that environmental outcomes are maximised.
Habitat degradation caused by domestic stock grazing
Native tree and shrub seedlings and groundcover species are highly susceptible to domestic stock grazing. Unlike native herbivores, most domestic stock are hard-hoofed and cause significant damage to soil structure from compaction and damage to native plants by trampling (Willson & Bignall 2009). Reduction or removal of understorey structure (e.g., native shrubs, herbs and grasses) can reduce foraging, nesting sites and shelter sites, and subsequently increase the risk of predation (Olsen et al. 2005). The other major impact of livestock grazing is its association with weed invasion (Martine & Alan 2005). Livestock grazing can exacerbate weed spread through seed dispersal, soil and vegetation disturbance, and nutrient enrichment (Martine & Alan 2005). Degradation caused by intensive grazing pressure may be exacerbated in small patches or along narrow strips of vegetation with little buffering to keep out the effects of prolonged drought.
Additionally, the impact of intense grazing by over-abundant macropods can cause similar impacts to domestic stock
Habitat loss caused by urban development and mining
Habitat loss caused by urban development such as housing estates and infrastructure threaten Black-breasted Button-quail. The continuing expansion of residential and resort development along the coast is of particular concern e.g., Hervey Bay. This affects areas of littoral habitat that, while possibly significant, occurs at scales too small to be mapped as remnant or as regrowth.
The abundance of resource extraction operations in southeast Queensland, including large coal mines and coal seam gas fields, overlaps considerably with the distribution of the Black-breasted Button-quail (Commonwealth of Australia 2019). The continued development of these operations threatens Black-breasted Button-quail habitat directly through clearing of potential habitat, as well as via drawdown effects to potentially groundwater-dependent mesic vine thickets and acacia scrublands, particularly those associated with Fassifern scrublands or situated on low-porosity sedimentary rocks.
Predation by cats and European Red Foxes
Ground-dwelling birds are particularly vulnerable to predation by cats and European Red Foxes. Although the impact of predation by cats and European Red Foxes on the Black-breasted Button-quail is not well known, it is likely that predation is a threat (Mathieson & Smith 2009; Centre for Invasive Species Solutions 2011). This may be particularly true if birds are forced to disperse through unsuitable habitat, or use habitat fragments adjacent to residential areas with high densities of pet cats. BBBQ have been recorded as a prey item of cats, and buttonquail in general are preferred prey items for cats (Woinarski et al 2017).
The threat of cats and European Red Foxes is also amplified by bushfires as those predators preferentially hunt in the open habitats created by fire (McGregor et al. 2015; McGregor et al. 2016; Hradsky et al. 2017; Hradsky 2020).
“Predation by feral cats” and “Predation by European red fox” are listed as a Key Threatening Processes under the EBPC Act, and detailed threat abatement plans have been prepared (Commonwealth of Australia 2008a, 2008b, 2015a, 2015b).
Predation and degradation of habitat by feral pigs
Feral pigs may consume eggs and chicks, disturb breeding birds, damage habitat through soil compaction, spread plant diseases, create tracks that provide predator access, and facilitate weed invasion that may bind soil or reduce foraging opportunities. By rooting in the leaf litter layer, pigs disturb the critical habitat feature that is important for Black-breasted Button-quail.
“Predation, habitat degradation, competition and disease transmission by feral pigs” has been listed as a Key Threatening Process under the EBPC Act, and a threat abatement plan has been prepared (Commonwealth of Australia 2017a, 2017b).
Threat prioritisation
Each of the threats outlined above has been assessed to determine the risk posed to the Black-breasted Button-quail population using a risk matrix. This in turn determines the priority for actions outlined below. The threats were considered in context of the current management regimes throughout its range. The impact of that threat has been assessed assuming that existing management measures continue to be applied appropriately. If management regimes change then the level of risk associated with threats may also change.
The risk matrix considers the likelihood of an incident occurring and the consequences of that incident. Threats may act differently in different parts of the species’ range and at different times of year, but the precautionary principle dictates that the threat category is determined by the subpopulation at highest risk. Population-wide threats are generally considered to present a higher risk.
The risk matrix uses a qualitative assessment drawing on peer reviewed literature and expert opinion. In some cases the consequences of activities are unknown. In these cases, the precautionary principle has been applied. Levels of risk and the associated priorities for action are defined as follows:
Very High
immediate mitigation action required.
High
mitigation action and an adaptive management plan required; the precautionary principle should be applied.
Moderate
obtain additional information and develop mitigation action if required.
Low
monitor the threat occurrence and reassess threat level if likelihood or consequences change.
Table 4. Black-breasted Button-quail Risk Matrix
Likelihood of occurrence Consequences
Not significant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
Almost certain - Predation by cats and foxes
Feral pig rooting and predation - Habitat loss caused by clearing for large-scale agriculture
Habitat loss caused by forestry plantations
Habitat degradation caused by domestic stock grazing
Habitat loss caused by urban development and mining - Weeds altering habitat
Likely - Increase in frequency, scale and/or intensity of fire
Increased frequency and/or length of droughts
Possible
Unlikely
Unknown
Categories for likelihood are defined as follows:
Almost certain: expected to occur every year
Likely: expected to occur at least once every five years
Possible: might occur at some time
Unlikely: known to have occurred only a few times
Unknown: currently unknown how often the threat will occur
Categories for consequences are defined as follows:
Not significant: no long-term effect on individuals or populations
Minor: individuals are adversely affected but no effect at population level
Moderate: population recovery stable or declining
Major: population decline is ongoing
Catastrophic: population trajectory close to extinction
4. Populations under particular pressure
The actions described in this recovery plan are designed to provide ongoing protection for Black-breasted Button-quail throughout their range. As 100% of mature individuals exist in one population, particular attention may be given to the following subpopulations in Protected Area Estate:
Subpopulations of the Yarraman-Blackbutt-Nanago, Jimna-Conondale Range, Ravensbourne-Deongwar and Great Sandy regions are important due to their size and the land on which they occur being State owned.
Subpopulations at the Palmgrove National Park and the Barakula State Forest area because they appear to be the last remnant subpopulations within an area where the species was once widespread (Hamley et al. 1997).
Any New South Wales subpopulation is important, being at the southern limit of the species’ range and they must be maintained if the species is to persist in New South Wales.
Subpopulations in areas where there is a history of significant vegetation fragmentation such as: Dawson, Fitzroy and Burnett catchments, Hervey Bay, lowlands around Goomeri, Lockyer Valley and Boonah district may not persist because of habitat patch size.
Other subpopulations that may be considered to be under threat are those outside of protected areas.
5. Vision, Objectives and Strategies
Long-term Vision
The Black-breasted Button-quail population size and area of occupancy has increased to such an extent so that the species no longer qualifies for listing as threatened under any of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 listing criteria.
Recovery Plan Objectives
By 2032, maintain and improve the extent, condition and connectivity of habitat of the Black-breasted Button-quail.
By 2032, demonstrably reduce the severity of identified anthropogenic threats across the extent of the species’ range.
By 2032, achieve, measure and sustain a stable or positive trend in area of occupancy and population size (assessed by new baseline counts) in the number of mature individuals of the Black-breasted Button-quail.
This will be achieved by implementing the actions set out in this recovery plan that minimise threats while protecting and enhancing the species’ habitat throughout its range, adequately monitoring the species, generating new knowledge to guide recovery and increasing public awareness.
Strategies to achieve objectives
Implement management strategies to reduce threats to Black-breasted Button-quail and their habitat.
Enhance protection, improve the quality and increase the extent of suitable habitat to the Black-breasted Button-quail and its habitat.
Improve knowledge of the distribution, biology and ecology of the Black-breasted Button-quail and implement a monitoring strategy to identify and measure population trends.
Increase stakeholder participation in Black-breasted Button-quail conservation and management.
Coordinate, review and report on recovery progress.
6. Actions to achieve the specific objectives
Actions identified for the recovery of Black-breasted Button-quail are described below. It should be noted that some of the objectives are long-term and may not be achieved prior to the scheduled five-year review of the recovery plan. Responsible Agencies are in bold text with potential supporting partners not in bold.
Priorities assigned to actions should be interpreted as follows:
Priority 1:
Prompt action necessary to mitigate the key threats to Black-breasted Button-quail and provide valuable information to help identify long-term population trends.
Priority 2:
Action to provide a more informed basis for the long-term management and recovery of Black-breasted Button-quail.
Priority 3:
Action desirable, but not critical to the recovery of Black-breasted Button-quail or assessment of trends in that recovery.
Strategy 1 Implement management strategies to reduce threats to Black-breasted Button-quail and their habitat
Action
Description
Priority
Performance Criteria
Responsible Agencies (bold) and potential partners
Indicative Cost
1.1
Identify areas of habitat critical to the survival of BBBQ including important sites for species persistence, and the key threats pressuring each site
1
Spatial prioritisation informs threat management; AOO has increased:<br>Existing and new information reviewed and used to identify areas of high BBBQ conservation significance. These include areas with high-value populations and potential to alleviate threats, carry out restoration works, target monitoring and increase protection.New knowledge used to refine the definition of ‘habitat critical to the survival.’Key Biodiversity Areas reviewed and updated as new information becomes available.
Determine the relationship between invasive weeds and BBBQ abundance
1
Understanding of the impacts of invasive weeds on BBBQ abundance/AOO has increased:<br>The impact of invasive weeds on BBBQ abundance and their ability to forage has been determined.The impact of invasive weeds on the integrity of the BBBQ habitat e.g. suppression of native plant recruitment, increase in fuel loads etc. has been determined.The effectiveness of invasive weed removal has been assessed.Knowledge of invasive weeds has improved and is collated.Knowledge of the effectiveness of invasive weed management actions improved.The impact of Cat’s Claw Creeper (Dolichandra unguis-cati), Madeira Vine (Anredera cordifolia), Green Panic Grass (Megathyrsus maximus) and Coral Berry (Rivina humilis) on BBBQ habitat assessed.New knowledge incorporated into local management plans.
State governments<br>Traditional Owners<br>Private landowners<br>Academic institutions<br>NGOs<br>NRM regional bodies<br>
$150,000
1.3
Ongoing management of invasive weeds at high quality sites rapidly and cost-effectively (see Action 1.1 & 1.2)
1
Proportion of BBBQ habitat that is native vegetation has increased; spatial extent and density of invasive weed species within BBBQ distribution has decreased:<br>Management strategies for invasive weeds implemented (see Action 1.2).Site-specific plans developed that incorporate management actions and consider BBBQ use of some weeds as habitat (Lantana). For example, staged removal of weeds undertaken to reduce impact of habitat loss.Hygiene protocols to prevent the spread of weeds and pathogens (foot baths, equipment and vehicle cleaning) developed and implemented.
Australian Government<br>State governments<br>Traditional Owners<br>Private landowners<br>Academic institutions<br>NRM regional bodies<br>NGOs<br>
$1,000,000 pa
1.4
Investigate and mitigate the threat of fire, including interactions with invasive weeds and drought, on BBBQ populations<br>
1
Understanding of the impacts of fire on BBBQ has increased; threat of fire decreased within priority sites:<br>Risk/impact of fire on dry rainforest habitats determined.New knowledge incorporated into local management plans.Mitigation strategies to control fire in sensitive areas implemented.Fire frequency reduced or its exclusion achieved in high priority areas of known or potential habitat to maintain well-developed leaf-litter layers and protective cover (see Action 1.1).
State governments<br>Academic institutions<br>NRM regional bodies<br>Traditional Owners<br>NGOs<br>Private landowners
$300,000 pa
1.5
Implement feral animal control programs at selected high priority sites (see Action 1.1)
3
Impacts of feral pig, fox and cat predation has decreased:<br>Knowledge of 1) feral predator impact and 2) feral predator control action effectiveness has increased; effectiveness of feral predator management has improved; and any areas of high impact identified.A standardised (at the site level) monitoring program for feral predators is designed and implemented across all known habitat.Reporting on feral predator monitoring is nationally coordinated and results are accessible by responsible agencies and recovery partners.Actions to control feral cats, foxes, and feral pigs undertaken when and where relevant:Site-specific plans address site-level threats.Traditional Owners, public and private landowners engaged in feral animal management.Control methods for feral cats that are appropriate for different habitat types developed and implemented.The use of relevant tools incorporated into local management. For example: Feral Pig Scan in NSW, “Felixer” units, HogGone and Eradicat).
Australian Government<br>State governments<br>Traditional Owners<br>Private landowners<br>NGOs <br>NRM regional bodies
$600,000 pa
1.6
Control effects of domestic stock on BBBQ and its habitat at priority sites (see Action 1.1)
1
Impact of domestic stock has decreased:<br>Domestic stock on BBBQ and its habitat ameliorated through the exclusion from high priority/sensitive habitats.Incentives provided to landholders to reduce, or eliminate stock from known and likely BBBQ habitat.Stocking densities reduced and/or grazing leases have removed from State Forests with BBBQ.
State governments<br>Traditional Owners<br>Private landowners<br>NGOs <br>NRM regional bodies
$300,000 pa
1.7
Investigate and mitigate climate change threats on BBBQ
2
Understanding of climate change threats on BBBQ populations has increased; climate change impacts decreased:<br>Modelling techniques used to investigate the potential impact of climate change on BBBQ and their habitat critical for survival (see Action 1.1.).Potential climatic refuges identified.Subpopulations most at risk of climate change impacts identified.Impacts of increased frequency and severity of drought and heat waves, changes in rainfall patterns and sea-level rise on habitat is modelled and associated refuge sites identified and protected.Model outputs incorporated into local management plans to improve BBBQ resilience to climate change.The National Reserve Network expanded to incorporate suitable BBBQ habitat under climate change modelling.Climate change impacts have been monitored on an appropriate set of subpopulations.The synergistic impacts of climate change incorporated into threat mitigation planning.
State governments<br>Academic institutions<br>NRM regional bodies<br>NGOs<br>
$150,000 pa
1.8
Review and implement land management guidelines to ameliorate impacts from human activities on identified BBBQ habitat
1
Urban development impacts on the species has decreased:<br>Up to date management guidelines for BBBQ habitat and protection of populations maintained.Management guidelines adopted by government agencies, industry, private landholders and community groups completed.
State governments<br>NRM regional bodies<br>NGOs<br>Academic institutions<br>Private landowners
$20,000
1.9
Ensure minimal impacts on BBBQ and its habitat in all populations from urban developments
2
Urban development impacts on the species has decreased:<br>Approval gained from Qld and NSW state governments and affected local governments, for the management guidelines developed in Action 1.8.Regulatory avenues made available to protect and enhance known and probable habitat for BBBQ.Actions undertaken to minimise habitat loss in localities already zoned for development.
State governments<br>Local councils<br>Private landowners
$50,000
Strategy 2 Enhance protection, improve the quality and increase the extent of suitable habitat for the Black-breasted Button-quail
Action
Description
Priority
Performance Criteria
Responsible Agencies and potential partners
Indicative Cost
2.1
Restore existing habitat within key sites and potential BBBQ habitat in strategic locations close to, and within key sites (see Action 1.1)
1
Area of suitable habitat within BBBQ distribution has increased:<br>At least 20 areas (at least size 20 ha) of degraded priority habitat identified and rehabilitated (see Action 1.1).Evidence-based habitat restoration techniques improve the extent and/or quality of suitable habitat at priority sites (see Action 1.1).Restoration strategies and site-specific plans are audited to identify the extent to which restoration works are effective (i.e., improve the extent and/or quality of suitable habitat).Traditional Owners are engaged in restoration strategies where relevant.
Australian Government<br>State governments<br>Local governments<br>NRM regional bodies<br>Private landholders<br>Academic institutions<br>NGOs
$250,000 pa
2.2
Develop agreements with priority local government and government agencies that aim to rehabilitate, maintain and enhance BBBQ habitat
2
Number of local governments/ government agencies engaged with BBBQ conservation has increased:<br>Management agreements developed with local and state government agencies which maintain and enhance BBBQ habitat.
Australian Government<br>State governments<br>Local governments<br>NRM regional bodies
$300,000 pa
2.3
Investigate and instigate protection of habitat critical to the survival on private land through nature refuge system, covenants and/or other instruments of protection
3
The proportion of private landholders with BBBQ known/potential habitat engaged in formal or informal conservation agreements is increased:<br>Key breeding and foraging sites (See Action 1.1) on private land identified and habitat quality assessed.Identified sites protected through covenanting and other private land conservation programs.Where possible, high priority private lands secured through voluntary cooperative agreements.
State government<br>Private landowners<br>NRM regional bodies<br>NGOs
$30,000
Strategy 3 Improve knowledge of the distribution, biology and ecology of Black-breasted Button-quail and implement a monitoring strategy to identify population trends
Action
Description
Priority
Performance Criteria
Responsible Agencies and potential partners
Indicative Cost
3.1
Develop and implement a long-term monitoring strategy to inform management interventions and population trends
1
Monitoring of BBBQ populations has increased:<br>Knowledge of BBBQ conservation status, current distribution, population trends, movement ecology and life history significantly increased.The size/baseline population and security of the K’gari (Fraser Island) determined.Presence/distribution of New South Wales population determined through rigorous survey effort throughout known and potential range.
Australian Government<br>State governments<br>Traditional Owners<br>Private landowners<br>Academic institutions<br>NGOs<br>NRM regional bodies
$200,000 pa
3.2
Continue to map known/likely habitat of the species (including private land) and conduct formal searches for new populations in mapped habitat
1
Spatial data that maps BBBQ habitat, presence and fire histories has increased:<br>Where fine scale, accurate vegetation mapping exists, this is made accessible to land managers and decision makers.Spatial data and maps are stored and shared amongst relevant management agencies.
Australian Government<br>State governments<br>Academic institutions<br>Private landowners<br>NGOs<br>
$150,000 pa
3.3
Design and implement research projects to enhance understanding of the species ecology
1
Key knowledge gaps addressed through targeted applied research into species ecology has increased:<br>Gaps in knowledge required to inform species management have been identified and addressed.Understanding of the following parameters has improved:Breeding success factors and trends.
Australian Government<br>State governments<br>Private landowners<br>Academic institutions<br>NGOs<br>NRM regional bodies
$200,000 pa
3.4
Investigate establishing a captive population to act as an insurance population
3
Area of occupancy, number of locations, number of subpopulations and population trends has increased: A reintroduction trial to suitable habitat has been undertaken, to develop appropriate translocation protocols. The translocation should be designed to improve knowledge about the ecology of the species, and the impacts of threats.A feasibility study has been undertaken to determine whether an insurance population of BBBQ would effectively mitigate against possible extinction.Best-practice captive-breeding and animal husbandry information and knowledge have been collated.
State governments<br>NRM regional bodies<br>Academic institutions NGOs<br>Zoos and wildlife sanctuaries<br>
$200,000
Strategy 4 Increase stakeholder participation in Black-breasted Button-quail conservation and management.
Action
Description
Priority
Performance Criteria
Responsible Agencies and potential partners
Indicative Cost
4.1
Develop and implement a broad strategy to raise awareness and educate the general public about BBBQ conservation and their habitats
1
Public knowledge of BBBQ conservation status and recovery plan progress has increased:<br>Popular articles backed by scientific literature about BBBQ conservation, including important habitats, threats and recovery actions have been published online and in community newsletters, local bulletins and newspapers.Informative displays have been developed to educate the broader community about BBBQ conservation at key breeding and non-breeding sites.Educational resources have been developed that target key user groups and communities where BBBQ are located.Regular workshops have been undertaken to inform the public and raise awareness of threatened ground-dwelling birds.
State governments<br>Local government<br>Private landowners NRM regional bodies<br>Traditional Owners<br>NGOs<br>
$30,000 pa
4.2
Develop and implement a targeted strategy to promote the use of citizen science in relation to BBBQ
2
The number of community/volunteer survey programs and participants has increased:<br>Popular articles have been published online and in relevant community newsletters and magazines to recruit citizen scientists for training and involvement in BBBQ and threatened bird conservation.
State governments<br>NRM regional bodies<br>NGOs<br>Academic institutions<br>Traditional Owners
$20,000 pa
4.3
Respect and involve Indigenous Traditional Owners in management and recovery actions
1
Number and diversity of Traditional Owners involved in BBBQ conservation and management has increased:<br>Traditional Owner communities have been involved in the recovery effort, including conservation management decision-making processes.Traditional Owners and their cultural values have been included in the conservation and management of BBBQ.The cultural significance of the BBBQ have been identified across the species’ distribution and relevant management information incorporated into recovery planning.
State governments<br>Traditional Owners<br>NRM regional bodies<br>NGOs<br>Academic institutions
$30,000 pa
4.4
Establish extension activities with private landholders to protect BBBQ habitat
2
The number of community/volunteer survey programs and participants has increased; BBBQ AOO/population size has increased:<br>A private landowner network with an interest in BBBQ has been established.The private landowner network has facilitated access to survey sites.The private landowner network has facilitated improved BBBQ habitat management through extension activities.
State government<br>Local governments<br>Private landowners<br>NGOs<br>NRM regional bodies<br>
$30,000 pa
Strategy 5 Coordinate, review and report on recovery progress
Action
Description
Priority
Performance Criteria
Responsible Agencies and potential partners
Indicative Cost
5.1
Establish a Recovery Team that effectively organises, implements, reviews and reports on recovery outcomes
1
A BBBQ Recovery Team has been established within the first six months of the making of the recovery plan.<br>Implementation of the recovery plan is supported by a national, collaborative approach.<br>The Recovery Team has coordinated, reviewed and reported on the recovery outcomes for the life of this plan.
All
$30,000 pa
5.2
Approve Recovery Team governance arrangements
1
Terms of Reference for the Recovery Team have been approved in accordance with national best practice guidelines.<br>The Recovery Team has been registered nationally.
Recovery Team
Core government business
5.3
Submit annual reports on progress against recovery actions
1
Recovery Team annual reports have been submitted each year in accordance with the national reporting framework
Recovery Team
Core government business
5.4
Review the recovery plan five years after making
1
Proportion of performance criteria met within 5- and 10- years has been documented. Annual evaluation of recovery plan actions has been completed.<br>In consultation with relevant stakeholders, a five year review of the recovery plan has been endorsed by the Recovery Team.<br>The conservation status of BBBQ reviewed every 5 years in conjunction with the recovery plan review.
Recovery Team
$20,000
5.5
Facilitate knowledge exchange and awareness between relevant threatened species land managers, researchers and decision makers
1
Knowledge and data (including recovery plan progress) of BBBQ has increased:<br>A communication network between interested stakeholders has been established.Meetings between land managers and researchers has occurred at least biennially to share knowledge and experience of threatened birds and their habitat.Traditional Owners have been consulted and Indigenous knowledge has been incorporated into specific management actions.
Recovery Team
$10,000 pa
7. Duration and cost of the recovery process
The cost of implementation of this plan should be incorporated into the core business expenditure of the affected organisations, and through additional funds obtained for the explicit purpose of implementing this recovery plan.
It is expected that state and Commonwealth agencies will use this plan to prioritise actions to protect the species and enhance its recovery, and that projects will be undertaken according to agency priorities and available resources. All actions are considered important steps towards ensuring the long-term survival of the species.
Table 5: Summary of recovery actions and estimated costs for the first five years of implementation (these estimated costs do not take into account inflation over time).
TOTAL $5,090,000 $4,590,000 $4,590,000 $4,590,000 $4,590,000 $23,450,000
8. Effects on other native species and biodiversity benefits
Black-breasted Button-quail inhabit fragments of microphyll and notophyll vine forest, thickets and coastal scrub. Protection and management of the Black-breasted Button-quail will contribute to the conservation of regional ecosystems and communities listed as ‘Of concern’ or ‘Endangered’ under the Queensland Vegetation Management Act 1999 (e.g. semi-evergreen vine thicket, some rainforest communities and some littoral vegetation types such as Regional Ecosystems 12.2.2, 12.2.3, 12.8.13, 12.8.21, 12.8.22, 12.8.23, 12.9-10.6, 12.9-10.15, 12.11.13, 12.12.18, 12.12.26 in Qld and equivalent vegetation communities in NSW) and EPBC Act listed threatened species and ecological communities.
The presence of viable populations of Black-breasted Button-quail may indicate the conservation value of forest remnants as refugia for the survival of other ground-dwelling fauna. The implementation of the plan will contribute to the conservation of other significant fauna and flora using similar habitats, e.g. invertebrates such as Regent Skipper (Euschemon rafflesia, Nurus brevis); reptiles such as Elf Skink (Eroticoscincus graciloides), Nangur Skink (Nangura spinosa) (CE), Banded Leaf-tail Gecko (Phyllurus caudiannulatus); mammals such as Spotted-tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus maculatus) (E), Golden-tipped Bat (Phoniscus papuensis), Black-striped Wallaby (Notamacropus dorsalis); and plants including Alectryon ramiflorus (E), Cossinia australiana (E), Planchonella eerwah (E), Native Jute (Corchorus cunninghamii) (E), Plectranthus omissus (E), Syncarpia hillii, Stigmatodactylus amplexicaulis, Liparis simmondsii, Argophyllum nullumense, Cyperus semifertilis, veiny fontainea Fontainea venosa (V), Callitris baileyi, Cryptocarya floydii, Sarcochilus weinthalii (E), Sarcochilus dilatatus and Bulbophyllum globuliforme (V). (Bracketed ratings are EPBC listed species).
Threatened Ecological Communities listed under the EPBC Act that are of importance to the Black-breasted Button-quail include: Littoral Rainforest and Coastal Vine Thickets of Eastern Australia (CE), Semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) (E), and Lowland Rainforest of Subtropical Australia (CE). Relevant management and conservation documents include:
These ecological communities will also benefit from increased efforts to protect and enhance Black-breasted Button-quail habitat.
9. Social and economic considerations
The major social and economic impacts of this recovery plan will be on those who require approval to remove or modify Black-breasted Button-quail habitat and are prevented from doing so, or are required to modify their proposal by a consent authority. This may include increased costs due to the assessment processes, requirement to provide offset funding, to secure or rehabilitate habitat, or for other threat mitigation work.
Restrictions on further clearing of Black-breasted Button-quail habitat may impact some landowners, land managers and developers. These restrictions may not significantly impact agricultural industries, however, since many of the more fertile areas have already been cleared and remnant vegetation is generally located on less fertile soils that are relatively less attractive for agriculture.
BirdLife Australia and a network of community volunteers actively but irregularly survey for this species, including monitoring threats in its habitat inside and outside Key Biodiversity Areas and explore conservation actions (G Maurer pers. comm. 2021). Involvement in Black-breasted Button-quail conservation can provide social benefits with community members and engaged groups having a sense of achievement, inclusion, community spirit and pride whilst gaining enjoyment and appreciation of their surrounding natural environment. The community education components of the program also promote community ownership, provide community support and encourage active involvement in protecting local natural resources.
In addition, there is the potential for financial gains through ecotourism ventures and holiday accommodation operators in areas where Black-breasted Button-quail are reliably seen. Such areas are more likely to be in regional areas of Queensland through the breeding season. Additional social benefits include encouraging passive recreation, appreciation of natural aesthetic values and increased awareness and appreciation of Indigenous cultural values.
10. Affected interests
Organisations and individuals likely to be affected by the actions proposed in this plan include: government agencies (Commonwealth, state, local), particularly those involved with environment and conservation programs; private landholders; Indigenous land and sea management groups (including ranger programs); researchers; bush care groups; bird watching groups; conservation groups; wildlife interest groups; 4WD and fishing groups; environmental consulting companies; tourism operators; mining companies; industry and commercial bodies; and, proponents of agricultural development in the vicinity of important habitat.
However, this list should not be considered exhaustive, as there may be other interest groups that may like to be included in the future or need to be considered when specialised tasks are required.
The following table lists some of the interest groups, how they could contribute to the success of the plan and the potential benefits/impacts that may emerge from the plan’s implementation:
Interest Group
Contribution
Impacts/Benefits
Australian Government
Responsible for development, coordination and evaluation of the plan.<br>Responsible for implementation of the plan in Commonwealth areas.<br>Subject to available resources, providing financial support for implementation of the plan.<br>Responsible for integration of best practice outcomes which support the aims of the recovery plan into related areas of work.
Informed decision making regarding the EPBC Act referral and assessment process.<br>Greater ability to deliver on domestic and international obligations regarding biodiversity conservation.<br>Increased knowledge of the Black-breasted Button-quail and its habitats – increased exchange of information between decision makers and the community.
State government agencies
Contributing to the development of the plan.<br>Potential implementation of the plan within jurisdictional boundaries.
Greater ability to deliver on state obligations regarding biodiversity conservation.<br>Increased knowledge of the Black-breasted Button-quail and its habitats – increased exchange of information.
Local Governments
Contributing to the development of the plan and taking the plan into consideration when reviewing planning schemes.<br>Potential implementation of on ground activities within jurisdictions.
Increased knowledge of the Black-breasted Button-quail and its habitats – increased exchange of information.<br>Enhanced ability to deliver obligations regarding biodiversity conservation.<br>Opportunity to seek funding for conservation projects<br>Supports local tourism industry.
Natural Resource Management (NRM) regional bodies
Integrating the plan into NRM regional plans.<br>Opportunity to deliver on-ground activities.
Increased awareness of regional importance of important habitat sites. Informing managers of biodiversity values.<br>Opportunity to seek funding for conservation projects under biodiversity conservation programs.
Land councils and Traditional Owners (including those that have co-management or sole management responsibilities for important habitats)
Contributing to the development of the plan and development and implementation of site management plans – research and monitoring activities – contributing traditional knowledge. <br>
Increased knowledge of the Black-breasted Button-quail and its habitats – increased exchange of information.<br>Opportunity to seek funding for conservation projects and achieve ownership of projects.<br>Develop research partnerships with scientists and the community.<br>Develop traditional burning practices that consider the ecological requirements of Black-breasted Button-quail.
Conservation Groups
Contributing to the implementation and evaluation of the plan, particularly in conducting research and monitoring programs – implementing on ground activities.
Opportunity to seek funding for conservation and awareness projects under biodiversity conservation programs.<br>Greater coordination of targeted conservation projects.<br>Opportunity to seek funding for conservation projects.<br>Delivering on charitable/not-for-profit goals benefiting the public.
Community and Special Interest groups
Contributing to the plan and volunteering for conservation activities – implementing on ground activities.<br>Adding to the knowledge of the Black-breasted Button-quail via contribution to datasets.
Opportunity to seek funding for conservation projects<br>More Black-breasted Button-quail to enjoy.<br>Opportunity to participate in conservation projects.
Researchers
Contributing to the implementation and evaluation of the plan.
Increased exchange of information – opportunity to seek funding for research.<br>Opportunity to establish collaborations within Australia and internationally.<br>Application of research outcomes which deliver improved weed or pest animal control tools and techniques.
Recreational users of sites – camping, 4WD, field and game groups.
Contributing to the development of the plan.
Some leisure activities that affect important habitat sites may need to be managed.<br>These groups will be one of the main recipients for education and awareness activities that focus on how they may continue their activities and contribute to the conservation of threatened birds at the same time.
Landholders
Contributing to the development and implementation of the plan.
These groups will be the target of education and awareness activities. Particularly on how site management plans may be implemented by landholders.<br>Opportunity to seek funding for conservation projects.<br>Opportunity to build voluntary incentives into the plan for landholders to comply with recommendations.<br>Enhance certainty regarding EPBC referrals.
Commercial users of sites or surrounding area – agriculture, mining, farmers (surrounding land use), forestry, tourism operators
Contributing to the Plan and implementing measures that minimise the impact of their operations on threatened birds.
These groups will also be some of the main recipients for education and awareness activities, although theirs will focus on minimising the impacts of their operations on the threatened woodland birds and the habitats on which they depend.<br>Enhance certainty regarding EPBC referrals.
11. Consultation
The Recovery Plan for the Black-breasted Button-quail has been developed through extensive consultation with a broad range of stakeholders. The consultation process brought together key species experts and conservation managers, from a range of different organisations, to categorize ongoing threats to the Black-breasted Button-quail and identify knowledge gaps and potential management options.
Consultation included representatives from government agencies, non-government organisations, researchers and local community groups. During the drafting process the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (Cwlth) continued to work closely with key stakeholders.
Notice of the draft plan was made available for public comment for three months between 5 November 2021 and 25 February 2022. Any comments received that were relevant to the survival of the species were considered by the Threatened Species Scientific Committee as part of its assessment process.
Organisations and persons involved in evaluating the performance of the plan
This plan should be reviewed no later than five years from when it was endorsed and made publicly available. The review will determine the performance of the plan and assess:
whether the plan continues unchanged, is varied to remove completed actions, or varied to include new conservation priorities; or
whether a recovery plan is no longer necessary for the species’ as either conservation advice will suffice, or the species’ are removed from the threatened species list.
As part of this review, the listing status of the species’ will be assessed against the EPBC Act species listing criteria.
The review will be coordinated by the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (Cwth) in association with relevant Australian and state government agencies and key stakeholder groups such as non-governmental organisations, local community groups and scientific research organisations.
Key stakeholders who may be involved in the review of the performance of the Recovery Plan for the Black-breasted Button-quail include organisations likely to be affected by the actions proposed in this plan and are expected to include:
Australian Government
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water
Department of Defence
Queensland Government
Queensland Government Department of Environment and Science
Department of Transport and Main Roads
Economic Development Queensland
New South Wales Government
Department of Planning and Environment
Department of Primary Industries – Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Divisions
Transport for New South Wales
Non-government organisations
BirdLife Australia
NRM groups
Traditional Owner groups
Universities
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