Appendix 1: Summary of research into theAppendix 1: Summary of research into the Wollemi Pine

Appendix 1: Summary of research into the Wollemi Pine

Research into the Wollemi Pine has been ongoing since its discovery in 1994. Research has been conducted both in the wild and using ex situ material. Major themes of research and key publications, in approximate order of occurrence, are described below. Publications particularly relevant to the conservation management of the Wollemi Pine are highlighted in bold font.

 Wollemi pine anatomy and morphology:

i. Formal species circumscription (Jones et al. 1995).

ii. Branching and coppicing habit (Hill 1997).

iii. Leaf and branching anatomy:

­ Leaf anatomy (Burrows and Bullock 1999), leaf axil anatomy (Burrows 1999).

­ Branch abscission. The Wollemi Pine has a very unusual branch connection which is associated with branch abscission (Burrows et al. 2007; Heady et al. 2008).

­ Branching and vasculature of the Wollemi Pine (Tomlinson & Murch 2009).

­ Debate on axillary meristems (Burrows et al. 2003, Tomlinson and Huggett 2011, 2012).

iv. Wood anatomy (Heady et al. 2000)

 Habitat:

i. Vegetation associated with the Wollemi Pine (Benson and Allen 2007).

 Phylogeny:

i. Context within Araucariaceae (Gilmore and Hill 1997).

ii. Revised by Stefanovic et al. (1998).

iii. Revised by Setoguchi et al. (1998).

iv. Revised by Liu et al. (2009).

v. Revised by Escapa and Catalano (2013)

 Fossil evidence linked to the Wollemi Pine:

i. Pollen and palynology (Macphail et al. 1995; Hill 1996, Dettmann & Jarzen 2000), and links between Dilwynites fossil pollen and Araucariaceae other than Wollemia (Macphail et al. 2013; Macphail & Carpenter 2014; Seyfullah et al. 2023).

ii. Comparison to Creteacous plant fossils (Chambers et al. 1998).

iii. Macrofossils (Pole 2008).

 Recruitment, reproduction and seed ecology:

i. Reproductive biology and ecology and early plant growth (Offord et al. 1999).

ii. Seed ecology and germination requirements (Offord & Meagher 2001).

iii. Inter-annual variation in cone production (Zimmer et al. 2015a).

iv. Population structure and recruitment limitation (Zimmer et al. 2014).

 Tree rings/dendrochronology:

i. Pilot study on five trees by Banks (2002).

ii. Follow-up study by Baker and Simkin (2010) who highlight the potential for chronologies of <300 years, and the challenges associated with missing rings and ring wedging.

 Mycorrhizae, soil microbiota, endophytes and soil pathogens:

i. Pestalotiopsis guepinii – a taxol producing endophyte of the Wollemi Pine (Strobel et al. 1997).

ii. Mycorrhizae of the Wollemi Pine (McGee et al 1999).

iii. Soil microbiota associated with the Wollemi Pine (Rigg et al. 2016a; Rigg et al. 2016b).

iv. The importance of Phytophthora cinnamomi and Botryosphaeria as pathogens of the Wollemi Pine (Bullock et al. 2000).

v. Phytophthora multivora as a pathogen of the Wollemi Pine (Puno et al. 2015).

 Genetic variation in Wollemi Pine:

i. Extremely low genetic variation of the Wollemi Pine (Peakall et al. 2003).

ii. Chloroplast genome of the Wollemi Pine (Yap et al. 2015).

iii. Chloroplast DNA confirms low genetic variation (Greenfield et al. 2016).

iv. The genome of the Wollemi Pine (Stevenson et al. 2023 preprint).

 Physiological tolerances of the Wollemi Pine, and predictions for response to changing climate:

i. Response to high temperatures (Offord 2011).

ii. Response to CO2 (Haworth et al. 2011).

iii. Response to temperature and CO2 (Lewis et al. 2015).

iv. Drought intolerance (Zimmer et al. 2015b).

v. Resprouting response to fire and litter flammability (Zimmer et al. 2015c).

 Propagation and cultivation of the Wollemi Pine:

i. Propagation of juvenile orthotropic shoots (Fensom and Offord 1998).

ii. Wollemi Pine growth responses to soil pH and light (Offord et al. 2014).

iii. Factors affecting establishment and growth in cultivation around the globe (Offord & Zimmer 2023).

 Translocation:

i. Establishment of a pilot translocation site (Zimmer et al. 2016).

ii. Establishment of Wollemi Pine microbial communities in a translocated stand (Rigg et al. 2017).

 Other:

i. Essential oil of Wollemi Pine (Brophy et al. 2000).