NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA
ELECTRONIC CONVEYANCING (NATIONAL UNIFORM LEGISLATION)
ACT 2013
As in force at 19 April 2024
Table of provisions
Part 1 Preliminary matters
1 Short title ......................................................................................... 1
2 Commencement .............................................................................. 1
3 Interpretation ................................................................................... 1
4 Application of Criminal Code ........................................................... 2
Part 2 Adoption of National Law
Division 1 Provisions for adoption of National Law
5 Adoption of Electronic Conveyancing National Law ........................ 2
6 Uniform adoption of nationally approved amendments to
Electronic Conveyancing National Law ........................................... 2
7 Exclusion of legislation of this jurisdiction ........................................ 3
Division 2 Provisions for interpretation of National Law
as adopted
8 Meaning of generic terms ................................................................ 3
Part 3 Miscellaneous matters
9 Misleading information or document ................................................ 4
10 Acquisition on just terms .................................................................. 5
11 Regulations...................................................................................... 5
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
Part 1 Preliminary
1 Short title ......................................................................................... 6
2 Commencement .............................................................................. 6
3 Definitions ........................................................................................ 6
4 Interpretation generally .................................................................... 9
5 Object of this Law ............................................................................ 9
6 Law binds the State ....................................................................... 10
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 ii
Part 2 Electronic Conveyancing
Division 1 Electronic lodgment
7 Documents may be lodged electronically ...................................... 10
8 Registrar to process documents lodged electronically................... 10
9 Status of electronic registry instruments ........................................ 10
Division 2 Client authorisations and digital signatures
Subdivision 1 Client authorisations
10 Client authorisations ...................................................................... 11
11 Effect of client authorisation........................................................... 12
Subdivision 2 Digital signatures
12 Reliance on, and repudiation of, digital signatures ........................ 12
Part 3 Electronic Lodgment Networks
Division 1 Preliminary
13 Electronic Lodgment Network ........................................................ 14
Division 2 Operation of Electronic Lodgment Networks
14 Registrar may provide and operate ELN ....................................... 14
15 Registrar may approve ELNO to provide and operate ELN ........... 15
16 Conditions of approval as ELNO ................................................... 15
17 Effect of approval as ELNO ........................................................... 15
18 ELNO required to comply with operating requirements ................. 15
18A ELNO required to establish and maintain interoperability .............. 16
19 Renewal of approval as ELNO ...................................................... 16
20 Revocation or suspension of approval as ELNO ........................... 16
21 Monitoring of activities in ELN ....................................................... 16
Division 3 Operating requirements and participation
rules
22 Operating requirements for ELNOs ............................................... 17
23 Participation rules .......................................................................... 18
24 Registrar to have regard to nationally agreed model operating
requirements and participation rules.............................................. 19
25 Publication of operating requirements and participation rules ....... 19
26 Subscribers required to comply with participation rules ................. 20
27 Waiving compliance with operating requirements or
participation rules .......................................................................... 20
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 iii
Division 4 Appeals
28 Appeal against decisions of Registrar ........................................... 21
29 Determination of appeal ................................................................ 22
30 Costs ............................................................................................. 22
31 Relationship with Act establishing responsible tribunal ................. 22
Division 5 Compliance examinations
32 Definitions ...................................................................................... 22
33 Compliance examinations.............................................................. 23
34 Obligation to cooperate with examination ...................................... 23
35 Registrar may refer matter to appropriate authority ....................... 25
36 Land titles legislation not limited .................................................... 25
Part 4 Miscellaneous
Division 1 Delegation
37 Delegation by Registrar ................................................................. 25
Division 2 Liability of Registrar
38 Registrar not obliged to monitor ELN or conduct compliance
examination ................................................................................... 26
39 No compensation........................................................................... 26
40 Registrar not responsible for additional services provided by
ELNO or associated financial transactions .................................... 26
Division 3 Relationship with other laws
41 Other laws relating to electronic transactions not affected ............ 27
42 Powers may be exercised for purposes of this Law....................... 27
Division 4 Other matters
43 Registrar authorised to disclose certain information ...................... 27
44 Forms ............................................................................................ 28
Schedule Miscellaneous provisions relating to
interpretation
Part 1 Preliminary
1 Displacement of Schedule by contrary intention ............................ 29
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 iv
Part 2 General
2 Law to be construed not to exceed legislative power of
Legislature ..................................................................................... 29
3 Every section to be a substantive enactment ................................ 29
4 Material that is, and is not, part of this Law ................................... 29
5 References to particular Acts and to enactments .......................... 30
6 References taken to be included in Act or Law citation etc. .......... 30
7 Interpretation best achieving Law's purpose .................................. 31
8 Use of extrinsic material in interpretation ....................................... 31
9 Effect of change of drafting practice .............................................. 32
10 Use of examples ............................................................................ 33
11 Compliance with forms .................................................................. 33
Part 3 Terms and references
12 Definitions ...................................................................................... 34
13 Provisions relating to defined terms and gender and number........ 38
14 Meaning of may and must etc........................................................ 38
15 Words and expressions used in statutory instruments .................. 39
16 Effect of express references to bodies corporate and
individuals ...................................................................................... 39
17 Production of records kept in computers etc.................................. 39
18 References to this jurisdiction to be implied................................... 40
19 References to officers and holders of offices ................................. 40
20 Reference to certain provisions of Law.......................................... 40
21 Reference to provisions of this Law or an Act is inclusive ............. 41
Part 4 Functions and powers
22 Performance of statutory functions ................................................ 41
23 Power to make instrument or decision includes power to
amend or repeal ............................................................................ 42
24 Matters for which statutory instruments may make provision ........ 42
25 Presumption of validity and power to make ................................... 43
26 Appointments may be made by name or office.............................. 43
27 Acting appointments ...................................................................... 44
28 Powers of appointment imply certain incidental powers ................ 45
29 Delegation of functions .................................................................. 46
30 Exercise of powers before commencement ................................... 48
Part 5 Distance, time and age
31 Matters relating to distance, time and age ..................................... 50
Part 6 Effect of repeal, amendment or expiration
32 Time of Law ceasing to have effect ............................................... 51
33 Repealed Law provisions not revived ............................................ 51
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 v
34 Saving of operation of repealed Law provisions ............................ 52
35 Continuance of repealed provisions .............................................. 52
36 Law and amending Acts to be read as one.................................... 52
Part 7 Instruments under Law
37 Schedule applies to statutory instruments ..................................... 52
ENDNOTES
NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA
As in force at 19 April 2024
ELECTRONIC CONVEYANCING (NATIONAL UNIFORM LEGISLATION)
ACT 2013
An Act to provide for a national law relating to electronic conveyancing,
and for related purposes
Part 1 Preliminary matters
1 Short title
This Act may be cited as the Electronic Conveyancing (National
Uniform Legislation) Act 2013.
2 Commencement
This Act commences on the day fixed by the Administrator by
Gazette notice.
3 Interpretation
(1) For the purposes of this Act, the local application provisions of
this Act are the provisions of this Act other than the Electronic
Conveyancing National Law set out in the Appendix to this Act.
(2) In the local application provisions of this Act:
Electronic Conveyancing National Law (NT) means the
provisions applying in this jurisdiction because of section 5.
(3) Terms used in the local application provisions of this Act and also in
the Electronic Conveyancing National Law set out in the Appendix
to this Act have the same meanings in those provisions as they
have in that Law.
Part 2 Adoption of National Law
Division 1 Provisions for adoption of National Law
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 2
4 Application of Criminal Code
Part IIAA of the Criminal Code applies to an offence against this
Act.
Note for section 4
Part IIAA of the Criminal Code states the general principles of criminal
responsibility, establishes general defences, and deals with burden of proof. It
also defines, or elaborates on, certain concepts commonly used in the creation of
offences.
Part 2 Adoption of National Law
Division 1 Provisions for adoption of National Law
5 Adoption of Electronic Conveyancing National Law
The Electronic Conveyancing National Law set out in the Appendix
to this Act:
(a) applies as a law of this jurisdiction; and
(b) as so applying may be referred to as the Electronic
Conveyancing National Law (NT); and
(c) as so applying, is a part of this Act.
6 Uniform adoption of nationally approved amendments to
Electronic Conveyancing National Law
(1) The Administrator may, by regulation, amend the Electronic
Conveyancing National Law set out in the Appendix to this Act to
give effect in this jurisdiction to any nationally approved
amendment.
(2) In this section:
amend includes insert, omit and repeal a provision.
nationally approved amendment means an amendment of the
Electronic Conveyancing National Law set out in the Appendix to
the Electronic Conveyancing (Adoption of National Law)
Act 2012 (NSW) that is of a kind that has been approved in
accordance with the Intergovernmental Agreement.
Part 2 Adoption of National Law
Division 2 Provisions for interpretation of National Law as adopted
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 3
7 Exclusion of legislation of this jurisdiction
(1) Even though the Interpretation Act 1978 applies to the local
application provisions of this Act, it does not apply to the Electronic
Conveyancing National Law (NT) or to instruments made under that
Law other than as prescribed by regulation for this subsection.
(2) An Act prescribed by regulation does not apply to the Electronic
Conveyancing National Law (NT) or to instruments made under
that Law.
Division 2 Provisions for interpretation of National Law as
adopted
8 Meaning of generic terms
In the Electronic Conveyancing National Law (NT):
land titles legislation means:
(a) the following Acts:
(i) the Land Title Act 2000;
(ii) the Law of Property Act 2000;
(iii) the Real Property (Unit Titles) Act 1975;
(iv) the Unit Title Schemes Act 2009;
(v) the Unit Titles Act 1975;
(vi) any other Act prescribed by regulation for this
definition; and
(b) any regulations made under any of those Acts; and
(c) any other law of this jurisdiction that authorises or requires
something to be registered, noted or recorded in the titles
register.
Registrar means the Registrar-General.
registry instrument means any document that may be lodged
under the land titles legislation for the purposes of:
(a) creating, transferring, disposing of, mortgaging, charging,
leasing or dealing with in any other way an estate or interest in
land; or
Part 3 Miscellaneous matters
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 4
(b) getting something registered, noted or recorded in the titles
register; or
(c) getting the registration, note or record of something in the
titles register changed, withdrawn or removed.
responsible tribunal means NTCAT.
this jurisdiction means the Territory.
titles register means the land register kept under section 6 of the
Land Title Act 2000 and any other register prescribed by regulation.
Part 3 Miscellaneous matters
9 Misleading information or document
(1) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person gives information or an answer to the
Registrar-General under the Electronic Conveyancing National
Law (NT) or an instrument under the Law; and
(b) the person knows the information or answer is misleading.
Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units or imprisonment for
6 months.
(2) A person commits an offence if:
(a) the person gives a document to the Registrar-General under
the Electronic Conveyancing National Law (NT) or an
instrument under the Law; and
(b) the person knows the document contains misleading
information.
Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units or imprisonment for
6 months.
(3) Subsection (2) does not apply if the person, when giving the
document:
(a) draws the misleading aspect of the document to the
Registrar-General's attention; and
(b) to the extent to which the person can reasonably do so – gives
the Registrar-General the information necessary to remedy
the misleading aspect of the document.
Part 3 Miscellaneous matters
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 5
(4) In this section:
misleading information means information that is misleading in a
material particular or because of the omission of a material
particular.
10 Acquisition on just terms
If the operation of the Electronic Conveyancing National Law (NT)
would, apart from this section, result in an acquisition of property
from a person otherwise than on just terms:
(a) the person is entitled to receive from the Territory the
compensation necessary to ensure the acquisition is on just
terms; and
(b) a court of competent jurisdiction may decide the amount of
compensation or make the orders it considers necessary to
ensure the acquisition is on just terms.
11 Regulations
The Administrator may make regulations under this Act.
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 6
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
section 3
Part 1 Preliminary
1 Short title
This Law may be cited as the Electronic Conveyancing National
Law (NT).
2 Commencement
This Law commences in a participating jurisdiction as provided by
the application law of that jurisdiction.
3 Definitions
(1) In this Law:
another registrar means a person who is a Registrar as defined in
the application law of another participating jurisdiction.
application law means a law of a participating jurisdiction that:
(a) applies this Law, either with or without modifications, as a law
of the participating jurisdiction; or
(b) is a corresponding law.
ARNECC means the Australian Registrars' National Electronic
Conveyancing Council established by the Intergovernmental
Agreement.
associated financial transaction means a transaction of a
financial nature that is associated with a conveyancing transaction.
Examples for definition associated financial transaction
1 The payment of the purchase price for the sale and purchase of an interest in
land.
2 The advancing of money in return for the granting of a mortgage or charge
over an interest in land.
3 The payment of any tax, duty (for example, stamp duty), fee or charge
payable in respect of the conveyancing transaction.
client authorisation has the meaning given in section 10.
compliance examination has the meaning given in section 33.
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 7
conveyancing transaction means a transaction that involves one
or more parties and the purpose of which is:
(a) to create, transfer, dispose of, mortgage, charge, lease or deal
with in any other way an estate or interest in land; or
(b) to get something registered, noted or recorded in the titles
register; or
(c) to get the registration, note or record of something in the titles
register changed, withdrawn or removed.
corresponding law:
(a) means a law of a jurisdiction that corresponds to this Law; and
(b) includes a law of a jurisdiction that is prescribed by regulations
made under a law of this jurisdiction as a corresponding law.
digital signature means encrypted electronic data intended for the
exclusive use of a particular person as a means of identifying that
person as the sender of an electronic communication or the signer
of a document.
digitally sign, in relation to an electronic communication or a
document, means create a digital signature for the communication
or document.
ELN means Electronic Lodgment Network – see section 13.
ELNO means Electronic Lodgment Network Operator – see
section 15.
Intergovernmental Agreement means the Intergovernmental
Agreement for a National Electronic Conveyancing Law between
the State of New South Wales, the State of Victoria, the State of
Queensland, the State of Western Australia, the State of South
Australia, the State of Tasmania and the Northern Territory of
Australia, that came into operation on 21 November 2011 and as in
force from time to time.
interoperability means the interworking of ELNs operated by
ELNOs in a way that enables:
(a) a subscriber using an ELN (the first subscriber) to complete
a conveyancing transaction that involves a subscriber using
another ELN without the first subscriber having to be a
subscriber to the other ELN; and
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 8
(b) the preparation of a registry instrument or other document in
electronic form using data from different ELNs.
interoperability requirement means the requirement set out in
section 18A(1).
jurisdiction means State.
land titles legislation, for the purposes of the application of this
Law as a law of a participating jurisdiction, has the meaning given
by the application law of the jurisdiction.
law, in relation to a Territory, means a law of, or in force in, that
Territory.
law of this jurisdiction includes the principles and rules of
common law and equity to the extent that they have effect in this
jurisdiction from time to time.
lodge includes deposit, present and file.
operating requirements means the requirements determined
under section 22.
participating jurisdiction means a jurisdiction that is a party to the
Intergovernmental Agreement and in which:
(a) this Law applies as a law of the jurisdiction, either with or
without modifications; or
(b) there is a corresponding law.
participation agreement, in relation to an ELN, means:
(a) if an ELNO provides and operates the ELN an agreement
between the ELNO and another person under which the other
person is authorised to use that ELN; or
(b) if the Registrar provides and operates the ELN an agreement
between the Registrar and another person under which the
other person is authorised to use that ELN.
participation rules means the rules determined under section 23.
Registrar, for the purposes of the application of this Law as a law
of a participating jurisdiction, has the meaning given by the
application law of the jurisdiction.
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 9
registry instrument, for the purposes of the application of this Law
as a law of a participating jurisdiction, has the meaning given by the
application law of the jurisdiction.
responsible tribunal, for the purposes of the application of this
Law as a law of a participating jurisdiction, has the meaning given
by the application law of the jurisdiction.
State includes a Territory.
subscriber means a person who is authorised under a participation
agreement to use an ELN to complete conveyancing transactions
on behalf of another person or on their own behalf.
Territory means the Australian Capital Territory or the Northern
Territory of Australia.
titles register, for the purposes of the application of this Law as a
law of a participating jurisdiction, has the meaning given by the
application law of the jurisdiction.
(2) A term used in this Law or a statutory instrument and also in the
land titles legislation has the same meaning in this Law or the
statutory instrument as it has in that legislation, unless the term is
defined in this Law or the statutory instrument or the context
requires otherwise.
4 Interpretation generally
The Schedule applies in relation to this Law.
5 Object of this Law
(1) The object of this Law is to promote efficiency throughout Australia
in property conveyancing by providing a common legal framework
that:
(a) enables documents in electronic form to be lodged and
processed under the land titles legislation of each participating
jurisdiction; but
(b) does not derogate from the fundamental principles of the
Torrens system of land title as incorporated in the land titles
legislation of each participating jurisdiction, such as
indefeasibility of title.
(2) In order to achieve this object, this Law, among other things,
authorises the Registrar in each participating jurisdiction to operate
or authorise the operation of an ELN, and provides for the making
of rules relating to the operation of the ELN.
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 10
6 Law binds the State
(1) This Law binds the State.
(2) In this section:
State means the Crown in right of this jurisdiction, and includes:
(a) the Government of this jurisdiction; and
(b) a Minister of the Crown in right of this jurisdiction; and
(c) a statutory corporation, or other entity, representing the Crown
in right of this jurisdiction.
Part 2 Electronic Conveyancing
Division 1 Electronic lodgment
7 Documents may be lodged electronically
(1) A document may be lodged electronically for the purposes of the
land titles legislation if the document is lodged:
(a) in a form approved by the Registrar; and
(b) by means of an ELN provided and operated under this Law.
(2) An approval for the purposes of subsection (1)(a) may be given
under section 44 or the land titles legislation or in some other way
that the Registrar considers appropriate.
8 Registrar to process documents lodged electronically
(1) If a document is lodged electronically in accordance with section 7,
the Registrar must receive and process the document in
accordance with the land titles legislation.
(2) This section does not limit or affect the need for the document to
comply with the requirements of the land titles legislation, this Law
or any other law of this jurisdiction.
9 Status of electronic registry instruments
(1) A registry instrument that is in a form in which it can be lodged
electronically under section 7 has the same effect as if that
instrument were in the form of a paper document.
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 11
(2) A registry instrument that is digitally signed by a subscriber in
accordance with the participation rules applicable to that instrument
has the same effect as if a paper document having the equivalent
effect had been executed by:
(a) if the subscriber signs under a client authorisation, each
person for whom the subscriber signs in accordance with the
client authorisation; or
(b) the subscriber in any other case.
(3) If a registry instrument is digitally signed in accordance with the
participation rules applicable to that instrument:
(a) the instrument is to be taken to be in writing for the purposes
of every other law of this jurisdiction; and
(b) the requirements of any other law of this jurisdiction relating to
the execution, signing, witnessing, attestation or sealing of
documents must be regarded as having been fully satisfied.
Division 2 Client authorisations and digital signatures
Subdivision 1 Client authorisations
10 Client authorisations
(1) A client authorisation is a document:
(a) that is in the form required by the participation rules; and
(b) by which a party to a conveyancing transaction authorises a
subscriber to do one or more things on that party's behalf in
connection with the transaction so that the transaction, or part
of the transaction, can be completed electronically.
(2) The following are examples of the things that a client authorisation
may authorise a subscriber to do:
(a) to digitally sign registry instruments or other documents;
(b) to present registry instruments or other documents for
lodgment electronically;
(c) to authorise or complete any associated financial transaction.
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 12
11 Effect of client authorisation
(1) A properly completed client authorisation:
(a) has effect according to its terms; and
(b) is not a power of attorney for the purposes of any other law of
this jurisdiction relating to powers of attorney.
(2) If a client authorisation is properly completed, the requirements of
any other law of this jurisdiction relating to the execution, signing,
witnessing, attestation or sealing of documents must be regarded
as having been fully satisfied.
(3) Subsections (1) and (2) do not limit or affect the application of any
law of this jurisdiction relating to powers of attorney in relation to:
(a) the execution of a client authorisation under a power of
attorney; or
(b) a client authorisation executed under a power of attorney.
Subdivision 2 Digital signatures
12 Reliance on, and repudiation of, digital signatures
(1) If a subscriber's digital signature is created for a registry instrument
or other document in connection with a conveyancing transaction,
then:
(a) unless that subscriber repudiates that digital signature, that
registry instrument or other document is to be taken to be
signed by that subscriber; and
(b) unless that subscriber repudiates that digital signature, that
digital signature is binding, in relation to that registry
instrument or other document, on:
(i) that subscriber; and
(ii) all other persons (if any) for whom that subscriber acts
under a client authorisation with respect to that
conveyancing transaction; and
(c) unless that subscriber repudiates that digital signature, that
digital signature is binding, in relation to that registry
instrument or other document, for the benefit of:
(i) each of the parties to that conveyancing transaction; and
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 13
(ii) each subscriber who acts under a client authorisation
with respect to that conveyancing transaction; and
(iia) each ELNO whose ELN is used in connection with that
conveyancing transaction; and
(iii) any person claiming through or under any person to
whom subparagraph (i) applies; and
(iv) the Registrar, once that registry instrument or other
document is lodged electronically in accordance with
section 7; and
(v) in the case of a document that contains a direction for
the payment of money as part of that conveyancing
transaction – each financial institution that pays or
receives money in accordance with that direction; and
(d) that subscriber cannot repudiate that digital signature except
in the circumstances set out in subsection (4).
(2) Subsection (1) applies regardless of:
(a) who created the subscriber's digital signature; and
(b) the circumstances (including fraud) in which the subscriber's
digital signature was created.
(3) Subsection (1) does not prevent the unsigning of a registry
instrument or other document.
(4) Despite subsections (1) and (2), a subscriber can repudiate the
subscriber's digital signature with respect to a registry instrument or
other document if the subscriber establishes:
(a) that the digital signature was not created by the
subscriber; and
(b) that the digital signature was not created by a person who, at
the time the subscriber's digital signature was created for the
registry instrument or other document:
(i) was an employee, agent, contractor or officer (however
described) of the subscriber; and
(ii) had the subscriber's express or implied authority to
create the subscriber's digital signature for any
document or documents; and
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 14
(c) that neither of the following enabled the subscriber's digital
signature to be created for the registry instrument or other
document:
(i) a failure by the subscriber, or any of the subscriber's
employees, agents, contractors or officers, to fully
comply with the requirements of the participation rules;
(ii) a failure by the subscriber, or any of the subscriber's
employees, agents, contractors or officers, to take
reasonable care.
(5) For the purposes of subsection (4)(b)(ii), it does not matter whether
the authority was:
(a) general; or
(b) limited or restricted to documents of a particular class or to a
particular document or in any other way.
(6) In this section:
financial institution means:
(a) an authorised deposit-taking institution as defined in
section 5(1) of the Banking Act 1959 (Cth); or
(b) a bank constituted by a law of this jurisdiction or of another
State or the Commonwealth.
Part 3 Electronic Lodgment Networks
Division 1 Preliminary
13 Electronic Lodgment Network
(1) An Electronic Lodgment Network (ELN) is an electronic system that
enables the lodging of registry instruments and other documents in
electronic form for the purposes of the land titles legislation.
(2) An ELN may also enable the preparation of registry instruments
and other documents in electronic form for lodging under the land
titles legislation.
Division 2 Operation of Electronic Lodgment Networks
14 Registrar may provide and operate ELN
The Registrar may provide and operate an ELN.
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 15
15 Registrar may approve ELNO to provide and operate ELN
(1) The Registrar may approve a person as an Electronic Lodgment
Network Operator (ELNO) to provide and operate an ELN.
(2) The Registrar must not approve a person under this section unless
the person meets the qualifications for approval set out in the
operating requirements.
(3) An approval under this section must be in writing and must state the
period for which it is to have effect.
(4) The Registrar may grant more than one approval under this section.
16 Conditions of approval as ELNO
(1) The Registrar may attach conditions to an approval under
section 15, and those conditions must be specified in the approval.
(2) The Registrar may at any time, by notice in writing to the ELNO,
vary or revoke the conditions attached to the approval of that ELNO
or attach new or additional conditions.
17 Effect of approval as ELNO
(1) A person who is approved as an ELNO under section 15 may
provide and operate an ELN:
(a) for the period stated in the approval; and
(b) subject to the conditions (if any) attached to the approval; and
(c) in accordance with the operating requirements.
(2) Subsection (1) is subject to sections 19 and 20.
(3) In performing functions as an ELNO, a person approved under
section 15 is not and does not represent the State, and is not an
agent of the State.
(4) The approval of a person as an ELNO does not restrict or prevent
the provision, by that person, of services additional to those
provided by the ELN.
(5) Subsection (4) is subject to the operating requirements.
18 ELNO required to comply with operating requirements
A person approved as an ELNO under section 15 must comply with
the operating requirements.
Appendix Electronic Conveyancing National Law
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 16
18A ELNO required to establish and maintain interoperability
(1) A person approved as an ELNO under section 15 must, in
accordance with the operating requirements, establish and maintain
interoperability between the ELN operated by the person and each
ELN operated by another ELNO.
(2) The Registrar may waive compliance with the interoperability
requirement if the Registrar is satisfied that granting the waiver is
reasonably necessary in all the circumstances.
(3) A waiver under subsection (2) may:
(a) be total or partial; and
(b) apply to particular persons approved as an ELNO under
section 15 or particular classes of those persons; and
(c) apply generally or be limited in its application by reference to
specified exceptions or factors; and
(d) apply indefinitely or for a specified period; and
(e) be unconditional or subject to conditions or restrictions.
19 Renewal of approval as ELNO
(1) The Registrar may renew an approval of a person as an ELNO
under section 15 if the Registrar is satisfied that the person meets
the qualifications for renewal of approval set out in the operating
requirements.
(2) The renewal of an approval under this section must be in writing
and must state the period for which the renewal is to have effect.
(3) In renewing an approval, the Registrar may exercise the powers in
section 16 to attach conditions to the approval or vary or revoke
conditions attached to the approval.
20 Revocation or suspension of approval as ELNO
The Registrar may revoke or suspend the approval of a person as
an ELNO in the circumstances set out in the operating
requirements.
21 Monitoring of activities in ELN
(1) The Registrar may monitor activities in an ELN for any purpose,
including (without limitation) for the purpose of maintaining the
integrity of the titles register.
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(2) This section does not limit Division 5.
Division 3 Operating requirements and participation rules
22 Operating requirements for ELNOs
(1) The Registrar may determine, in writing, requirements (operating
requirements) relating to:
(a) the operation of an ELNO; and
(b) the provision and operation, by an ELNO, of an ELN.
(2) The operating requirements may (without limitation) include
provisions relating to the following matters:
(a) the financial standing of an ELNO;
(ab) changes in the control of an ELNO;
(b) compliance with the participation rules, including (without
limitation):
(i) requiring an ELNO to use a participation agreement
when authorising persons to use the ELN operated by
the ELNO; and
(ii) requiring participation agreements to incorporate the
participation rules;
(c) interoperability, including, without limitation:
(i) requiring an ELNO to enter into agreements with other
ELNOs with respect to interoperability; and
(ii) specifying matters to be dealt with, and standard
provisions to be included, in those agreements; and
(iii) the resolution of disputes between an ELNO and other
ELNOs relating to interoperability;
(ca) the technical and operational requirements for an ELN,
including, without limitation, data standards and other
requirements relating to interoperability, for example, data
standards with respect to associated financial transactions;
(cb) the integration of an ELN with other electronic systems;
(cc) the separation of services provided by the ELN operated by an
ELNO from other services provided by the ELNO;
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(cd) fees and charges payable to an ELNO, including, without
limitation, principles relating to:
(i) the setting and publication of fees and charges; and
(ii) the apportionment of liability to pay fees and charges;
and
(iii) the circumstances in which fees and charges are not
payable;
(ce) the resolution of disputes between an ELNO and subscribers
to the ELN operated by the ELNO or clients of those
subscribers;
(cf) participation by an ELNO in a scheme for an industry code
relating to associated financial transactions and compliance by
an ELNO with that code;
(d) the insurance cover to be held by an ELNO;
(e) the circumstances in which the Registrar may suspend or
revoke the approval of a person as an ELNO;
(f) the giving of directions to an ELNO by the Registrar, for
example a direction to restrict, suspend or terminate a
subscriber's or other person's use of the ELN operated by the
ELNO.
23 Participation rules
(1) The Registrar may determine, in writing, rules relating to the use of
an ELN (participation rules).
(2) The participation rules may (without limitation) include provisions
relating to the following matters:
(a) the eligibility criteria for subscribers;
(b) the obligations of subscribers, including (without limitation) any
representations or warranties they are required to give;
(c) the circumstances in which a subscriber's authority to use the
ELN may be restricted, suspended or terminated;
(d) client authorisations;
(e) the obligations of subscribers to verify the identity of their
clients;
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(f) the certification of registry instruments and other documents
for use in connection with the ELN;
(g) digital signing;
(h) the retention of documents created or obtained in connection
with a subscriber's use of an ELN;
(i) compliance by subscribers with the participation rules,
including (without limitation) how subscribers demonstrate
compliance with the rules, the procedures for notifying
non-compliance and how non-compliance may be remedied.
24 Registrar to have regard to nationally agreed model operating
requirements and participation rules
(1) In determining operating requirements and participation rules under
this Law, and in determining changes to those requirements or
rules, the Registrar must have regard to the desirability of
maintaining consistency with any model provisions.
(2) In this section:
model provisions means any model operating requirements or
model participation rules from time to time developed and published
by ARNECC.
25 Publication of operating requirements and participation rules
(1) The Registrar must ensure that the following are publicly available:
(a) the current operating requirements and participation rules;
(b) all superseded versions of the operating requirements and
participation rules.
(2) The operating requirements and participation rules, and any
changes to either of them, must be made publicly available at least
20 business days before the operating requirements or participation
rules or, as the case requires, the changes to them take effect.
(3) However, changes to the operating requirements or participation
rules may take effect within a shorter period (including immediately
on being made publicly available), if the Registrar is satisfied that
the changes need to take effect urgently because an emergency
situation exists.
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(4) For the purposes of subsection (3), an emergency situation exists if
the Registrar considers that, because of the occurrence of an event
or the existence of particular circumstances, the operation, security,
integrity or stability of an ELN or the titles register or the land titles
system is being, or is likely to be, jeopardised.
(5) Documents may be made publicly available in accordance with this
section in any manner the Registrar considers appropriate,
including (without limitation) by means of a website.
(6) It is sufficient compliance with subsection (1)(b) if a superseded
version of the operating requirements or participation rules (other
than the most recently superseded version) is publicly available
only on request made to the Registrar.
26 Subscribers required to comply with participation rules
(1) A subscriber who is authorised under a participation agreement to
use an ELN must comply with the participation rules relating to that
ELN.
(2) If a subscriber contravenes those participation rules, the Registrar
may:
(a) if the Registrar operates the ELN, restrict, suspend or
terminate the subscriber's use of the ELN; or
(b) if an ELNO operates the ELN, direct the ELNO to restrict,
suspend or terminate the subscriber's use of the ELN.
(3) Subsection (2) does not limit or affect any right, power, authority or
remedy that the Registrar or an ELNO has under the operating
requirements, the participation rules, a participation agreement or
any other law of this jurisdiction in relation to contravention of the
participation rules.
27 Waiving compliance with operating requirements or
participation rules
(1) The Registrar may waive compliance with all or any provisions of
the operating requirements or participation rules if the Registrar is
satisfied that granting the waiver is reasonable in all the
circumstances.
(2) A waiver under this section may:
(a) be total or partial; and
(b) apply generally to all persons, or be limited in its application to
particular persons or particular classes of persons; and
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(c) apply generally or be limited in its application by reference to
specified exceptions or factors; and
(d) apply indefinitely or for a specified period; and
(e) be unconditional or subject to conditions or restrictions.
Division 4 Appeals
28 Appeal against decisions of Registrar
(1) A person who is the subject of any of the following decisions (an
appellable decision) may require the Registrar to provide, in
writing, the grounds for the decision:
(a) a decision by the Registrar to refuse to approve the person as
an ELNO;
(b) a decision by the Registrar to refuse to renew the person's
approval as an ELNO;
(c) a decision by the Registrar to suspend the person's approval
as an ELNO;
(d) a decision by the Registrar to revoke the person's approval as
an ELNO;
(e) a decision by the Registrar to attach a condition to the
person's approval as an ELNO, or to vary or revoke a
condition of the person's approval as an ELNO, if the
attachment, variation or revocation of the condition is done
without the person's agreement;
(f) a decision by the Registrar to restrict, suspend or terminate
the person's use, as a subscriber, of an ELN operated by the
Registrar;
(g) a decision by the Registrar to direct an ELNO to restrict,
suspend or terminate the person's use, as a subscriber, of the
ELN operated by the ELNO.
(2) A person who is the subject of an appellable decision and who has
received written grounds for the decision from the Registrar under
subsection (1) or otherwise may appeal against the decision to the
responsible tribunal.
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29 Determination of appeal
(1) After hearing the appeal, the responsible tribunal may:
(a) confirm the appellable decision; or
(b) amend the appellable decision; or
(c) substitute another decision for the appellable decision.
(2) In amending the appellable decision or substituting another
decision for the appellable decision, the responsible tribunal has the
same powers as the Registrar under this Law.
30 Costs
(1) The responsible tribunal may make any order about costs it
considers appropriate for the proceedings under this Division.
(2) This section does not apply if the responsible tribunal has power
under another law of this jurisdiction to make an order about costs
for proceedings under this Division.
31 Relationship with Act establishing responsible tribunal
This Division:
(a) applies despite any provision to the contrary of the Act that
establishes or continues the responsible tribunal; but
(b) does not otherwise limit:
(i) that Act; or
(ii) any rules, regulations or other instrument regulating the
practice or procedure of the responsible tribunal.
Division 5 Compliance examinations
32 Definitions
In this Division:
ELNO includes a former ELNO.
subscriber includes a former subscriber.
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33 Compliance examinations
The Registrar may, on receiving a request or complaint from any
person or on the Registrar's own initiative, conduct an investigation
(compliance examination) under this Part:
(a) in relation to an ELNO for any of the following purposes:
(i) ascertaining whether or not the operating requirements
are being, or have been, complied with;
(ia) ascertaining whether or not the interoperability
requirement is being, or has been, complied with;
(ii) investigating any suspected or alleged case of
misconduct with respect to the operation of an ELN; or
(b) in relation to a subscriber for either or both of the following
purposes:
(i) ascertaining whether or not the participation rules are
being, or have been, complied with;
(ii) investigating any suspected or alleged case of
misconduct with respect to the use of an ELN.
34 Obligation to cooperate with examination
(1) An ELNO or a subscriber in relation to whom a compliance
examination is being conducted must cooperate fully with the
person conducting the compliance examination for the purpose of
ensuring that the person is able to conduct a proper compliance
examination.
(2) In particular, an ELNO or a subscriber must comply with any
reasonable requirement by the person conducting the compliance
examination:
(a) to furnish specified information or to produce specified
documents for the purposes of the compliance examination; or
(b) to take specified action for the purposes of the compliance
examination.
(3) If an ELNO fails, without reasonable excuse, to cooperate as
required by this section, the Registrar may take any action that the
Registrar is authorised to take under the operating requirements
and that the Registrar considers appropriate, which may include
(without limitation) the revocation or suspension of the ELNO's
approval under section 20.
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(4) If a subscriber fails, without reasonable excuse, to cooperate as
required by this section, the Registrar may take any action that the
Registrar is authorised to take under the operating requirements,
the participation rules or the land titles legislation and that the
Registrar considers appropriate.
(5) For the purposes of subsections (3) and (4), it is not a reasonable
excuse for a person to fail to give stated information, answer a
question or to produce a document that giving the information,
answering the question or producing the document might tend to
incriminate the person or make the person liable to a penalty.
(6) However, the following is not admissible in evidence against an
individual in a criminal proceeding:
(a) information provided by an individual in compliance with a
requirement made under this section;
(b) an answer given by an individual in response to a question
asked under this section;
(c) a document produced by an individual in compliance with a
requirement made under this section (other than a document
to which subsection (7) applies);
(d) information directly or indirectly derived from:
(i) information mentioned in paragraph (a); or
(ii) an answer mentioned in paragraph (b); or
(iii) a document mentioned in paragraph (c) (other than a
document to which subsection (7) applies).
(7) A document produced by an individual in compliance with a
requirement made under this section is not inadmissible in evidence
against the individual in a criminal proceeding on the ground that
the document might incriminate the individual if the document is
required to be kept under this Law, the land titles legislation, the
operating requirements or the participation rules.
(8) Subsection (6) does not apply to:
(a) a proceeding about the false or misleading nature of anything
in the information, answer or document; or
(b) a proceeding in which the false or misleading nature of the
information, answer or document is relevant evidence.
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35 Registrar may refer matter to appropriate authority
(1) Instead of conducting a compliance examination in relation to a
matter, or at any time during a compliance examination or after the
completion of a compliance examination in relation to a matter, the
Registrar may refer the matter to an appropriate authority.
(2) If the Registrar refers a matter to an appropriate authority, the
Registrar is not obliged to take any other action in relation to the
matter.
(2A) The Registrar may refer a matter to an appropriate authority despite
any law of this jurisdiction relating to privacy or confidentiality.
(3) In this section:
appropriate authority:
(a) means a person, body or organisation who or which is
empowered by a law of this jurisdiction or of another State or
the Commonwealth to take investigatory, disciplinary or other
action; and
(b) includes (without limiting paragraph (a)):
(i) a law enforcement agency; and
(ii) a regulatory or disciplinary body for persons engaged in
any profession, occupation, calling or business; and
(iii) another registrar.
36 Land titles legislation not limited
Nothing in this Division limits or affects any provision of the land
titles legislation that authorises or permits any investigation, inquiry
or examination of any kind.
Part 4 Miscellaneous
Division 1 Delegation
37 Delegation by Registrar
(1) The Registrar may delegate the following to any other person:
(a) the power conferred by section 21 to monitor activities in an
ELN;
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(b) any function under Part 3, Division 5;
(c) the power conferred by section 44 to approve forms.
(2) The Registrar may, in an instrument of delegation, authorise the
person to whom a power or function is delegated to subdelegate
that power or function.
Division 2 Liability of Registrar
38 Registrar not obliged to monitor ELN or conduct compliance
examination
The Registrar is not obliged:
(a) to monitor activities in an ELN under section 21; or
(b) to conduct or complete a compliance examination under
Part 3, Division 5.
39 No compensation
No person is entitled to receive compensation for any loss or
damage arising out of anything done or omitted in good faith in, or
in connection with, the monitoring of activities in an ELN under
section 21 or the conduct of a compliance examination under
Part 3, Division 5, including (without limitation):
(a) any decision made, in good faith, not to monitor activities in an
ELN or not to conduct a compliance examination; and
(b) any decision made, in good faith, as to how activities in an
ELN are to be monitored or how a compliance examination is
to be conducted.
40 Registrar not responsible for additional services provided by
ELNO or associated financial transactions
(1) The mere fact that an ELNO provides services that are additional to
those provided by the ELN operated by that ELNO does not make
the Registrar responsible for the regulation or operation of those
additional services.
(2) The mere fact that the operating requirements include provisions
relating to the following matters does not make the Registrar
responsible for the regulation or conduct of associated financial
transactions:
(a) data standards relating to those transactions;
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(b) participation by an ELNO in a scheme for an industry code
relating to those transactions and compliance by an ELNO
with that code.
Division 3 Relationship with other laws
41 Other laws relating to electronic transactions not affected
This Law is in addition to, and not in substitution for:
(a) the laws of this jurisdiction in relation to electronic
transactions; and
(b) any other law of this jurisdiction that authorises or permits the
use of electronic documents for the purposes of the land titles
legislation.
42 Powers may be exercised for purposes of this Law
If any provision of the land titles legislation empowers the making of
an instrument of a legislative or administrative character, or the
doing of any other act or thing, that power is to be construed (with
all necessary changes) as including a general power to make
instruments of that character, or to do that act or thing, for the
purposes of this Law.
Division 4 Other matters
43 Registrar authorised to disclose certain information
(1) The Registrar may disclose information about the following matters
to ARNECC, another registrar or a person or body who or which
has functions under, or responsibility for the administration or
oversight of, this Law or the land titles legislation:
(a) an ELNO's compliance with the operating requirements or the
interoperability requirement;
(b) a subscriber's compliance with the participation rules;
(c) a compliance examination conducted under Part 3, Division 5;
(d) any other matter relating to the performance of the Registrar's
functions under this Law.
(2) The Registrar may disclose the information despite any law of this
jurisdiction relating to privacy or confidentiality.
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(3) This section does not limit or affect section 35 or any power or duty
of the Registrar under the land titles legislation or any other law of
this jurisdiction to disclose the information.
44 Forms
The Registrar may approve forms for use under this Law.
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Schedule Miscellaneous provisions relating to
interpretation
section 5
Part 1 Preliminary
1 Displacement of Schedule by contrary intention
The application of this Schedule may be displaced, wholly or partly,
by a contrary intention appearing in this Law.
Part 2 General
2 Law to be construed not to exceed legislative power of
Legislature
(1) This Law is to be construed as operating to the full extent of, but so
as not to exceed, the legislative power of the Legislature of this
jurisdiction.
(2) If a provision of this Law, or the application of a provision of this
Law to a person, subject matter or circumstance, would, but for this
clause, be construed as being in excess of the legislative power of
the Legislature of this jurisdiction:
(a) it is a valid provision to the extent to which it is not in excess of
the power; and
(b) the remainder of this Law, and the application of the provision
to other persons, subject matters or circumstances, is not
affected.
(3) This clause applies to this Law in addition to, and without limiting
the effect of, any provision of this Law.
3 Every section to be a substantive enactment
Every section of this Law has effect as a substantive enactment
without introductory words.
4 Material that is, and is not, part of this Law
(1) The heading to a Part, Division or Subdivision into which this Law is
divided is part of this Law.
(2) A Schedule to this Law is part of this Law.
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Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 30
(3) Punctuation in this Law is part of this Law.
(4) A heading to a section or subsection of this Law does not form part
of this Law.
(5) Notes included in this Law (including footnotes and endnotes) do
not form part of this Law.
5 References to particular Acts and to enactments
In this Law:
(a) an Act of this jurisdiction may be cited:
(i) by its short title; or
(ii) by reference to the year in which it was passed and its
number; and
(b) a Commonwealth Act may be cited:
(i) by its short title; or
(ii) in another way sufficient in a Commonwealth Act for the
citation of such an Act;
together with a reference to the Commonwealth; and
(c) an Act of another jurisdiction may be cited:
(i) by its short title; or
(ii) in another way sufficient in an Act of the jurisdiction for
the citation of such an Act;
together with a reference to the jurisdiction.
6 References taken to be included in Act or Law citation etc.
(1) A reference in this Law to an Act includes a reference to:
(a) the Act as originally enacted, and as amended from time to
time since its original enactment; and
(b) if the Act has been repealed and re-enacted (with or without
modification) since the enactment of the reference, the Act as
re-enacted, and as amended from time to time since its re-
enactment.
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(2) A reference in this Law to a provision of this Law or of an Act
includes a reference to:
(a) the provision as originally enacted, and as amended from time
to time since its original enactment; and
(b) if the provision has been omitted and re-enacted (with or
without modification) since the enactment of the reference, the
provision as re-enacted, and as amended from time to time
since its re-enactment.
(3) Subclauses (1) and (2) apply to a reference in this Law to a law of
the Commonwealth or another jurisdiction as they apply to a
reference in this Law to an Act and to a provision of an Act.
7 Interpretation best achieving Law's purpose
(1) In the interpretation of a provision of this Law, the interpretation that
will best achieve the purpose or object of this Law is to be preferred
to any other interpretation.
(2) Subclause (1) applies whether or not the purpose is expressly
stated in this Law.
8 Use of extrinsic material in interpretation
(1) In this clause:
extrinsic material means relevant material not forming part of this
Law, including, for example:
(a) material that is set out in the document containing the text of
this Law as printed by the Government Printer; and
(b) a relevant report of a Royal Commission, Law Reform
Commission, commission or committee of inquiry, or a similar
body, that was laid before the Parliament of this jurisdiction
before the provision concerned was enacted; and
(c) a relevant report of a committee of the Parliament of this
jurisdiction that was made to the Parliament before the
provision was enacted; and
(d) a treaty or other international agreement that is mentioned in
this Law; and
(e) an explanatory note or memorandum relating to the Bill that
contained the provision, or any relevant document, that was
laid before, or given to the members of, the Parliament of this
jurisdiction by the member bringing in the Bill before the
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provision was enacted; and
(f) the speech made to the Parliament of this jurisdiction by the
member in moving a motion that the Bill be read a second
time; and
(g) material in the Votes and Proceedings of the Parliament of this
jurisdiction or in any official record of debates in the
Parliament of this jurisdiction; and
(h) a document that is declared by this Law to be a relevant
document for the purposes of this clause.
ordinary meaning means the ordinary meaning conveyed by a
provision having regard to its context in this Law and to the purpose
of this Law.
(2) Subject to subclause (3), in the interpretation of a provision of this
Law, consideration may be given to extrinsic material capable of
assisting in the interpretation:
(a) if the provision is ambiguous or obscure to provide an
interpretation of it; or
(b) if the ordinary meaning of the provision leads to a result that is
manifestly absurd or is unreasonable to provide an
interpretation that avoids such a result; or
(c) in any other case to confirm the interpretation conveyed by the
ordinary meaning of the provision.
(3) In determining whether consideration should be given to extrinsic
material, and in determining the weight to be given to extrinsic
material, regard is to be had to:
(a) the desirability of a provision being interpreted as having its
ordinary meaning; and
(b) the undesirability of prolonging proceedings without
compensating advantage; and
(c) other relevant matters.
9 Effect of change of drafting practice
If:
(a) a provision of this Law expresses an idea in particular
words; and
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(b) a provision enacted later appears to express the same idea in
different words for the purpose of implementing a different
legislative drafting practice, including, for example:
(i) the use of a clearer or simpler style; or
(ii) the use of gender neutral language;
the ideas must not be taken to be different merely because
different words are used.
10 Use of examples
If this Law includes an example of the operation of a provision:
(a) the example is not exhaustive; and
(b) the example does not limit, but may extend, the meaning of
the provision; and
(c) the example and the provision are to be read in the context of
each other and the other provisions of this Law, but, if the
example and the provision so read are inconsistent, the
provision prevails.
11 Compliance with forms
(1) If a form is prescribed or approved by or for the purpose of this
Law, strict compliance with the form is not necessary and
substantial compliance is sufficient.
(2) If a form prescribed or approved by or for the purpose of this Law
requires:
(a) the form to be completed in a specified way; or
(b) specified information or documents to be included in, attached
to or given with the form; or
(c) the form, or information or documents included in, attached to
or given with the form, to be verified in a specified way;
the form is not properly completed unless the requirement is
complied with.
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Part 3 Terms and references
12 Definitions
(1) In this Law:
Act means an Act of the Legislature of this jurisdiction.
adult means an individual who is 18 or more.
affidavit, in relation to a person allowed by law to affirm, declare or
promise, includes affirmation, declaration and promise.
amend includes:
(a) omit or omit and substitute; or
(b) alter or vary; or
(c) amend by implication.
appoint includes reappoint.
Australia means the Commonwealth of Australia but, when used in
a geographical sense, does not include an external Territory.
business day means a day that is not:
(a) a Saturday or Sunday; or
(b) a public holiday, special holiday or bank holiday in the place in
which any relevant act is to be or may be done.
calendar month means a period starting at the beginning of any
day of one of the 12 named months and ending:
(a) immediately before the beginning of the corresponding day of
the next named month; or
(b) if there is no such corresponding day at the end of the next
named month.
calendar year means a period of 12 months beginning
on 1 January.
commencement, in relation to this Law or an Act or a provision of
this Law or an Act, means the time at which this Law, the Act or
provision comes into operation.
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Commonwealth means the Commonwealth of Australia but, when
used in a geographical sense, does not include an external
Territory.
confer, in relation to a function, includes impose.
contravene includes fail to comply with.
country includes:
(a) a federation; or
(b) a state, province or other part of a federation.
date of assent, in relation to an Act, means the day on which the
Act receives the Royal Assent.
definition means a provision of this Law (however expressed) that:
(a) gives a meaning to a word or expression; or
(b) limits or extends the meaning of a word or expression.
document means any record of information however recorded, and
includes:
(a) anything on which there is writing; or
(b) anything on which there are marks, figures, symbols or
perforations having a meaning for persons qualified to
interpret them; or
(c) anything from which sounds, images or writings can be
reproduced with or without the aid of anything else; or
(d) a map, plan, drawing or photograph; or
(e) any record of information that exists in a digital form and is
capable of being reproduced, transmitted, stored and
duplicated by electronic means.
expire includes lapse or otherwise cease to have effect.
external Territory means a Territory, other than an internal
Territory, for the government of which as a Territory provision is
made by a Commonwealth Act.
fail includes refuse.
financial year means a period of 12 months beginning on 1 July.
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foreign country means a country (whether or not an independent
sovereign State) outside Australia and the external Territories.
function includes a power, authority or duty.
Gazette means the Government Gazette of this jurisdiction.
Gazette notice means notice published in the Gazette.
gazetted means published in the Gazette.
Government Printer means the Government Printer of this
jurisdiction, and includes any other person authorised by the
Government of this jurisdiction to print an Act or instrument.
individual means a natural person.
insert, in relation to a provision of this Law, includes substitute.
instrument includes a statutory instrument.
internal Territory means the Australian Capital Territory, the Jervis
Bay Territory or the Northern Territory.
Jervis Bay Territory means the Territory mentioned in the Jervis
Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915 (Cth).
make includes issue or grant.
minor means an individual who is under 18.
modification includes addition, omission or substitution.
month means a calendar month.
named month means 1 of the 12 months of the year.
Northern Territory means the Northern Territory of Australia.
number means:
(a) a number expressed in figures or words; or
(b) a letter; or
(c) a combination of a number so expressed and a letter.
oath, in relation to a person allowed by law to affirm, declare or
promise, includes affirmation, declaration or promise.
office includes position.
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omit, in relation to a provision of this Law or an Act, includes
repeal.
party includes an individual or a body politic or corporate.
penalty includes forfeiture or punishment.
person includes an individual or a body politic or corporate.
power includes authority.
printed includes typewritten, lithographed or reproduced by any
mechanical or electronic means.
proceeding means a legal or other action or proceeding.
provision, in relation to this Law or an Act, means words or other
matter that form or forms part of this Law or the Act, and includes:
(a) a Chapter, Part, Division, Subdivision, section, subsection,
paragraph, subparagraph, sub-subparagraph or Schedule of
or to this Law or the Act; or
(b) a section, clause, subclause, item, column, table or form of or
in a Schedule to this Law or the Act; or
(c) the long title and any preamble to the Act.
record includes information stored or recorded by means of a
computer.
repeal includes:
(a) revoke or rescind; or
(b) repeal by implication; or
(c) abrogate or limit the effect of this Law or the instrument
concerned; or
(d) exclude from, or include in, the application of this Law or the
instrument concerned any person, subject matter or
circumstance.
sign includes the affixing of a seal or the making of a mark.
statutory declaration means a declaration made under an Act, or
under a Commonwealth Act or an Act of another jurisdiction, that
authorises a declaration to be made otherwise than in the course of
a judicial proceeding.
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statutory instrument means an instrument made or in force under
or for the purposes of this Law, and includes an instrument made or
in force under any such instrument.
swear, in relation to a person allowed by law to affirm, declare or
promise, includes affirm, declare or promise.
word includes any symbol, figure or drawing.
writing includes any mode of representing or reproducing words in
a visible form.
(2) In a statutory instrument:
the Law means this Law.
13 Provisions relating to defined terms and gender and number
(1) If this Law defines a word or expression, other parts of speech and
grammatical forms of the word or expression have corresponding
meanings.
(2) Definitions in or applicable to this Law apply except so far as the
context or subject matter otherwise indicates or requires.
(3) In this Law, words indicating a gender include each other gender.
(4) In this Law:
(a) words in the singular include the plural; and
(b) words in the plural include the singular.
14 Meaning of may and must etc.
(1) In this Law, the word may, or a similar word or expression, used in
relation to a power indicates that the power may be exercised or not
exercised, at discretion.
(2) In this Law, the word must, or a similar word or expression, used in
relation to a power indicates that the power is required to be
exercised.
(3) This clause has effect despite any rule of construction to the
contrary.
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15 Words and expressions used in statutory instruments
(1) Words and expressions used in a statutory instrument have the
same meanings as they have, from time to time, in this Law, or
relevant provisions of this Law, under or for the purposes of which
the instrument is made or in force.
(2) This clause has effect in relation to an instrument except so far as
the contrary intention appears in the instrument.
16 Effect of express references to bodies corporate and
individuals
In this Law, a reference to a person generally (whether the
expression person, party, someone, anyone, no-one, one,
another or whoever or another expression is used):
(a) does not exclude a reference to a body corporate or an
individual merely because elsewhere in this Law there is
particular reference to a body corporate (however
expressed); and
(b) does not exclude a reference to a body corporate or an
individual merely because elsewhere in this Law there is
particular reference to an individual (however expressed).
17 Production of records kept in computers etc.
If a person who keeps a record of information by means of a
mechanical, electronic or other device is required by or under this
Law:
(a) to produce the information or a document containing the
information to a court, tribunal or person; or
(b) to make a document containing the information available for
inspection by a court, tribunal or person;
then, unless the court, tribunal or person otherwise directs:
(c) the requirement obliges the person to produce or make
available for inspection, as the case may be, a document that
reproduces the information in a form capable of being
understood by the court, tribunal or person; and
(d) the production to the court, tribunal or person of the document
in that form complies with the requirement.
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18 References to this jurisdiction to be implied
In this Law:
(a) a reference to an officer, office or statutory body is a reference
to such an officer, office or statutory body in and for this
jurisdiction; and
(b) a reference to a locality or other matter or thing is a reference
to such a locality or other matter or thing in and of this
jurisdiction.
19 References to officers and holders of offices
In this Law, a reference to a particular officer, or to the holder of a
particular office, includes a reference to the person for the time
being occupying or acting in the office concerned.
20 Reference to certain provisions of Law
If a provision of this Law refers:
(a) to a Part, section or Schedule by a number and without
reference to this Law, the reference is a reference to the Part,
section or Schedule, designated by the number, of or to this
Law; or
(b) to a Schedule without reference to it by a number and without
reference to this Law, the reference, if there is only one
Schedule to this Law, is a reference to the Schedule; or
(c) to a Division, Subdivision, subsection, paragraph,
subparagraph, sub-subparagraph, clause, subclause, item,
column, table or form by a number and without reference to
this Law, the reference is a reference to:
(i) the Division, designated by the number, of the Part in
which the reference occurs; and
(ii) the Subdivision, designated by the number, of the
Division in which the reference occurs; and
(iii) the subsection, designated by the number, of the section
in which the reference occurs; and
(iv) the paragraph, designated by the number, of the section,
subsection, Schedule or other provision in which the
reference occurs; and
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(v) the paragraph, designated by the number, of the clause,
subclause, item, column, table or form of or in the
Schedule in which the reference occurs; and
(vi) the subparagraph, designated by the number, of the
paragraph in which the reference occurs; and
(vii) the sub-subparagraph, designated by the number, of the
subparagraph in which the reference occurs; and
(viii) the section, clause, subclause, item, column, table or
form, designated by the number, of or in the Schedule in
which the reference occurs;
as the case requires.
21 Reference to provisions of this Law or an Act is inclusive
In this Law, a reference to a portion of this Law or an Act includes:
(a) a reference to the Chapter, Part, Division, Subdivision,
section, subsection or other provision of this Law or the Act
referred to that forms the beginning of the portion; and
(b) a reference to the Chapter, Part, Division, Subdivision,
section, subsection or other provision of this Law or the Act
referred to that forms the end of the portion.
Example for section 21
A reference to "sections 5 to 9" includes both section 5 and section 9. It is not
necessary to refer to "sections 5 to 9 (both inclusive)" to ensure that the
reference is given an inclusive interpretation.
Part 4 Functions and powers
22 Performance of statutory functions
(1) If this Law confers a function or power on a person or body, the
function may be performed, or the power may be exercised, from
time to time as occasion requires.
(2) If this Law confers a function or power on a particular officer or the
holder of a particular office, the function may be performed, or the
power may be exercised, by the person for the time being
occupying or acting in the office concerned.
(3) If this Law confers a function or power on a body (whether or not
incorporated), the performance of the function, or the exercise of
the power, is not affected merely because of vacancies in the
membership of the body.
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23 Power to make instrument or decision includes power to
amend or repeal
If this Law authorises or requires the making of an instrument or
decision:
(a) the power includes power to amend or repeal the instrument
or decision; and
(b) the power to amend or repeal the instrument or decision is
exercisable in the same way, and subject to the same
conditions, as the power to make the instrument or decision.
24 Matters for which statutory instruments may make provision
(1) If this Law authorises or requires the making of a statutory
instrument in relation to a matter, a statutory instrument made
under this Law may make provision for the matter by applying,
adopting or incorporating (with or without modification) the
provisions of:
(a) an Act or statutory instrument; or
(b) another document (whether of the same or a different kind);
as in force at a particular time or as in force from time to time.
(2) If a statutory instrument applies, adopts or incorporates the
provisions of a document, the statutory instrument applies, adopts
or incorporates the provisions as in force from time to time, unless
the statutory instrument otherwise expressly provides.
(3) A statutory instrument may:
(a) apply generally throughout this jurisdiction or be limited in its
application to a particular part of this jurisdiction; or
(b) apply generally to all persons, matters or things or be limited
in its application to:
(i) particular persons, matters or things; or
(ii) particular classes of persons, matters or things; or
(c) otherwise apply generally or be limited in its application by
reference to specified exceptions or factors.
(4) A statutory instrument may:
(a) apply differently according to different specified factors; or
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(b) otherwise make different provision in relation to:
(i) different persons, matters or things; or
(ii) different classes of persons, matters or things.
(5) A statutory instrument may authorise a matter or thing to be from
time to time determined, applied or regulated by a specified person
or body.
(6) If this Law authorises or requires a matter to be regulated by
statutory instrument, the power may be exercised by prohibiting by
statutory instrument the matter or any aspect of the matter.
(7) If this Law authorises or requires provision to be made with respect
to a matter by statutory instrument, a statutory instrument made
under this Law may make provision with respect to a particular
aspect of the matter despite the fact that provision is made by this
Law in relation to another aspect of the matter or in relation to
another matter.
(8) A statutory instrument may provide for the review of, or a right of
appeal against, a decision made under the statutory instrument, or
this Law, and may, for that purpose, confer jurisdiction on any court,
tribunal, person or body.
(9) A statutory instrument may require a form prescribed by or under
the statutory instrument, or information or documents included in,
attached to or given with the form, to be verified by statutory
declaration.
25 Presumption of validity and power to make
(1) All conditions and preliminary steps required for the making of a
statutory instrument are presumed to have been satisfied and
performed in the absence of evidence to the contrary.
(2) A statutory instrument is taken to be made under all powers under
which it may be made, even though it purports to be made under
this Law or a particular provision of this Law.
26 Appointments may be made by name or office
(1) If this Law authorises or requires a person or body:
(a) to appoint a person to an office; or
(b) to appoint a person or body to exercise a power; or
(c) to appoint a person or body to do another thing;
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the person or body may make the appointment by:
(d) appointing a person or body by name; or
(e) appointing a particular officer, or the holder of a particular
office, by reference to the title of the office concerned.
(2) An appointment of a particular officer, or the holder of a particular
office, is taken to be the appointment of the person for the time
being occupying or acting in the office concerned.
27 Acting appointments
(1) If this Law authorises a person or body to appoint a person to act in
an office, the person or body may, in accordance with this Law,
appoint:
(a) a person by name; or
(b) a particular officer, or the holder of a particular office, by
reference to the title of the office concerned;
to act in the office.
(2) The appointment may be expressed to have effect only in the
circumstances specified in the instrument of appointment.
(3) The appointer may:
(a) determine the terms and conditions of the appointment,
including remuneration and allowances; and
(b) terminate the appointment at any time.
(4) The appointment, or the termination of the appointment, must be in,
or evidenced by, writing signed by the appointer.
(5) The appointee must not act for more than 1 year during a vacancy
in the office.
(6) If the appointee is acting in the office otherwise than because of a
vacancy in the office and the office becomes vacant, then, subject
to subclause (2), the appointee may continue to act until:
(a) the appointer otherwise directs; or
(b) the vacancy is filled; or
(c) the end of a year from the day of the vacancy;
whichever happens first.
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(7) The appointment ceases to have effect if the appointee resigns by
writing signed and delivered to the appointer.
(8) While the appointee is acting in the office:
(a) the appointee has all the powers and functions of the holder of
the office; and
(b) this Law and other laws apply to the appointee as if the
appointee were the holder of the office.
(9) Anything done by or in relation to a person purporting to act in the
office is not invalid merely because:
(a) the occasion for the appointment had not arisen; or
(b) the appointment had ceased to have effect; or
(c) the occasion for the person to act had not arisen or had
ceased.
(10) If this Law authorises the appointer to appoint a person to act
during a vacancy in the office, an appointment to act in the office
may be made by the appointer whether or not an appointment has
previously been made to the office.
28 Powers of appointment imply certain incidental powers
(1) If this Law authorises or requires a person or body to appoint a
person to an office:
(a) the power may be exercised from time to time as occasion
requires; and
(b) the power includes:
(i) power to remove or suspend, at any time, a person
appointed to the office; and
(ii) power to appoint another person to act in the office if a
person appointed to the office is removed or
suspended; and
(iii) power to reinstate or reappoint a person removed or
suspended; and
(iv) power to appoint a person to act in the office if it is
vacant (whether or not the office has ever been
filled); and
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(v) power to appoint a person to act in the office if the
person appointed to the office is absent or is unable to
discharge the functions of the office (whether because of
illness or otherwise).
(2) The power to remove or suspend a person under subclause (1)(b)
may be exercised even if this Law provides that the holder of the
office to which the person was appointed is to hold office for a
specified period.
(3) The power to make an appointment under subclause (1)(b) may be
exercised from time to time as occasion requires.
(4) An appointment under subclause (1)(b) may be expressed to have
effect only in the circumstances specified in the instrument of
appointment.
29 Delegation of functions
(1) If this Law authorises a person or body to delegate a function, the
person or body may, in accordance with this Law and any other
applicable law, delegate the function to:
(a) a person or body by name; or
(b) a specified officer, or the holder of a specified office, by
reference to the title of the office concerned.
(2) The delegation may be:
(a) general or limited; and
(b) made from time to time; and
(c) revoked, wholly or partly, by the delegator.
(3) The delegation, or a revocation of the delegation, must be in, or
evidenced by, writing signed by the delegator or, if the delegator is
a body, by a person authorised by the body for the purpose.
(4) A delegated function may be exercised only in accordance with any
conditions to which the delegation is subject.
(5) The delegate may, in the performance of a delegated function, do
anything that is incidental to the delegated function.
(6) A delegated function that purports to have been exercised by the
delegate is taken to have been properly exercised by the delegate
unless the contrary is proved.
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(7) A delegated function that is properly exercised by the delegate is
taken to have been exercised by the delegator.
(8) If, when exercised by the delegator, a function is dependent on the
delegator's opinion, belief or state of mind, then, when exercised by
the delegate, the function is dependent on the delegate's opinion,
belief or state of mind.
(9) If:
(a) the delegator is a specified officer or the holder of a specified
office; and
(b) the person who was the specified officer or holder of the
specified office when the delegation was made ceases to be
the holder of the office;
then:
(c) the delegation continues in force; and
(d) the person for the time being occupying or acting in the office
concerned is taken to be the delegator for the purposes of this
clause.
(10) If:
(a) the delegator is a body; and
(b) there is a change in the membership of the body;
then:
(c) the delegation continues in force; and
(d) the body as constituted for the time being is taken to be the
delegator for the purposes of this clause.
(11) If a function is delegated to a specified officer or the holder of a
specified office:
(a) the delegation does not cease to have effect merely because
the person who was the specified officer or the holder of the
specified office when the function was delegated ceases to be
the officer or the holder of the office; and
(b) the function may be exercised by the person for the time being
occupying or acting in the office concerned.
(12) A function that has been delegated may, despite the delegation, be
exercised by the delegator.
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(13) The delegation of a function does not relieve the delegator of the
delegator's obligation to ensure that the function is properly
exercised.
(14) Subject to subclause (15), this clause applies to a subdelegation of
a function in the same way as it applies to a delegation of a
function.
(15) If this Law authorises the delegation of a function, the function may
be subdelegated only if this Law expressly authorises the function
to be subdelegated.
30 Exercise of powers before commencement
(1) If a provision of this Law (the empowering provision) that has not
commenced would, had it commenced, confer a power:
(a) to make an appointment; or
(b) to make a statutory instrument of a legislative or administrative
character; or
(c) to do another thing;
then:
(d) the power may be exercised; and
(e) anything may be done for the purpose of enabling the exercise
of the power or of bringing the appointment, instrument or
other thing into effect;
before the empowering provision commences.
(2) If a provision of a Northern Territory Act or regulation (the
empowering provision) that does not commence on its enactment
would, had it commenced, amend a provision of this Law so that it
would confer a power:
(a) to make an appointment; or
(b) to make a statutory instrument of a legislative or administrative
character; or
(c) to do another thing;
then:
(d) the power may be exercised; and
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(e) anything may be done for the purpose of enabling the exercise
of the power or of bringing the appointment, instrument or
other thing into effect;
before the empowering provision commences.
(3) If:
(a) this Law has commenced and confers a power to make a
statutory instrument (the basic statutory instrument-making
power); and
(b) a provision of a Northern Territory Act or regulation that does
not commence on its enactment would, had it commenced,
amend this Law so as to confer additional power to make a
statutory instrument (the additional instrument-making
power);
then:
(c) the basic instrument-making power and the additional
instrument-making power may be exercised by making a
single instrument; and
(d) any provision of the instrument that required an exercise of the
additional instrument-making power is to be treated as made
under subclause (2).
(4) If an instrument, or a provision of an instrument, is made under
subclause (1) or (2) that is necessary for the purpose of:
(a) enabling the exercise of a power mentioned in the
subclause; or
(b) bringing an appointment, instrument or other thing made or
done under such a power into effect;
the instrument or provision takes effect:
(c) on the making of the instrument; or
(d) on such later day (if any) on which, or at such later time (if
any) at which, the instrument or provision is expressed to take
effect.
(5) If:
(a) an appointment is made under subclause (1) or (2); or
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(b) an instrument, or a provision of an instrument, made under
subclause (1) or (2) is not necessary for a purpose mentioned
in subclause (4);
the appointment, instrument or provision takes effect:
(c) on the commencement of the relevant empowering
provision; or
(d) on such later day (if any) on which, or at such later time (if
any) at which, the appointment, instrument or provision is
expressed to take effect.
(6) Anything done under subclause (1) or (2) does not confer a right, or
impose a liability, on a person before the relevant empowering
provision commences.
(7) After the enactment of a provision mentioned in subclause (2) but
before the provision's commencement, this clause applies as if the
references in subclauses (2) and (5) to the commencement of the
empowering provision were references to the commencement of
the provision mentioned in subclause (2) as amended by the
empowering provision.
(8) In the application of this clause to a statutory instrument, a
reference to the enactment of the instrument is a reference to the
making of the instrument.
Part 5 Distance, time and age
31 Matters relating to distance, time and age
(1) In the measurement of distance for the purposes of this Law, the
distance is to be measured along the shortest road ordinarily used
for travelling.
(2) If a period beginning on a given day, act or event is provided or
allowed for a purpose by this Law, the period is to be calculated by
excluding the day, or the day of the act or event, and:
(a) if the period is expressed to be a specified number of clear
days or at least a specified number of days, by excluding the
day on which the purpose is to be fulfilled; and
(b) in any other case, by including the day on which the purpose
is to be fulfilled.
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(3) If the last day of a period provided or allowed by this Law for doing
anything is not a business day in the place in which the thing is to
be or may be done, the thing may be done on the next business
day in the place.
(4) If the last day of a period provided or allowed by this Law for the
filing or registration of a document is a day on which the office is
closed where the filing or registration is to be or may be done, the
document may be filed or registered at the office on the next day
that the office is open.
(5) If no time is provided or allowed for doing anything, the thing is to
be done as soon as possible, and as often as the prescribed
occasion happens.
(6) If, in this Law, there is a reference to time, the reference is, in
relation to the doing of anything in a jurisdiction, a reference to the
legal time in the jurisdiction.
(7) For the purposes of this Law, a person attains an age in years at
the beginning of the person's birthday for the age.
Part 6 Effect of repeal, amendment or expiration
32 Time of Law ceasing to have effect
If a provision of this Law is expressed:
(a) to expire on a specified day; or
(b) to remain or continue in force, or otherwise have effect, until a
specified day;
the provision has effect until the last moment of the specified day.
33 Repealed Law provisions not revived
If a provision of this Law is repealed or amended by a Northern
Territory Act or regulation, or a provision of a Northern Territory Act
or regulation, the provision is not revived merely because the
Northern Territory Act or regulation or the provision of the Northern
Territory Act or regulation:
(a) is later repealed or amended; or
(b) later expires.
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34 Saving of operation of repealed Law provisions
(1) The repeal, amendment or expiry of a provision of this Law does
not:
(a) revive anything not in force or existing at the time the repeal,
amendment or expiry takes effect; or
(b) affect the previous operation of the provision or anything
suffered, done or begun under the provision; or
(c) affect a right, privilege or liability acquired, accrued or incurred
under the provision; or
(d) affect a penalty incurred in relation to an offence arising under
the provision; or
(e) affect an investigation, proceeding or remedy in relation to
such a right, privilege, liability or penalty.
(2) Any such penalty may be imposed and enforced, and any such
investigation, proceeding or remedy may be begun, continued or
enforced, as if the provision had not been repealed or amended or
had not expired.
35 Continuance of repealed provisions
If a Northern Territory Act or regulation repeals some provisions of
this Law and enacts new provisions in substitution for the repealed
provisions, the repealed provisions continue in force until the new
provisions commence.
36 Law and amending Acts to be read as one
This Law and all Northern Territory Acts and regulations amending
this Law are to be read as one.
Part 7 Instruments under Law
37 Schedule applies to statutory instruments
(1) This Schedule applies to a statutory instrument, and to things that
may be done or are required to be done under a statutory
instrument, in the same way as it applies to this Law, and things
that may be done or are required to be done under this Law, except
so far as the context or subject matter otherwise indicates or
requires.
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(2) The fact that a provision of this Schedule refers to this Law and not
also to a statutory instrument does not, by itself, indicate that the
provision is intended to apply only to this Law.
ENDNOTES
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 54
ENDNOTES
1 KEY
Key to abbreviations
amd = amended od = order
app = appendix om = omitted
bl = by-law pt = Part
ch = Chapter r = regulation/rule
cl = clause rem = remainder
div = Division renum = renumbered
exp = expires/expired rep = repealed
f = forms s = section
Gaz = Gazette sch = Schedule
hdg = heading sdiv = Subdivision
ins = inserted SL = Subordinate Legislation
lt = long title sub = substituted
nc = not commenced
2 LIST OF LEGISLATION
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 (Act No. 13, 2013)
Assent date 6 June 2013
Commenced 17 July 2013 (Gaz G29, 17 July 2013, pp 2 and 3)
Land Legislation Amendment Act 2023 (Act No. 3, 2023)
Assent date 2 March 2023
Commenced 2 January 2024 (Gaz G16, 3 August 2023, p 1)
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) (Act Amendment)
Regulations 2024 (SL No. 5, 2024)
Date made 18 April 2024
Commenced 19 April 2024
3 GENERAL AMENDMENTS
General amendments of a formal nature (which are not referred to in the table
of amendments to this reprint) are made by the Interpretation Legislation
Amendment Act 2018 (Act No. 22, 2018) to: ss 7 and 8.
4 LIST OF AMENDMENTS
s 3 amd SL No. 5, 2024, r 4
s 7 amd SL No. 5, 2024, r 5
s 8 amd No. 3, 2023, s 4
s 12 amd SL No. 5, 2024, r 6
s 18A ins SL No. 5, 2024, r 7
s 19 amd SL No. 5, 2024, r 8
s 22 amd SL No. 5, 2024, r 9
s 33 amd SL No. 5, 2024, r 10
s 35 amd SL No. 5, 2024, r 11
s 37 amd SL No. 5, 2024, r 12
ENDNOTES
Electronic Conveyancing (National Uniform Legislation) Act 2013 55
s 40 amd SL No. 5, 2024, r 13
pt 4 hdg exp No. 13, 2013, s 16
pt 4
div 1 hdg exp No. 13, 2013, s 16
ss 12 – 13 exp No. 13, 2013, s 16
pt 4
div 2 hdg exp No. 13, 2013, s 16
ss 14 – 15 exp No. 13, 2013, s 16
pt 4
div 3 hdg exp No. 13, 2013, s 16
s 16 exp No. 13, 2013, s 16
pt 4
div 4 hdg ins SL No. 5, 2024, r 14
ss 43 – 44 ins SL No. 5, 2024, r 14