Division 2Determination of appeals

An Act to provide for appeals from courts martial and Defence Force magistrates to a Defence Force Discipline Appeal Tribunal ## Part I—Preliminary #### 1 Short title This Act may be cited as the Defence Force Discipline Appeals Act 1955. #### 2 Commencement This Act shall come into operation on a date to be fixed by Proclamation. #### 4 Interpretation (1) In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears: > appeal means an appeal to the Tribunal under this Act. > appellant means a person who appeals, or applies for leave to appeal under this Act to the Tribunal. > Australia includes the Territories to which this Act extends. > charge means a charge of a service offence. > convicted person means a person who has been convicted by a court martial or a Defence Force magistrate. > conviction means a conviction by a court martial or a Defence Force magistrate. > court martial means a court martial convened under the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982. > court of summary jurisdiction, in relation to a Territory, includes a court of that Territory sitting as a court for the making of summary orders or the summary punishment of offences under the law of the Territory. > court order means: (a) an order made by the Australian Military Court under subsection 75(1) of the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982; or (b) an order made by the Australian Military Court under section 83 of that Act; or (c) an order made by the Australian Military Court under section 84 of that Act; but does not include an order made in an appeal under Part IX of the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982. > Defence Force magistrate means a Defence Force magistrate appointed under section 127 of the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982. > Finance Minister means the Minister administering the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability Act 2013. > member or member of the Tribunal means a member of the Tribunal, and includes the President and Deputy President. > prescribed acquittal means an acquittal of a service offence by a court martial or a Defence Force magistrate on the ground of unsoundness of mind. > prescribed acquitted person means a person who has been acquitted of a service offence by a court martial or a Defence Force magistrate on the ground of unsoundness of mind. > review and reviewing authority have the same respective meanings as they have in the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982. > service offence has the same meaning as it has in the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982. > service tribunal has the same meaning as it has in the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982. > the Deputy President means the Deputy President of the Tribunal, and includes a member appointed to act as Deputy President under subsection (5) of section 7. > the President means the President of the Tribunal. > the Registrar means the Registrar of the Tribunal, and includes a deputy of the Registrar appointed under subsection (2) of section 19. > the Tribunal means the Defence Force Discipline Appeal Tribunal constituted under this Act. (2) For the purposes of this Act, where, in a review under Part VIIIA of the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982 of the proceedings before a court martial or a Defence Force magistrate, the reviewing authority: (a) substitutes for the conviction of a service offence a prescribed acquittal of that service offence or a conviction of another service offence; or (b) takes such action in relation to the convicted person as could have been taken under Part IV of that Act by the court martial or the Defence Force magistrate; the conviction or prescribed acquittal so substituted or the action so taken, as the case may be, shall be deemed to have been made or taken, as the case may be, by the court martial or the Defence Force magistrate. #### 5 Extension of Act to Territories This Act extends to all the Territories. #### 5A Application of the Criminal Code Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code applies to all offences against this Act. > Note: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of criminal responsibility. ## Part II—Defence Force Discipline Appeal Tribunal #### 6 Defence Force Discipline Appeal Tribunal For the purposes of this Act, there shall be a Tribunal to be known as the Defence Force Discipline Appeal Tribunal. #### 7 Constitution of Tribunal (1) The Tribunal shall consist of a President, a Deputy President and such other persons as are appointed to be members of the Tribunal in pursuance of this Act. (2) The President, Deputy President and other members of the Tribunal shall be appointed by the Governor‑General by commission. (3) A member of the Tribunal shall be appointed for such period as the Governor‑General determines, but shall be eligible for re‑appointment. (3A) A person who has attained the age of 70 years shall not be appointed as a member of the Tribunal and a person shall not be appointed as a member of the Tribunal for a period that extends beyond the day on which the person will attain the age of 70 years. (4) In the event of the absence, through illness or otherwise, or the suspension of the President, or of a vacancy in the office of President, the Deputy President has all the powers and shall perform all the duties of President during the absence, suspension or vacancy. (5) In the event of the absence, through illness or otherwise, or the suspension of the Deputy President, or of a vacancy in the office of Deputy President, the Governor‑General may appoint another member, being a member who is qualified to be appointed as Deputy President, to act as Deputy President during the absence, suspension or vacancy. #### 8 Qualification of members (1) A person is not qualified to be appointed as President or Deputy President unless the person is a Justice or Judge of a federal court or of the Supreme Court of a State or Territory. (2) Subject to the last preceding subsection, a person is not qualified to be appointed as a member unless: (a) the person is qualified to be appointed as President of the Tribunal; or (b) the person is a Judge of a District Court of a State or of a County Court of a State. (3) The President or the Deputy President ceases to hold office if he or she no longer holds office as a Justice or Judge of a federal court or of a Supreme Court of a State or Territory. (4) Subject to the last preceding subsection, a member of the Tribunal ceases to hold office if he or she no longer holds office as: (a) a Justice or Judge of a federal court or of a Supreme Court of a State or Territory; or (b) a Judge of a District Court of a State or of a County Court of a State. #### 8A Appointment of Judge as member of Tribunal not to affect tenure etc. (1) The appointment of the holder of a judicial office as a member of the Tribunal, or service by the holder of a judicial office as a member of the Tribunal whether the appointment was or is made or the service occurred or occurs before or after the commencement of this section, does not affect, and shall be deemed never to have affected, his or her tenure of that judicial office or his or her rank, title, status, precedence, salary, annual or other allowances or other rights or privileges as the holder of that judicial office and, for all purposes, his or her service, whether before or after the commencement of that section, as a member of the Tribunal shall be taken to have been, or to be, service as the holder of that judicial office. (2) In this section, judicial office means an office of Justice of the High Court or Judge of a court created by the Parliament. #### 8B Arrangement for appointment of the holder of a judicial office of a State or the Northern Territory (1) The Governor‑General may, for the purposes of appointing to an office of member of the Tribunal a person who is the holder of a judicial office of a State or of the Northern Territory, enter into such arrangement with the Governor of that State or the Administrator of that Territory, as the case may be, as is necessary to secure that person’s services. (2) An arrangement in subsection (1) may provide for the Commonwealth to reimburse a State or the Northern Territory with respect to the services of the person to whom the arrangement relates. #### 9 Oath or affirmation of allegiance Each member shall, before proceeding to discharge the duties of his or her office, take before the Governor‑General or a Justice or Judge of a federal court or of the Supreme Court of a State or Territory an oath or make an affirmation in accordance with the form of oath or affirmation in the Schedule. #### 10 Remuneration and allowances of members and deputies (1) The President, Deputy President and other members shall be paid such remuneration as is determined by the Remuneration Tribunal. (2) The President, Deputy President and other members shall be paid such allowances as are prescribed. (3) This section has effect subject to the Remuneration Tribunal Act 1973‑1974. #### 11 Removal and suspension of members from office (1) The Governor‑General may remove a member from office upon an address praying for the removal of the member being presented to the Governor‑General by each House of the Parliament in the same session of the Parliament. (2) A member may be suspended from office by the Governor‑General. (3) The Minister shall cause to be laid before each House of the Parliament a statement of the grounds of suspension within seven sitting days of that House after the suspension. (4) The member shall be restored to office by the Governor‑General unless each House of the Parliament, within fifteen sitting days of that House after the statement has been laid before it, declares by resolution that the member ought to be removed from office. (5) If each House within that time so declares, the member shall be removed from office by the Governor‑General accordingly. (6) A member shall not be removed from office except as provided by this section. #### 12 Leave of absence and resignation (1) The Minister may grant leave of absence to a member upon such terms and conditions as to remuneration or otherwise as the Minister determines. (2) A member may resign his or her office by writing under his or her hand addressed to the Governor‑General, but the resignation is not effective unless and until it has been accepted by the Governor‑General. #### 14 Sittings of the Tribunal (1) Sittings of the Tribunal shall be held at such times and places, which may include places outside Australia, as the President determines. (2) The President shall preside at all sittings of the Tribunal at which he or she is present. (3) At a sitting of the Tribunal at which the President is not present, the Deputy President, if present, shall preside. (4) At a sitting of the Tribunal at which neither the President nor the Deputy President is present, a member appointed for that purpose by the President shall preside. (5) A member who is not qualified to be appointed as President shall not be appointed under the last preceding subsection to preside at a sitting of the Tribunal other than a sitting held for the purposes of an appeal or matter in relation to which the President has given a direction under subsection (2) of the next succeeding section. (6) The determination of a question before the Tribunal shall be according to the opinion of the majority of the members exercising the powers of the Tribunal in relation to that question. (7) The Tribunal constituted by one or more members may sit and exercise the powers of the Tribunal notwithstanding that the Tribunal constituted by one or more other members is at the same time sitting and exercising those powers. #### 15 Exercise of powers of Tribunal (1) Except as otherwise provided in this Act, the powers of the Tribunal shall not be exercised: (a) except by an uneven number of members, being a number of not less than three; and (b) unless at least one of those members is the President, the Deputy President or a member who is qualified to be appointed as President. (2) Where an appeal, or a matter preliminary or incidental to an appeal, is to be heard in a place outside Australia, the President may, if he or she thinks fit, direct that paragraph (b) of the last preceding subsection shall not apply in relation to the appeal or matter. #### 15A Reserved decision (1) Where any proceeding, after being fully heard before the Tribunal, is ordered to stand for decision, it is not necessary for all the members before whom it was heard to be present together to declare their opinions thereon but the opinion of any one of them may be reduced to writing and may be made public by any other of them at any subsequent sitting of the Tribunal. (2) In any such case the question shall be decided in the same manner, and the decision of the Tribunal shall have the same force and effect, as if the member whose opinion is so made public had been present at the sitting of the Tribunal and declared his or her opinion in person. #### 16 Member ceasing to sit on an appeal (1) Where: (a) the hearing of an appeal, or of a matter preliminary or incidental to an appeal, has been commenced before the Tribunal but, before the appeal or matter has been finally determined, a member sitting on the hearing has ceased to be a member or, for any reason, has ceased to sit on the hearing; and (b) the remaining members sitting on the hearing are not less than 3 in number and, except in the case of an appeal or matter in relation to which the President has given a direction under subsection (2) of the last preceding section, include the President, the Deputy President or a member who is qualified to be appointed as President; the Tribunal constituted by the remaining members may, if the hearing has not been completed, complete the hearing and, if a majority of those members concur in the decision, but not otherwise, determine the appeal or matter. (2) If, for any reason, the Tribunal constituted by the remaining members does not complete the hearing or determine the appeal or matter, the Tribunal constituted in accordance with the last preceding section shall, subject to the next succeeding section, hear and determine the appeal or matter and, for that purpose, may have regard to the evidence given, the arguments adduced and the reasons for any decision given during the previous hearing. #### 17 Single member may determine certain matters (1) The powers of the Tribunal may be exercised by a single member with respect to: (a) the granting of leave to appeal to the Tribunal against a conviction or a prescribed acquittal; (b) the extension of the period within which, under this Act, an appeal or an application for leave to appeal to the Tribunal is required to be lodged; (c) the granting of legal aid to an appellant under the regulations; (d) the granting of leave to an appellant to be present at the hearing of an appeal or matter under this Act; (e) the allowance of remuneration and allowances under subsection (2) of section 34; (f) the giving of a direction under subsection (1) of section 37 for the payment of a sum or sums by Australia to an appellant or the making of an order under subsection (3) of that section for the payment of costs; or (g) a prescribed matter of practice or procedure. (2) A person affected by a decision of a single member of the Tribunal given with respect to a matter referred to in paragraph (a), (b), (c) or (d) of the last preceding subsection may, within the prescribed period, appeal to the Tribunal constituted in accordance with section 15 from that decision, and the Tribunal so constituted shall hear and determine the matter. #### 18 Sittings of Tribunal to be in public (1) Except when the Tribunal is dealing with a matter of procedure or is deliberating, proceedings of the Tribunal shall, subject to the next succeeding subsection, be held in public. (2) At a sitting of the Tribunal, the member presiding at the sitting, or, if the Tribunal is constituted by a single member exercising the powers of the Tribunal under the last preceding section, that member, may, if he or she considers it necessary in the interests of the defence of Australia, the proper administration of justice or public morals: (a) order that some or all of the members of the public shall be excluded during the whole or a part of the sitting; or (b) order that no report of or relating to the whole or a specified part of the proceedings of the Tribunal at the sitting shall be published. #### 19 The Registrar (1) There shall be a Registrar of the Tribunal, who shall be appointed by the Attorney‑General. (2) The Attorney‑General may appoint such Deputy Registrars as are necessary. (3) The Registrar and a Deputy Registrar shall have respectively such powers, duties and functions as are prescribed. (4) The Registrar and any Deputy Registrar shall be persons engaged under the Public Service Act 1999. ## Part III—Appeals to the Tribunal ### Division 1—Bringing of appeals #### 20 Appeals to Tribunal (1) Subject to this Act, a convicted person or a prescribed acquitted person may appeal to the Tribunal against his or her conviction or his or her prescribed acquittal but an appeal on a ground that is not a question of law may not be brought except by leave of the Tribunal. (2) An appeal does not lie to the Tribunal against a prescribed acquittal if, in the proceedings before the court martial or the Defence Force magistrate that resulted in the prescribed acquittal, evidence of the unsoundness of mind of the prescribed acquitted person was adduced by the defence. #### 21 Time for lodging appeals etc. (1) An appeal, or an application for leave to appeal, to the Tribunal under this Act: (a) shall specify the grounds on which the appeal is brought or the leave to appeal is sought; and (b) shall be lodged with the Registrar, or with such other person as is prescribed, within the appropriate period, or within such further period as the Tribunal, either before or after the expiration of the appropriate period, allows. (2) In subsection (1), appropriate period, in relation to proceedings before a service tribunal that have resulted in a conviction or a prescribed acquittal, means the period of 30 days commencing immediately after: (a) the day on which the results of a review under section 152 of the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982 of the proceedings are notified to the convicted person or the prescribed acquitted person; or (b) the last day of the period of 30 days after the conviction or prescribed acquittal; whichever is earlier. #### 22 Frivolous or vexatious appeals Where: (a) the Tribunal dismisses an appeal against a conviction or an application for leave to appeal against a conviction; and (b) it appears to the Tribunal that the appeal or application was frivolous or vexatious; the Tribunal may order that any punishment of imprisonment or detention imposed on the appellant or applicant in the proceedings in relation to which the appeal or application was brought shall be taken to commence on the day on which the Tribunal dismisses the appeal or application. ### Division 2—Determination of appeals #### 23 Quashing of conviction etc. (1) Subject to subsection (5), where in an appeal it appears to the Tribunal: (a) that the conviction or the prescribed acquittal is unreasonable, or cannot be supported, having regard to the evidence; (b) that, as a result of a wrong decision on a question of law, or of mixed law and fact, the conviction or the prescribed acquittal was wrong in law and that a substantial miscarriage of justice has occurred; (c) that there was a material irregularity in the course of the proceedings before the court martial or the Defence Force magistrate and that a substantial miscarriage of justice has occurred; or (d) that, in all the circumstances of the case, the conviction or the prescribed acquittal is unsafe or unsatisfactory; it shall allow the appeal and quash the conviction or the prescribed acquittal. (2) Subject to subsection (5), where in an appeal it appears to the Tribunal that there is evidence that: (a) was not reasonably available during the proceedings before the court martial or the Defence Force magistrate; (b) is likely to be credible; and (c) would have been admissible in the proceedings before the court martial or the Defence Force magistrate; it shall receive and consider that evidence and, if it appears to the Tribunal that the conviction or the prescribed acquittal cannot be supported having regard to that evidence, it shall allow the appeal and quash the conviction or the prescribed acquittal. (3) Subject to subsection (5), where in an appeal against a conviction it appears to the Tribunal that, at the time of the act or omission the subject of the charge, the appellant was suffering from such unsoundness of mind as not to be responsible, in accordance with law, for that act or omission, the Tribunal shall: (a) allow the appeal and quash the conviction; (b) substitute for the conviction so quashed an acquittal on the ground of unsoundness of mind; and (c) direct that the person be kept in strict custody until the pleasure of the Governor‑General is known. (4) Where in an appeal it appears to the Tribunal that the court martial or the Defence Force magistrate should have found that the appellant, by reason of unsoundness of mind, was not able to understand the proceedings against him or her and accordingly was unfit to stand trial, the Tribunal shall allow the appeal, quash the conviction or prescribed acquittal and direct that the appellant be kept in strict custody until the pleasure of the Governor‑General is known. (5) The Tribunal shall not quash a conviction under subsection (3) or (4) if there are grounds for quashing the conviction under subsection (1) or (2). (6) Section 194 of the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982 applies to a direction under subsection (3) or (4) of this section as if that direction were a direction to which that section applied. #### 24 New trial Where the Tribunal quashes a conviction, or a prescribed acquittal, of a person of a service offence, the Tribunal may, if it considers that in the interests of justice the person should be tried again, order a new trial of the person for the offence. #### 25 Custody of person pending new trial Where the Tribunal under section 24 makes an order for the new trial of a person, the Tribunal may make such further orders for the custody of the person pending the new trial as the Tribunal thinks appropriate. #### 26 Substitution of conviction for alternative offence (1) Where the Tribunal quashes the conviction of a person of a service offence (in this section referred to as the original offence) but considers: (a) that the court martial or the Defence Force magistrate could in the proceedings have found the person guilty of another service offence, being: (i) a service offence that is an alternative offence, within the meaning of section 142 of the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982, in relation to the original offence; or (ii) a service offence with which the person was charged in the alternative and in respect of which the court martial or the Defence Force magistrate did not record a finding; and (b) that the court martial or the Defence Force magistrate, by reason of its or his or her finding that the person was guilty of the original offence, must have been satisfied beyond reasonable doubt of facts that prove that the person was guilty of the other service offence; the Tribunal may substitute for the conviction of the original offence a conviction of the other service offence. (2) Where under subsection (1) the Tribunal substitutes for the conviction of the original offence a conviction of another service offence, the Tribunal may take such action in relation to the convicted person as could have been taken under Part IV of the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982 by court martial or the Defence Force magistrate that convicted the convicted person of the original offence if the court martial or Defence Force magistrate had convicted him or her of that other service offence, but the Tribunal: (a) shall not impose a punishment for that other service offence or make a reparation order with respect to that other service offence unless a punishment was imposed for the original offence or a reparation order was made with respect to the original offence, as the case may be; and (b) shall not impose a punishment for that other service offence that is more severe than the punishment that was imposed for the original offence and shall not make a reparation order with respect to that other service offence that is for an amount that exceeds the amount of the reparation order that was made with respect to the original offence. (3) Where, under subsection (2), the Tribunal imposes a punishment of imprisonment or detention, that punishment shall, unless the Tribunal otherwise directs, be deemed to have commenced from the time from which it would have commenced if it had been imposed in the proceedings from which the appeal was brought. ### Division 3—Incidental powers of Tribunal #### 31 Supplementary powers (1) For the purposes of proceedings before the Tribunal under this Part, the Tribunal may: (a) appoint a person (who may be a member of the Tribunal) to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal and allow the admission of evidence given before, and of documents, books or writings produced to, a person so appointed; (b) summon a person, who would have been a compellable witness at the trial by the court martial or the Defence Force magistrate, by writing under the hand of a member of the Tribunal, to attend the Tribunal or a person appointed by the Tribunal to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal, at a time and place named in the summons, and then and there to give evidence and to produce any documents, books or writings in the person’s custody or control which the person is required by the summons to produce; (c) receive the evidence, if tendered, of any witness, including the appellant, who is a competent but not compellable witness and, on the application of the appellant, of the husband, wife or spouse of the appellant in a case where the evidence of the husband, wife or spouse could not have been given at the trial except on such an application; (d) where a question arising on an appeal involves prolonged examination of documents or accounts, or a scientific or local investigation, being an examination or investigation which cannot, in the opinion of the Tribunal, conveniently be conducted before the Tribunal—order the reference of the question for inquiry and report to a special commissioner appointed by the Tribunal and act upon the report of the commissioner so far as the Tribunal thinks fit to adopt it; and (e) where it appears to the Tribunal that special knowledge of a matter is required for the proper determination of an appeal—appoint a person with that special knowledge to act as assessor to the Tribunal. (2) A summons under paragraph (b) of the last preceding subsection may be served personally or by being left at the usual place of abode of the person named in the summons. #### 32 Arrest of witness for failing to appear (1) Where a person who has been summoned under paragraph (b) of subsection (1) of the last preceding section to attend the Tribunal, or to attend a person appointed to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal, fails to attend or appear before the Tribunal or that person as required by the summons, a member of the Tribunal may, on proof by statutory declaration of the service of the summons, issue a warrant for the apprehension of that person. (2) A warrant so issued authorizes the apprehension of the person and his or her being brought before the Tribunal, or before the person appointed to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal, as the case may be, and his or her detention in custody for that purpose until he or she is released by order of a member of the Tribunal. (3) A warrant so issued may be executed by a person who is a member or special member of the Australian Federal Police or a member of a Police Force of a State or Territory, or by any person to whom it is addressed, and the person executing the warrant has power to break and enter any place, building or vessel for the purpose of executing the warrant. (4) The apprehension of a person under this section does not relieve him or her from any liability incurred by him or her by reason of his or her failure to attend before the Tribunal or the person appointed to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal. #### 33 Power to examine upon oath (1) A member of the Tribunal, or a person appointed by the Tribunal to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal, may administer an oath to a person appearing as a witness before the Tribunal or the person so appointed, whether the witness has been summoned or appears without being summoned, and that member or any other member of the Tribunal, or the person so appointed, may examine the witness upon oath. (2) A witness to be examined before the Tribunal, or before a person appointed to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal, may make an affirmation in lieu of taking an oath. (3) An affirmation so made is of the same force and effect, and entails the same liabilities, as an oath. #### 34 Payment of witnesses, special commissioners etc. (1) A witness attending before the Tribunal, or before a person appointed to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal, shall be paid such allowances as are fixed by or under the regulations. (2) A person appointed under paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of section 31 to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal, a special commissioner to whom a question is referred under paragraph (d) of that subsection and a person appointed under paragraph (e) of that subsection to act as assessor shall be paid such remuneration and allowances as the Tribunal, subject to the regulations, allows. (3) The claim of a person to an allowance or remuneration under this section, certified by the Registrar, shall be paid by the Finance Minister out of moneys provided by the Parliament for the purpose. #### 35 Warrants (1) The Tribunal may, by writing under the hand of a member of the Tribunal, issue any warrant necessary for the enforcement of any action taken in relation to an appellant by the Tribunal. (2) Section 170 of the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982 applies in relation to a warrant issued under subsection (1) of this section as if it were issued under subsection 170(1) of that Act. #### 36 Tribunal may obtain reports to assist in determination of appeals Where, upon the hearing of an appeal under this Act against a conviction or a prescribed acquittal by a court martial or a Defence Force magistrate, the Tribunal thinks it necessary or expedient in the interests of justice to do so, the Tribunal may direct such steps to be taken as are necessary to obtain from the person who was the judge advocate of the court martial or from the Defence Force magistrate, a report giving his or her opinion upon the case, or upon a point arising in the case, or containing a statement as to any facts the ascertainment of which appears to the Tribunal to be material for the purpose of the determination of the appeal. #### 37 Costs (1) Where the Tribunal allows an appeal, it may, if it thinks fit, direct the payment by the Commonwealth to the appellant of such sums as appear to the Tribunal reasonably sufficient to compensate the appellant for expenses properly incurred by him or her in the prosecution of his or her appeal, and any proceedings preliminary or incidental to the appeal, or in carrying on his or her defence against the charge or charges out of which the appeal arose. (2) The Finance Minister shall pay to an appellant, out of moneys provided by the Parliament for the purpose, any sum which the Commonwealth is directed to pay to the appellant under subsection (1). (3) Where the Tribunal dismisses an appeal or an application for leave to appeal, it may, if it thinks fit, order the appellant to pay to the Commonwealth the whole or any part of the costs of the appeal or application, including allowances paid to a witness under section 34 and the costs of copying or transcribing any documents for the use of the Tribunal. (4) An order made under the last preceding subsection may be enforced in such manner as is prescribed. #### 38 Restitution orders, reparation orders and removal orders The Tribunal may, by order, on an appeal against a conviction upon which a restitution order, reparation order or removal order within the meaning of the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982 was made, annul or vary that order notwithstanding that the conviction is not quashed and: (a) if the order is annulled—it does not take effect; or (b) if the order is varied—it takes effect as varied. ### Division 4—Miscellaneous #### 39 Representation of appellants and hearing of appeals (1) An appellant may be represented at the hearing of his or her appeal before the Tribunal, or of a matter preliminary or incidental to the appeal, by a legal practitioner. (2) The Tribunal may hear and determine an appeal, or a matter preliminary or incidental to an appeal, notwithstanding the absence of the appellant. (3) An appellant is entitled to be present at the hearing of his or her appeal, or of a matter preliminary or incidental to the appeal: (a) in a case in which the regulations so provide; or (b) in any other case—with the leave of the Tribunal. (4) In this section, legal practitioner means a barrister or solicitor of the High Court or of the Supreme Court of a State or Territory and, in relation to the hearing of an appeal, or of a matter preliminary or incidental to an appeal, at a place outside Australia, includes a person authorized by law to practice as a legal practitioner at that place. #### 40 Protection and immunity of members of Tribunal and of certain other persons (1) A member of the Tribunal, a person appointed under paragraph (a) of subsection (1) of section 31 to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal, a special commissioner to whom a question is referred under paragraph (d) of that subsection and a person appointed under paragraph (e) of that subsection to act as assessor have, in the exercise of their respective powers and the performance of their respective functions under this Act, the same protection and immunity as a Justice of the High Court. (2) A barrister or solicitor appearing before the Tribunal has the same protection and immunity as a barrister has in appearing for a party in proceedings in the High Court. (3) An appellant appearing before the Tribunal has the same protection and immunity as a person who has been convicted of an indictable offence and has appealed to the High Court against the conviction has in appearing before the High Court on the appeal. (4) Subject to this Act, a witness summoned to attend or appearing before the Tribunal has the same protection, and is, in addition to the penalties provided by this Act, subject to the same liabilities in any civil or criminal proceedings, as a witness in proceedings before the High Court. #### 41 Person deemed to have been acquitted For the purposes of the Defence Force Discipline Act 1982: (a) where the Tribunal quashes a conviction of a service offence and does not order a new trial of the person for the offence, the person shall be deemed to have been acquitted of the offence; and (b) where the Tribunal quashes a prescribed acquittal of a person of a service offence and does not give a direction with respect to the person under subsection 23(4) or order a new trial of the person for the offence, the person shall be deemed to have been acquitted of the offence without qualification. #### 42 Defence of appeals The Chief of the Defence Force or a service chief shall arrange the undertaking of the defence of an appeal under this Act. ## Part IV—Offences in relation to Tribunal #### 43 Failure to attend or produce documents (1) A person served with a summons under this Act to attend the Tribunal, or to attend a person appointed to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal, shall not: (a) fail to attend the Tribunal or the person so appointed; or (b) fail to produce any document, book or writing in the person’s custody or control which the person was required by the summons to produce. Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months or 10 penalty units. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the person has a reasonable excuse. > Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in subsection (2) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code). (3) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability. > Note: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code. #### 44 Duty of witness to continue in attendance (1) A person who has been summoned under this Act to attend the Tribunal, or to attend a person appointed to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal, as a witness shall appear and report himself or herself from day to day unless excused, or until released from further attendance, by a member of the Tribunal or the person so appointed. Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months or 10 penalty units. (2) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability. > Note: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code. #### 45 Refusal to be sworn or give evidence (1) A person appearing as a witness before the Tribunal, or before a person appointed to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal, shall not: (a) refuse or fail to be sworn or to make an affirmation; or (b) refuse or fail to answer a question which the person is required to answer by a member of the Tribunal or the person appointed to receive evidence on behalf of the Tribunal, as the case may be. Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months or 10 penalty units. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the person has a reasonable excuse. > Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in subsection (2) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code). #### 46 Offences against the Tribunal A person shall not: (a) intentionally insult or disturb the Tribunal; (b) interrupt the proceedings of the Tribunal; (c) use insulting language towards the Tribunal or a member of the Tribunal; or (d) by writing or speech use words calculated: (i) to influence improperly the Tribunal or a witness before the Tribunal; or (ii) to bring the Tribunal or a member of the Tribunal into disrepute. Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months or 10 penalty units. #### 47 Orders under section 18 A person shall not contravene or fail to comply with an order made in pursuance of section 18. Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months or 10 penalty units. #### 48 Offences punishable by courts of summary jurisdiction (1) Subject to the succeeding provisions of this section: (a) the several courts of summary jurisdiction of the States are invested with federal jurisdiction; and (b) jurisdiction is conferred on the several courts of summary jurisdiction of the Territories; with respect to offences against the preceding provisions of this Part whether committed within or outside Australia. (2) The jurisdiction invested in or conferred on courts of summary jurisdiction by the last preceding subsection is invested or conferred within the limits (other than limits having effect by reference to the places at which offences are committed) of their several jurisdictions, whether those limits are as to subject‑matter or otherwise. (3) The jurisdiction with which a court of summary jurisdiction of a State is invested by this section is subject to the conditions and restrictions specified in subsection (2) of section 39 of the Judiciary Act 1903‑1955. (4) Nothing in this section affects jurisdiction invested in or conferred on courts other than courts of summary jurisdiction by the Judiciary Act 1903‑1955 or by or under any other Act. (5) Except as provided by this section, the Judiciary Act 1903‑1955 applies in relation to offences with respect to which jurisdiction is invested or conferred by this section. #### 50 Contempt of the Tribunal (1) A person who contravenes or fails to comply with a provision of section 43, 44, 45, 46 or 47 is, in addition to committing an offence, also committing a contempt of the Tribunal. (2) Upon application made by the Attorney‑General: (a) in the case of a contempt of the Tribunal committed in a State or an internal Territory—to the Supreme Court of that State or Territory; or (b) in the case of a contempt of the Tribunal committed elsewhere than in a State or an internal Territory—to the Supreme Court of any State or Territory; the contempt is punishable by the court to which the application was made as if it were a contempt of that court. (3) Subject to this section, proceedings in respect of a contempt of the Tribunal shall be instituted, carried on, heard and determined in accordance with the laws applicable to and in relation to the punishment of contempts in the court to which the application by the Attorney‑General was made. (4) In so far as any such law is incapable of application, whether by reason of the Constitution or otherwise, a Judge of the court to which the application by the Attorney‑General was made may give a direction as to the manner of instituting, carrying on, hearing or determining a proceeding referred to in the last preceding subsection and, in that case, the proceeding shall be instituted, carried on, heard or determined, as the case may be, in accordance with the direction. (6) The penalty which a court is empowered to impose in respect of a contempt of the Tribunal is the penalty which would have been applicable in respect of the offence constituting the contempt if proceedings in respect of the offence had been taken otherwise than under this section. (7) A person guilty of an offence referred to in subsection (1) may be punished either under this section or otherwise but shall not be punished twice for the same offence. (8) The several Supreme Courts of the States are invested with federal jurisdiction, and jurisdiction is conferred on the several Supreme Courts of the Territories, to hear and determine proceedings, instituted in accordance with subsection (2), in respect of a contempt of the Tribunal. ## Part V—References and appeals from the Tribunal to the Federal Court of Australia #### 51 Reference of questions of law to Federal Court of Australia (1) The Tribunal may, of its own motion or at the request of appellant or Chief of the Defence Force or a service chief, refer a question of law arising in a proceeding before the Tribunal, not being a proceeding before a single member exercising the powers of the Tribunal, to the Federal Court of Australia for decision. (2) The Federal Court of Australia has jurisdiction to hear and determine a question of law referred to it under this section, and that jurisdiction shall be exercised by that Court constituted as a Full Court. (3) Where a question of law involved in a decision in respect of a proceeding before the Tribunal has been referred to the Federal Court of Australia under this section, the Tribunal shall not, in that proceeding: (a) give a decision to which the question is relevant while the reference is pending; or (b) proceed in a manner, or make a decision, that is inconsistent with the opinion of the Federal Court of Australia on the question. #### 52 Appeal to Federal Court of Australia from decisions of the Tribunal (1) An appellant or Chief of the Defence Force or a service chief may appeal to the Federal Court of Australia on a question of law involved in a decision of the Tribunal in respect of an appeal under this Act, not being a decision given by a single member exercising the powers of the Tribunal. (2) An appeal under subsection (1) shall be instituted not later than the twenty‑eighth day after the day on which a copy of a document setting out the terms of the decision of the Tribunal is furnished to the person or within such further time as the Federal Court of Australia (whether before or after the expiration of that day) allows. (3) The Federal Court of Australia has jurisdiction to hear and determine matters arising under this section with respect to which appeals are instituted in that Court in accordance with this section and that jurisdiction shall be exercised by that Court constituted as a Full Court. (4) The Federal Court of Australia shall hear and determine the appeal and may make such order as it thinks appropriate by reason of its decision. (5) Without limiting by implication the generality of subsection (4), the orders that may be made by the Federal Court of Australia on an appeal include: (a) an order affirming or setting aside the decision of the Tribunal; (b) an order remitting the case to be heard and decided again by the Tribunal in accordance with the directions of the Court; (c) an order granting a new trial by a court martial or a Defence Force magistrate; and (d) where the Court sets aside a decision of the Tribunal quashing a conviction or quashing a prescribed acquittal—an order reinstating the conviction or the prescribed acquittal, as the case may be. #### 53 Custody orders and sending of documents to the Federal Court of Australia Where a question of law is referred to the Federal Court of Australia in accordance with section 51 or an appeal is instituted in that Court in accordance with section 52: (a) the Tribunal may make such orders for the custody of the person to whose conviction or prescribed acquittal that reference or appeal relates as the Tribunal thinks appropriate pending the decision of the Court on the reference or appeal, as the case may be; (b) the Tribunal shall cause to be sent to that Court all documents and other records relating to the proceeding before the Tribunal to which the reference or appeal relates; and (c) at the conclusion of the proceeding before the Federal Court of Australia in relation to the reference or appeal, that Court shall cause the documents to be returned to the Tribunal. #### 54 Record of proceedings of Tribunal to be kept A record of proceedings before the Tribunal shall be kept for the purposes of this Part. ## Part VI—Miscellaneous #### 58 Effect of this Act on Royal prerogative of mercy (1) Nothing in this Act affects the Royal prerogative of mercy. #### 60 Regulations The Governor‑General may make regulations, not inconsistent with this Act, prescribing all matters which by this Act are required or permitted to be prescribed, or which are necessary or convenient to be prescribed for carrying out or giving effect to this Act, and, in particular: (a) for regulating the practice and procedure of the Tribunal; and (b) for prescribing fees to be charged in respect of proceedings under this Act; and (c) for prescribing the forms to be used for the purposes of this Act; and (d) for making provision for or in relation to the granting of legal aid to appellants and persons who desire to appeal to the Tribunal under this Act; and (f) for prescribing the manner in which an appellant in custody is to be taken and kept in custody at, and brought back from, a place at which he or she is entitled to be present for the purposes of this Act or to which the Tribunal or a member of the Tribunal may order him or her to be taken for the purpose of any proceedings of the Tribunal; and (g) for making provision for or in relation to the furnishing to the Tribunal, for the purposes of an appeal, or an application for leave to appeal, under this Act against a conviction or a prescribed acquittal by a court martial or a Defence Force magistrate, of: (i) a record of the proceedings of the court martial or Defence Force magistrate; and (ii) a record of any review with respect to the proceedings of the court martial or Defence Force magistrate; and (iii) documents that were before the court martial, Defence Force magistrate or reviewing authority in connection with the proceedings, or the review of the proceedings, as the case may be; and (h) for prescribing penalties, of imprisonment for a period not exceeding 3 months or a fine not exceeding 5 penalty units, or both, for offences against the regulations; and (i) for investing courts of summary jurisdiction of the States with federal jurisdiction, and conferring jurisdiction on courts of summary jurisdiction of the Territories, with respect to offences against the regulations, whether committed within or outside Australia.