Civil Procedure Act 2010

Chapter 1—Preliminary

1 Purposes

(1) The main purposes of this Act are—

S. 1(1)(a) amended by No. 1/2011 s. 3(a).

(a) to reform and modernise the laws, practice, procedure and processes relating to civil proceedings in the Supreme Court, the County Court and the Magistrates' Court and provide for uniformity;

(b) to simplify the language relating to civil procedure;

(c) to provide for an overarching purpose in relation to the conduct of civil proceedings to facilitate the just, efficient, timely and cost-effective resolution of the real issues in dispute;

(d) to amend various Acts in relation to the conduct of civil proceedings to reflect the new procedures.

(2) Without limiting subsection (1), this Act provides for—

(a) overarching obligations for participants in civil proceedings to improve standards of conduct in litigation;

S. 1(2)(b) repealed by No. 1/2011 s. 3(b),
new s. 1(2)(b) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 4.

(b) expanding the powers of the courts in relation to costs in relation to civil proceedings;

(c) the enhancement of case management powers of the courts, including in relation to discovery;

(d) further enhancement of appropriate dispute resolution processes;

(e) reform of the law relating to summary judgment;

S. 1(2)(f) amended by No. 62/2012 s. 7(a).

(f) clarifying sanctions available to courts in relation to contravention of discovery obligations;

S. 1(2)(g) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 7(b).

(g) the management and control of expert evidence in civil proceedings.

2 Commencement

(1) Subject to subsection (2), this Act comes into operation on a day or days to be proclaimed.

(2) If a provision of this Act does not come into operation before 1 June 2011, it comes into operation on that day.

3 Definitions

In this Act—

S. 3 def. of affidavit of document management inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 4.

affidavit of document management means an affidavit prepared under section 55B;

S. 3 def. of appropriate dispute resolution amended by No. 1/2011 s. 4(1).

appropriate dispute resolution means a process attended, or participated in, by a party for the purposes of negotiating a settlement of the civil proceeding or resolving or narrowing the issues in dispute, including, but not limited to—

(a) mediation, whether or not referred to a mediator in accordance with rules of court;

(b) early neutral evaluation;

(c) judicial resolution conference;

(d) settlement conference;

(e) reference of a question, a civil proceeding or part of a civil proceeding to a special referee;

(f) expert determination;

(g) conciliation;

(h) arbitration;

S. 3 def. of civil dispute repealed by No. 1/2011 s. 4(2).

civil proceeding means any proceeding in a court other than a criminal proceeding or quasi- criminal proceeding;

S. 3 def. of conference of experts inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 8.

conference of experts means a conference of expert witnesses conducted in accordance with a direction under section 65I or under rules of court;

court means the following courts—

(a) the Supreme Court;

(b) the County Court;

(c) the Magistrates' Court;

S. 3 def. of court appointed expert inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 8.

court appointed expert means an expert witness appointed by a court in accordance with an order under section 65M or under rules of court;

criminal proceeding means a proceeding to which the Criminal Procedure Act 2009 applies and includes—

(a) committal proceedings;

(b) proceedings relating to bail;

(c) proceedings relating to the sentencing of an accused;

expert witness, in relation to a civil proceeding, means a person who has specialised knowledge based on the person's training, study or experience;

head of jurisdiction means—

(a) in relation to the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice;

(b) in relation to the County Court, the Chief Judge;

(c) in relation to the Magistrates' Court, the Chief Magistrate;

S. 3 def. of joint experts report inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 8.

joint experts report means a joint report by expert witnesses prepared in accordance with a direction under section 65I or under rules of court;

judicial officer means—

(a) in relation to the Supreme Court, a Judge of the Court, an Associate Judge or a judicial registrar;

(b) in relation to the County Court, a judge of the court, an associate judge or a judicial registrar;

(c) in relation to the Magistrates' Court, a magistrate or a judicial registrar;

judicial registrar means—

(a) in relation to the Supreme Court, a judicial registrar within the meaning of the Supreme Court Act 1986;

(b) in relation to the County Court, a judicial registrar within the meaning of the County Court Act 1958;

(c) in relation to the Magistrates' Court, a judicial registrar within the meaning of the Magistrates' Court Act 1989;

judicial resolution conference means—

(a) in relation to the Supreme Court, a resolution process presided over by a Judge of the Court, an Associate Judge or, in accordance with the rules of court, a judicial registrar for the purposes of negotiating a settlement of a dispute including, but not limited to—

(i) mediation, whether or not referred to that person in accordance with the rules of court;

(ii) early neutral evaluation;

(iii) settlement conference;

(iv) conciliation;

(b) in relation to the County Court, a resolution process presided over by a judge, an associate judge or, in accordance with the rules of court, a judicial registrar for the purposes of negotiating a settlement of a dispute including, but not limited to—

(i) mediation, whether or not referred to that person in accordance with the rules of court;

(ii) early neutral evaluation;

(iii) settlement conference;

(iv) conciliation;

(c) in relation to the Magistrates' Court, a resolution process presided over by a magistrate or, in accordance with the rules of court, a judicial registrar for the purposes of negotiating a settlement of a dispute including, but not limited to—

(i) mediation, whether or not referred to that person in accordance with the rules of court;

(ii) early neutral evaluation;

(iii) settlement conference;

(iv) conciliation;

S. 3 def. of law practice amended by No. 17/2014 s. 160(Sch. 2 item 15.1(a)).

law practice has the same meaning as it has in the Legal Profession Uniform Law (Victoria);

S. 3 def. of legal practitioner substituted by No. 17/2014 s. 160(Sch. 2 item 15.1(b)).

legal practitioner means an Australian legal practitioner;

overarching purpose has the meaning given in section 7;

overarching obligations means the obligations set out in sections 16 to 26;

overarching obligations certification means the certification required under section 41;

paramount duty means the duty set out in section 16;

party means party to a civil proceeding;

penalty interest rate means the rate for the time being fixed under section 2 of the Penalty Interest Rates Act 1983;

person includes an unincorporated association, a firm and a partnership;

S. 3 def. of pre-litigation requirements repealed by No. 1/2011 s. 4(2).

S. 3 def. of pre-litigation requirements compliance certification repealed by No. 1/2011 s. 4(2).

proper basis certification means the certification required under section 42;

S. 3 def. of single joint expert inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 8.

single joint expert means a person engaged jointly by 2 or more parties as an expert witness in a proceeding in accordance with an order under section 65L or under rules of court;

S. 3 def. of statement of issues inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 4.

statement of issues means a statement—

(a) prepared by parties to a proceeding under section 50(1); or

(b) settled by a court under section 50(2);

S. 3 def. of substantive document substituted by No. 62/2012 s. 12, amended by No. 67/2013 s. 649(Sch. 9 item 3).

substantive document means—

(a) an originating motion;

(b) a writ that includes—

(i) a statement of claim; or

(ii) a statement sufficient to give, with reasonable particularity, notice of the nature of the claim, its cause and the relief or remedy sought;

(c) a complaint;

(d) a defence or a notice of defence;

(e) a reply;

(f) a counterclaim;

(g) an answer to a counterclaim or a response to an answer to a counterclaim;

(h) a claim by third party notice or a response to a claim by third party notice;

(i) a claim by fourth or subsequent party notice or a response to a claim by fourth or subsequent party notice;

(j) an application brought in accordance with section 93(4)(d) of the Transport Accident Act 1986 or a response to an application brought in accordance with that section;

(k) an affidavit which commences a civil proceeding or an affidavit which is the first response of a party in a civil proceeding;

(l) a summons which commences a civil proceeding or a summons which is the first response of a party in a civil proceeding;

(m) an application which commences a civil proceeding or an application which is the first response of a party in a civil proceeding;

(n) a notice of referral under section 80 of the Land Acquisition and Compensation Act 1986 or a response to a notice of referral under that Act;

(o) a claim for contribution against another party under Part IV of the Wrongs Act 1958 or a response to a claim for contribution against another party under that Part;

(p) an application for leave to appear and defend under the Instruments Act 1958;

(q) a claim for preliminary discovery;

but does not include—

(r) a summons for taxation of costs;

(s) an application to a court for punishment of a person for contempt of court;

(t) an application for a rehearing under section 110 of the Magistrates' Court Act 1989;

(u) an application under section 299 of the Workplace Injury Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2013;

(v) an application under section 24 of the Second-Hand Dealers and Pawnbrokers Act 1989;

(w) an application under section 83 of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004;

(x) any process which commences an appeal or any process which is the first response of a party to an appeal;

(y) any process which commences proceedings under the Corporations Act or the ASIC Act or any process which is the first response of a party to proceedings under either of those Acts;

(z) any originating motion filed under Chapter III of the Rules of the Supreme Court.

4 Application of this Act

S. 4(1) amended by No. 1/2011 s. 5.

(1) Subject to this section, this Act applies to all civil proceedings.

(2) This Act does not apply to proceedings under the following Acts—

(a) the Family Violence Protection Act 2008;

S. 4(2)(b) substituted by No. 62/2012 s. 18.

(b) the Personal Safety Intervention Orders Act 2010;

(c) the Confiscation Act 1997;

(d) the Proceeds of Crime Act 1987 of the Commonwealth and the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 of the Commonwealth;

(e) the Crimes (Mental Impairment and Unfitness to be Tried) Act 1997;

S. 4(2)(ea) inserted by No. 80/2012 s. 140.

(ea) the Criminal Organisations Control Act 2012;

(f) the Children, Youth and Families Act 2005;

(g) the Coroners Act 2008;

(h) the Victims of Crime Assistance Act 1996;

S. 4(2)(i) amended by No. 83/2011 s. 17(a).

(i) the Sentencing Act 1991;

S. 4(2)(j) inserted by No. 83/2011 s. 17(b), amended by No. 53/2016 s. 93(a), substituted by No. 27/2018 s. 353.

(j) the Serious Offenders Act 2018;

S. 4(2)(ja) inserted by No. 31/2021 s. 11.

(ja) Part 3A of the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 1998;

S. 4(2)(k) inserted by No. 53/2016 s. 93(b).

(k) the National Domestic Violence Order Scheme Act 2016.

(3) This Act does not apply to any proceeding in VCAT.

Note

VCAT means the Tribunal under the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act 1998.

(4) This Act does not apply to any proceeding under a prescribed Act.

5 Act binds the Crown

This Act binds the Crown in right of Victoria and, so far as the legislative power of the Parliament permits, the Crown in all its other capacities.

6 Charter and privilege not overridden

Nothing in this Act is intended to override—

(a) the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006; or

(b) the doctrine of privilege, whether arising by or under the common law, statute or otherwise.

Chapter 2—Overarching purpose and overarching obligations

Part 2.1—Overarching purpose

7 Overarching purpose

(1) The overarching purpose of this Act and the rules of court in relation to civil proceedings
is to facilitate the just, efficient, timely and cost‑effective resolution of the real issues in dispute.

(2) Without limiting how the overarching purpose is achieved, it may be achieved by—

(a) the determination of the proceeding by the court;

(b) agreement between the parties;

(c) any appropriate dispute resolution process—

(i) agreed to by the parties; or

(ii) ordered by the court.

8 Court to give effect to overarching purpose

(1) A court must seek to give effect to the overarching purpose in the exercise of any of its powers, or in the interpretation of those powers, whether those powers—

(a) in the case of the Supreme Court, are part of the Court's inherent jurisdiction, implied jurisdiction or statutory jurisdiction; or

(b) in the case of a court other than the Supreme Court are part of the court's implied jurisdiction or statutory jurisdiction; or

(c) arise from or are derived from the common law or any procedural rules or practices of the court.

(2) Subsection (1) applies despite any other Act (other than the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006) or law to the contrary.

9 Court's powers to further the overarching purpose

(1) In making any order or giving any direction in a civil proceeding, a court shall further the overarching purpose by having regard to the following objects—

(a) the just determination of the civil proceeding;

(b) the public interest in the early settlement of disputes by agreement between parties;

(c) the efficient conduct of the business of the court;

(d) the efficient use of judicial and administrative resources;

(e) minimising any delay between the commencement of a civil proceeding and its listing for trial beyond that reasonably required for any interlocutory steps that are necessary for—

(i) the fair and just determination of the real issues in dispute; and

(ii) the preparation of the case for trial;

(f) the timely determination of the civil proceeding;

(g) dealing with a civil proceeding in a manner proportionate to—

(i) the complexity or importance of the issues in dispute; and

(ii) the amount in dispute.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the court may have regard to the following matters—

S. 9(2)(a) amended by No. 1/2011 s. 6.

(a) the extent to which the parties have complied with any mandatory or voluntary pre‑litigation processes;

(b) the extent to which the parties have used reasonable endeavours to resolve the dispute by agreement or to limit the issues in dispute;

(c) the degree of promptness with which the parties have conducted the proceeding, including the degree to which each party has been timely in undertaking interlocutory steps in relation to the proceeding;

(d) the degree to which any lack of promptness by a party in undertaking the proceeding has arisen from circumstances beyond the control of that party;

(e) the degree to which each person to whom the overarching obligations apply has complied with the overarching obligations in relation to the proceeding;

(f) any prejudice that may be suffered by a party as a consequence of any order proposed to be made or direction proposed to be given by the court;

(g) the public importance of the issues in dispute and the desirability of a judicial determination of those issues;

(h) the extent to which the parties have had the benefit of legal advice and representation.

(3) This section does not—

(a) limit any other power of a court to make orders or give directions; or

(b) preclude the court from considering any other matters when making any order or giving any direction.

Part 2.2—Application of the overarching obligations

10 Application of overarching obligations—participants

(1) The overarching obligations apply to—

(a) any person who is a party;

(b) any legal practitioner or other representative acting for or on behalf of a party;

(c) any law practice acting for or on behalf of a party;

(d) any person who provides financial assistance or other assistance to any party in so far as that person exercises any direct control, indirect control or any influence over the conduct of the civil proceeding or of a party in respect of that civil proceeding, including, but not limited to—

(i) an insurer;

(ii) a provider of funding or financial support, including any litigation funder.

(2) Subject to subsection (3), the overarching obligations do not apply to any witness in a civil proceeding.

(3) The overarching obligations (other than the overarching obligations specified in sections 18, 19, 22 and 26) apply to any expert witness in a civil proceeding.

(4) Subsection (3) is in addition to, and not in derogation of, any existing duties applying to expert witnesses.

11 Application of overarching obligations—civil proceedings

The overarching obligations apply in respect of the conduct of any aspect of a civil proceeding in a court, including, but not limited to—

(a) any interlocutory application or interlocutory proceeding;

(b) any appeal from an order or a judgment in a civil proceeding;

(c) any appropriate dispute resolution undertaken in relation to a civil proceeding.

12 Overarching obligations prevail over certain other obligations and duties

Subject to the paramount duty, the overarching obligations prevail over any legal obligation, contractual obligation or other obligation which a person to whom the overarching obligations apply may have, to the extent that the obligations are inconsistent.

13 Overarching obligations and legal practitioners

(1) The overarching obligations do not override any duty or obligation of a legal practitioner to a client, whether arising under the common law or by or under any statute or otherwise, to the extent that those duties and obligations and the overarching obligations can operate consistently.

(2) Despite subsection (1), a legal practitioner or a law practice engaged by, or on behalf of, a client in connection with a civil proceeding must comply with the overarching obligations despite any obligation the legal practitioner or the law practice has to act in accordance with the instructions or wishes of the client.

(3) In the case of any inconsistency between any overarching obligation and a duty or obligation referred to in subsection (1) or an instruction or a wish referred to in subsection (2)—

(a) the overarching obligation prevails to the extent of that inconsistency; and

(b) in the case of the instruction or wish of a client, the legal practitioner is not required to comply with any instruction or wish of the client which is inconsistent with the overarching obligation.

14 Legal practitioner or law practice not to cause client to contravene overarching obligations

A legal practitioner or a law practice engaged by, or on behalf of, a client in connection with a civil proceeding must not by his, her or its conduct cause the client to contravene any overarching obligation.

15 Legal practitioner's duty to court not overridden

Nothing in this Part overrides any duty or obligation of a legal practitioner to the court, whether arising under the common law or by or under any statute or otherwise.

Part 2.3—The overarching obligations

16 Paramount duty

Each person to whom the overarching obligations apply has a paramount duty to the court to further the administration of justice in relation to any civil proceeding in which that person is involved, including, but not limited to—

(a) any interlocutory application or interlocutory proceeding;

(b) any appeal from an order or a judgment in a civil proceeding;

(c) any appropriate dispute resolution undertaken in relation to a civil proceeding.

17 Overarching obligation to act honestly

A person to whom the overarching obligations apply must act honestly at all times in relation to a civil proceeding.

18 Overarching obligation—requirement of proper basis

A person to whom the overarching obligations apply must not make any claim or make a response to any claim in a civil proceeding that—

(a) is frivolous; or

(b) is vexatious; or

(c) is an abuse of process; or

(d) does not, on the factual and legal material available to the person at the time of making the claim or responding to the claim, as the case requires, have a proper basis.

19 Overarching obligation to only take steps to resolve or determine dispute

For the purpose of avoiding undue delay and expense, a person to whom the overarching obligations apply must not take any step in connection with any claim or response to any claim in a civil proceeding unless the person reasonably believes that the step is necessary to facilitate the resolution or determination of the proceeding.

20 Overarching obligation to cooperate in the conduct of civil proceeding

A person to whom the overarching obligations apply must cooperate with the parties to a civil proceeding and the court in connection with the conduct of that proceeding.

21 Overarching obligation not to mislead or deceive

A person to whom the overarching obligations apply must not, in respect of a civil proceeding, engage in conduct which is—

(a) misleading or deceptive; or

(b) likely to mislead or deceive.

22 Overarching obligation to use reasonable endeavours to resolve dispute

A person to whom the overarching obligations apply must use reasonable endeavours to resolve a dispute by agreement between the persons in dispute, including, if appropriate, by appropriate dispute resolution, unless—

(a) it is not in the interests of justice to do so; or

(b) the dispute is of such a nature that only judicial determination is appropriate.

Example

A proceeding where a civil penalty is sought may be of such a nature that only judicial determination is appropriate.

23 Overarching obligation to narrow the issues in dispute

If a person to whom the overarching obligations apply cannot resolve a dispute wholly by agreement, the person must use reasonable endeavours to—

(a) resolve by agreement any issues in dispute which can be resolved in that way; and

(b) narrow the scope of the remaining issues in dispute—

unless—

(c) it is not in the interests of justice to do so; or

(d) the dispute is of such a nature that only judicial determination is appropriate.

24 Overarching obligation to ensure costs are reasonable and proportionate

A person to whom the overarching obligations apply must use reasonable endeavours to ensure that legal costs and other costs incurred in connection with the civil proceeding are reasonable and proportionate to—

(a) the complexity or importance of the issues in dispute; and

(b) the amount in dispute.

25 Overarching obligation to minimise delay

For the purpose of ensuring the prompt conduct of a civil proceeding, a person to whom the overarching obligations apply must use reasonable endeavours in connection with the civil proceeding to—

(a) act promptly; and

(b) minimise delay.

26 Overarching obligation to disclose existence of documents

(1) Subject to subsection (3), a person to whom the overarching obligations apply must disclose to each party the existence of all documents that are, or have been, in that person's possession, custody or control—

(a) of which the person is aware; and

(b) which the person considers, or ought reasonably consider, are critical to the resolution of the dispute.

(2) Disclosure under subsection (1) must occur at—

(a) the earliest reasonable time after the person becomes aware of the existence of the document; or

(b) such other time as a court may direct.

(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to any document which is protected from disclosure—

(a) on the grounds of privilege which has not been expressly or impliedly waived; or

(b) under any Act (including any Commonwealth Act) or other law.

(4) The overarching obligation imposed by this section—

(a) is an ongoing obligation for the duration of the civil proceeding; and

(b) does not limit or affect a party's obligations in relation to discovery.

27 Protection and use of information and documents disclosed under overarching obligation in section 26

(1) A person who receives any information or documents provided by another person involved in the civil proceeding as a result of disclosure in compliance with the overarching obligation in section 26 is subject to an obligation not to use the information or documents, or permit the information or documents to be used, for a purpose other than in connection with the civil proceeding.

(2) The obligation under subsection (1) is taken to be an obligation to the court, contravention of which constitutes contempt of court.

(3) A person—

(a) may agree in writing to the use of information or documents otherwise protected under subsection (1); or

(b) may be released from the obligation imposed under subsection (1) by leave of the court.

(4) Without limiting this section or discovery in any civil proceeding any information or documents exchanged in compliance with the overarching obligation in section 26 is required to be discovered in the civil proceeding to be admissible in that proceeding.

(5) Nothing in this section limits any other undertaking to a court (implied or specific) whether at common law or otherwise, in relation to information or documents disclosed or discovered in a civil proceeding.

Part 2.4—Sanctions for contravening the overarching obligations

28 Court may take contravention of overarching obligations into account

(1) In exercising any power in relation to a civil proceeding, a court may take into account any contravention of the overarching obligations.

(2) Without limiting subsection (1), in exercising its discretion as to costs, a court may take into account any contravention of the overarching obligations.

29 Court may make certain orders

(1) If a court is satisfied that, on the balance of probabilities, a person has contravened any overarching obligation, the court may make any order it considers appropriate in the interests of justice including, but not limited to—

(a) an order that the person pay some or all of the legal costs or other costs or expenses of any person arising from the contravention of the overarching obligation;

(b) an order that the legal costs or other costs or expenses of any person be payable immediately and be enforceable immediately;

(c) an order that the person compensate any person for any financial loss or other loss which was materially contributed to by the contravention of the overarching obligation, including—

(i) an order for penalty interest in accordance with the penalty interest rate in respect of any delay in the payment of an amount claimed in the civil proceeding; or

(ii) an order for no interest or reduced interest;

(d) an order that the person take any steps specified in the order which are reasonably necessary to remedy any contravention of the overarching obligations by the person;

(e) an order that the person not be permitted to take specified steps in the civil proceeding;

(f) any other order that the court considers to be in the interests of any person who has been prejudicially affected by the contravention of the overarching obligations.

(2) An order under this section may be made—

(a) on the application of—

(i) any party to the civil proceeding; or

(ii) any other person who, in the opinion of the court, has a sufficient interest in the proceeding; or

(b) on the court's own motion.

(3) This section does not limit any other power of a court to make any order, including any order as to costs.

30 Applications for orders under section 29

(1) An application for an order under section 29 is to be made—

(a) in the court in which the civil proceeding was, or is being, heard; and

(b) in accordance with the rules of court.

(2) An application for an order under section 29 must be made prior to the finalisation of the civil proceeding to which the application relates (excluding any period for appeals).

(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), if an order, including an order in respect of costs, is made after the date of finalisation of the civil proceeding to which the application relates, the date of making of the last of the orders is taken to be the date of finalisation of that proceeding.

31 Extension of time for application

(1) Despite section 30(2), a person may apply to the court for an extension of time to apply for an order under section 29 after the finalisation of the civil proceeding.

S. 31(2) amended by No. 62/2012 s. 19(1).

(2) The court may grant an extension of time for making an application under section 29 if satisfied that the person making the application was not aware of the contravention of the overarching obligations until after the end of the period specified in section 30(2).

S. 31(3) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 19(2).

(3) An application under this section may be made by—

(a) any party to the civil proceeding; or

(b) any other person who has a sufficient interest in the civil proceeding.

Ch. 3 (Headings and ss 32–40) repealed by No. 1/2011 s. 7.

Chapter 4—Commencement and conduct of civil proceedings

Part 4.1—Certification requirements on commencement of civil proceedings

41 Overarching obligations certification by parties on commencement of civil proceeding

(1) Each party must personally certify that the party has read and understood the overarching obligations and the paramount duty.

(2) The overarching obligations certification must be—

(a) filed with the first substantive document in the civil proceeding filed by the party; and

(b) otherwise in accordance with the rules of court.

(3) Despite subsection (1), if a party is represented by a litigation guardian or similar representative, the litigation guardian or similar representative may make the overarching obligations certification.

S. 41(4) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 13.

(4) Despite subsection (1), if a party has no meaningful control over the conduct of a civil proceeding by virtue of a statute or a contract of insurance, the person in control by virtue of the statute or contract of insurance may make the overarching obligations certification.

Example

An insurer may make the certification instead of a party.

S. 41(5) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 13.

(5) Despite subsection (1), a party who is represented by a legal practitioner is not required to make the overarching obligations certification if—

(a) the party is currently involved, or has been involved, in more than one civil proceeding and has personally made the overarching obligations certification in other civil proceedings in the same jurisdiction within—

(i) a period specified by rules of court; or

(ii) if no period is specified by rules of court, 2 years prior to the current proceeding; and

(b) the legal practitioner of that party certifies, in accordance with the rules of court, as to the matters specified in paragraph (a).

42 Proper basis certification

S. 42(1) substituted by No. 62/2012 s. 14(1).

(1) A legal practitioner acting for or on behalf of a party to the proceeding must file a proper basis certification which complies with this section in the following circumstances—

(a) on the filing of a party's first substantive document in a civil proceeding;

(b) on the filing of any subsequent substantive document in a civil proceeding which—

(i) adds or substitutes a party; or

(ii) makes, adds or substitutes a claim or cause of action; or

(iii) makes, adds or substitutes a substantive defence or substantive matter by way of response or reply; or

(iv) makes, adds or substitutes a material allegation denial or non-admission of fact or law; or

(v) makes any significant amendment to a first substantive document or a subsequent substantive document;

(c) as provided for by rules of court;

(d) as directed by the court in any civil proceeding.

S. 42(1A) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 14(1).

(1A) In the case of a civil proceeding which involves allegations of fact, a legal practitioner making a proper basis certification must certify that on the factual and legal material available—

(a) each allegation of fact in the document has a proper basis;

(b) each denial in the document has a proper basis;

(c) there is a proper basis for each non-admission in the document.

S. 42(1B) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 14(1).

(1B) In the case of a civil proceeding commenced by originating motion seeking a particular legal relief or remedy, a legal practitioner making a proper basis certification must certify, as the case requires, that on the factual and legal material available—

(a) the claim in the document, or a response to a claim in the document, has a proper basis; or

(b) the question posed by the party to the court in the document, or a response to a question posed, has a proper basis.

S. 42(1C) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 14(1).

(1C) Despite subsections (1) to (1B), a legal practitioner is not required to make a proper basis certification if rules of court provide that a process or document is exempt from the proper basis certification requirement because it is administrative in nature.

Example

Registration of judgments.

(2) A proper basis certification must be in accordance with the rules of court.

(3) For the purposes of this section, a determination by a legal practitioner—

(a) as to whether any allegation or denial of fact has a proper basis, on the factual and legal material available, must be based on a reasonable belief as to the truth or untruth of the allegation or denial; or

S. 42(3)(b) amended by No. 62/2012 s. 14(2)(a).

(b) as to the proper basis of any non-admission is that the legal practitioner does not know, and therefore cannot say, whether a fact alleged or denial is true or untrue; or

S. 42(3)(c) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 14(2)(b).

(c) as to whether any claim, response to a claim, question posed or response to a question posed has a proper basis, on the factual and legal material available, must be based on a reasonable belief that the claim, response to a claim, question or response to a question has a proper basis.

(4) If a party is not represented by a legal practitioner—

(a) the proper basis certification must be completed personally by that party; and

(b) a reference in this section to "legal practitioner" is to be construed as a reference to that party.

S. 43 repealed by No. 1/2011 s. 8.

44 Urgent filing of documents and certification

(1) Despite the requirements of this Part, if as a matter of urgency a document is required to be filed in a civil proceeding, a party to the proceeding or a legal practitioner acting for or on behalf of a party to the proceeding may file the document without complying with the applicable certification provision of this Part.

Example to s. 44(1) amended by No. 62/2012 s. 15.

Examples

A document needs to be filed to comply with a limitation period which is about to expire and it is not possible for a party to the proceeding to give certification before the time limit expires. Other examples include applications for freezing orders or for search orders and urgent interlocutory applications.

(2) If subsection (1) applies, the person must file the relevant certification in compliance with the relevant section as soon as practicable after filing the document.

S. 45 (Heading) amended by No. 62/2012 s. 16(1).

S. 45 amended by No. 62/2012 s. 16(2).

45 Proceedings may be commenced or substantive documents filed despite failure to certify

Unless a court otherwise orders, a court may not prevent the commencement of civil proceedings in the court or the filing of any substantive document by a party to a civil proceeding merely because of a failure to comply with any certification requirement under this Part.

46 Court may take failure to comply into account

A court may take into account any failure by a person to comply with any certification requirement under this Part—

(a) in determining costs in the proceeding generally;

(b) in making any order about the procedural obligations of parties to the civil proceeding;

(c) in making any other order it considers appropriate.

Part 4.2—Case management

47 Judicial powers of case management—overarching purpose and active case management

(1) Without limiting any other power of a court, for the purposes of ensuring that a civil proceeding is managed and conducted in accordance with the overarching purpose, the court may give any direction or make any order it considers appropriate, including any directions given or orders made—

(a) in the interests of the administration of justice; or

(b) in the public interest.

(2) A direction given or an order made under subsection (1) may include, but is not limited to, imposing any reasonable limits, restrictions or conditions in respect of—

(a) the management and conduct of any aspect of a civil proceeding; or

(b) the conduct of any party.

(3) Without limiting subsection (1) or (2), a court may actively case manage civil proceedings by—

(a) giving directions to ensure that the civil proceeding is conducted promptly and efficiently;

S. 47(3)(b) amended by No. 1/2011 s. 9.

(b) identifying at an early stage the issues involved in the civil proceeding, including any issues that have not been resolved in accordance with any mandatory or voluntary pre‑litigation processes;

(c) deciding the order in which the issues in dispute in the civil proceeding are to be resolved including—

(i) deciding promptly which issues need full investigation and a hearing; and

(ii) disposing summarily of other issues;

(d) encouraging the parties—

(i) to co-operate with each other in the conduct of the civil proceedings;

(ii) to settle the whole or part of the civil proceedings;

(iii) to use appropriate dispute resolution;

(e) controlling the progress of the civil proceeding, including, but not limited to—

(i) fixing timetables;

(ii) dealing with as many aspects of a civil proceeding as it can on the same occasion;

(iii) dealing with the civil proceeding without the parties needing to attend court;

(iv) making use of technology;

(f) limiting the time for the hearing or any other part of a civil proceeding, including, but not limited to—

(i) limiting the number of witnesses at the hearing;

(ii) limiting the time for the examination or cross-examination of any witness;

(iii) limiting the issues or matters that may be the subject of examination or cross-examination;

(g) considering whether the likely benefits of taking a particular step in a civil proceeding justify the cost of taking it.

48 Court's power to order and direct pre-trial procedures

(1) In addition to any other power a court may have, a court may make any order or give any direction it considers appropriate to further the overarching purpose in relation to pre-trial procedures.

(2) Without limiting subsection (1), a court may give any directions or make any orders it considers appropriate with respect to—

(a) the conduct of proceedings;

(b) timetables or timelines for any matters to be dealt with, including—

(i) the conduct of any hearing; and

(ii) the time within which specified steps in a civil proceeding must be completed;

(c) the use of appropriate dispute resolution to assist in the conduct and resolution of all or part of the civil proceedings;

(d) the attendance of parties and legal practitioners at a case management conference with a judicial officer to consider the most cost effective and efficient means of bringing the civil proceeding to trial and of conducting the civil proceeding, including giving further directions;

(e) defining issues by pleadings or otherwise, including requiring parties or their legal practitioners to exchange memoranda, or take other steps to clarify questions;

(f) the attendance of parties or their practitioners before a judicial officer for a conference for the purposes of—

(i) satisfying the judicial officer that all reasonable steps to achieve resolution of the issues in dispute have been taken; or

(ii) otherwise clarifying the real issues in dispute to enable appropriate directions to be given for the further conduct of the dispute or civil proceeding; or

(iii) otherwise shortening the time taken in preparation for the trial and at the trial;

(g) any other matter specified in rules of court.

49 Court's power to order and direct trial procedures and conduct of hearing

(1) In addition to any other power a court may have, a court may give any direction or make any order it considers appropriate to further the overarching purpose in relation to the conduct of the hearing in a civil proceeding.

(2) A direction or an order under subsection (1) may be given or made by the court at any time—

(a) before a hearing commences; or

(b) during a hearing.

(3) Without limiting subsection (1), a court may give any direction or make any order it considers appropriate with respect to—

(a) the order in which evidence is to be given and addresses made;

(b) the order in which questions of fact are to be tried;

(c) limiting the time to be taken by a trial, including the time a party may take to present the party's case;

(d) witnesses, including—

(i) limiting the time to be taken in examining, cross-examining or re-examining witnesses;

(ii) not allowing cross-examination of particular witnesses;

S. 49(3)(d)(iii) amended by No. 62/2012 s. 9.

(iii) limiting the number of witnesses that a party may call;

(e) limiting the issues or matters that may be the subject of examination or cross-examination;

(f) limiting the length or duration of written and oral submissions;

(g) limiting the numbers of documents to be prepared or that a party may tender in evidence;

(h) the preparation by the parties of an agreed bundle of documents for use in the proceeding or a schedule summarising business records or other documents;

(i) the place, time and mode of trial;

(j) evidence, including, but not limited to whether evidence in chief should be given orally, by affidavit or by witness statement;

(k) costs, including the proportions in which the parties are to bear any costs;

(l) any other matter specified in rules of court.

S. 50
repealed by No. 62/2012 s. 5,
new s. 50 inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 5.

50 Statement of issues

(1) Without limiting any other power of a court under this Part, a court may order or direct that parties to a proceeding consult and prepare a statement of issues which identifies and summarises the key issues in dispute in the proceeding.

(2) The court may settle the contents of the statement of issues ordered or directed to be prepared under subsection (1) if the parties are unable to agree on the contents of the statement.

S. 50A inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 5.

50A Use of statement of issues

(1) The court may use a statement of issues in a proceeding in any manner the court considers appropriate to further the overarching purpose in relation to the following—

(a) pre-trial procedures;

(b) the conduct of the proceeding at trial.

(2) Without limiting subsection (1), a statement of issues may be used for the purpose of discovery of documents.

(3) A statement of issues does not displace the function of any pleadings in the proceeding.

51 Contravention of orders or directions under this Part

If a person to whom a direction has been given or to whom an order made under this Part applies contravenes the direction or order, the court may do any one or more of the following—

(a) dismiss the civil proceeding, whether—

(i) generally; or

(ii) in relation to a particular cause of action; or

(iii) in relation to the whole or part of a particular claim;

(b) strike out or limit any claim made by a plaintiff;

(c) strike out or limit any defence or part of a defence filed by a defendant, and give judgment accordingly;

(d) strike out or amend any document filed by the person, either in whole or in part;

(e) disallow or reject any evidence that the person has adduced or seeks to adduce;

(f) direct the person to pay the whole or part of the costs of another party or person;

(g) make any other order or give any other direction that the court considers appropriate.

52 Court may revoke or vary direction or order

A court may revoke or vary any direction or order made by it under this Part.

53 Interaction with other powers of court

(1) Nothing in this Part limits any other power a court may have—

(a) to take action of the kind referred to in this Part; or

(b) to take any other action that the court is empowered to take in relation to a contravention of a direction given or order made by the court.

(2) Nothing in this Part limits—

(a) in the case of the Supreme Court, the Court's inherent jurisdiction, implied jurisdiction or statutory jurisdiction; or

(b) in the case of a court other than the Supreme Court, the court's implied jurisdiction or statutory jurisdiction; or

(c) any other powers of a court arising or derived from the common law or under any other Act (including any Commonwealth Act), rule of court, practice note or practice direction.

Part 4.3—Disclosure and discovery

54 Discovery of documents to be in accordance with rules of court

Unless a court otherwise orders, discovery of documents in a civil proceeding is to be in accordance with the rules of court.

55 Court orders for discovery

(1) A court may make any order or give any directions in relation to discovery that it considers necessary or appropriate.

(2) Without limiting subsection (1), a court may make any order or give any directions—

(a) requiring a party to make discovery to another party of—

(i) any documents within a class or classes specified in the order; or

(ii) one or more samples of documents within a class or classes, selected in any manner which the court specifies in the order;

(b) relieving a party from the obligation to provide discovery;

(c) limiting the obligation of discovery to—

(i) a class or classes of documents specified in the order; or

S. 55(2)(c)(ii) amended by No. 25/2014 s. 6(1)(a).

(ii) documents relating to one or more specified facts or issues in dispute; or

S. 55(2)(c)(iii) inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 6(1)(b).

(iii) some or all of the issues set out in a statement of issues filed in the proceeding;

(d) that discovery occur in separate stages;

(e) requiring discovery of specified classes of documents prior to the close of pleadings;

(f) expanding a party's obligation to provide discovery;

(g) requiring a list of documents be indexed or arranged in a particular way;

(h) requiring discovery or inspection of documents to be provided by a specific time;

(i) as to which parties are to be provided with inspection of documents by another party;

(j) relieving a party of the obligation to provide an affidavit of documents;

(k) modifying or regulating discovery of documents in any other way the court thinks fit.

(3) A court may make any order or give any directions requiring a party discovering documents to—

(a) provide facilities for the inspection and copying of the documents, including copying and computerised facilities;

(b) make available a person who is able to—

(i) explain the way the documents are arranged; and

(ii) help locate and identify particular documents or classes of documents.

S. 55(4) inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 6(2).

(4) A court may order or direct a party to pay to another party an amount specified or determined by, or in accordance with, the order or direction in relation to the costs of discovery in any manner considered appropriate by the court, including, but not limited to, payment in advance of an amount to the other party for some or all of the estimated costs of discovery.

S. 55(5) inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 6(2).

(5) Without limiting any other power of a court to make costs orders, a court may order or direct that costs payable under an order or a direction under subsection (4) are recoverable as costs in the proceeding.

S. 55A inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 7.

55A Provision of all documents in party's possession to other party by consent

(1) Subject to subsection (2), if all parties to a proceeding consent, a court may order or direct a party to provide all documents in the party's possession or control which relate to the issues in the proceeding to any other party on the basis that privilege is not waived.

(2) The court may make an order or give a direction under subsection (1) if satisfied that—

(a) giving the receiving party access to the documents is not likely to give rise to any substantial prejudice to the party providing the documents; and

(b) the documents can be identified and located without unreasonable cost to the party providing the documents; and

(c) the documents are able to be identified by a general description or category.

(3) An order or direction under subsection (1) may—

(a) specify that the documents are to be provided—

(i) in a searchable electronic format, if practicable; or

(ii) in any other manner or format that the court considers appropriate; and

(b) include any other order or direction that the court thinks fit, including, but not limited to, any order or direction in relation to the maintenance of privilege claims.

(4) Subject to subsection (5), if an order is made or a direction is given under subsection (1), the party providing documents to which the order or direction applies, at that party's own expense, may exclude any privileged documents prior to providing the documents to the other party in accordance with the order or direction.

(5) A party who excludes any privileged documents in accordance with subsection (4) must provide to the other party a list of the documents for which privilege is claimed which specifies the grounds on which privilege is claimed.

(6) An order or a direction under subsection (1) may apply to documents whether or not those documents are required to be discovered in accordance with any rules of court.

(7) Nothing in this section limits any other power of a court under this Part or the rules of court.

S. 55B inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 7.

55B Affidavit of document management

(1) For the purpose of assisting a court to make any appropriate orders or directions in relation to discovery, the court may order or direct that a party provide to the court an affidavit of document management.

(2) An affidavit of document management may include the following—

(a) the volume, manner of arrangement or storage, type or location of discoverable documents;

(b) the party's processes of document management.

(3) An affidavit of document management is in addition to any affidavit of documents which may be required in any proceeding.

S. 55C inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 7.

55C Order for oral examination

(1) A court may order that the deponent of an affidavit of document management be subject to oral examination in relation to the affidavit of document management.

(2) A court may order that an appropriate person (other than the deponent of an affidavit of document management) who is able to provide information in relation to the matters dealt with in the affidavit of document management be subject to oral examination in relation to those matters.

(3) An order under subsection (1) or (2) may—

(a) specify the time, place and manner of conducting the examination; and

(b) specify whether the oral examination is to be conducted by—

(i) the court; or

(ii) the court constituted by a judicial officer other than the judicial officer constituting the court that made the order; and

(c) specify who is to pay the costs of the oral examination in the first instance; and

(d) include any other orders or directions that the court considers appropriate.

(4) Nothing in this section limits section 57 or any other powers of a court in relation to oral examination.

56 Court may order sanctions

(1) A court may make any order or give any direction it considers appropriate if the court finds that there has been—

(a) a failure to comply with discovery obligations; or

(b) a failure to comply with any order or direction of the court in relation to discovery; or

(c) conduct intended to delay, frustrate or avoid discovery of discoverable documents.

(2) Without limiting subsection (1), a court may make an order or give directions—

(a) that proceedings for contempt of court be initiated;

(b) adjourning the civil proceeding, with costs of that adjournment to be borne by the person responsible for the need to adjourn the proceeding;

(c) in respect of costs in the civil proceeding, including indemnity cost orders against any party or a legal practitioner who is responsible for, or who aids and abets, any conduct referred to in subsection (1);

(d) preventing a party from taking any step in the civil proceeding;

(e) prohibiting or limiting the use of documents in evidence;

(f) in respect of facts taken as established for the purposes of the civil proceeding;

(g) awarding compensation for financial or other loss arising out of any conduct referred to in subsection (1);

(h) in respect of any adverse inference arising from any conduct referred to in subsection (1);

(i) compelling any person to give evidence in connection with any conduct referred to in subsection (1), including by way of affidavit;

(j) dismissing any part of the claim or defence of a party who is responsible for any conduct referred to in subsection (1);

(k) in relation to the referral to an appropriate disciplinary authority for disciplinary action to be taken against any legal practitioner who is responsible for, or who aids and abets, any conduct referred to in subsection (1).

57 Cross-examination regarding discovery obligations

Unless a court orders otherwise, any party to a civil proceeding may cross-examine or seek leave to conduct an oral examination of the deponent of an affidavit of documents prepared by or on behalf of any other party to that proceeding if there is a reasonable basis for the belief that the other party may be—

(a) misinterpreting the party's discovery obligations; or

(b) failing to disclose discoverable documents.

58 Interaction with Evidence (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1958

Nothing in this Part derogates from the operation of Division 9 of Part III of the Evidence (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1958.

59 Interaction with rules of court

The powers of a court under this Part are in addition to, and do not derogate from, any powers a court has under rules of court in relation to discovery or disclosure of documents.

Part 4.4—Summary judgment

60 References to defendant and plaintiff in this Part

In this Part, a reference—

(a) to a plaintiff includes a reference to a plaintiff by counterclaim; and

(b) to a defendant includes a reference to a defendant by counterclaim.

61 Plaintiff may apply for summary judgment in proceeding

A plaintiff in a civil proceeding may apply to the court for summary judgment in the proceeding on the ground that a defendant's defence or part of that defence has no real prospect of success.

62 Defendant may apply for summary judgment in proceeding

A defendant in a civil proceeding may apply to the court for summary judgment in the proceeding on the ground that a plaintiff's claim or part of that claim has no real prospect of success.

63 Summary judgment if no real prospect of success

(1) Subject to section 64, a court may give summary judgment in any civil proceeding if satisfied that a claim, a defence or a counterclaim or part of the claim, defence or counterclaim, as the case requires, has no real prospect of success.

(2) A court may give summary judgment in any civil proceeding under subsection (1)—

(a) on the application of a plaintiff in a civil proceeding;

(b) on the application of a defendant in a civil proceeding;

(c) on the court's own motion, if satisfied that it is desirable to summarily dispose of the civil proceeding.

64 Court may allow a matter to proceed to trial

Despite anything to the contrary in this Part or any rules of court, a court may order that a civil proceeding proceed to trial if the court is satisfied that, despite there being no real prospect of success the civil proceeding should not be disposed of summarily because—

(a) it is not in the interests of justice to do so; or

(b) the dispute is of such a nature that only a full hearing on the merits is appropriate.

65 Interaction with rules of court

The powers of a court under this Part are in addition to, and do not derogate from, any powers a court has under rules of court in relation to summary disposal of any civil proceeding.

Ch. 4 Pt 4.5 (Heading and ss 65A–65E) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 6.

Part 4.5—Court powers as to costs

S. 65A inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 6.

65A Order to legal practitioner as to length and costs of trial

(1) A court may make an order directing a legal practitioner acting for a party—

(a) to prepare a memorandum setting out—

(i) the estimated length of the trial; and

(ii) the estimated costs and disbursements in relation to the trial; and

(iii) in the case of a memorandum to be given to a party, the estimated costs that that party would have to pay to any other party if the party is unsuccessful at trial; and

(b) to give the memorandum, as specified in the order to—

(i) the court; or

(ii) a party; or

(iii) both the court and any party.

(2) An order under subsection (1) may be made at any time in a civil proceeding.

S. 65B inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 6.

65B Order to legal practitioner as to length and costs of the proceeding

(1) A court may make an order directing a legal practitioner acting for a party to prepare and give to that party a memorandum setting out—

(a) the actual costs and disbursements incurred in relation to the proceeding or any part of the proceeding; and

(b) the estimated costs and disbursements in relation to the proceeding or any part of the proceeding; and

(c) the estimated costs that the party would have to pay to any other party if that party is unsuccessful at trial; and

(d) the estimated length of the proceeding or any part of the proceeding.

(2) An order under subsection (1) may be made at any time in a proceeding.

S. 65C inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 6.

65C Other costs orders

(1) In addition to any other power a court may have in relation to costs, a court may make any order as to costs it considers appropriate to further the overarching purpose.

(2) Without limiting subsection (1), the order may—

(a) make different awards of costs in relation to different parts of a proceeding or up to or from a specified stage of the proceeding;

(b) order that parties bear costs as specified proportions of costs;

(c) award a party costs in a specified sum or amount;

(d) fix or cap recoverable costs in advance.

S. 65C(2A) inserted by No. 15/2018 s. 8.

(2A) In making an order under subsection (1) to fix or cap recoverable costs in advance, the court may consider the following matters—

(a) the timing of the application;

(b) the complexity of the factual or legal issues raised in the proceeding;

(c) whether the party seeking the order claims damages or other form of financial compensation;

(d) whether the claim of the party seeking the order has a proper basis and is not frivolous or vexatious;

(e) the undesirability of the party seeking the order abandoning the proceeding if the order is not made;

(f) whether there is a public interest element to the proceeding;

(g) the costs likely to be incurred by the parties;

(h) whether the other party has been uncooperative or delayed the proceeding;

(i) the ability of the party seeking the order to pay costs;

(j) whether a significant number of members of the public may be affected by the outcome of the proceeding;

(k) whether the claim of the party seeking the order raises significant issues as to the interpretation and application of statutory provisions.

(3) An order under subsection (1) may be made—

(a) at any time in a proceeding;

(b) in relation to any aspect of a proceeding, including, but not limited to, any interlocutory proceeding.

S. 65D inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 6.

65D Court may revoke or vary order or direction

A court may revoke or vary any order made or direction given by it under this Part.

S. 65E inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 6.

65E Interaction with other powers of court

(1) Nothing in this Part limits any power a court may have—

(a) to award costs in a proceeding—

(i) in the case of the Supreme Court, under section 24 of the Supreme Court Act 1986 or any rules of court; or

(ii) in the case of the County Court, under section 78A of the County Court Act 1958 or any rules of court; or

(iii) in the case of the Magistrates' Court, under section 131 of the Magistrates' Court Act 1989 or any rules of court; or

(b) to make any other order or give any other direction in relation to orders for costs or for the disclosure of costs; or

(c) to take any action that the court is empowered to take in relation to a contravention of an order made or a direction given by the court.

(2) Nothing in this Part limits—

(a) in the case of the Supreme Court, the Court's inherent jurisdiction, implied jurisdiction or statutory jurisdiction; or

(b) in the case of a court other than the Supreme Court, the court's implied jurisdiction or statutory jurisdiction; or

(c) any other powers of a court arising or derived from the common law or under any other Act (including any Commonwealth Act), rule of court, practice note or practice direction.

Ch. 4 Pt 4.6 (Heading and ss 65F–65Q) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

Part 4.6—Expert witnesses and expert evidence

S. 65F inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

65F Objects of this Part

The main object of this Part is to further the overarching purpose by—

(a) enhancing the case management powers of a court in relation to expert evidence in civil proceedings;

(b) restricting expert evidence to that evidence which is reasonably required to resolve a civil proceeding;

(c) emphasising the primary duty of an expert witness to the court.

S. 65G inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

65G Party to seek direction of court to adduce expert evidence

(1) Unless rules of court otherwise provide or the court otherwise orders, a party must seek direction from the court as soon as practicable if the party—

(a) intends to adduce expert evidence at trial; or

(b) becomes aware that the party may adduce expert evidence at trial.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to the Magistrates' Court unless Magistrates' Court rules of court specify that the requirement to seek directions set out in subsection (1) applies to civil proceedings, or specified classes of civil proceeding, in that Court.

S. 65H inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

65H Court may give directions in relation to expert evidence

(1) A court may give any directions it considers appropriate in relation to expert evidence in a proceeding.

(2) A direction under subsection (1) may include, but is not limited to—

(a) the preparation of an expert's report;

(b) the time for service of an expert's report;

(c) limiting expert evidence to specified issues;

(d) providing that expert evidence may not be adduced on specified issues;

(e) limiting the number of expert witnesses who may be called to give evidence on a specified issue;

(f) providing for the appointment of—

(i) single joint experts; or

(ii) court appointed experts;

(g) any other direction that may assist an expert witness in the exercise of his or her functions as an expert witness in the proceeding.

(3) A direction under subsection (1) may be given at any time in a proceeding.

S. 65I
inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

65I Court may give directions to expert witnesses—conferences and joint experts reports

(1) A court may direct expert witnesses in a proceeding—

(a) to hold a conference of experts; or

(b) to prepare a joint experts report; or

(c) to hold a conference and prepare a joint experts report.

(2) The court may direct that a conference of experts be held with or without the attendance of all or any of the following—

(a) the parties to the proceeding; or

(b) the legal practitioners of the parties; or

(c) an independent facilitator.

(3) A direction to prepare a joint experts report may include but is not limited to the following—

(a) that the joint experts report specifies—

(i) the matters agreed and not agreed by the experts; and

(ii) the reasons for any agreement or disagreement;

(b) the issues to be dealt with in the joint experts report by the expert witnesses;

(c) the facts, and assumptions of fact, on which the joint experts report is to be based.

(4) A direction may be—

(a) general or in relation to specified issues;

(b) given at any time in a proceeding, including before or after the expert witnesses have prepared or given reports.

S. 65J inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

65J Use of conference of experts and joint experts reports in proceeding

(1) Unless the parties to the proceeding agree, or the court otherwise orders, the content of a conference of experts, except as referred to in a joint experts report, must not be referred to at any hearing of the proceeding to which it relates.

(2) A joint experts report may be tendered at the trial as evidence of any matters agreed.

(3) In relation to any matters not agreed, a joint experts report may be used or tendered at the trial only in accordance with—

(a) the rules of evidence; and

(b) the rules of court and practices of the court in which the trial is heard.

(4) Except by leave of the court, a party affected may not adduce evidence from any other expert witness on the issues dealt with in the joint experts report.

S. 65K inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

65K Court may give direction about giving of evidence, including concurrent evidence, by expert witnesses

(1) A court may give any direction it considers appropriate in relation to the giving of evidence by any expert witness at trial.

(2) Without limiting subsection (1), the court may direct that any expert witness—

(a) give evidence at any stage of the trial, including after all factual evidence has been adduced on behalf of all parties;

(b) give evidence concurrently with one or more expert witnesses;

(c) give an oral exposition of his or her opinion on any issue;

(d) give his or her opinion of any opinion given by other expert witnesses;

(e) be examined, cross-examined or re‑examined in a particular manner or sequence, including by putting to each expert witness, in turn, each issue relevant to one matter or issue at a time;

(f) be permitted to ask questions of any other expert witness who is concurrently giving evidence.

(3) A court may question any expert witness to identify the real issues in dispute between 2 or more expert witnesses, including questioning more than one expert witness at the same time.

S. 65L inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

65L Single joint experts

(1) A court may order that an expert be engaged jointly by 2 or more parties to a civil proceeding.

(2) A court may make an order for the engagement of a single joint expert at any stage of the proceeding.

(3) In making an order to engage a single joint expert, the court must consider—

(a) whether the engagement of 2 or more expert witnesses would be disproportionate to—

(i) the complexity or importance of the issues in dispute; and

(ii) the amount in dispute in the proceeding;

(b) whether the issue falls within a substantially established area of knowledge;

(c) whether it is necessary for the court to have a range of expert opinion;

(d) the likelihood of the engagement expediting or delaying the trial;

(e) any other relevant consideration.

(4) A single joint expert is to be selected—

(a) by agreement between the parties; or

(b) if the parties fail to agree, by direction of the court.

(5) A person must not be engaged as a single joint expert unless he or she consents to the engagement.

(6) Any party who knows that a person is under consideration for engagement as a single joint expert—

(a) must not, prior to the engagement, communicate with the person to obtain an opinion on the issues concerned; and

(b) must notify the other parties to the proceeding of the substance of any previous communications on the issues concerned.

(7) Unless the court orders otherwise, a single joint expert's report may be tendered in evidence by any of the parties to the proceeding.

S. 65M inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

65M Court appointed experts

(1) A court may make an order appointing an expert—

(a) to assist the court; and

(b) to inquire into and report on any issue in a proceeding.

(2) The court may make an order appointing a court appointed expert at any stage of the proceeding.

(3) In making an order to appoint a court appointed expert, the court must consider—

(a) whether the appointment of a court appointed expert would be disproportionate to—

(i) the complexity or importance of the issues in dispute; and

(ii) the amount in dispute in the proceeding;

(b) whether the issue falls within a substantially established area of knowledge;

(c) whether it is necessary for the court to have a range of expert opinion;

(d) the likelihood of the appointment expediting or delaying the trial;

(e) any other relevant consideration.

(4) A person must not be appointed as a court appointed expert unless he or she consents to the appointment.

S. 65N inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

65N Instructions to single joint expert or court appointed expert

(1) If a single joint expert is engaged or a court appointed expert is appointed in a proceeding, the parties to the proceeding must endeavour to agree on—

(a) written instructions to be provided to the single joint expert or the court appointed expert concerning the issues arising for the expert's opinion; and

(b) the facts and assumptions of fact on which the expert's report is to be based.

(2) If the parties cannot agree on any of the matters referred to in subsection (1), the parties must seek directions from the court.

S. 65O inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

65O Prohibition on other expert evidence without leave

(1) Except by leave of the court, a party to a proceeding may not adduce evidence of any other expert witness on any issue arising in proceedings if, in relation to that issue—

(a) a single joint expert has been engaged; or

(b) a court appointed expert has been appointed.

(2) Without limiting any powers of the court, in determining whether to grant leave, the court must consider—

(a) whether one party does not agree with the evidence, or an aspect of the evidence, in the report of a single joint expert or the report of a court appointed expert, as the case requires;

(b) whether allowing additional evidence to be adduced would be disproportionate to—

(i) the complexity or importance of the issues in dispute; and

(ii) the amount in dispute in the proceeding;

(c) whether there is expert opinion which is different to the opinion of the single joint expert or the court appointed expert, as the case requires, which is, or may be, material to deciding the issue;

(d) whether any other expert witness knows of matters which are not known by the single joint expert or the court appointed expert that are, or may be, material to deciding the issue;

(e) any other relevant consideration.

S. 65P inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

65P Disclosure of retainer arrangements

(1) Unless rules of court otherwise provide, a party to a civil proceeding may apply to the court for an order that an expert witness retained by any party to that proceeding disclose all or specified aspects of the arrangements under which the expert witness has been retained to—

(a) the court; and

(b) all the parties to the proceeding.

(2) On an application under subsection (1), the court may make any order for disclosure it considers appropriate in the circumstances of the proceeding.

(3) Without limiting subsection (2), the court may make an order that an expert witness disclose whether the charging or payment of the fees or costs of the expert witness, or the amount of those fees or costs, is contingent in any respect on the outcome of the proceeding, and if so, the details of that arrangement.

(4) A party must not adduce evidence of a disclosure made pursuant to an order made under this section at the trial without leave of the court.

S. 65Q inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 10.

65Q Interaction with other powers of court

(1) Nothing in this Part limits any other power a court may have—

(a) in relation to case management, evidence or witnesses, including expert witnesses; or

(b) to take any action that the court is empowered to take in relation to a contravention of a direction given or an order made by the court.

(2) Nothing in this Part limits—

(a) in the case of the Supreme Court, the Court's inherent jurisdiction, implied jurisdiction or statutory jurisdiction; or

(b) in the case of a court other than the Supreme Court, the court's implied jurisdiction or statutory jurisdiction; or

(c) any other powers of a court arising or derived from the common law or under any other Act (including any Commonwealth Act), rule of court, practice note or practice direction.

Chapter 5—Appropriate dispute resolution

66 Court may order proceeding to appropriate dispute resolution

(1) A court may make an order referring a civil proceeding, or part of a civil proceeding, to appropriate dispute resolution.

(2) Subject to any rules of court, an order under subsection (1) may be made without the consent of the parties if the type of appropriate dispute resolution to which the civil proceeding or part of the civil proceeding is referred is not—

(a) arbitration; or

(b) reference to a special referee; or

(c) expert determination; or

(d) any other type of appropriate dispute resolution which results, directly or indirectly, in a binding outcome.

(3) An order under subsection (1) may be made at any stage in the proceeding.

67 Evidence of things said and done in appropriate dispute resolution which is judicial resolution conference

If a court orders that a judicial resolution conference be conducted in relation to a civil proceeding, no evidence shall be admitted at the hearing of any proceeding of anything said or done by any person in the course of the conduct of the judicial resolution conference unless the court otherwise orders, having regard to the interests of justice and fairness.

68 Protection of conduct of judicial resolution conference

(1) Without limiting any other law, whether written or unwritten, a judicial officer performing duties in connection with any judicial resolution conference has the same protection and immunity as a Judge of the Supreme Court has in the performance of his or her duties as a Judge.

(2) Without limiting section 16 of the Evidence Act 2008, a judicial officer is not compellable to give evidence in any proceeding, whether civil or criminal, of anything said or done or arising from the conduct of a judicial resolution conference.

Note

See also sections 24A and 27A of the Supreme Court Act 1986, sections 47B and 48C of the County Court Act 1958 and sections 108 and 108A of the Magistrates' Court Act 1989.

69 Interaction with other Acts and rules of court

The powers of a court under this Chapter are in addition to, and do not derogate from, any powers a court has under any other Act (including any Commonwealth Act) or the rules of court in relation to appropriate dispute resolution.

Chapter 6—General

Part 6.1—Rules of court and regulations

70 Rules of court

(1) Without limiting any other power to make rules of court, rules of court made by the authority having for the time being power to make rules regulating the practice and procedure of a court may include rules for or with respect to—

(a) the overarching purpose and the overarching obligations;

S. 70(1)(b) repealed by No. 1/2011 s. 10(1).

S. 70(1)(c) substituted by No. 1/2011 s. 10(2).

(c) specific protocols for civil proceedings or classes of civil proceeding including, but not limited to, mandatory or voluntary pre‑litigation processes for specified civil proceedings or specified classes of civil proceeding;

(d) discovery;

(e) disclosure;

S. 70(1)(ea) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 17.

(ea) specifying time periods for exemptions from compliance with the overarching obligations certification requirements under Part 4.1 of Chapter 4;

S. 70(1)(eb) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 17.

(eb) for the purposes of section 41(5), providing for the form of certification by a legal practitioner;

S. 70(1)(ec) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 17.

(ec) exempting from compliance with the proper basis certification requirements under Part 4.1 of Chapter 4 any specified process or document which is administrative in nature;

S. 70(1)(ed) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 17.

(ed) providing for when proper basis certification is required for the purposes of section 42(1)(c);

S. 70(1)(ee) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 11.

(ee) for or with respect to expert evidence, including, but not limited to, expert witnesses, remuneration of expert witnesses and disclosure of retainer arrangements;

(f) appropriate dispute resolution and procedure, including referral to appropriate dispute resolution with or without the consent of the parties;

(g) any other matter for which provision may be made under this Act by rules of court.

(2) Rules of court made under this Act may regulate generally the practice and procedure under this Act.

71 Regulations

(1) The Governor in Council may make regulations for or with respect to any matter or thing required or permitted by this Act to be prescribed or necessary to be prescribed to give effect to this Act.

(2) The regulations may—

(a) be of general or limited application; and

(b) differ according to differences in time, place or circumstances; and

(c) confer a discretionary authority or impose a duty on a specified person or body or class of persons or bodies; and

(d) leave any matter or thing to be from time to time determined, applied, dispensed with or regulated by a specified person; and

(e) provide in a specified case or class of cases for the exemption of persons or things or a class of persons or things from any of the provisions of the regulations—

(i) whether unconditionally or on specified conditions; and

(ii) either wholly or to any extent that is specified;

(f) apply, adopt or incorporate any matter contained in any document, code, standard, rule, specification or method, formulated, issued, prescribed or published by any other person, whether—

(i) wholly or partially or as amended by the regulations; or

(ii) as formulated, issued, prescribed or published at the time the regulations are made or at any time before then; or

(iii) as formulated, issued, prescribed or published from time to time.

Part 6.2—Transitional provisions

Ch. 6 Pt 6.2 Div. 1 (Heading) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 20.

Division 1—Transitional provisions—Civil Procedure Act 2010

72 Overarching purpose

(1) The overarching purpose applies in relation to all civil proceedings commenced on or after the commencement of Part 2.1 of Chapter 2.

(2) If a civil proceeding has commenced before the commencement of Part 2.1 of Chapter 2, on and from the commencement of that Part, the overarching purpose applies in relation to that proceeding.

73 Overarching obligations

(1) The overarching obligations apply in relation to all civil proceedings commenced on or after the commencement of Parts 2.2 to 2.4 of Chapter 2.

(2) If a civil proceeding has commenced before the commencement of Parts 2.2 to 2.4 of Chapter 2 but the court has not begun to hear and determine that proceeding, on and from the commencement of that Part, the overarching obligations apply in relation to that proceeding.

(3) If a civil proceeding has commenced before the commencement of Parts 2.2 to 2.4 of Chapter 2 and the court has begun to hear and determine that proceeding before the commencement of that Part, the overarching obligations do not apply in relation to that proceeding.

74 Case management powers

(1) Part 4.2 of Chapter 4 applies in relation to all civil proceedings commenced on or after the commencement of that Part.

(2) If a civil proceeding has commenced before the commencement of Part 4.2 of Chapter 4, on and from the commencement of that Part, that Part applies in relation to that proceeding.

75 Disclosure and discovery

(1) Part 4.3 of Chapter 4 applies in relation to all civil proceedings commenced on or after the commencement of that Part.

(2) If a civil proceeding has commenced before the commencement of Part 4.3 of Chapter 4, on and from the commencement of that Part, that Part applies in relation to that proceeding.

76 Summary judgment

(1) Part 4.4 of Chapter 4 applies in relation to all civil proceedings commenced on or after the commencement of that Part.

(2) If a civil proceeding has commenced before the commencement of Part 4.4 of Chapter 4 but the court has not begun to hear and determine that proceeding, on and from the commencement of that Part, that Part applies in relation to that proceeding.

77 Appropriate dispute resolution

(1) Chapter 5 applies in relation to all civil proceedings commenced on or after the commencement of that Chapter.

(2) If a civil proceeding has commenced before the commencement of Chapter 5, on and from the commencement of Chapter 5, that Chapter applies in relation to that proceeding.

78 Power to resolve transitional difficulties in civil proceedings

(1) If any difficulty arises because of the operation of this Part in relation to a civil proceeding to which this Part applies, a court may make any order it considers appropriate to resolve the difficulty.

(2) An order made under subsection (1)—

(a) may be made on application of a party to the proceeding or on the court's own motion, as the case requires; and

(b) has effect despite any provision to the contrary made by or under any Act (other than the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006).

79 Regulations dealing with transitional matters

(1) The Governor in Council may make regulations containing provisions of a transitional nature, including matters of an application or savings nature, arising as a result of the enactment of this Act, including the repeals and amendments made by this Act.

(2) Regulations made under this section may—

(a) have a retrospective effect to a day on or from the date that this Act receives the Royal Assent; and

(b) be of limited or general application; and

(c) leave any matter or thing to be decided by a specified person or specified class of persons; and

(d) provide for the exemption of persons or proceedings or a class of persons or proceedings from any of the regulations made under this section.

(3) Regulations made under this section have effect despite anything to the contrary—

(a) in any Act (other than this Act or the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006); or

(b) in any subordinate instrument.

Ch. 6 Pt 6.2 Div. 2 (Heading and new ss 80–84) inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 21.

Division 2—Transitional provisions—Civil Procedure Amendment Act 2012

New s. 80
inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 21.

80 Costs

(1) Part 4.5 of Chapter 4 applies in relation to all civil proceedings commenced on or after the commencement of Part 2 of the Civil Procedure Amendment Act 2012.

(2) If a civil proceeding has commenced before the commencement of Part 2 of the Civil Procedure Amendment Act 2012, on and from the commencement of that Part of that Act, Part 4.5 of Chapter 4 applies in relation to that proceeding.

New s. 81
inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 21.

81 Expert witnesses and expert evidence

(1) Part 4.6 of Chapter 4 applies in relation to all civil proceedings commenced on or after the commencement of Part 3 of the Civil Procedure Amendment Act 2012.

(2) If a civil proceeding has commenced before the commencement of Part 3 of the Civil Procedure Amendment Act 2012, on and from the commencement of that Part of that Act, Part 4.6 of Chapter 4 applies in relation to that proceeding.

New s. 82
inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 21.

82 Overarching obligations certification and proper basis certification requirements

The amendments made to Part 4.1 of Chapter 4 by Part 4 of the Civil Procedure Amendment Act 2012 apply in relation to any civil proceeding commenced on or after the commencement of Part 4 of that Act.

New s. 83
inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 21.

83 Power to resolve transitional difficulties in civil proceedings

(1) If any difficulty arises because of the operation of this Division or any amendments made to this Act by the Civil Procedure Amendment Act 2012 in relation to a civil proceeding to which this Division applies, a court may make any order it considers appropriate to resolve the difficulty.

(2) An order made under subsection (1)—

(a) may be made on application of a party to the proceeding or on the court's own motion, as the case requires; and

(b) has effect despite any provision to the contrary made by or under any Act (other than the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006).

New s. 84
inserted by No. 62/2012 s. 21, repealed by No. 47/2010 s. 84(4).

Ch. 6 Pt 6.2 Div. 3 (Heading and ss 85–87) inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 8.

Division 3—Transitional provisions—Justice Legislation Amendment (Discovery, Disclosure and Other Matters) Act 2014

New s. 85 inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 8.

85 Application of amendments made by Justice Legislation Amendment (Discovery, Disclosure and Other Matters) Act 2014

(1) The amendments made to this Act by the Justice Legislation Amendment (Discovery, Disclosure and Other Matters) Act 2014 apply in relation to all civil proceedings commenced on or after the commencement of Part 2 of that Act.

(2) If a civil proceeding has commenced before the amendment of Part 4.2 of Chapter 4 by Part 2 of the Justice Legislation Amendment (Discovery, Disclosure and Other Matters) Act 2014, on and from the commencement of Part 2 of that Act, Part 4.2 of Chapter 4 as amended by that Act applies in relation to that proceeding.

(3) If a civil proceeding has commenced before the amendment of Part 4.3 of Chapter 4 by Part 2 of the Justice Legislation Amendment (Discovery, Disclosure and Other Matters) Act 2014, on and from the commencement of Part 2 of that Act, Part 4.3 of Chapter 4 as amended by that Act applies in relation to that proceeding.

New s. 86 inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 8.

86 Power to resolve transitional difficulties in proceeding

(1) If any difficulty arises because of the operation of this Division or any amendments made to this Act by the Justice Legislation Amendment (Discovery, Disclosure and Other Matters) Act 2014 in relation to a proceeding to which this Division applies, a court may make any order it considers appropriate to resolve the difficulty.

(2) An order made under subsection (1)—

(a) may be made on application of a party to the proceeding or on the court's own motion, as the case requires; and

(b) has effect despite any provision to the contrary made by or under any Act (other than the Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006).

New s. 87 inserted by No. 25/2014 s. 8, repealed by No. 47/2010 s. 87(4).

Ch. 6 Pt 6.3 (Headings and ss 80–92) repealed by No. 62/2012 s. 22.

Endnotes

1 General information

See www.legislation.vic.gov.au for Victorian Bills, Acts and current Versions of legislation and up-to-date legislative information.

Minister's second reading speech—

Legislative Assembly: 24 June 2010

Legislative Council: 29 July 2010

The long title for the Bill for this Act was "A Bill for an Act to provide for the reform and modernisation of the laws, practice, procedure and processes for the resolution of civil disputes which may lead to civil proceedings and for the initiation and conduct of civil proceedings and appeals, to amend the Supreme Court Act 1986, the County Court Act 1958 and the Magistrates' Court Act 1989 and other Acts and for other purposes."

The Civil Procedure Act 2010 was assented to on 24 August 2010 and came into operation on 1 January 2011: Government Gazette 14 October 2010 page 2404.

INTERPRETATION OF LEGISLATION ACT 1984 (ILA)

Style changes

Section 54A of the ILA authorises the making of the style changes set out in Schedule 1 to that Act.

References to ILA s. 39B

Sidenotes which cite ILA s. 39B refer to section 39B of the ILA which provides that where an undivided section or clause of a Schedule is amended by the insertion of one or more subsections or subclauses, the original section or clause becomes subsection or subclause (1) and is amended by the insertion of the expression "(1)" at the beginning of the original section or clause.

Interpretation

As from 1 January 2001, amendments to section 36 of the ILA have the following effects:

• Headings

All headings included in an Act which is passed on or after 1 January 2001 form part of that Act. Any heading inserted in an Act which was passed before 1 January 2001, by an Act passed on or after 1 January 2001, forms part of that Act. This includes headings to Parts, Divisions or Subdivisions in a Schedule; sections; clauses; items; tables; columns; examples; diagrams; notes or forms. See section 36(1A)(2A).

• Examples, diagrams or notes

All examples, diagrams or notes included in an Act which is passed on or after 1 January 2001 form part of that Act. Any examples, diagrams or notes inserted in an Act which was passed before 1 January 2001, by an Act passed on or after 1 January 2001, form part of that Act. See section 36(3A).

• Punctuation

All punctuation included in an Act which is passed on or after 1 January 2001 forms part of that Act. Any punctuation inserted in an Act which was passed before 1 January 2001, by an Act passed on or after 1 January 2001, forms part of that Act. See section 36(3B).

• Provision numbers

All provision numbers included in an Act form part of that Act, whether inserted in the Act before, on or after 1 January 2001. Provision numbers include section numbers, subsection numbers, paragraphs and subparagraphs. See section 36(3C).

• Location of "legislative items"

A "legislative item" is a penalty, an example or a note. As from 13 October 2004, a legislative item relating to a provision of an Act is taken to be at the foot of that provision even if it is preceded or followed by another legislative item that relates to that provision. For example, if a penalty at the foot of a provision is followed by a note, both of these legislative items will be regarded as being at the foot of that provision. See section 36B.

• Other material

Any explanatory memorandum, table of provisions, endnotes, index and other material printed after the Endnotes does not form part of an Act.
See section 36(3)(3D)(3E).

2 Table of Amendments

This publication incorporates amendments made to the Civil Procedure Act 2010 by Acts and subordinate instruments.

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Civil Procedure Act 2010, No. 47/2010

Civil Procedure and Legal Profession Amendment Act 2011, No. 1/2011

Serious Sex Offenders (Detention and Supervision) Amendment Act 2011, No. 83/2011

Civil Procedure Amendment Act 2012, No. 62/2012

Criminal Organisations Control Act 2012, No. 80/2012

Workplace Injury Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2013, No. 67/2013

Legal Profession Uniform Law Application Act 2014, No. 17/2014

Justice Legislation Amendment (Discovery, Disclosure and Other Matters) Act 2014, No. 25/2014

National Domestic Violence Order Scheme Act 2016, No. 53/2016

Justice Legislation Amendment (Access to Justice) Act 2018, No. 15/2018

Serious Offenders Act 2018, No. 27/2018

Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal and Other Acts Amendment (Federal Jurisdiction and Other Matters) Act 2021, No. 31/2021

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3 Amendments Not in Operation

This version does not contain amendments that are not yet in operation.

4 Explanatory details

No entries at date of publication.