access, in a provision referring to 1 or more of the following (necessities):
(a) a crew rest facility;
(b) suitable sleeping accommodation;
(c) suitable resting accommodation;
(d) adequate sustenance;
means that there is no restriction on, or impediment to, a flight crew member’s immediate and actual use of the necessity:
(e) in accordance with the provision; or
(f) if the provision is a definition — in accordance with a provision which uses the defined term.
acclimatised has the meaning given in subsection 7.
acclimatised time means local time at the location where an FCM is acclimatised.
Act means the Civil Aviation Act 1988.
adaptation period means a continuous off-duty period for an FCM to become acclimatised to a particular location.
adequate sustenance means food and drink, including clean drinking water, in quantities sufficient to reasonably sustain a person in the person’s circumstances.
aerial work certificate means a certificate issued under regulation 138.040 of CASR.
aerial work operator has the meaning given by the CASR Dictionary.
Note An aerial work operator is the holder of an aerial work certificate.
AOC means an Air Operator’s Certificate.
AOC holder, or holder, means the holder of an Air Operator’s Certificate issued under Part III, Division 2 of the Act but, except in subsection 4, is also taken to include the holder of one of the following to whom this CAO applies:
(a) a Part 138 certificate;
(b) a Part 141 certificate.
Note See also paragraph 6.5.
approval means approval in writing.
assigned means assigned by the AOC holder to his or her FCM.
Note For example, the AOC holder assigns to the FCM duty, standby, a home base, a flight duty period, a reporting time.
augmented crew operation means an aircraft operation in which 1 or more FCMs, additional to the minimum required number of FCMs, are engaged in a flight to allow 1 or more FCMs to be relieved of duty during flight time.
authorised Part 141 flight training has the same meaning as in subregulation 141.015 (2) of CASR but does not include flight training that is conducted in a flight simulation training device as the sole and exclusive form of training conducted by the operator.
authorised Part 142 activity has the same meaning as in subregulation 142.015 (3) of CASR but does not include flight training that is conducted in a flight simulation training device as the sole and exclusive form of training conducted by the operator.
bed, for suitable sleeping accommodation, includes at least 1 pillow, clean bed linen, and bed covering appropriate for the temperature of the accommodation.
call out means being required by an AOC holder to commence a duty period during a standby.
CAR means the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988.
CASR means the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations 1998.
Chief Executive Officer means the person who is:
(a) if the AOC holder is an individual — that individual; or
(b) if the AOC holder is a corporation — the person (however described) whom CASA was satisfied, for subparagraph 28 (1) (b) (iv) of the Act (and the definition of key personnel in subsection 28 (3) of the Act), could hold or carry out the duties of the AOC holder’s Chief Executive Officer.
complex operation means an operation which involves 1 or more of the following:
(a) an FDP with a displacement time of 2 hours or more;
(b) an augmented crew operation;
(c) an FDP that commences when the FCM is:
(i) in an unknown state of acclimatisation; or
(ii) acclimatised to a location other than the location where the FDP commences.
Note AOC holders should consider the impact of Daylight Saving Time on local time differences for relevant locations because Daylight Saving Time may have an impact on whether or not an operation is complex.
consecutive, in relation to the hours or days of a period of time mentioned in a provision of this CAO, means a continuous, unbroken, period of time for the duration of the hours or days mentioned.
crew member has the meaning given by the CASR Dictionary.
crew rest facility means 1 of the following defined classes of facility on board an aircraft that is available to an FCM:
(a) class 1, which means a bunk or other surface that:
(i) is fit for the purpose of an FCM obtaining sleep in a horizontal sleeping position; and
(ii) is located separate from both the flight deck and passenger compartment in an area that:
(A) is temperature-controlled; and
(B) allows the FCM to control light; and
(C) provides isolation from noise and disturbance;
(b) class 2, which means a seat in an aircraft cabin that:
(i) is fit for the purpose of an FCM obtaining sleep in a horizontal or near‑horizontal sleeping position; and
(ii) is separated from passengers by at least a curtain that provides darkness and some noise mitigation; and
(iii) is reasonably free from disturbance by passengers or crew members;
(c) class 3, which means a seat in an aircraft cabin or flight deck that:
(i) is fit for the purpose of an FCM obtaining rest; and
(ii) reclines at least 40 degrees from the vertical plane; and
(iii) provides leg and foot support in the reclined position.
cruise means the period of a flight from not less than 30 minutes after take-off until not less than 60 minutes before the estimated time of landing.
cumulative duty means the progressive sum of duty periods.
cumulative flight time, for an FCM, means the progressive total of flight time accrued by the FCM when acting as a crew member on board any aircraft, but excluding flight time accrued during recreational private operations.
day means the period between local midnight at home base and the subsequent local midnight at home base.
displacement time means the difference in local time between:
(a) the place where an FCM commenced an FDP; and
(b) the place where the FCM undertakes an off-duty period following the FDP.
duty means any task that a person who is employed as an FCM is required to carry out associated with the business of an AOC holder.
duty period means a period of time which:
(a) starts when an FCM is required by an AOC holder to report for duty; and
(b) ends when the FCM is free of all duties.
Note A duty period includes any time spent by the FCM in positioning. See the definition of positioning in subparagraph 6.3 (e).
early start, for an FDP of an FCM, means:
(a) in Appendix 2:
(i) if the FCM is acclimatised — an FDP that commences between the hours of 0500 and 0659 local time at the location where the FCM is acclimatised; or
(ii) if the FCM is in an unknown state of acclimatisation — an FDP that commences between the hours of 0500 and 0659 local time at the location where the FCM was last acclimatised; and
(b) for an Appendix other than Appendix 2 — an FDP that commences between the hours of 0500 and 0659 local time at the location where an FCM commences the FDP.
emergency service operation means an operation involving an aircraft:
(a) for the purpose of law enforcement, or saving or protecting life or property; and
(b) conducted by, or at the request of, an organisation recognised by an Australian governmental agency as having responsibility to conduct or request the operation as part of the organisation’s functions.
employment includes employment under a contract for services.
fatigue, for an FCM, means a physiological state of reduced alertness or capability to perform mental or physical tasks, which:
(a) may impair the ability of the FCM to safely operate an aircraft; and
(b) is caused by 1 or more of the following:
(i) the FCM’s lack of sleep;
(ii) the FCM’s extended wakefulness;
(iii) the FCM’s circadian phase at any relevant time;
(iv) the FCM’s workload of mental activities, or physical activities, or mental and physical activities at any relevant time.
fatigue risk management system (or FRMS) means a comprehensive system for managing fatigue-related risks that:
(a) is appropriate for the size, nature and complexity of the AOC holder’s operations; and
(b) includes all of the elements set out in Appendix 7; and
(c) is approved for implementation by CASA.
fit for the purpose, for a crew rest facility, or suitable sleeping accommodation, means that the facility, or accommodation, has ergonomic characteristics which make it suitable for an FCM to obtain sleep or rest, as the case requires.
Note CASA has issued guidance on relevant ergonomic characteristics in CAAP 48‑01.
flight crew licence has the meaning given by the CASR Dictionary.
flight crew member (or FCM) has the same meaning as in the Regulations. The abbreviation FCMs means more than 1 FCM.
Note Under Part 1 of the CASR Dictionary, flight crew member means a crew member who is a pilot or flight engineer assigned to carry out duties essential to the operation of an aircraft during flight time. Any reference to flight crew has a corresponding meaning.
flight duty period (or FDP) means a period of time which:
(a) starts when a person is required by an AOC holder to report for a duty period in which 1 or more flights as an FCM are undertaken; and
(b) ends at the later of:
(i) the person’s completion of all duties associated with the flight, or the last of the flights; or
(ii) 15 minutes after the end of the person’s flight, or the last of the flights.
Note See also the definition of positioning.
flight review has the same meaning as in regulation 61.010 of CASR.
Note Flight review means an assessment of the competency of an FCM to perform:
(a) for the holder of a pilot licence or flight engineer licence — an activity authorised by a flight crew rating that the crew member holds; or
(b) for the holder of a glider pilot licence — an activity authorised by the licence.
flight time, for an FCM, means such part of the total time mentioned for an aircraft in subparagraph (a) or (b) (as the case may be) which occurs while the FCM is acting as a crew member on board the aircraft:
(a) in the case of a heavier-than-air aircraft — the total time from the moment at which the aircraft first moves under its own power for the purpose of taking‑off, until the moment at which it comes to rest after landing; and
(b) in the case of a lighter-than-air aircraft — the total time from the moment at which the aircraft first becomes airborne until it comes to rest on the ground, excluding any time during which the aircraft is moored.
Note Thus, flight time for an FCM does not include the time he or she spends in positioning.
flight training has the same meaning as in regulation 61.010 of CASR and, to avoid doubt, includes flight training associated with aerial work.
Note Flight training, for a flight crew licence, rating or endorsement, means the training mentioned in regulation 61.195 of CASR for the licence, rating or endorsement.
flight training associated with aerial work means flight training for the grant, under Part 61 of CASR, of a rating or endorsement mentioned in subparagraph (a), (b), (c) or (d):
(a) the following operational ratings:
(i) low-level rating;
(ii) aerial application rating;
(iii) night vision imaging system rating;
(b) endorsements for the following operational ratings:
(i) low-level rating;
(ii) aerial application rating;
(iii) night vision imaging system rating;
(c) the following endorsements on the flight instructor rating:
(i) low-level rating training endorsement (category specific);
(ii) aerial application rating (day) training endorsement (category specific);
(iii) aerial application rating (night) training endorsement (category specific);
(iv) night vision imaging system rating training endorsement;
(v) sling operations training endorsement;
(vi) winching and rappelling operations training endorsement;
(d) the following endorsements on the flight examiner rating:
(i) low-level rating flight test endorsement (category specific);
(ii) aerial application rating flight test endorsement (category specific);
(iii) night vision imaging system rating flight test endorsement.
FRMS Manager means the person in an AOC holder’s organisation who is appointed by the Chief Executive Officer to be responsible for the day-to-day implementation, management and continuing effectiveness of the AOC holder’s FRMS.
home base means the location, assigned by the AOC holder to the FCM, from where the FCM normally starts and ends a duty period or a series of duty periods.
in-flight rest means, in an augmented crew operation, the period of time, or periods of time, during which an FCM has access to a crew rest facility.
late-night operation means an operation where an FDP includes more than 30 minutes between the hours of 2300 and 0530 local time.
local night means a period of 8 consecutive hours which includes the hours between 2200 and 0500 local time.
local time, for a location, means:
(a) local time in the time zone of the location; or
(b) local time in a time zone (the alternative local time):
(i) that adjoins the time zone of the location; and
(ii) whose nearest boundary is reasonably proximate to the location;
provided the alternative local time is:
(iii) specified in the AOC holder’s operations manual; and
(iv) used consistently as local time for the location, for the purposes of this CAO.
Note 1 CASA considers an alternative time zone to be used consistently as local time for a location if it is used, for example, throughout a period of daylight saving in the location or the adjoining time zone.
Note 2 Examples of where an AOC holder may consider using alternative local time are as follows:
Local time
Alternative local time
Gold Coast airport, Queensland summertime
NSW
Kununurra airport, Western Australia
NT
medical personnel means a person with medical, paramedical or nursing qualifications, and responsibilities directly related to the qualifications.
medical transport operation means an aircraft operation consisting of 1 or more flights for any of the following purposes:
(a) delivery of urgent medical assistance to a person, when determined to be necessary by a medical transport tasker;
(b) transportation of any of the following, when determined to be necessary by a medical transport tasker:
(i) an ill or injured person;
(ii) another person directly involved with the person mentioned in sub‑subparagraph (i);
Note For example, a close relative or the police.
(iii) medical personnel intended to be, or who are, directly involved with the person mentioned in sub-subparagraph (i);
(iv) blood, tissue or an organ for transfusion, grafting or transplantation (an item), including a person who has authorised custody of the item;
(c) the return of the aircraft to its base because an operation mentioned in subparagraph (a) or (b) is completed.
medical transport tasker means:
(a) medical personnel; or
(b) an organisation whose purpose is, or whose purposes include, medical transport tasking.
multi-pilot operation:
(a) means an aircraft operation conducted under multi-pilot procedures contained in the AOC holder’s operations manual; but
(b) does not include:
(i) contracted checking, within the meaning of regulation 142.020 of CASR; or
(ii) contracted recurrent training within the meaning of regulation 142.020 of CASR;
unless the training or checking is conducted as a multi-crew operation within the meaning of regulation 61.010 of CASR.
mustering operation means an aerial work operation, by a Part 138 operator, to herd or otherwise control livestock, and includes the following:
(a) aerial livestock spotting;
(b) aerial humane killing of livestock that is injured or being culled;
(c) flight training associated with aerial work for any of the activities mentioned in this definition.
off-duty period means a period of time during which an FCM is free of all duties and standby associated with his or her employment.
operator proficiency check has the same meaning as in regulation 61.010 of CASR.
Note An operator proficiency check means an assessment conducted by an operator in accordance with its training and checking responsibilities under the Regulations of whether a person has the aeronautical skills and knowledge required by the operator.
Part 138 certificate means an aerial work certificate issued under regulation 138.040 of CASR.
Part 138 operator means the holder of a Part 138 certificate.
Part 141 certificate means the Part 141 certificate of a Part 141 operator to whom this CAO applies and, to that extent only, has the same meaning as in subregulation 141.015 (4) of CASR.
Note See also paragraph 4.2 which excludes from the scope of the CAO a Part 141 operator whose training is conducted exclusively through the use of a flight simulation training device. In subregulation 141.015 (4) of CASR, a Part 141 certificate is defined as a certificate issued under regulation 141.060 of CASR. Except in paragraph 2.2, and subsections 4 and 4B, a reference in this CAO to an AOC holder is taken to include a Part 141 operator: see paragraph 6.4.
Part 141 operator means a Part 141 operator to whom this CAO applies and, to that extent only, has the same meaning as in subregulation 141.015 (3) of CASR.
Note See also paragraph 4.2 which excludes from the scope of the CAO a Part 141 operator whose training is conducted exclusively through the use of a flight simulation training device. In subregulation 141.015 (3) of CASR, a Part 141 operator is defined as the holder of a Part 141 certificate. Except in paragraph 2.2, and subsections 4 and 4B, a reference in this CAO to an AOC holder is taken to include a Part 141 operator: see paragraph 6.4.
Part 142 operator means a Part 142 operator to whom this CAO applies and, to that extent only, has the same meaning as in subregulation 142.015 (4) of CASR.
Note See also paragraph 4.2 which excludes from the scope of the CAO a Part 142 operator whose activity is conducted exclusively through the use of a flight simulation training device.
positioning is defined in paragraph 6.3.
private operation has the meaning given by the CASR Dictionary.
reassign means to assign to an FCM in a modified form that which had previously been assigned to the FCM.
recreational private operation means flying conducted by an FCM in a personal capacity, and at and for the FCM’s leisure.
Note A flight conducted by an FCM as a private operation is not a recreational private operation if it is conducted for, or on behalf of, an entity, regardless of whether or not the entity is an AOC holder.
reporting time means the time assigned to an FCM to commence an FDP.
roster means a list made available to an FCM by an AOC holder setting out the times when the FCM is assigned to undertake duties or standby.
sector, for this CAO, has the following meanings:
(a) except for a rotorcraft — any flight consisting of a take-off and a landing, when conducted by a person in the capacity of an FCM;
(b) for a rotorcraft — the period:
(i) from when the rotor blades start turning until they stop turning; and
(ii) during which an FCM on the rotorcraft conducts 1 or more flights, each consisting of a take-off and a landing;
(c) each hour, or each part of an hour, of an FDP spent in a synthetic training device.
single-pilot operation means any operation other than a multi-pilot operation.
sleep opportunity means a period of time during an off-duty period when an FCM:
(a) is not meeting the reasonable requirements of bodily functioning such as eating, drinking, washing or dressing; and
(b) has access to suitable sleeping accommodation without, under normal circumstances, being interrupted by any requirement of the AOC holder.
Note When an FCM is interrupted during sleep opportunity, this may affect the FCM’s fitness for duty before the commencement of, or during, the next FDP.
SMS means a safety management system approved by CASA.
split duty means an FDP which contains a split-duty rest period.
split-duty rest period means a predefined period of time (or, for Appendix 4B or Appendix 5, a period of time that may or may not be predefined) during which an FCM:
(a) has access to suitable resting accommodation or suitable sleeping accommodation; and
(b) is relieved of all duties associated with his or her employment by the AOC holder.
standby means a period of time during which an FCM:
(a) is required by an AOC holder to hold himself or herself available for duties; and
(b) has access to suitable sleeping accommodation; and
(c) is free from all duties associated with his or her employment.
Note If suitable sleeping accommodation is not available for an FCM, who is required by an AOC holder to hold himself or herself available for duty, the FCM will be considered to be on duty and not on standby.
standby-like arrangement means a period of time during which an FCM:
(a) is required by an AOC holder to hold himself or herself available for duties; and
(b) has no access to suitable sleeping accommodation.
suitable resting accommodation means a comfortable resting area:
(a) which has a comfortable temperature and minimal noise levels; and
(b) which contains at least a comfortable chair; and
(c) at which the FCM has access to adequate sustenance at times appropriate to the duty requirements.
Note Suitable resting accommodation is solely for split-duty rest periods. Suitable sleeping accommodation may also be used for split-duty rest periods.
suitable sleeping accommodation means accommodation, not within an aircraft, that is fit for the purpose of an FCM obtaining sleep, and that includes the following:
(a) a comfortable room, compartment or facility;
(b) a single occupancy, at the discretion of the FCM;
(c) access to clean, tidy and hygienic amenities, including a toilet and hand washing basin;
(d) a bed that is comfortable, flat and horizontal, allowing the occupant to sleep on his or her stomach, and back, and either side;
(e) minimum noise levels, including low occurrence of random noise;
(f) the means to control light, temperature and ventilation;
(g) access to adequate sustenance.
Note A person’s home or residence is considered to meet the requirements of suitable sleeping accommodation.
synthetic training device has the same meaning as in the Regulations.
Note Under the Dictionary in CASR, synthetic training device means a flight simulator, a flight training device, or a basic instrument flight trainer.
the Regulations means CAR and CASR, as in force from time to time.
Note The effect of regulation 2C is that the Regulations, CAR and CASR, are to be read together.
time zone means a defined region of the earth with a uniform local time which differs by 1 hour, or by part of 1 hour, from the uniform local time of an adjoining region of the earth.
unforeseen operational circumstance means an unplanned exceptional event that becomes evident after the commencement of the FDP, such as unforecast weather, equipment malfunction, or air traffic delay.
Note Guidance on the application of unforeseen operational circumstances is contained in CAAP 48‑01.
window of circadian low, or WOCL, for an FCM, means:
(a) in Appendix 2:
(i) if the FCM is acclimatised — the period between the hours of 0200 and 0559 local time at the location where the FCM is acclimatised; or
(ii) if the FCM is in an unknown state of acclimatisation — the period between the hours of 0200 and 0559 local time at the location where the FCM was last acclimatised; and
(b) in an Appendix other than Appendix 2 — the period between the hours of 0200 and 0559 local time at the location where the FCM commences a duty period.
written application, for an approval, means the written application of the AOC holder who is seeking the approval.
6.2 In this CAO, if any duty is performed during all, or any part, of the period of the WOCL, the WOCL is infringed.
6.3 For this CAO, positioning, for a person who is employed as an FCM:
(a) means being transported, as a passenger, to a location, by any mode of transportation, as required by the AOC holder; and
(b) does not include being transported to or from suitable accommodation after or before an FDP; and
(c) if undertaken immediately before duty that includes the person flying an aircraft as an FCM (flying duty) — must be considered part of his or her FDP; and
(d) if undertaken immediately after the person’s flying duty and no other flying duty is to be conducted in the duty period — is not part of his or her FDP or off-duty period; and
(e) is duty and part of the duty period.
Note The time spent positioning following an FDP, as described in subparagraph 6.3 (d), is not part of the FDP or off-duty period. However, it is added to the FDP for calculating off-duty period requirements. See, for example, clause 10 in Appendix 2.
6.4 The expression, the operations manual, when used in a provision of this CAO, is taken to mean whichever of the following the Regulations require of the AOC holder to whom the provision applies:
(a) the operations manual of the AOC holder;
(b) the exposition of the AOC holder.
6.5 In this CAO, other than subsection 4:
(a) a reference to an AOC is taken to include a Part 138 certificate or a Part 141 certificate; and
(b) a reference to an AOC holder, or a holder, is taken to include a Part 138 operator or a Part 141 operator; and
(c) a reference to an FCM of an AOC holder (however described) is taken to include an FCM of a Part 138 operator or a Part 141 operator.