34 Know the effect of each type of RAIM prediction on operational requirements.
35 Know the operational requirements which apply to planning a flight on the basis of conducting a RNAV(GNSS) procedure at the destination.
36 Be able to describe how the following factors may adversely affect the conduct of a RNAV(GNSS) procedure and describe suitable pilot procedures to minimise those effects:
data input
functions selection logic
automation effects
fixation
mode awareness
alert modes
the control loop
situational awareness.
Appendix 6
MP(A)L — Competency Standards
Contents
Unit A1 Control Aeroplane on the Ground – Flight Standard 141
Unit A1 Control Aeroplane on the Ground – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to start and stop an aeroplane engine, perform all safety requirements, perform pre-taxi functions and manoeuvre an aeroplane on the ground without incident.
A1.1 Start and stop engine - Clears aircraft from obstructions, buildings and other aircraft
Clears propeller before start
Starts engine in accordance with Flight Manual/POH including hot and cold starts
Performs after-start checks from memory in accordance with approved checklist[1]
Manages start and after-start emergencies from memory in accordance with Flight Manual/POH
Shuts down engine in accordance with Flight Manual/POH
Performs after-shutdown checks in accordance with approved checklist[2]
Exercises propeller care and manages adverse effects of propeller wash
Complies with manufacturer’s limitations and reports deviations when appropriate.
A1.2 Taxi aeroplane - Requests applicable ATC clearances or MBZ/CTAF broadcasts in accordance with AIPs
Confirms serviceability of brakes after park brake release and before taxiing
Interprets and complies with taxiway and other aerodrome markings. Note: In the absence of markings, the aircraft is maintained in the centre of the taxiway and at a safe[3] distance from obstacles
Maintains lookout and right-of-way rules and complies with ATC or marshalling instructions when applicable
Adjusts taxi speed to suit aeroplane type, surface conditions, level of congestion, and maintenance of control and to avoid collision with obstacles or other aircraft
Applies flying controls, power and brakes to maintain the aircraft on the taxiway centreline (1.5 metres of centreline) while compensating for wind and surface conditions
Performs instrument checks in a suitable area clear of traffic and other hazards
Ensures final approach path is clear of conflicting traffic on specified or appropriate runway.
Aircraft fitted with electrical or mechanical starters
Hand-start aircraft not fitted with electrical or mechanical starters
Describe starter motor limitations
Explain the cause and effect of fuel vaporisation on start
React appropriately to light and marshalling signals
Explain how to exercise propeller care
Interpret and react appropriately to aerodrome markings, signals and local procedures
Explain actions in the event of brake or tyre failure.
Unit A2 Take-Off Aeroplane – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to complete pre-take-off checks, take-off aeroplane into wind and crosswind, and perform after-take-off checks.
A2.1 Carry out pre-take-off procedures - Performs approved pre-take-off checklist
Performs take-off safety brief prior to runway entry
Requests and complies with ATC clearance or broadcast intentions as applicable
Ensures final approach path is clear of conflicting traffic on specified or appropriate runway
Configures aircraft for take-off and lines up on the centreline at appropriate intersection or full length of runway
Aligns aircraft on the centreline of the specified or appropriate runway
Performs approved line-up checks.
A2.2 Take-off aeroplane - Sets take-off power and confirms engine is operating within limits
Accelerates aircraft along the centreline to the take-off safety speed, allowing for wind
Rotates aircraft to the target climb attitude at approximately 3° per second
Maintains extended centreline of runway or obstacle clearance flight path (10°)
Maintains nominated climb speed (+5, -0 kts) until clear of obstacles
Retracts undercarriage at a safe[5] altitude if applicable
Retracts flap at a safe altitude if applicable
Sets climb power and speed (5 kts) in accordance with manufacturer’s time limits or at a safe height
Rejects take-off for abnormalities prior to reaching take-off safety speed.
A2.3 Take-off aeroplane in a crosswind - Sets take-off power and confirms engine is operating within limits
Accelerates aircraft along the centreline to the take-off safety speed, allowing for wind
Maintains wings level
Rotates aircraft to the target climb attitude at approximately 3° per second
Maintains extended centreline of runway or obstacle clearance flight path (10°)
Maintains nominated climb speed (+5, -0 kts) until clear of obstacles
Retracts undercarriage at a safe altitude if applicable
Retracts flap at a safe altitude if applicable
Sets climb power and speed (5 kts) in accordance with manufacturer’s time limits or at a safe height
Rejects take-off for abnormalities prior reaching to take-off safety speed.
A2.4 Carry out after-take-off procedures - Performs after-take-off checks in accordance with approved checklist at a safe height
Complies with ATC instructions if applicable
Maintains separation from other aircraft.
Aircraft operated to crosswind limits, minimum assessment to 70% of maximum crosswind component.
Calculate crosswind components
Explain factors affecting take-off and initial climb performance
Interpret windsock indications, stating wind direction and speed.
Unit A3 Control Aeroplane in Normal Flight – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to control an aeroplane while climbing, descending and turning, in straight and level flight at slow speeds, and to perform circuits and approaches, while complying with airspace requirements.
A3.1 Climb aeroplane - Sets and maintains climb power and attitude to achieve specified climb performance for the following profiles:o Maintains IAS for best angle of climb (VX) (+5, -0 kts) o Maintains IAS for best rate of climb (VY) (+5, -0 kts)o Maintains IAS for cruise climb (5 kts)
Anticipates and levels aircraft at nominated altitude (150 ft for PPL, 100 ft for CPL)
Monitors and reacts appropriately to engine indications and performance
Configures aircraft if applicable.
A3.2 Maintain straight and level flight - Sets and maintains power and attitude to achieve specified straight and level performance for the following profiles:o Straight and level flight at normal cruiseo Straight and level flight at high-speed cruiseo Straight and level flight with flap selected
Maintains altitude (150 ft for PPL, 100 ft for CPL)
Maintains IAS (10 kts)
A3.3 Descend aeroplane - Sets and maintains power and attitude to achieve specified descent performance during straight flight for the following profiles:o Idle power at glide IAS (10 kts)o Powered descent at nominated IAS (10 kts) and rate of descent (150 ft/minute)o Approach configuration descent at nominated IAS (10 kts) with flap selected and undercarriage down
Anticipates specified altitude and levels aircraft at that altitude (150 ft for PPL, 100 ft for CPL)
Monitors and controls engine temperature
Applies carburettor heat in accordance with Flight Manual/POH when applicable
Sets and maintains power, attitude and angle of bank to achieve specified turn performance to the left and right for the following profiles:o Level turns (150 ft for PPL, 100 ft for CPL)o Climbing turn (5 kts, rate one or 20° bank 5°)o Powered descent turn (10 kts, 30° bank 5°)o Gliding turn through 180° observing height loss (10 kts, 30° bank 5°)
Turns aircraft at varying rates to achieve specified tracks
Manoeuvres aircraft over specified tracks or geographical feature (10° on exit)
Turns aircraft onto nominated headings using magnetic compass only (10° on exit)
Trims aircraft for climbing and descending turns
Applies controlled corrective action
Monitors and controls engine temperature.
A3.5 Control aeroplane at slow speeds - Completes pre-manoeuvre checks from memory
Manoeuvres aircraft at minimum clean approach speed (+10, -0 kts).
Manoeuvres aircraft at flapped approach configuration speed (+10, –0 kts)
Observes audible and visual stall warnings and recovers aircraft to controlled flight
Manages the reduced effectiveness of controls
Recovers from slow speed configuration using take-off power to achieve nominated speed in excess of 1.5Vs without loss of height (10 kts, 150 ft for PPL, 100 ft for CPL)
A3.6 Perform circuits and approaches - Maintains lookout and traffic separation using a systematic scan technique at a rate determined by traffic density
Monitors and reacts appropriately to engine performance and indications
Tracks upwind along extended runway centreline to 500 ft
Establishes aircraft on crosswind tracking 90° to the runway
Establishes aircraft on downwind at circuit height (±100 ft) tracking parallel to the runway at a specified distance from the runway
Performs pre-landing checklist
Establishes aircraft on base leg a specified distance from threshold of runway
Commences and controls rate of descent to maintain approach path
Ensures aircraft is aligned with specified or appropriate runway
Establishes aircraft on final approach in approach configuration not below 500 ft AGL
Identifies and selects aiming point
Maintains aircraft on extended centreline and coordinates power and attitude to maintain approach slope and speed not less than 1.3Vs to a height of 50 ft
Applies speed allowances for wind gusts when applicable
Maintains speed not below threshold speed +10 kts until commencing flare
Configures aircraft for landing
Performs final approach checklist
Anticipates and allows for wind on all legs of the circuit
A3.7 Comply with airspace requirements - Explains, using a chart, geographical limits of the designated area
Identifies prominent geographical features using a chart
Identifies the limits of the designated area on the ground
Determines the position of controlled airspace using a chart and geographical features
Identifies and avoids restricted areas and controlled airspace using a chart and geographical features
Completes departure from the circuit area and transits to the designated area without incident
Completes departure from the designated area and transits to the circuit area without incident
Maintains orientation[6] by geographical features.
Aircraft operated to crosswind limits, minimum assessment to 70% of maximum crosswind component.
Explain the function of and primary and secondary effects of controls
Explain the stall warning devices fitted to aircraft
Explain the theory and application of best rate and angle of climb
Explain the effects of excessive cooling on engine performance during descent and methods to counter these effects
Explain the use of carburettor heat
Explain the hazards during maximum rate descents
Explain the effects of turn on magnetic compass performance
Explain the effects of angle of bank on load factor and stall speed
Explain how induced drag can adversely affect an aircraft at slow speed
Explain the dangers of turbulence and wake turbulence when flying at slow speed.
Unit A4 Land Aeroplane – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to land an aeroplane into wind and crosswind and to perform a mishandled landing when required.
A4.1 Land aeroplane - Identifies and selects aiming point[7]
Selects power to idle prior to touchdown
Flares aircraft at an appropriate height
Controls ballooning during flare and bouncing after touchdown by adjustment of attitude without the application of power
Touches down at a controlled rate of descent[8], aligned with runway centreline
Touches down within 400 ft/120 metres for PPL or 200ft/60 metres for CPL beyond a nominated touchdown point
Touches down 2 metres of centreline
Touches down on the main wheels, and the nose is lowered onto the runway without harshness
Maintains directional control along the centreline
Applies braking to stop the aircraft within landing distance available.
Performs after-landing checklist
Maintains separation from other traffic.
A4.2 Land aeroplane in a crosswind - Configures aircraft for crosswind landing
Tracks aircraft above runway centreline
Selects power to idle prior to touchdown
Flares aircraft at an appropriate height
Controls ballooning during flare and bouncing after touchdown by adjustment of attitude without the application of power
Touches down at a controlled rate of descent[9], aligned with runway centreline.
Touches down within 400 ft/120 metres for PPL or 200ft/60 metres for CPL beyond a nominated touchdown point
Touches down 2 metres of centreline
Prevents wing rise after touchdown
Maintains directional control along the centreline
Applies braking to stop the aircraft within landing distance available without wheel lockup
Performs after-landing checklist.
A4.3 Perform mishandled landing procedures - Recognises when the landing standard cannot be achieved and implements a decision to perform mishandled landing[10]
Controls aeroplane
Applies take-off power
Controls aircraft direction while airborne and on the ground
Lifts off at take-off safety speed or establishes climb attitude if airborne
Retracts undercarriage and flap when applicable
Performs after-take-off checks.
Aircraft with nose wheel or tail wheel
Aircraft with or without flaps
Aircraft with fixed or retractable undercarriage
Aircraft operated to crosswind limits, minimum assessment to 70% of maximum crosswind component
Recognise and respond to conditions leading to a mishandled landing
Calculate landing performance
Recall the crosswind limits for the aircraft type flown
Calculate crosswind components
Interpret windsock indications
Explain causes of loss of control of an aircraft on landing.
Unit A5 Execute Advanced Manoeuvres and Procedures – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to control an aeroplane by applying advanced manoeuvres and procedures.
A5.1 Enter and recover from stall Recognise approach to stall
Performs pre-manoeuvre checks
Recognises airframe buffet and control ineffectiveness symptoms and visual and aural stall warning devices while approaching the stall.Stall aircraft
Stalls aircraft while maintaining balanced flight
Observes IAS and control wheel/stick position at point of departure from intended flight path (stall)
Recovers from stall with minimum loss of height
Adjusts aeroplane attitude and power setting to resume normal balanced flight on advent of stall
Recovers from stall using full power
Recovers from stall without power
Recovers from stall during straight and level, climbing, descending and approach configuration flight
Recovers from stall during a turn
A5.2 Recover from incipient spin - Performs pre-manoeuvre checks
Terminates yaw
Adjusts aeroplane attitude and power setting following incipient spin entry (stall with wing drop) and resumes normal balanced flight
Recovers at incipient spin stage during a turn and resumes controlled flight
Performs level steep turn of nominated bank angle (45°–60°) without altitude change (150 ft for PPL, 100 ft for CPL)
Performs descending steep turn of nominated bank angle (45°–60°) to a nominated heading or geographical feature through a minimum of 500 ft height loss
Exits on specified heading or geographical feature (10°)
Trims aircraft for descending steep turn.
A5.4 Sideslip aeroplane Straight sideslip
Induces slip to achieve increased rate of descent while maintaining track and airspeed
Adjusts rate of descent by coordinating angle of bank and applied rudder.Sideslipping turn
Adjusts bank angle to turn through minimum heading change of 90° at constant airspeed using sideslip
Exits on specified heading or geographical feature (10°)
Recovers from sideslip and returns aeroplane to balanced flight.
A5.5 Execute short take-off and landing Short take-off
Calculates take-off and landing performance in accordance with performance chart
Performs pre-take-off checks in accordance with approved checklist
Lines up aeroplane to enable maximum use of runway length
Performs line-up checks in accordance with approved checklist
Applies take-off power before brakes (where fitted) are released
Rotates aeroplane at recommended speed
Sets nominated climb speed appropriate to obstacle clearance requirements
Performs after-take-off checks from memory in accordance with approved checklist.Short landing
Lands aeroplane at nominated touchdown point (+200 ft/60 metres for PPL, +100 ft/30 metres for CPL) at minimum speed
Controls ballooning during flare and bouncing after touchdown by adjustment of attitude without the application of power
Maintains direction after touchdown
Applies maximum braking without locking up wheels
Stops aircraft within landing distance available
Performs after-landing checks in accordance with approved checklist.
Aircraft with nose wheel or tail wheel
Aircraft with or without flaps
Aircraft with fixed or retractable undercarriage
Aircraft operated to crosswind limits, minimum assessment to 70% of maximum crosswind component
Explain symptoms of the approach to the stall and the stall in the aircraft type flown
Explain the relationship between angle of attack and the stall
Explain the effects of weight, ‘g-force’ and angle of bank on the stall speed
Explain the potential dangers of unbalanced flight at slow speed
Explain the principles associated with the position of the stick/control column and the point of stall
State the symmetrical and rolling ‘g-force’ limitations of the aircraft being operated
Explain the effects of a sideslip on aeroplane performance
Explain the effects of sideslipping an aeroplane on fuel, pitot and flap systems
Explain take-off and landing performance chart calculations
Provide an example of when a maximum rate turn should be performed
Provide an example of when a minimum radius turn should be performed.
Unit A6 Manage Abnormal Situations – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to accurately assess an abnormal situation and perform immediate actions, configure an aeroplane, select a landing area and land with no injury to personnel or damage to the aeroplane or property, perform a precautionary search and manage other abnormal situations.
A6.1 Manage engine failure after take-off - Controls aircraft
Lowers nose to achieve best gliding speed
Selects a landing area within gliding distance
Performs emergency procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH
Advises ATS or another agency capable of providing assistance of situation and intentions
Lands aeroplane ensuring safest outcome.
A6.2 Manage engine failure elsewhere in the circuit - Controls aircraft
Selects a landing area within gliding distance, on the aerodrome or elsewhere
Performs emergency procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH and lands the aeroplane if the engine cannot be restarted
Advises ATS or other agencies capable of providing assistance of situation and intentions
Lands aircraft ensuring safest outcome if an engine restart is not achieved.
A6.3 Perform forced landing - Controls aircraft
Selects landing area within gliding distance
Formulates a plan
Performs all emergency checks in accordance with Flight Manual/POH
Advises ATS or other agencies capable of providing assistance of situation and intentions
Manoeuvres aircraft to selected landing area
Lands aircraft ensuring safest outcome if an engine restart is not achieved
A6.4 Conduct precautionary search and landing - Assesses flight circumstances and decides to perform precautionary landing in the time available
Communicates intentions when appropriate
Configures aircraft for reduced visibility manoeuvring if applicable.
Selects landing area and inspects its suitability for landing, ensuring:o unobstructed approach and overshoot pathso landing area length adequate for landingo landing area surface suitable for aircraft type and clear of hazards
Maintains orientation and contact with the landing area.
Lands aircraft.
A6.5 Manage other abnormal situations - Controls aircraft
Identifies abnormal or emergency situation
Manages or rectifies abnormal or emergency situation in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, standard operating procedures or Company Operations Manual
Performs abnormal and emergency actions in accordance with AIP procedures when applicable
Advises ATS or other agencies capable of providing assistance of situation and intentions.
Single- engine aircraft
Limitations, such as those imposed by local noise abatement procedures and curfews
Simulated manoeuvres that would be terminated by forced landing or ditching may be discontinued when the assessor is satisfied that the landing standard could be achieved
At least one precautionary search to be conducted at an unfamiliar landing area
Decision to land is taken immediately after the need becomes apparent.
Explain methods of determining the suitability of emergency landing areas
Explain the advantages of pre briefing actions in the event of an engine failure after take-off when departing from an airfield
Describe a practical action plans for use in the event of an engine failure after take-off from the aerodrome of operation
Explain engine failure emergency procedures
Detail a plan of action to be used in the event of an engine failure in the circuit, other than after take-off
Recall the height loss during a 180 gliding turn in the aircraft being operated
Explain the link between autorotation and manoeuvring an aircraft at low airspeeds
Explain actions to be conducted following a forced landing.Partial engine failure
Explain the effects of a partial engine failure on aircraft performance with respect to:o straight and level flighto turning while maintaining level flight
Describe the hazards associated with turning an aircraft at slow speed, using large angles of bank while maintaining level flight following a partial engine failure after take-off
Explain what factors should be considered when deciding whether to land immediately or proceed to a more suitable landing area after a partial engine failure
Precautionary search
Explain scenarios that may require a precautionary landing
Detail the bad visibility configuration
Explain the hazards associated with flying at low level.
Unit A7 Full Instrument Panel Manoeuvres – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to perform all normal flight manoeuvres using the full instrument panel to re-establish VFR conditions.
A7.1 Determine and monitor serviceability of flight instruments and instrument power sources - Determines serviceability of flight instrument, pitot/static system and instrument power sources in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, before flight
Performs functional checks of turn, heading and attitude indicators while taxiing
Monitors flight instrument and instrument power sources and reacts appropriately to any warnings, unserviceabilities or erroneous indications.
A7.2 Perform manoeuvres using full instrument panel to re-establish VFR - Interprets and reacts appropriately to flight instrument indications to achieve and maintain specified flight profiles using full instrument panel
Sets and maintains power and attitude by reference to full instrument panel to achieve straight and level performance during normal cruise (200 ft 10 10 kts)
Sets and maintains power and attitude by reference to full instrument panel to achieve nominated climb performance (10 5 kts)
Sets and maintains power and attitude by reference to full instrument panel to achieve descent performance (10 10 kts 200 ft/min)
Sets and maintains power, attitude and bank during climb, descent and level flight by reference to full instrument panel to achieve rate one turns onto a nominated heading (10 on exit)
Balances aeroplane
Trims aeroplaneRecover from unusual attitudes
Identifies uncontrolled flight involving high and low nose attitudes, varying angles of bank and power settings and unbalanced flight and resumes controlled flightRe-establish flight by visual reference
Performs or simulates involuntary transition from visual flight conditions to instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), identifies loss of visual reference and manoeuvres aeroplane to re-establish VMC (Visual Meteorological Conditions)
Develops a plan that ensures re-establishment of VMC.
Day Visual Flight Rules in variable weather conditions
IMC or VMC with simulated IMC
Fitted flight instruments suitable for full panel instrument flight
Checks and actions in approved checklists, placards, Flight Manual/POHs, or Operations Manuals have precedence and must be complied with.
Explain a scan technique appropriate to fitted flight instruments and phase of flight
State the attitude and power requirements to achieve specified flight profiles
State the Instrument failure and warning systems fitted to the aeroplane.
Unit A8 Limited Instrument Panel Manoeuvres – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to perform all normal flight manoeuvres, recover from unusual attitudes and re-establish visual flight using the limited instrument panel.
A 8.1. Recognise failure of attitude indicator and/or stabilised heading indicator - Monitors flight instruments and instrument power sources, recognises warning indicators or erroneous instrument indications and transitions to instrument flight by reference to limited panel flight instruments.
A 8.2. Perform manoeuvres using limited instrument panel - Interprets and reacts appropriately in the time available to flight instrument indications to achieve and maintain specified flight profiles using limited instrument panel
Sets and maintains power and attitude by reference to limited instrument panel to achieve straight and level performance during:o normal cruise (200 ft 15 10 kts or M.02)o in an aeroplane-approach configuration with flap (when fitted) and undercarriage down (200 ft 15 10 kts nominated speed but not below minimum approach speed)o in a helicopter-at minimum power for level flight speed (10 kts)
Sets and maintains power and attitude by reference to limited instrument panel to achieve nominated climb performance (5 5 kts M.01)
Sets and maintains power and attitude by reference to limited instrument panel to achieve nominated descent performance (15 10 kts or M.02 200 ft per minute)
Sets and maintains power, attitude and bank during climb, descent and straight and level flight by reference to limited instrument panel to achieve rate one turns onto a nominated heading (20 on exit then 15)
Trims aircraft during straight and level, descending and climbing flight
Level aircraft at a nominated altitude (200 ft), from a climb or descent during straight or turning flight.
A 8.3. Recover from unusual attitudes using limited flight instrument panel - identifies uncontrolled flight involving high and low nose attitudes, varying angles of bank and power settings and unbalanced flight and resumes controlled flight by reference to flight instruments using a limited instrument panel
Achieves straight and level attitude without excessive oscillations at the horizon ( 300 ft of height at which aircraft nose first passed through horizon then 200 ft of nominated altitude).
A 8.4. Re-establish Visual flight following inadvertent entry into IMC - Performs or simulates involuntary transition from visual flight conditions to instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), identifies loss of visual reference and manoeuvre aircraft to re-establish VMC by reference to flight instruments using a limited instrument panel
Develops a plan that ensures re-establishment of VMC.
Single engine or multi engine aircraft or approved flight simulators
Manually flown in single pilot or multi crew operations
IMC or VMC with simulated IMC conditions
Fitted flight instruments suitable for limited panel instrument flight
Up to and including light turbulence
During unusual attitude recovery, straight and level flight is achieved when there are no excessive oscillations at the horizon.
Explain a scan technique appropriate to fitted flight instruments and phase of flight (without attitude or stabilised heading indicators)
Recall the performance instrument indications and power requirements to achieve specified flight profiles
State the anti icing and de icing controls/switches fitted to the aircraft type, and when these systems should be operated
Recall the instrument failure and warning systems fitted to the aircraft.
Unit A13 Recover from Spin – Flight Standard (Optional)
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to recover from an upright spin.
Recover from spin - Performs pre-manoeuvre checks
Enters and establishes an upright spin
Identifies upright spin and direction of yaw
Closes throttle
Stops yaw
Unstalls wing (aircraft)
Recovers to controlled flight
Recovers within the number of turns normally required for upright spin recovery in the aircraft type, within the aircraft and height limitations.
Day VFR flight in VMC
Within the lateral and vertical limitations of the planned manoeuvring airspace using an approved aerobatic aeroplane.
Detail actions required to recover from an incipient spin (wing drop at point of stall)
Explain what actions, by a pilot, with an aeroplane in any attitude, at the point of stall, that is likely to cause a spin
Explain the blanketing effects the elevator can have on the rudder during spin recovery
Discuss the significance of stick/control wheel position with respect to spin recovery
Explain the aerodynamic causes of a spin
Explain what aerodynamic factor determines the direction of a spin
Explain how to recognise a stable spin
Explain the difference between a stable spin and an unstable spin
Explain the difference between a spin and spiral dive
State factors which may lead to a flat spin
Explain the difference between an upright and an inverted spin
Explain what visual indications are used to determine the direction of a spin
Explain which instrument indications confirm the direction of a spin
State standard spin entry and recovery techniques for the aircraft being flown
State the number of turns normally required for spin recovery in the aeroplane type
State the height normally required to enter and recover from a stable spin
Explain the ‘Mueller-Beggs spin recovery action and limitations on its application
State the ‘g’ and any other limitations applicable to spinning for the aeroplane type.
Unit C1: English Communication in the Aviation Environment – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge required to communicate effectively with all stakeholders within a flight operations environment and to ensure messages are clearly understood and responded to appropriately.
C1.1 Communicate effectively face to face using clear and precise English - Pronounces words clearly, using an accent that does not cause difficulties in understanding.
Conveys information in clearly structured sentences without confusion or ambiguity.
Uses an extensive vocabulary to accurately communicate on general and technical topics, without excessive use of jargon, slang or colloquial language.
Speaks fluently without long pauses, repetition or excessive false starts.
Responds to communications with actions that demonstrate that the information has been received and understood.
Exchanges information clearly in a variety of situations with both expert and non-expert English speakers while giving and receiving timely and appropriate responses.
Recognises and manages communication errors and/or misunderstandings effectively.
Maintains effective communication with crew members and other personnel in flight and on the ground on operational matters.
Communicates effectively in unfamiliar, stressful or non-standard situations.
C1.2 Communicate effectively in voice-only R/T communications using standard aviation phraseology - Makes appropriate transmissions using standard aviation phraseology.
Uses plain English effectively when standard phraseology is inadequate.
Receives appropriate responses to transmissions.
Responds to transmissions and takes appropriate action.
Identifies and manages communication errors and/or misunderstandings promptly and effectively.
Seeks clarification in the time available if message is unclear or uncertainty exists.
Reacts appropriately to a variety of regional accents.
Communicates effectively in unexpected, stressful or non standard situations using standard phraseology or plain English.
Includes oral and written communication in English.
Communication standards are demonstrated in flight and related activities on the ground while acting as a pilot in any capacity during communications with crewmembers, ATS and other aircraft.
Situations include disruptions to communication normally encountered in the flight environment including background noise levels, equipment malfunctions and distractions.
In flight communication is conducted in a timely manner consistent with operational safety.
Assessment at an expert level (ICAO Level 6) requires all the criteria of elements C1.1 and C1.2 to be demonstrated consistently in the operational environment and in a range of non-operational situations with only rare occurrences of errors or misunderstandings.
Assessment at an operationally competent level (ICAO Level 4) requires all criteria of element C1.2 to be demonstrated in the operational environment, but occasional loss of fluency, errors and/or misunderstandings are permissible in demonstrating the criteria of element C1.1 providing effective communication is maintained.
Demonstrate oral and written English vocabulary sufficient to converse on a wide range of common and technical topics.
Apply English grammatical construction.
Apply aviation terminology.
Use standard aviation R/T phraseology.
Unit C2: Manage Pre and Post Flight Actions – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to obtain required information and authority, ensure maintenance requirements are met and perform required functions before and after flight and to ensure that the aeroplane meets maintenance and safety requirements prior to flight.
C2.1 Complete pre and post flight administration Preflight
Obtains, interprets and applies meteorological and NOTAM information
Completes preflight planning and documentation in accordance with regulations and/or operations manual
Calculates aeroplane take-off and landing performance in accordance with performance and weight and balance charts
Selects optimum cruise altitude determined by operational, safety[11] or efficiency requirements
Interprets maintenance release (Flight Technical Log) and Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and determines aircraft serviceability for proposed flight.Post flight
Completes flight maintenance release (Flight Technical Log) and flight administration and enters identified unserviceabilities in accordance with regulations and/or operations manual.
C2.2 Perform preflight inspection - Identifies and secures equipment and documentation as required by regulation in the aircraft
Completes internal and external checks in accordance with approved checklist
Ensures removal of all aircraft locking devices
Identifies defects or damage to the aircraft that could compromise safety
Certifies Flight Technical Log entering any defects or endorsements to Permissible Unserviceabilities (PUS)
Completes and certifies daily inspection.
Day Visual Flight Rules
Unit C3: Operate Radio – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to operate and manage radiotelephone and intercom equipment under normal and emergency flight conditions.
C3.1 Use R/T equipment - Ensures serviceability of radiotelephone equipment.
Conducts transmission and receipt of R/T messages in accordance with procedures and phraseology detailed in the FROL syllabus and Aeronautical Information Publications (AIP).
Maintains a listening watch and responds appropriately to applicable transmissions.
Performs loss of radio transmitter or receiver procedures in accordance with AIP, ERS(A), VFR Flight Guide.
Conducts emergency and urgency transmissions and procedures in accordance with Enroute Supplement Australia (ERS(A) current edition) and AIP and all messages are reacted to appropriately.
C3.2 Maintain R/T equipment - Performs R/T equipment failure procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH
Employs fault finding procedures and corrective actions not involving special tools or instruments
C3.3 Operate transponder - Operates and monitors transponder in accordance with AIP during normal, abnormal and emergency operations.
Range of variables
VFR,IFR or simulated IMC
Propeller/rotor wash and jet blast noise
Up to and including light turbulence
Underpinning knowledge
English language
To recognise, interpret and react appropriately to light signals
Unit C4: Manage Fuel – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to determine aircraft fuel requirements and perform the necessary calculations, to refuel the aeroplane and to ensure the fuel system is configured and operated for maximum safety and efficiency in the prevailing flight conditions, and to calculate requirements, configure and make adjustments to achieve best range and best endurance.
C4.1 Plan fuel requirements - Determines fuel reserve requirement in accordance with CASRs
Ensures fuel allowance is sufficient for operational requirements and applicable abnormal or emergency situations
Calculates total fuel requirement in accordance with CASRs.
C4.2 Manage fuel system - Verifies fuel quantity by visual inspection when possible or other methods appropriate to the aircraft type
Ensures fuel is the correct grade and is free from contamination
Ensures fuel drain cocks closed
Operates fuel system in accordance with Flight Manual/POH
Operates fuel cross feed in accordance with Flight Manual/POH to ensure aircraft balance
Operates fuel pumps and engine controls in accordance with Flight Manual/POH
Configures aircraft to achieve best range and calculates revised range
Configures aircraft to achieve best endurance and calculates revised endurance.
C4.3 Refuel aircraft - Refuels aircraft in accordance with CASRs, Flight Manual/POH, workplace health and safety and local procedures
Ensures all fuel caps are closed and secured
Ensures aircraft is earthed before refuelling.
Day Visual Flight Rules in variable weather conditions
Fuel sources
Fire extinguishers
Locations.
Underpinning knowledge
Health & safety requirements during refuelling
Local procedures for refuelling.
Unit C5: Manage Passengers and Cargo – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to ensure that passengers are informed, controlled, and that provision has been made for their comfort and well being, and that cargo is managed in accordance with regulations.
C5.1 Brief passengers - Briefs passengers before flight and in emergencies in accordance with CASRs, and company operations man
Explains and confirms conduct and procedures to avoid contact of personnel or articles with propellers, rotor blades or jet blast
Explains procedures to avoid interference with flight controls when applicable
Explains and demonstrates the use of seat belts/safety harness
Explains and demonstrates use of escape hatches, exits and emergency equipment.
C5.2 Aid and assist passengers - Establishes and maintains clear communications with passengers
Provides passenger comfort and well-being within the limits of aircraft safety controls passengers on the ground and in the air in accordance with CASRs, occupational health and safety requirements and operations manual.
C5.3 Manage cargo - Manages loading, unloading and security of cargo throughout flight operations
Identifies dangerous goods and applies procedures to ensure safety and security.
Real or simulated passengers and cargo.
Explain your actions in relation to managing passengers during an abnormal or emergency situation
Health & safety regulations
Local procedures for movement of passengers
Security requirements.
Unit C6: Manage Flight – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills, knowledge and behaviour to plan, direct and control all aspects of a flight.
C6.1 Maintain effective lookout - Maintains lookout and traffic separation using a systematic scan technique at a rate determined by traffic density, visibility and terrain
Maintains radio listening watch and interprets transmissions to determine traffic location and intentions of traffic
Performs airspace-cleared procedure before commencing any manoeuvres.
C6.2 Maintain situation awareness - Monitors all aircraft systems using a systematic scan technique
Collects information to facilitate ongoing system management
Monitors flight environment for deviations from planned operations
Collects flight environment information to update planned operations.
C6.3 Assess situations and make decisions - Identifies problems
Analyses problems
Identifies solutions
Assesses solutions and risks
Decides on a course of action
Communicates plans of action - if appropriate
Allocates tasks for action – if appropriate
Takes actions to achieve optimum outcomes for the operation
Monitors progress against plan
Re evaluates plan to achieve optimum outcomes.
C6.4 Set priorities and manage tasks - Organises workload and priorities to ensure completion of all tasks relevant to the safety of the flight
Puts the safe and effective operation of the aircraft ahead of competing priorities and demands
Plans events and tasks to occur sequentially
Anticipates critical events and tasks to ensure completion
Uses technology to reduce workload and improve cognitive and manipulative activities
Avoids fixation on single actions, tasks or functions.
C 6.5 Maintain effective communications and interpersonal relationships - Establishes and maintains effective and efficient communications and interpersonal relationships with all stakeholders to ensure the safe outcome of the flight
Defines and explains objectives to applicable/involved stakeholders
Demonstrates a level of assertiveness that ensures the safe completion of the flight
Encourages passengers to participate in and contribute to the safe outcome of the flight.
All flight and ground operations
Interactivity with stakeholders
Single or multi engine aircraft.
Unit C7: Threat and Error Management – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills, knowledge and behaviour to recognise and plan, direct and control threats and errors.
C7.1 Recognise and manage threats - Identifies relevant environmental or operational threats that are likely to affect the safety of the flight
Develops and implements countermeasures to manage threats
Monitors and assesses flight progress to ensure a safe outcome; or modifies actions when a safe outcome is not assured.
C7.2 Recognise and manage errors - Applies checklists and standard operating procedures to prevent aircraft handling, procedural or communication errors and identifies committed errors before safety is affected or aircraft enters an undesired aircraft state
Monitor aircraft systems, flight environment and crewmembers, collects and analyses information to identify potential or actual errors
Implements countermeasures to prevent errors or takes action in the time available to correct errors before the aircraft enters an undesired aircraft state.
C7.3 Recognise and manage undesired aircraft state - Recognises undesired aircraft state
Prioritises tasks to ensure management of undesired aircraft state
Manipulates aircraft controls or systems, or modifies actions or procedures to maintain control of the aircraft and return to normal flight operations, in the time available.
All flight and ground operations.
Explain the principles of threat and error management detailing a process to follow to identify and mitigate or control threats and errors during multi crew operations
Give an example of how an undesired aircraft state can develop from an unmanaged threat or error
What aspects of multi crew operations can prevent an undesired aircraft state
Explain how the use of checklists and standard procedures prevents errors
Give an example of a committed error and how action could be taken to ensure safety of flight
Explain how prioritising and managing workload can reduce the commission of errors
Explain how establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships can ensure safe flight
Explain how checklists and standard operating procedures can help to recognise, prevent and/or correct errors.
Unit C8: Navigate Aircraft – Flight Standard
Unit Description: To develop the knowledge and skills to plan and conduct a flight to a destination aerodrome, or alternate aerodrome, navigating the aircraft under the VFR. This will include preflight planning, compliance with airspace procedures and departure and arrival procedures, and navigation under normal and abnormal conditions.
C8.1 Prepare chart and flight plan - Selects and prepares appropriate visual navigation charts suitable for the intended flight
Determines and allows for beginning and end of daylight
Obtains and interprets meteorological forecasts and NOTAMs
Selects a suitable route and altitude considering weather, terrain, airspace, NOTAMs and alternate landing areas
Obtains and analyses operational information that is valid for the intended flight
Determines whether the intended flight can be conducted under the VFR
Completes flight plan to destination and any planned alternates
Provides flight notification for SAR purposes
Calculates fuel requirements in accordance with CASRs.
C8.2 Comply with airspace procedures - Obtains and complies with air traffic clearances
Complies with procedures applicable to airspace classification.
C8.3 Conduct departure procedures - Performs preflight planning and cockpit organisation to ensure charts, documentation and navigational calculator are accessible from the control seat
Intercepts track within five nautical miles of airfield
Calculates ETA for first waypoint
Complies with all departure clearances and instructions
Observes local and published noise abatement requirements and curfews.
C8.4 Navigate aircraft en route - Maintains a navigation cycle that ensures accurate tracking and applies track correctional technique to re-establish track prior to waypoint or destination
Maintains heading (10 directional indicator aligned with compass)
Maintains and revises ETAs 2 minutes for waypoint or destination
Maintains track 1 nm in controlled airspace
Maintains navigation log to monitor tracking, ETAs and fuel status
Monitors fuel consumption and revises fuel reserves
Recognises deteriorating situations and initiates early corrective action
Positively identifies ground fixes by two or more features
Obtains a positive fix at intervals not greater than 30 minutes
Performs pre-descent and turning point checks
Maintains awareness of route and destination weather conditions and reacts appropriately to adverse weather changes
Maintains radio communications and listening watch with ATS/ATC
Maintains lookout using a systematic scan technique at a rate determined by traffic density, visibility and terrain
Monitors aircraft systems and engine handling to ensure that the aircraft is operated in accordance with the Flight Manual/POH.
C8.5 Navigate at low level and in reduced visibility - Maintains aircraft in visual meteorological conditions
Maintains separation from terrain and obstacles, allowing for wind and turbulence (minimum height 500 ft AGL)
Configures aircraft for bad visibility
Advises ATS and establishes a SARTIME, if applicable
Fixes position at least once every 30 minutes
Avoids noise-sensitive areas, if applicable.
C8.6 Perform lost procedure - Configures aircraft to achieve best endurance speed at present or most efficient altitude
Fixes position
Revises plan to either destination or alternate considering weather, terrain and fuel available whilst maintaining reserve (ETA 2 minutes)
Maintains minimum height of 500 ft AGL
Uses radio and transponder to request assistance, if applicable
Plans a timely precautionary search and landing if still lost/minimum fuel/darkness.
C8.7 Perform diversion procedure - Diverts around weather or to an acceptable aerodrome
Revises plan to either destination or alternate considering weather, terrain and fuel available whilst maintaining reserves (ETA 2 minutes)
Identifies and plans for CTA, CTR and Prohibited, Restricted and Danger Areas
Selects most suitable cruising altitude/level (150 ft)
Amends SARWATCH if required
Advises of intention to divert for traffic separation.
C8.8 Use radio navigation aids - Tunes, identifies and tests all navigation aids before use.
Determines aircraft is within rated coverage of applicable radio navigation aids
Fixes aircraft position and solves aircraft orientation problems using radio navigation aids
Tracks/homes to the ground station
Verifies integrity of GPS signal
Enters and checks waypoint entry into GPS system
Confirms waypoints and fixes from all radio navigation aids with flight plan and identified ground fixes during en route navigation at least once every 60 minutes.
C8.9 Execute arrival procedures - Obtains aerodrome information from ERS(A), ATIS/ATS and NOTAMs for applicable aerodrome
Obtains and complies with airways clearance requirements or makes broadcasts applicable to the airspace by nominated distance or position in accordance with AIPs
Identifies and avoids all air traffic
Establishes landing direction and airfield serviceability
Enters a circuit at circuit height via published approach points and flies a minimum of three legs of the circuit, except in circumstances when a straight-in approach is acceptable in accordance with AIPs.
Performs a circuit and landing
Cancels SARWATCH
Observes local and published noise abatement requirements and curfews.
Terrain
Airspace
Simulated weather conditions
Simulated abnormal and emergency situations.
N/A.
Unit C9: Manage Flight During Multi-Crew Operations – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills, knowledge and behaviour to plan, direct and control all aspects of a flight in a multi-crew environment as pilot in command or crewmember.
C9.1 Operate as a crewmember (cooperation) - Establishes an atmosphere to encourage open communications.
Listens critically and provides feedback to clarify information.
Applies assertive strategies when working with others.
Presents ideas in a way that shows respect for others.
Conveys information that is appropriate to the receiver.
Considers the condition (capability) of other crewmembers to perform crew duties.
Monitors and appraises crewmembers’ performance.
Interacts with crewmembers in a supportive and constructive way.
Assists other crewmembers in demanding situations.
Motivates and encourages other crewmembers.
Identifies the signs, stages and possible causes of conflict.
Implements strategies to deal with conflict.
Establishes communications that encourage constructive responses to conflict.
C9.2 Leadership and management - Manages cockpit gradient relative to task.
Ensures that all crewmembers have a clear picture of the objective.
Manages changing priorities and, if necessary, refocuses crewmembers to accommodate the changed priorities.
Maintains crewmembers’ commitment to task.
Monitors the crew to ensure that they achieve specified standards of performance.
Corrects individual or crewmember deviations from standards.
Clarifies roles and functions.
Establishes and maintains clear, orderly systems.
Sets realistic performance standards.
Monitors outcomes, and evaluates and measures performance.
Collects information and identifies key issues and relationships relative to achieving determined roles.
Breaks down goals and establishes courses of action to accomplish specified goals.
Ensures that all crewmembers have role clarity and relevant information to achieve goals.
Allocates sufficient resources and time to complete workload.
Maintains patience and focus when processing large amounts of data or multiple tasks.
Manages time and resources to ensure that work is completed safely and effectively.
C9.3 Maintain situation awareness during multi- crew operations - Monitors all aircraft systems using a systematic scan technique.
Collects information to facilitate ongoing system management.
Monitors flight environment for deviations from planned operations.
Collects flight environment information to update planned operations.
Reports aircraft systems and flight environment information for analysis.
Analyses aircraft systems and flight environment information to identify actual and potential threats or errors.
C9.4 Make decisions - Identifies problems’ causal factors and reviews these with crewmembers.
Breaks down systematically and logically problems or processes into component parts.
Employs analytical techniques to identify solutions and considers the value and implications of each.
Generates, in the time available, as many solutions as possible among crewmembers.
Assesses solutions and risks with other crewmembers.
Decides on a course of action.
Communicates plans of action and directs crewmembers to clearly specified tasks.
Takes actions to achieve optimum outcomes for the operation.
Monitors progress against agreed plan.
Re-evaluates plan in line with changing circumstances and is improvement-focused to achieve optimum outcomes.
Day VFR or IFR.
Single- or multi-crew aircraft.
All flight and ground operations.
Approved simulators.
Variable air traffic conditions.
Variable flight situations.
Simulated problem-based scenarios.
Simulated hazardous weather conditions.
Simulated abnormal and emergency situations.
Interaction involving personnel relevant to aviation activities.
Explain strategies to maintain situation awareness that ensures the safe operation of a multi-crew aircraft.
All decisions and actions ensure the safe outcome of the flight.
Give examples of physiological and psychological threats to safe flight.
Unit NVFR1: Flight Management and Operational Fuel Planning – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to plan and make flight notification for a night visual flight using all applicable current operational documents, after obtaining and applying preflight briefing information and allowing for operational requirements.
NVFR1.1 Possess and use current operational documents - Ensures all current operational documents applicable to the flight are in the pilot's possession and used for flight planning and management.
Possesses a complete set of approved operational documents that are applicable to the flight.
Ascertains currency of operational documents.
Stows all documents required for the flight and ensures accessibility of documents during the flight.
Interprets and applies applicable information contained in documents for flight planning and management.
NVFR1.2 Obtain meteorological and NOTAM preflight briefing - Obtains, interprets and applies meteorological, airways facilities, aerodrome and NOTAM information applicable to the planning and conduct of the intended flight.
NVFR1.3 Plan flight - Selects and prepares charts suitable for the intended flight.
Obtains analyses and applies relevant information to prepare a flight plan which details tracks, distances, times, LSALT, altitudes to be flown and fuel requirements to reach destination in accordance with the VFR requirements.
Plans route to optimise options in the event of an engine failure.
NVFR1.4 Determine operational fuel requirements - Determines duration of flight.
Determines alternate, holding and fuel reserve requirements by applying operational requirements due to weather, navigation aid availability and aerodrome lighting in accordance with regulations.
Calculates total fuel required in accordance with regulations.
NVFR1.5 Determine whether an aerodrome is suitable for night operations - Determines whether aerodrome lighting is suitable and available for night operations.
Determines whether aerodrome requires an alternate or holding fuel reserve due to weather, navigation aids or lighting in accordance with AIPs.
Complies with any curfew requirements.
NVFR1.6 Make flight notification - Submits completed flight plan to and ensures acceptance by NAIPS at a time adequate to ensure processing of flight plan or at least 30 minutes before flight.
Approved aircraft fitted with flight instruments, including attitude and stabilised heading indicators.
State the night VFR operations a single-engine aircraft is limited to.
State the requirements for submission of flight notification and SARWATCH.
State the speed restrictions a night visual flight must operate to.
State the requirements for in-flight progress reports.
State the procedures for flight plan amendments and revised estimates.
Specify the documents required to be carried on a night visual flight.
Extract and apply relevant information from operational documents.
Determine the meteorological forecasts required for a night visual flight.
State the sources of aviation meteorological forecasts.
Explain the methods of obtaining these meteorological forecasts.
Determine the validity of a given meteorological forecast for a night visual flight.
Determine whether a flight should proceed based on available meteorological forecasts.
State what meteorological broadcast services are available inflight in Australia.
Determine alternate aerodrome requirements for a night visual flight to a specified destination given relevant information including NOTAMs.
Determine suitability of a specified alternate aerodrome for a night visual flight given relevant information including NOTAMs.
Determine holding requirements due to weather, traffic or traffic advisory
Determine fuel quantity required for a night visual flight.
Unit NVFR2: Manage Pre- and Post-Flight Actions – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to determine aircraft equipment suitability for night visual flight, perform and certify daily inspection, conduct serviceability test of flight instruments and radio navigation aids before flight, and complete post-flight actions.
NVFR2.1 Determine whether aircraft meets equipment and serviceability requirements for night visual flight - Determines whether aircraft is equipped for flight in accordance with night VFR requirements and ensures that the flight instruments, minimum electrical lighting equipment and navigation aids fitted are suitable and serviceable.
Ensures ready access to a shock-proof torch in accordance with regulations.
NVFR2.2 Conduct daily inspection - Performs an inspection in accordance with aircraft system of maintenance approved by CASA, and ensures certification in accordance with regulations for flight at night under the VFR.
NVFR2.3 Conduct preflight serviceability test of flight instruments and radio navigation aids - Confirms serviceability of aircraft, flight instruments and radio navigation aids for night visual flight.
NVFR2.4 Complete post-flight actions - Ensures SARWATCH is terminated.
Certifies maintenance release (flight technical log), if required.
Approved aircraft fitted with flight instruments, including attitude and stabilised heading indicators.
State the pilot medical fitness necessary for night visual flight.
State the pilot qualifications necessary for night visual flight.
State the privileges of the night VFR rating.
Specify the aircraft flight instruments required for night visual flight.
Specify the aircraft electrical lighting equipment required for night visual flight.
Specify the aircraft radio communication equipment required for night visual flight.
Specify the aircraft radio navigation equipment required for night visual flight.
Unit NVFR3: Operate Aircraft in the Traffic Pattern at Night – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to take off and land and to operate an aircraft safely in the traffic pattern at night.
NVFR3.1 Taxi at night - Adjusts instrument lighting to provide optimum illumination.
Complies with ATC instructions and safely manoeuvres the aircraft on the ground at night within the approved movement area as defined by aerodrome ground lighting.
Operates aircraft lighting as required.
Confirms functioning of flight instruments while taxiing.
NVFR3.2 Take off at night Aeroplane
Lines up aircraft in centre of runway in take-off direction and performs line-up checks appropriate to night take-off in accordance with approved checklist.
Executes take-off by reference to flare path/runway lighting and aircraft instruments.
Rotates aircraft at manufacturer’s recommended speed.
Establishes climb attitude and controls aircraft in climb after take-off solely by reference to instruments.
Establishes positioning and alignment with runway by visual reference when established on crosswind leg.
Performs after-take-off checks at a safe height.Helicopter
Accelerates helicopter in take-off direction on a prescribed track.
Recognises and controls translational lift.
Executes take-off by reference to flare path/runway lighting/HLS lighting and aircraft instruments.
Applies climb power and adjusts attitude to maintain climb speed (±5 kts) appropriate to obstacle clearance requirements.
Aligns helicopter landing gear with the planned take-off direction until the point at which balanced flight is required.
Maintains helicopter outside the height-velocity chart avoid area.
Retracts undercarriage at a safe height and airspeed, if applicable.
Trims helicopter, if applicable.
Balances helicopter.
Performs after-take-off checks in accordance with approved checklist.
NVFR3.3 Perform circuit and approach at night - Conducts a circuit and approach, controlling the aircraft and maintaining a safe altitude by reference to instruments and positioning aircraft by reference to runway lighting.Aeroplane
Refer to Unit A3, Element 3.6.
NVFR3.4 Land at night with and without the use of aircraft landing lights - Lands aircraft at night with and without landing lights.
Performs after-landing checks in accordance with approved checklist.Aeroplane
Refer to, Unit A4.
NVFR3.5 Take off and land at night at an aerodrome remote from ground lighting - Conducts take-off, circuit procedures and lands aircraft at night at an aerodrome remote from any ground lighting that could assist the pilot in maintaining control of the aircraft.
Uses runway lights for positioning aircraft in circuit.
Confirms aircraft performance and attitude by reference to flight instruments.
Refers to runway lighting to position the aircraft in the circuit and for landing.
NVFR3.6 Make baulked approach - Conducts a baulked approach at night from any point on the final approach leg.
Aircraft fitted with flight instruments, including attitude and stabilised heading indicators.
Suitable aircraft lighting.
Detail normal circuit procedures.
Explain the light signals from a manned control tower, that could be used in the circuit area at night.
State the colour and pattern of permanent threshold light.
State the colour and pattern of runway threshold identification lights.
State the colour and pattern of displaced threshold lighting.
State the colour and pattern of runway edge lighting.
State the colour and pattern of runway end lighting.
State the colour and pattern of runway centreline lighting.
State the colour and pattern of obstacle lighting.
Describe the methods of activating PAL.
Describe the method of activating an aerodrome frequency response unit with PAL options.
State the time that PAL remains illuminated.
Describe how the PAL system warns users that the lights are about to be extinguished.
Describe the operations and use of a VASI system.
Describe the operations and use of a PAPI system.
Identify aerodromes with standby power.
Unit NVFR6: Manage Abnormal Situations at Night – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to identify abnormal situations at night, perform appropriate actions to manage abnormal situations, and select and proceed to the nearest suitable landing area.
NVFR6.1 Manage engine failure - Controls aircraft after engine failure in a single-engine aircraft, performs immediate actions, manoeuvres aircraft in a safe direction to achieve visual flight and performs a controlled landing at a suitable landing area.
Controls multi-engine aeroplane after failure of an engine; performs all checks in accordance with the Flight Manual/POH; and if an engine restart is not achieved, manages asymmetric flight in accordance with VFR procedures to the nearest suitable aerodrome.
Controls multi-engine helicopter after failure of an engine; performs all checks in accordance with the Flight Manual/POH; and if an engine restart is not achieved, conducts single-engine flight in accordance with VFR procedures to the nearest suitable HLS.Note: Practice of engine failure at night in single- and multi-engine aircraft is to be performed in accordance with AIP ENR 1.1 paragraph 77.3.
NVFR6.2 Manage R/T communication and/or navigation aid or navigation system failure - Identifies R/T and/or navigation aid or navigation system failure and conducts abnormal procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, AIPs and ERS(A).
NVFR6.3 Manage electrical system failure at night - Controls aircraft.
Identifies and confirms electrical system failure and performs emergency procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
NVFR6.4 Manage electrical or vacuum system failure - Identifies and confirms flight instrument electrical or vacuum system failure.
Controls aircraft by reference to functioning flight instruments.
Performs abnormal procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
NVFR6.5 Manage instrument failure - Identifies and confirms instrument failure.
Controls aircraft by reference to functioning instruments.
Manages failure in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
Identifies procedures for penetration of hazardous weather.
NVFR6.7 Demonstrate turbulence penetration technique - Demonstrates or explains aircraft configuration and flight procedures for turbulence penetration in accordance with Flight Manual/POH or Company Operations Manual.
NVFR6.8 Fly helicopter with one hydraulic system failed - Identifies and confirms hydraulic failure.
Controls helicopter in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
NVFR6.9 Fly helicopter without stability augmentation - Identifies and confirms stability augmentation failure.
Controls helicopter in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
Aircraft fitted with flight instruments, including attitude and stabilised heading indicators.
Suitable aircraft lighting.
Unit IF1: Full Instrument Panel Manoeuvres – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to perform all normal flight manoeuvres and recover from unusual attitudes using the full instrument panel.
IF1.1 Determine and monitor serviceability of flight instruments and instrument power sources - Determines serviceability of flight instrument, pilot/static system and instrument power sources in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, before flight.
Performs functional checks of turn, heading and attitude indicators while taxiing.
Monitors flight instrument and instrument power source and reacts appropriately to any warnings, unserviceabilities or erroneous indications.
IF1.2 Perform manoeuvres using full instrument panel - Interprets and reacts appropriately in the time available to flight instrument indications to achieve and maintain specified flight profiles using full instrument panel.
Sets and maintains power and attitude by reference to full instrument panel to achieve straight and level performance during:– normal cruise ( 100 ft 5 10 kts or M.02);– in an aeroplane-approach configuration with flap (when fitted) and undercarriage down ( 100 ft 5 10 kts nominated speed but not below minimum approach speed);– in a helicopter-at minimum power for level flight speed (10 kts)
Sets and maintains power and attitude by reference to full instrument panel to achieve nominated climb performance (5 5 kts M.01).
Sets and maintains power and attitude by reference to full instrument panel to achieve nominated descent performance (5 10 kts or M.02 150 feet per minute)
Sets and maintains power, attitude and bank during climb, descent and straight and level flight by reference to full instrument panel to achieve rate one turns onto a nominated heading (10 on exit then 5).
Level aircraft from a climb or descent
Level aircraft at a nominated altitude (100 feet), from a climb or descent during straight or turning flight.`
IF1.3 Perform steep turns - Sets and maintains power, attitude and bank during level ( 150 feet) and descending (10 kts or M.02) flight by reference to full instrument panel to achieve a steep turn using a nominated angle of bank between 45 and 60 (10) onto a nominated heading (10 on exit then 5).
IF1.4 Recover from unusual attitudes - Identifies uncontrolled flight involving high and low nose attitudes, varying angles of bank and power settings and unbalanced flight and resumes controlled flight by reference to flight instruments using a full instrument panel.
Achieves straight and level attitude without excessive oscillations at the horizon ( 250 ft of height at which aircraft nose first passed through horizon then 100 ft of nominated altitude).
Single-engine or multi-engine aircraft or approved flight simulators.
Manually flown in single pilot or multi-crew operations.
Fitted flight instruments suitable for full panel instrument flight.
Explain a scan technique appropriate to fitted flight instruments and phase of flight.
State the attitude and power requirements to achieve specified flight profiles.
State instrument failure and warning systems fitted to the aircraft.
Unit IF2: Limited Instrument Panel Manoeuvres – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to perform all normal flight manoeuvres and recover from unusual attitudes using the limited instrument panel during flight under IFR conditions.
IF2.1 Recognise failure of attitude indicator and/or stabilised heading indicator - Monitors flight instruments and instrument power sources, recognises warning indicators or erroneous instrument indications and transitions to instrument flight by reference to limited panel flight instruments.
IF2.2 Perform manoeuvres using limited instrument panel - Interprets and reacts appropriately in the time available to flight instrument indications to achieve and maintain specified flight profiles using limited instrument panel.
Sets and maintains power and attitude by reference to limited instrument panel to achieve straight and level performance during:– normal cruise ( 200 ft 15 10 kts or M.02);– in an aeroplane-approach configuration with flap (when fitted) and undercarriage down ( 200 ft 15 10 kts nominated speed but not below minimum approach speed);– in a helicopter-at minimum power for level flight speed (10 kts).
Sets and maintains power and attitude by reference to limited instrument panel to achieve nominated climb performance (5 5 kts M.01).
Sets and maintains power and attitude by reference to limited instrument panel to achieve nominated descent performance (15 10 kts or M.02 200 feet per minute)
Sets and maintains power, attitude and bank during climb, descent and straight and level flight by reference to limited instrument panel to achieve rate one turns onto a nominated heading (20 on exit then 15).
Level aircraft at a nominated altitude (200 feet), from a climb or descent during straight or turning flight.
IF2.3 Recover from unusual attitudes using limited flight instrument panel - Identifies uncontrolled flight involving high and low nose attitudes, varying angles of bank and power settings and unbalanced flight and resumes controlled flight by reference to flight instruments using a limited instrument panel.
Achieves straight and level attitude without excessive oscillations at the horizon ( 300 ft of height at which aircraft nose first passed through horizon then 200 ft of nominated altitude).
Single-engine or multi-engine aircraft or approved flight simulators.
Manually flown in single pilot or multi-crew operations.
Fitted flight instruments suitable for limited panel instrument flight.
During unusual attitude recovery, straight and level flight is achieved when there are no excessive oscillations at the horizon.
Explain a scan technique appropriate to fitted flight instruments and phase of flight (without attitude or stabilised heading indicators).
Recall the performance instrument indications and power requirements to achieve specified flight profiles.
State the anti-icing and de-icing controls/switches fitted to the aircraft type, and when these systems should be operated.
Recall the instrument failure and warning systems fitted to the aircraft.
Unit IF3: Flight Management and Operational Fuel Planning – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to plan and make flight notification for an IFR flight using all applicable current operational documents, after obtaining and applying preflight briefing information and allowing for operational requirements.
IF3.1 Possess and use current operational documents - Ensures all current operational documents applicable to the flight are in the pilot's possession and used for flight planning and management.
Possesses a complete set of approved operational documents that are applicable to the flight.
Ascertains currency of operational documents.
Stows all documents required for the flight and ensure accessibility to the pilot during flight.
Interprets and applies applicable information contained in documents for flight planning and management.
IF3.2 Obtain meteorological and NOTAM pre- flight briefing - Obtains, interprets and applies meteorological, airways facilities, aerodrome and NOTAM information applicable to the flight for planning and conduct of a flight.
IF3.3 Plan flight - Selects and prepares charts suitable for intended flight.
Obtains, analyses and applies applicable information is to prepare a flight plan which details tracks, distances, times, altitudes to be flown and fuel requirements to reach destination in accordance with the IFR requirements.
Plans route to optimise options in the event of an engine failure.
IF3.4 Determine operational fuel requirements - Determines duration of flight.
Determines alternate, holding and fuel reserve requirement by applying operational requirements due to weather, navigation aid availability and aerodrome lighting in accordance with regulations.
Calculates total fuel required in accordance with regulations and Flight Manual/POH.
IF3.5 Make flight notification - Submits completed flight plan to and ensures acceptance by National Aeronautical Information Processing System (NAIPS) at a time adequate to ensure processing of flight plan or at least 30 minutes before flight.
Explain how a pilot may determine the currency of operational documents.
Unit IF4: Management of Pre- and Post-Flight Actions – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to determine aircraft equipment suitability for IFR flight, perform and certify daily inspection, conduct serviceability test of flight and radio navigation instruments before flight and complete post flight actions.
IF4.1 Determine aircraft meets requirements for IFR flight - Determines that aircraft is equipped for flight in accordance with Instrument Flight Rules and ensure that the flight and navigation instruments, minimum electrical lighting equipment, navigation equipment and any other requirements are fitted to the aircraft and are suitable and acceptable for IFR flight in accordance with regulations.
IF4.2 Conduct daily inspection - Performs a daily inspection of aircraft in accordance with aircraft system of maintenance approved by CASA and certified in accordance with regulations.
IF4.3 Conduct preflight serviceability test of flight and radio navigation instruments - Inspects flight instruments and radio navigation aids and confirms serviceable for IFR flight.
IF4.4 Complete post-flight actions - Ensures SARWATCH is terminated.
Certifiers Maintenance release (Flight Technical Log) if required.
Unit IF5: Compliance with Air Traffic Rules and Procedures – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to communicate and comply with Air Traffic Services (ATS) instructions maintain separation with other air traffic and manage airspace procedures.
IF5.1 Obtain and comply with airspace clearances - Obtains air traffic clearances when applicable, prior to entry into the airspace and complies with clearances while operating in that airspace.
IF5.2 Maintain separation from other traffic - Maintains separation from other air traffic in IMC/simulated IMC and during visual approach and departure in accordance with IFR.
IF5.3 Communicate using radio - Maintains two-way communication with ATS and other aircraft in accordance with IFR procedures.
IF5.4 Use transponder - Operates and monitors transponder in accordance with AIP during normal and emergency operations.
For underpinning knowledge applicable to compliance with ATC rules and procedures refer to Units 10, 11 and 12 of the instrument rating knowledge requirements
Unit IF6: Management of Emergency Procedures – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to control the aircraft in IMC, identify abnormal situations, perform appropriate actions, manage abnormal situations and select and proceed to the nearest suitable landing area.
IF6.1 Manage engine failure - Controls aeroplane by reference to flight instruments, performs all checks in accordance with Flight Manual/POH for engine failure, manoeuvres in a safe direction to achieve visual flight and performs a controlled landing at a suitable landing area to achieve the safest outcome.
Controls helicopter by reference to flight instruments, enters auto rotative flight, turns into last known wind direction, performs all checks in accordance with Flight Manual/POH for engine failure and performs a controlled landing at a suitable landing area to achieve the safest outcome.
Controls multi-engine aeroplane by reference to flight instruments after failure of an engine, performs all checks in accordance with the Flight Manual/POH, Company Operations Manual, and if an engine restart is not achieved, performs asymmetric flight in accordance with IFR procedures to the nearest suitable aerodrome.
Controls multi-engine helicopter by reference to flight instruments after failure of an engine, performs all checks in accordance with the Flight Manual/POH, Company Operations Manual, and if an engine restart is not achieved, performs single-engine flight in accordance with IFR procedures to the nearest helicopter landing site (HLS).
IF6.2 Manage radio communication and navigation aid or navigation system failure - Identifies radiotelephone and/or navigation aid failure and performs abnormal procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH and Company Operations Manual.
Performs AIP and ERSA emergency flight procedures during IFR flight when applicable.
IF6.3 Manage electrical /vacuum system failure - Identifies and confirms flight instrument electrical or vacuum system failure.
Controls aircraft by reference to functioning flight instruments.
Performs abnormal procedures for flight instrument electrical or vacuum system failure in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
IF6.4 Manage instrument failure - Identifies and confirms instrument failure.
Controls aircraft by reference to serviceable instruments.
Manages failure in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
Demonstrates and/or explains procedures for penetration of hazardous weather.
IF6.6 Demonstrate turbulence penetration technique - Configures aircraft to comply with turbulence penetration procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
Ensures passenger and crew are restrained in accordance with regulations.
Explains and demonstrates procedures for penetrating turbulence.
IF6.7 Fly helicopter with one hydraulic system failed - Identifies and confirms hydraulic failure.
Controls helicopter by reference to flight instruments during operations with one hydraulic system inoperative in accordance with Flight Manual/POH procedures.
Lands helicopter.
IF6.8 Fly helicopter without stability augmentation - Identifies and confirms stability augmentation failure.
Control helicopter by reference to flight instruments with stability augmentation system inoperative in accordance with Flight Manual/POH procedures.
Lands helicopter.
Explain the operational requirements for an aircraft with one engine inoperative.
Unit IF7: Task Management – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to organise documentation and equipment in the cockpit for IFR flight, prioritise and manage flight tasks, navigation and passengers, and when fitted use autopilot in IMC/simulated IMC.
IF7.1 Prioritise tasks - Organises flight, navigation, communication and passenger management tasks and sets priorities to ensure that the workload at any phase of flight, allows, in the time available, the pilot to safely manage the flight.
IF7.2 Use autopilot - Engages autopilot and Flight Director System (FDS) to assist flight and navigation tasks when available.
Ensures inputs to autopilot are appropriate to the navigation and control requirements of the flight.
Monitors autopilot to ensure operation complies with requirements.
Disengages autopilot before reverting to manual control of aircraft.
Unit IF8: Operate the Aircraft at Night During IFR – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to take off and land and operate the aircraft safely at night under IFR.
IF8.1 Make visual approach under the IFR at night. - Descends from cruising altitude/level to not below LSALT, and maintain track until within the circling area of destination aerodrome, with the aerodrome in sight in accordance with instructions in AIP.
Descends to circuit height, within the circling area by reference to runway lighting
IF8.2 Activate PAL lighting. - Selects appropriate radiotelephone frequency and activates PAL system when within radio range.
Monitors wind indicator lighting to determine end of activation period.
IF8.3 Take off and land at night at an aerodrome remote from ground lighting. - Performs take off, circuit procedures and land aircraft at night at an aerodrome remote from any ground lighting which could assist the pilot in maintaining control of the aircraft, using runway lights for positioning aircraft in circuit.
Positions the aircraft in the circuit and for landing using runway lighting.
IMC or VMC with simulated IMC conditions at night.
Unit IF9: Visual Circling Approach – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to determine the visual circling minima for the specified instrument approach and to manoeuvre an aircraft from the MDA while maintaining ceiling and visibility minima appropriate to circling and visual contact with the landing runway environment, staying within the circling area specified for the aircraft performance category and remaining at or above the MDA until interception of a position on downwind, base or final leg from which a continuous descent with visual reference to the runway, clear of obstacles may be completed to the runway threshold and land or conduct missed approach.
IF9.1 Determine minima applicable for visual circling for specified instrument approach - Determines ceiling and visibility minima for a circling approach appropriate for the instrument approach procedure and category of aircraft being used by reference to applicable instrument approach charts.
IF9.2 Conduct visual circling procedure following instrument approach, using appropriate visual cues - Reviews and briefs the circling procedure including:– position of the runway relative to the aircraft as it will appear to the pilot when approaching minima– a plan of a circling procedure which maintains obstacle clearance in the circling area.
Manoeuvres an aircraft from the MDA while maintaining ceiling and visibility minima appropriate to circling, and visual contact with the landing runway environment.
Maintains aircraft within the circling area specified for the aircraft performance category.
Remains at or above the MDA until interception of a position on downwind, base or final leg from which a continuous descent with visual reference to the runway, clear of obstacles may be completed to the runway threshold.
Controls aircraft and maintains altitude limitations by reference to instruments and uses visual cues only for positioning aircraft on approach.
IF9.3 Conduct missed approach from visual circling - Recognises the conditions requiring a missed approach to be initiated.
Manoeuvres aircraft to MAPT and conduct a missed approach procedure as detailed on the applicable instrument approach chart.
State the conditions under which a circling approach must be discontinued and a missed approach initiated.
Determine the circling area applicable to the aircraft performance category being flown.
State when an aircraft may descend below the MDA (day and night).
Explain the procedure to conduct a missed approach from any nominated point within a circling area on a specified approach.
Unit IF10: NDB Instrument Approach – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to conduct an instrument approach using the NDB approach procedure beginning with a descent from a route MSA or LSALT in compliance with any altitude restrictions on a prescribed track, to the MDA applicable to the aircraft category whilst maintaining obstacle clearance in accordance with instructions in AIP and conducting a published missed approach if visual reference is not achieved by the MAPT specified for the procedure.
IF10.1 Select approach and determine applicable minima - Selects the current IAL chart for the NDB approach to be flown.
Reviews and briefs :– whether entry to the approach will be direct or via the holding pattern:– minimum altitude (LSALT or MSA) prior to approach entry;– tracks, distances, timing and descent limitations for the approach;– the approach minima for the aircraft performance category and runway to be used;– the conduct of visual circling if required;– the missed approach procedure;– the holding or diversion action required if visual reference is not established; and– fuel availability and latest divert time if required.
IF10.2 Monitor aid signal integrity - Tunes and identifies the NDB to be used for the selected approach and monitors the Morse code identification and ADF indications throughout the approach to ensure signal integrity.
IF10.3 Determine position in relation to navigation aids - Fixes position of the aircraft in relation to the navigation aid using overhead passage or two or more bearings.
IF10.4 Conduct initial approach - Ensures altimeter is set to the appropriate QNH and conducts the initial approach from a distance of at least 25 nm from the NDB, maintaining the inbound track (±5°) at or above route MSA or LSALT ( 100 feet 10 kts) in accordance with instructions in AIP, using the NDB.
IF10.5 Conduct holding pattern - Enters the holding pattern at or above LSALT or MSA ( 100 feet) in accordance with the specified sector entry and perform a holding pattern is accordance with instructions in AIP, using the NDB.
IF10.6 Conduct instrument approach procedure - Conducts an instrument approach, descending on a specified track (not before ±5° of nominated track), complying with any altitude restrictions to not below the MDA (+100 –0 feet) within the tolerances specified in regulations, using the NDB.
Identifies the landing runway and conducts visual circling or runway approach for a landing on the selected runway after establishing visual reference.
IF10.7 Conduct missed approach procedure - Commences the published missed approach procedure if visual reference is not established before reaching the MAPT, or any other event specified in AIP as requiring conduct of a missed approach occurs.
Initiates missed approach if operation of the NDB or ADF becomes suspect.
Conducts the missed approach procedure by tracking to the MAPT (±5°) and complying with the published missed approach procedure specified on the IAL chart.
For underpinning knowledge applicable to an NDB Approach Flight Procedure Endorsement refer to Unit 23 of the instrument rating knowledge requirements
Unit IF11: VOR/LOC Instrument Approach – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to conduct an instrument approach using the VOR approach procedure beginning with a descent from a route MSA or LSALT in compliance with any altitude restrictions on a prescribed track, to the MDA applicable to the aircraft category whilst maintaining obstacle clearance in accordance with instructions in AIP and conducting a published missed approach if visual reference is not achieved by the MAPT for the procedure.
IF11.1 Select approach and determine applicable minima) - Selects the current IAL chart for the VOR approach to be flown.
Reviews and briefs :– whether entry to the approach will be direct or via the holding pattern:– minimum altitude (LSALT or MSA) prior to approach entry.;– tracks, distances, timing and descent limitations for the approach– the approach minima for the aircraft performance category and runway to be used;– the conduct of visual circling if required;– the missed approach procedure;– the holding or diversion action required if visual reference is not established; and– fuel availability and latest divert time if required.
IF11.2 Monitor aid signal integrity - Tunes and identifies the VOR to be used for the selected approach and monitor the warning flags and CDI indications throughout the approach to ensure signal integrity.
Monitors the VOR signal to ensure aid function.
IF11.3 Determine position in relation to navigation aid - Fixes position of the aircraft in relation to the navigation aid using overhead passage or two or more bearings.
IF11.4 Conduct initial approach - Ensures altimeter is set to the appropriate QNH and conduct the initial approach from a distance of at least 25 nm from the VOR, maintaining the inbound track at or above route MSA or LSALT in accordance with instructions in AIP, using the VOR.
IF11.5 Conduct holding pattern - Enter the holding pattern at or above LSALT or MSA in accordance with the specified sector entry and perform a holding pattern is accordance with instructions in AIP, using the VOR.
IF11.6 Conduct approach procedure - Conducts an instrument approach, descending on a specified track (not before 1/2 scale CDI); complying with any altitude restrictions to not below the MDA within the tolerances specified in AIP, using the VOR, including:– maintaining track (1/2 scale CDI); – avoiding rate of descent in excess of 1000 fpm on final approach
Identifies the landing runway and a conduct visual circling or runway approach for a landing on the selected runway after establishing visual reference.
IF11.7 Conduct missed approach procedure - Commences the published missed approach procedure if visual reference is not established before reaching the MAPT, or any other event specified in AIP as requiring conduct of a missed approach occurs.
Initiates missed approach if operation of the VOR aid or VOR indicator becomes suspect.
Conducts the missed approach procedure by tracking to the MAPT and complying with the published missed approach procedure specified on the IAL chart.
IF11.8 Conduct missed approach from visual circling - Recognises the conditions requiring a missed approach to be initiated.
Manoeuvres aircraft to MAPT and conduct a missed approach procedure as detailed on the applicable instrument approach chart.
For underpinning knowledge applicable to an VOR Approach Flight Procedure Endorsement refer to Unit 22 of the instrument rating knowledge requirements.
Explain which navigation aid provides track guidance for a LOC approach.
Explain what the full scale range on the CDI for a LOC is.
Explain how to configure the CDI to achieve command guidance prior to conducting a back course LOC.
Unit IF12: Navigation Using GPS (Global Positioning System) – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to navigate the aircraft by reference to Global Positioning System in IMC in compliance with IFR.
IF12.1 Check GPS receiver operation - Confirms operation, settings and indications of receiver including navigation data base currency, signal integrity by accessing appropriate GPS receiver operational modes.
IF12.2 Enter, retrieve, edit, delete and activate flight plan and waypoints - Applies GPS computer functions required to enter, retrieve, edit, deletion and activate flight plan and way point information in a GPS.
IF12.3 Determine position and other relevant navigational information from GPS - Interprets the GPS to determine aircraft position and to extract navigation information including ETA, ETI, G/S and W/V relevant to the flight.
IF12.4 Intercept and maintain desired track to selected WPT - Uses appropriate function selections for next waypoint.
Intercepts and maintains desired track to selected WPT in accordance with tolerances specified in AIP, using the GPS.
IF12.5 Diversion - Diverts from flight planned route and track to selected WPT.
IF12.6 Conduct confidence checks of GPS navigational information - Performs GPS confidence checks is accordance with GPS operators manual.
Confirms GPS flight plan track and distances against information shown on current charts and check GPS position information using any data available from other sources.
IF12.7 Monitor integrity of GPS navigation - Monitors integrity of GPS navigation by reference to RAIM, recognising the RAIM warnings and messages and take appropriate action.
IF12.8 Respond to GPS messages - Interprets displayed messages on GPS and reacts appropriately.
Retrieves GPS messages as required.
Visual Flight Rules and instrument flight rules day and night in variable weather conditions.
Approved aircraft fitted with flight instruments including attitude and stabilised heading indicators.
Autopilot.
Flight Director System.
Flight Management system.
For underpinning knowledge applicable to GPS refer to Units 25 of the instrument rating knowledge requirements.
Unit IF13: GPS/NPA Approach – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to conduct a GPS/NPA instrument approach from route LSALT, entering the GPS/NPA approach procedure in compliance with any altitude restrictions, tracking via the specified approach WPTs, descending in accordance with specified altitude limitations to a straight in or circling MDA, and perform a straight-in or circling approach or conduct a published missed approach if visual reference is not established by the MAPT, using the GPS.
IF13.1 Select approach and determine applicable minima - Selects the current IAL chart for the GPS/NPA approach to be flown and reviews and briefs the entry to, and conduct of, the instrument approach and missed approach procedure.
Confirms GPS receiver database is current.
Determines the applicable meteorological minima for the approach for the aircraft performance category.
Reviews and brief fuel availability and holding or diversion action required if visual reference is not established.
IF13.2 Select, retrieve and activate approach from database - Selects the GPS approach for the appropriate runway from the GPS receiver navigation database.
Select the initial approach fix to be used to transition to the approach procedure, enter the aerodrome QNH in the GPS receiver, and activate the approach.
Performs a confidence check of tracks and distances between the approach WPTs as calculated by the GPS receiver.
Checks CDI is selected to GPS as applicable.
IF13.3 Monitor GPS signal integrity - Checks RAIM availability for the approach and monitors RAIM indications throughout the approach.
IF13.4 Determine position in relation to navigation aids - Interprets the GPS to determine aircraft position.
IF13.5 Conduct initial approach - Sets the altimeter to the aerodrome QNH and conducts the initial approach from a distance of at least 25 nm from the GPS/NPA MAPT, maintaining track to the initial approach WPT at or above route MSA or LSALT.
IF13.6 Conduct holding pattern - Suspends automatic sequencing of the GPS and enters the published holding pattern at the appropriate initial approach WPT using the prescribed sector entry procedure.
Conducts the published holding pattern and resume automatic sequencing to continue the approach.
IF13.7 Conduct approach procedure - Conducts the GPS/NPA instrument approach, descending on the specified track to each approach WPT while complying with approach altitude restrictions.
Confirms that the GPS receiver transitions to approach mode no later than the FAP WPT or discontinue approach.
Continues descent to not below the MDA while tracking to the MAP WPT within the tolerances specified in AIP.
Identifies the landing runway and conducts straight-in runway approach or visual circling for a landing on the selected runway after establishing visual reference.
IF13.8 Conduct missed approach procedure - Commences the published missed approach procedure if visual reference is not established before reaching the MAPT or RAIM is lost, or any other event specified in AIP or in the GPS operations manual as requiring conduct of a missed approach occurs.
Conducts the missed approach procedure by tracking to the MAPT, selecting missed approach mode and complying with the published missed approach procedure and tracking to the MAP Holding WPT.
Configures GPS receiver to conduct another approach or to hold or divert as required.
IF13.9 Conduct missed approach from visual circling - Recognises the conditions requiring a missed approach to be initiated.
Manoeuvres aircraft to MAPT and conduct a missed approach procedure as detailed on the applicable instrument approach chart.
For underpinning knowledge applicable to a GP/NPA Approach Flight Procedure Endorsement refer to Unit 25 of the instrument rating knowledge requirements.
Unit IF14: GPS/NPA Approach with Vertical Guidance (APV) [Reserved]
Unit IF15: ILS Instrument Approach – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to conduct an instrument approach using the ILS approach procedure, beginning with a descent from a route MSA or LSALT in compliance with any altitude restrictions to intercept track on the LOC using marker beacons or DME to fix position on the LOC track, descending by reference to the GS to the decision altitude (DA) and land or conduct a published missed approach if visual reference is not established by DA or DH.
IF15.1 Select approach and determine applicable minima - Selects the current IAL chart for the ILS approach to be flown and plans the transition to, and conduct of, the instrument approach and missed approach procedure.
Determines the DA or DH.
Reviews and briefs :– whether entry to the approach will be direct or via the holding pattern;– minimum altitude (LSALT or MSA) prior to approach entry;– tracks, distances, timing and descent limitations for the approach– the applicable approach minima for the aircraft performance category and runway to be used;– apply pressure error correction to DA;– the conduct of visual circling if required;– the missed approach procedure;– the holding or diversion action required if visual reference is not established; and– fuel availability and latest divert time if required.
IF15.2 Monitor aid signal integrity - Tunes and identifies the LOC to be used for the selected approach and monitors the warning flags and CDI indications for both LOC and glide slope throughout the approach to ensure signal integrity.
Tunes and identifies locator beacon used for initial approach fix.
Tests marker beacon operation and monitors visual and aural indications during approach.
Tunes and identifies DME and monitors distance indications during approach.
IF15.3 Conduct initial approach - Sets the altimeter to the QNH and tracks to the initial approach fix using appropriate tracking aids or radar vectors at or above route MSA or LSALT to intercept the LOC track.
IF15.4 Conduct holding pattern - Enters the holding pattern at or above LSALT or MSA in accordance with the specified sector entry and perform a holding pattern in accordance with instructions in AIP, using the LOC and the other navigation aid used to identify the holding fix.
IF15.5 Conduct approach procedure - Conducts an ILS approach from the initial approach fix, tracking by reference to the LOC, descending on the glide slope and using marker beacons or DME to provide distance indications.
Performs at least one specified altitude check on glide slope and adjust DA if necessary.
Continues descent on glide slope to the DA as applicable within the tolerances specified in AIP including:– ±½ scale deflection for track and glide slope; able to land from minima without undue manoeuvring. – Identifies the landing runway and conduct straight in runway approach or visual circling for a landing on another runway after establishing visual reference.
IF15.6 Conduct missed approach procedure - Commences the published missed approach procedure if visual reference is not established at the DA, or when any other event specified in AIP as requiring conduct of a missed approach occurs.
Conducts the missed approach procedure by tracking to the MAPT and complying with the published missed approach procedure specified on the IAL chart.
IF15.7 Conduct missed approach from visual circling - Recognises the conditions requiring a missed approach to be initiated.
Manoeuvres aircraft to MAPT and conducts a missed approach procedure as detailed on the applicable instrument approach chart.
Approved single-engine or multi-engine aircraft or flight simulator.
For underpinning knowledge applicable to an ILS Approach Flight Procedure Endorsement refer to Unit 24 of the instrument rating knowledge requirements.
Unit IF16: DME/GPS Arrival – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to conduct a DME or GPS arrival procedure from the LSALT, within a specified sector or on a specified track, descending not below the distance/altitude descent steps specified for the procedure to the MDA applicable to the aircraft category and conducting a published missed approach if visual reference is not achieved by the MAPT, using NDB or VOR for tracking and DME or GPS to provide distance indications.
IF16.1 Select approach and determine applicable minima - Selects the current IAL chart for the DME or GPS to be flown and plans the transition to, and conduct of, the instrument approach and missed approach procedure.
Determines the MDA.
Reviews and briefs :– whether entry to the approach will be direct or via the holding pattern;– minimum altitude (LSALT or MSA) prior to approach entry;– tracks, distances, timing and descent limitations for the approach– the applicable approach minima for the aircraft performance category and runway to be used;– the conduct of visual circling if required;– the missed approach procedure;– the holding or diversion action required if visual reference is not established; and– fuel availability and latest divert time if required.
IF16.2 Use appropriate tracking aid and distance information and monitor aid signal integrity - Tunes and identifies the DME or selects the reference WPT for GPS to be used for tracking inbound, checks the distance indication and monitors the aid throughout the approach to ensure signal integrity.
Uses DME or GPS to provide distance indications for descent via the distance/altitude steps of the approach.
Ensures RAIM is available before descending below LSALT or MSA.
IF16.3 Conduct initial approach - Sets the altimeter to the aerodrome QNH and conducts the initial approach and maintains at or above route MSA or LSALT until commencing descent not below the specified limiting altitude for the distance/altitude descent steps.
IF16.4 Conduct approach procedure - Conduct the arrival procedure, descending on the specified track or sector, descending not below the specified distance/altitude descent steps to the MDA within the tolerances specified in AIP.
Complies with applicable tracking and speed restrictions after passing the initial approach fix.
Identifies the landing runway and conducts visual circling or straight in runway approach or for a landing on the selected runway after establishing visual reference.
IF16.5 Conduct missed approach procedure - Commences the published missed approach procedure if visual reference is not established before reaching the MAPT, or any other event specified in AIP as requiring conduct of a missed approach occurs.
Conducts the missed approach procedure by tracking to the MAPT ( 5 2nm arc) and complying with the published missed approach procedure specified on the IAL chart.
IF16.6 Conduct missed approach from visual circling - Recognises the conditions requiring a missed approach to be initiated.
Manoeuvres aircraft to MAPT and conduct a missed approach procedure as detailed on the applicable instrument approach chart.
For underpinning knowledge applicable to a GP/DME Arrival Flight Procedure Endorsement refer to Unit 21 of the instrument rating knowledge requirements.
Unit IF18: Perform Standard Arrival Route (STAR) – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to conduct an arrival from an inbound route, tracking via a Standard Arrival Route (STAR) published in AIP, to a position from which an approach and landing can be made at the destination aerodrome.
IF18.1 Conduct arrival using STAR - Selects the current chart for the STAR to be flown and reviews and briefs the entry to, and conduct of, the STAR procedure for the nominated runway.
Manoeuvres the aircraft from an inbound route in accordance with ATC instructions and published STAR procedures, to a fix at or near the destination aerodrome, using radio navigation aids and transition to an approach as instructed by ATC, in accordance with the IFR.
Manoeuvres aircraft within the following tolerances:– heading 10;– altitude 100 feet; and– track and radials 5.;
Complies with ATC instructions amending STAR procedure.
For underpinning knowledge applicable to a STAR Arrival Flight Procedure Endorsement refer to Unit 20 of the instrument rating knowledge requirements.
Unit IF19: Perform Instrument Departure (Single-Engine) – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to plan and conduct a departure from an aerodrome without a published instrument departure procedure, intercept track within 5 nm, while maintaining obstacle clearance during climb to LSALT and manage traffic separation using the radiotelephone, in IMC/simulated IMC under the IFR.
IF19.1 Determine applicable standard take off minima - Determines standard take off minima for a single-engine aeroplane or helicopter as applicable for the aerodrome using AIP or DAP East and West.
IF19.2 Determine obstacle clearance requirements for take off - Plans a departure which ensures that the aircraft can maintain obstacle and terrain clearance after take off and during the climb to LSALT.
Increases the ceiling minima and/or plans a track to ensure terrain clearance when required.
IF19.3 Take off and climb to cruising altitude/level under the IFR from an aerodrome which does not have SID and/or SRD procedures - Takes off and climbs to cruising altitude/level in IMC/simulated IMC from the standard take off ceiling (300 ft).
Intercepts track within 5 nm of the departure aerodrome ensuring obstacle and terrain clearance is maintained below LSALT.
Performs all required radio transmissions in accordance with AIP and maintains separation from other traffic.
For underpinning knowledge applicable to a single-engine Instrument Take off and Departure Flight Procedure Endorsement refer to Unit 18 of the instrument rating knowledge requirements.
Unit IF20: Perform Standard Instrument Departure (SE) – Flight Standard
Unit Description: The skills and knowledge to determine the applicable take off ceiling and visibility minima, calculate and maintain the obstacle clearance limits for climb during flight to LSALT while on climb to cruising altitude/level and to comply with SID or SRD graphic depiction or narrative requirements in IMC/simulated IMC under IFR.
IF20.1 Determine applicable standard take off minima - Determines standard take off minima for a single-engine aeroplane or helicopter as applicable for the aerodrome using AIP or DAP East and West.
IF20.2 Determine SID and obstacle clearance requirements - Determine from aircraft take off and climb performance charts that obstacle clearance can be maintained in the take off area and that the minimum design climb gradient of the SID or SRD and any additional specified gradients can be met.
IF20.3 Take off and climb to cruising level using SID and/or SRD procedure - Reviews and briefs track and altitude requirements of the SID.
Climb to cruising altitude/level after take off in IMC/simulated IMC from standard take off ceiling (300 ft) in accordance with specified tracking and altitude requirements of the SID or SRD procedure.
Ensures obstacle and terrain clearance is maintained below LSALT.
Performs all required radio transmissions in accordance with AIP.
For underpinning knowledge applicable to a single-engine Standard Instrument Departure Flight Procedure Endorsement refer to Unit 19 of the instrument rating knowledge requirements.
Unit IF21: Instrument Departure from Aerodrome Without SID or SRD – Multi-Engine Aeroplane – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Knowledge and skills to determine the take off ceiling and visibility minima for a multi-engine aeroplane, calculate and maintain obstacle clearance limits during the climb to LSALT in normal and asymmetric flight, resolve whether a return to the aerodrome of departure is possible in the event of and engine failure or complete a suitable course action if otherwise, and manage a simulated/actual engine failure in IMC.
IF21.1 Determine applicable standard take off minima - Determines take off ceiling and visibility minima for take off from the aerodrome in a multi-engine aeroplane using AIP or DAP East and West.
Determines whether an engine failure after take off in IMC will require a return to the departure aerodrome.
Sets higher take off minima which will allow the return to be made using an instrument or visual approach in a multi-engine aircraft with an inoperative engine.
IF21.2 Determine obstacle clearance requirements for take off including compliance in event of engine failure - Plans a departure which ensures the aircraft can maintain obstacle and terrain clearance after take off and during climb to LSALT in the event of an engine failure.
IF21.3 Take off and climb to cruising altitude/level under the IFR from an aerodrome which does not have SID and/or SRD procedures - Takes off and climbs to cruising altitude/level in IMC/simulated IMC from the standard take off ceiling applicable to the aircraft type and performance.
Intercepts track within 5 nm of the departure aerodrome, ensuring obstacle and terrain clearance is maintained below LSALT.
Performs all required radio transmissions in accordance with AIP and maintain separation from other traffic.
IF21.4 Manage engine failure after take off - Controls aircraft, identifies and confirms engine failure and manages simulated engine failure after take off in simulated IMC from 300 feet to the following tolerances:
maintains heading (± 20° initially then 5, from datum heading).
maintains initial climb not less than best single-engine angle of climb speed (Vxse) or best single-engine rate of climb speed (Vyse (+5 -0 kts) until clear of obstacles, then Vyse (± 5 kts ± M.01).
Decides to continue climb or return to aerodrome.
For underpinning knowledge applicable to a multi-engine Instrument Take off and Departure Flight Procedure Endorsement refer to Unit 18 of the instrument rating knowledge requirements.
Unit IF22: Standard Instrument Departure Using a SID or SRD – Multi-Engine Aeroplane – Flight Standard
Unit Description: The skills and knowledge to determine the applicable take off ceiling and visibility minima, calculate and maintain the obstacle clearance limits for climb during normal and asymmetric flight to LSALT while on climb to cruising altitude/level and complying with SID or SRD graphic depiction or narrative requirements in IMC/simulated IMC under IFR.
IF22.1 Determine applicable standard take off minima - Determine take off ceiling and visibility minima for take off from the aerodrome by interpreting AIP or DAP East and West.
Determine whether and engine failure after take off in IMC will require a return to the departure aerodrome and if a return is required, select a higher take off minima which will allow the return to be made using an instrument or visual approach.
IF22.2 Determine obstacle clearance requirements for take off - Determine from aircraft take off and climb performance charts that obstacle clearance can be maintained in the take off area and that the minimum design climb gradient of the SID or SRD and any additional specified gradients can be met and procedure is able to ensure obstacle and terrain clearance in event of engine failure.
IF22.3 Take off and climb to cruising level using SID and/or SRD procedure - Climbs to cruising altitude/level in IMC/simulated IMC from standard take off ceiling (300 ft) in accordance with specified tracking and altitude requirements of the SID or SRD procedure after take off.
Ensures obstacle and terrain clearance is maintained below LSALT.
Performs all required radio transmissions in accordance with AIP.
IF22.4 Manage engine failure after take off - Controls aircraft, identifies and confirms engine failure and manages simulated engine failure after take off in simulated IMC from 300 feet to the following tolerances:– maintains heading (± 20° initially then 5, from datum heading).– maintains initial climb not less than best single-engine angle of climb speed (Vxse) or best single-engine rate of climb speed Vyse (+5 -0 kts) until clear of obstacles, then Vyse (± 5 kts).– level flight (± 100 ft and –0 +100 ft at minima)
Decides to continue climb or return to aerodrome.
For underpinning knowledge applicable to a multi-engine Standard Instrument Departure Flight Procedure Endorsement refer to Unit 19 of the instrument rating knowledge requirements.
Unit IF25: Instrument Approach and Missed Approach with Simulated Engine Failure in a Multi-Engine Aeroplane – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to conduct an instrument approach and published missed approach and maintain control an aeroplane during asymmetric flight in IMC/simulated IMC under the IFR.
IF25.1 Simulate engine failure during instrument approach procedure - Identifies and confirms a simulated engine failure during an instrument approach in a multi-engine aircraft and controls the aircraft.
Performs one engine inoperative procedures in accordance with the Flight Manual/POH, Company Operations Manual.
Performs the one engine inoperative instrument approach within the tolerances specified in AIP and the following tolerances:– Maintains track (1/2 scale CDI-±5°).Aeroplane– heading ±20° initially then ±5° from datum;– IAS +5-0 kts) VYSE, then ±10 kts or M.02; and– height ±100 ft; at MDAs +100 –0 ft.
IF25.2 Conduct missed approach with simulated engine failure - Identifies and confirms a simulated engine failure in a multi-engine aircraft during a missed approach and controls the aircraft.
Performs, with one engine inoperative the published missed approach from the MAPT in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, Company Operations Manual to the following tolerances:Aeroplane– heading ±20° initially then ±5° from datum;– IAS +5-0 kts) VYSE, then ±10 kts or M.02; and– height ±100 ft; at MDAs +100 –0 ft.
Failed Engine Operations
Define VMCA.
State the minimum control speed airborne (VMCA3 and VMCA2) for the aircraft.
Explain the safety implications of asymmetric flight below VMCA.
Explain the power, flight and configuration requirements that apply to VMCA.
Identify the critical engine.
Explain the methods of regaining control of an aircraft with a failed engine, that is flying at a speed less than VMCA.
Calculate V1 for any specified take-off conditions.
State the conditions that would increase V1.
Explain what performance the aircraft can achieve after reaching V2 during asymmetric flight.
Calculate initial rate of climb and climb gradient for one engine inoperative after take-off for specified conditions.
Explain markings on the air speed indicator that apply to failed engine operations.
Calculate fuel flow and true air speed with one engine inoperative.
Determine if the range of the aircraft increases or decreases following an engine failure.
Calculate point of no return (PNR) for one engine inoperative with maximum fuel (CPL and ATPL).
Calculate equi time point (ETP) for one engine inoperative with maximum fuel (CPL and ATPL).
Unit: IF26 Multi-Engine Aeroplane (MPL) – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to extract and interpret required performance information to calculate aeroplane weight and balance; to calculate take-off, climb, cruise, descent, landing and emergency flight performance; and to control a multi-engine aeroplane and operate all aeroplane systems in normal and abnormal flight in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
IF26.1 Extract, interpret, calculate and apply normal and abnormal flight performance information - Extracts approved flight performance information from Flight Manual/POH, interprets and applies the information to calculate aircraft take-off and landing weight, centre of gravity and take-off and landing performance.
Extracts flight performance information from Flight Manual/POH, interprets and applies the information to the phase of flight and calculates aircraft performance during normal flight operations.
Applies performance information to calculate fuel requirements.
Extracts flight performance information from Flight Manual/POH, interprets and applies the information to failed engine(s) operations during any phase of flight.
IF26.2 Plan for asymmetric operations after take-off, during cruise and approach phases of flight Engine failure after take-off
Assesses weather and traffic conditions and terrain and formulates a plan that can be implemented following an engine failure after take-off to achieve the safest outcome.Engine failure during cruise
Determines asymmetric performance for the cruise phase of flight, analyses weather and terrain conditions and formulates a plan that can be implemented following an engine failure during any stage of cruise flight to achieve the safest outcome.Engine failure during visual and instrument approach
Maintains situation awareness of aircraft position, altitude, configuration and weather during approach and formulates a plan that includes actions before and after visual committal height that can be implemented following an engine failure on approach to achieve the safest outcome.
IF26.3 Operate multi-engine aeroplane (land) in all phases of flight - Controls multi-engine aircraft in all phases of normal flight to the appropriate standards specified for a private or commercial aeroplane pilot in the Day VFR (Aeroplane) Syllabus.
Operates all aircraft systems, equipment and engines in accordance with Flight Manual/POH
IF26.4 Manage abnormal or emergency situations in multi-engine aeroplane (land) - Controls aeroplane.
Identifies and confirms abnormal or emergency situation.
Performs appropriate abnormal or emergency procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH and published procedures.
Advises ATS or another agency capable of assistance of situation and intentions.
IF26.5 Manage engine failure in multi-engine aeroplane (land) - Self-briefs or briefs crew members, stating a plan of action that will ensure the safest outcome in the event of an engine failure.
Maintains control of aeroplane, identifies and confirms failed engine(s) and shuts down failed engine(s) following engine failure during any phase of flight, in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
Operates aircraft in accordance with Flight Manual/POH during flight with failed engine(s).Engine failure in flight (sequence of actions may be varied)
Sets power on serviceable engine(s) to ensure desired aircraft performance.
Shuts down failed engine(s) in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
Controls aircraft without sideslip (1/2 ball out towards the lowered wing) or balances aircraft when applicable.
Maintains indicated airspeed at or above VMCA.
Climbs aircraft at VYSE if applicable.
Lands aircraft at nearest appropriate landing area.Rejected take-off
Recognises and identifies cause for rejecting take-off.
Decides to reject take-off.
Controls aircraft and maintains aircraft on runway.
Closes throttle(s).
Applies braking and other fitted retardation devices and stops aircraft in runway distance available.
Performs engine shutdown or abnormal procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH or Company Operations Manual.Engine failure after take-off
Ensures maximum take-off power is applied to serviceable engine(s).
Identifies failed engines and confirms failure.
Feathers propeller (as applicable) and shuts down failed engine(s) in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
Controls aircraft without sideslip (1/2 ball out towards the lowered wing) or balances aircraft when applicable.
Maintains aircraft at or above VMCA.
Climbs aircraft at VYSE.
Lands aircraft at nearest appropriate landing area.Manage engine failure after take-off below TOSS – aircraft will not accelerate or climb
Sets power as required to manoeuvre aircraft to most suitable area to land.Perform overshoot from visual committal height
Determines visual committal height (consider 300 ft AGL).
Initiates go-around at or above visual committal height.
Applies maximum take-off power.
Maintains VYSE.
Climbs to a safe height.
Reassesses situation for landing.Manage engine failure below visual committal height
Lands aircraft.
Day VFR/IFR.
Approved multi-engine aeroplane with dual controls, electronic intercom and dual control brakes.
Appropriate surfaces.
Simulated emergencies.
General aircraft data
Recall make, type and model of aircraft, designation of engines, take-off and rated power.
Explain the relationship between take-off distance available and aircraft weight to accelerate stop distance.Airspeed and load limitations
Recall and apply all stated airspeed limitations including: VNO, VA, VX and VY, VNE, VFE, VLO, VLE, VLO2 (landing gear operations down), maximum crosswind, turbulence penetration speed and maximum load factor.
Determine and apply accelerate/stop distance.Weight, balance and performance
Calculate take-off weight.
State maximum take-off weight.
State maximum take-off weight, landing weight, ramp weight and zero fuel weight.
Calculate centre of gravity position for any specified conditions.
State centre of gravity limitations.
Use appropriate charts to determine centre of gravity.
Apply calculated centre of gravity position and confirm it is within limits.
Relate mean aerodynamic chord to loading, fuel used and retraction or extension of undercarriage, reference point and turning moment in mm/kg, if applicable.
Calculate take-off distance for any specified conditions.
Calculate landing distance for any specified conditions.
Explain the procedures for landing on a wet or contaminated runway.Failed engine operationsMulti-engine aeroplane less than 5700Kg
Define VMCA.
Explain why VMCA demonstrations and practice should not be conducted below 3000 ft or higher AGL.
State the minimum control speed airborne (VMCA) for the aircraft type flown.
Explain the safety implications of asymmetric flight below VMCA.
Explain the power, flight and configuration requirements that apply to VMCA.
Identify the critical engine.
Explain the methods of regaining control of an aircraft with a failed engine that is flying at a speed less than VMCA.
Explain the relationship between VMCA at altitude and VS1 (clean stall speed), and the potential dangers of this condition of flight.
Explain why asymmetric stalling and asymmetric stall recoveries should never be practiced.
Explain the primary reason for VYSE.
Explain the performance implications of flying below or above VYSE following an engine failure.
Explain the parameters that apply to VSSE and the factors that are taken into account in calculating this speed.
Explain why simulated engine failures after take-off are not conducted below VSSE
Calculate initial rate of climb and climb gradient for one engine inoperative after take-off for specified conditions.
Explain markings on the airspeed indicator that applies to asymmetric engine operations.
Calculate fuel flow and true airspeed with one engine inoperative.
Determine if the range of the aircraft increases or decreases following an engine failure.
Calculate PNR for one engine inoperative with maximum fuel (CPL and ATPL).
Calculate ETP for one engine inoperative with maximum fuel (CPL and ATPL).Multi-engine aeroplane with Large Aeroplane Performance
Calculate V1 for any specified take-off conditions.
State the conditions that would increase V1.Explain what performance the aircraft can achieve after reaching V2 during asymmetric flight.
Unit TR1: Preflight Procedures – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to complete the preflight tasks to prepare an aircraft for flight in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
TR1.1 Conduct preflight inspection - Completes external and internal preflight inspections in accordance with Flight Manual/POH or Company Operations Manual and determines serviceability of aircraft in accordance with published specifications.
Interprets and complies with minimum equipment list requirements.
Uses approved checklists or procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH or Company Operations Manual.
Coordinates with ground crew to ensure clearances prior to operating any aircraft controls, doors and hatches whenever personnel may be adversely affected.
Ensures removal of all aircraft locking devices.
Operates aircraft systems in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, approved checklist or Company Operations Manual.
Determines that the aircraft is airworthy for flight and takes corrective action in the event of discrepancies.
Inspects the general area around the aircraft and identifies and eliminates hazards to the safety of the aircraft and personnel.
TR1.2 Extract preflight performance data - Extracts and interprets flight performance information from approved Flight Manual/POH/FMS.
Determines the following:– aircraft take-off weight, zero fuel weight, landing weight and centre of gravity– aircraft take-off performance– aircraft performance for all phases of flight– aircraft performance applicable to abnormal operations– aircraft performance for engine inoperative operations during all phases of flight.
Sets flight instrumentation in accordance with Company Operations Manual (i.e. airspeed bugs, headings etc).
TR1.3 Start engine(s) - Starts engine(s) in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, including the following:– use of auxiliary power unit (APU) or alternative starting sources when applicable– various atmospheric conditions– normal and non-normal starting limitations– actions in the event of a malfunction
Complies with starter limitations.
Complies with ground safety procedures during before-start, start and after-start phases.
Utilises the appropriate ground crew during the start procedures, when appropriate.
Completes all items of the start procedures in accordance with the approved checklist during before-start, start and after-start phases.
Manages occurrences where specific instructions or checklist items are not published.
TR1.4 Taxi aircraft - Requests ATC clearances or makes mandatory air traffic broadcast in accordance with AIP.
Pushes back or powers back aircraft safely in accordance with specified procedures.
Confirms serviceability of brakes, after park brake release and before taxiing.
Maintains control of aircraft during taxi or while operating aircraft equipped with float devices, and controls the aircraft during water taxiing, sailing, step taxi, approaching a buoy and docking operations.
Divides attention appropriately between inside and outside the flight deck, to ensure maintenance of control while taxiing and completion of cockpit procedures and checklists in accordance with Company Operations Manual.
Checks instruments in a suitable area clear of traffic and other hazards.
Interprets and complies with taxiway, lighting and other aerodrome and marine markings. Note: In the absence of markings, the aircraft is maintained in the centre of the taxiway and at a safe distance from obstacles.
Maintains lookout and right-of-way rules and complies with any ATC or marshalling instructions when applicable.
Adjusts taxi speed to suit aircraft type, surface conditions, congestion, and maintenance of control; and avoids collision with personnel, obstacles or other aircraft.
Applies flying controls, power and brakes to maintain the aircraft on the taxiway centreline (1.5 metres of centreline) while compensating for wind and surface conditions.
TR1.5 Conduct pre-take-off checks - Performs pre-take-off checklist in accordance with Flight Manual/POH or Company Operations Manual and confirms all systems are within normal operating range.
Confirms aircraft configuration is safe for take-off.
Confirms critical airspeeds (airspeeds/V-speeds) are set and/or displayed in accordance with Flight Manual/POH or Company Operations Manual.
Confirms flight director, autopilot controls and navigation and communication equipment set in accordance with Flight Manual/POH or Company Operations Manual.
Performs pre-take-off briefing in accordance with Company Operations Manual, including:– departure procedures– actions in the event of non-normal or emergency situations.
Obtains and interprets the take-off and departure clearance issued by ATC.
Confirms prior to entering runway, that aircraft is positioned on specified or appropriate taxiway.
Ensures final approach path is clear of conflicting traffic on specified or appropriate runway.
Unit TR2: Take-Off and Departure Procedures – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to carry out take-off and departure procedures as pilot in command of a multi-crew aircraft during visual, instrument and night conditions in normal and non-normal and emergency situations in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
TR2.1 Conduct normal and crosswind take-off - Identifies and avoids any surface conditions, obstructions, aircraft cleared for LAHSO or other hazards that might hinder a safe take-off.
Verifies and applies correction for the existing wind component to the take-off performance.
Completes required checks prior to starting take-off to verify the expected engine performance.
Controls aircraft to maintain longitudinal alignment on the centreline of the runway prior to initiating and during the take-off and climb ±5º of desired heading except for curved departure.
Monitors engine controls, settings and instruments during take-off to ensure all predetermined parameters are maintained.
Adjusts the controls to set the desired pitch attitude at the predetermined airspeed/V-speed to attain the desired performance for the applicable take-off segment.
Performs the required pitch changes at the specified airspeed/V-speed, and as appropriate performs or calls for and verifies the accomplishment of the following in accordance with the tolerances specified in Flight Manual/POH:– gear and flap retractions– power adjustments– other pilot activities peculiar to the aircraft type.
Complies with the applicable noise abatement and wake turbulence procedures as required.
Calls for and verifies the completion of the appropriate checklist items.
Maintains the climb segment airspeed/V-speeds ±5 kts of specified airspeed.
TR2.2 Conduct instrument take-off (IFR rated pilots only) - Ensures aircraft is aligned with specified or appropriate runway.
Determines the minimum visibility required for an instrument departure applicable to the aircraft type.
Considers and plans for operational factors that could adversely affect the safety of the manoeuvre, including:– take-off configuration warning systems or other aircraft characteristics– runway length– surface conditions– wind– wake turbulence– obstacles– engine failure procedures throughout each segment– other factors pertinent to the aircraft or airfield.
Completes and confirms the appropriate checklist items to ensure the aircraft systems applicable to the instrument take-off are operating correctly.
Sets applicable radios and flight instruments to the desired setting prior to initiating the take-off.
Controls aircraft to maintain longitudinal alignment on the centreline of the runway prior to initiating and during the take-off and climb ±5º of desired heading.
Transitions from visual meteorological conditions to actual or simulated instrument meteorological conditions without loss of control of the aircraft.
Maintains the appropriate climb attitude.
Complies with the appropriate airspeeds/V-speeds and climb segment airspeeds ±5 kts.
Complies with ATC clearances and instructions.
TR2.3 Manage engine failure during take-off - Considers and plans for operational factors that could adversely affect the safety of the manoeuvre, including:– take-off configuration warning systems or other aircraft characteristics– runway length– surface conditions– wind– wake turbulence– obstacles– engine failure procedures throughout each segment– other factors pertinent to the aircraft or airfield.
Completes required checks prior to starting take-off to verify the expected engine performance.
Controls aircraft to maintain longitudinal alignment on the centreline of the runway prior to initiating and during the take-off and climb ±5º of desired heading, except for curved departure.
Sets and adjusts engine controls in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.Failure at or after V1
Continues the take-off and performs the required pitch changes at the specified airspeed/V-speed +5 kts, and as appropriate performs or calls for and verifies the accomplishment of the following in accordance with the tolerances specified in Flight Manual/POH:– gear and flap retractions– power adjustments– other pilot activities peculiar to the aircraft type.
Complies with obstacle clearance departure procedure.
TR2.4 Perform rejected take-off - Considers and plans for operational factors that could adversely affect the safety of the manoeuvre, including:– take-off configuration warning systems or other aircraft characteristics– runway length– surface conditions– wind– obstructions– aircraft cleared for LAHSO.
Controls aircraft to maintain longitudinal alignment on the centreline of the runway.
Aborts the take-off prior to V1 or at a point during the take-off where the abort procedure can be initiated and the aircraft stopped on the remaining runway/stopway.
Reduces power rapidly.
Activates spoilers, prop reverse, thrust reverse, wheel brakes and other drag and braking devices as appropriate in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, maintaining positive control in a manner to bring the aircraft to a safe stop.
Initiates and completes appropriate engine failure or other procedures and/or checklists as specified in Flight Manual/POH.
TR2.5 Conduct departure procedure - Prepares current and appropriate navigation publications for the proposed flight.
Selects and uses the appropriate communications frequencies, and selects and identifies the navigation aids associated with the proposed flight.
Performs appropriate checklist items from approved checklist.
Establishes communications with ATC, using proper phraseology.
Complies in a timely manner with all instructions and airspace restrictions.
Demonstrates/describes two-way radio communications failure procedures.
Intercepts all courses, radials and bearings to ensure compliance with specified tracking procedures or route clearance or as directed by ATC.
Maintains the appropriate airspeed within ±10 kts, headings within ±10º, altitude within ±100ft and tracks all courses, radials or bearings to the beginning of the en route phase.
Engine failure during takeoff (VFR and IFR pilots):
For a rejected takeoff, the simulated engine failure should occur before reaching 50% VMCA.
For aircraft with published V1, VR and/or V2 speeds, the failure of the most critical engine should be simulated at a point:– after V1 and prior to V2 if in the opinion of the examiner it is appropriate under the prevailing conditions; or– as close as possible after V1 when V1 and V2 or V1 and VR are identical.
For aircraft for which no V1, VR and/or V2 speeds are published, the failure of the most critical engine should be simulated at a point after reaching a minimum of VYSE and if accomplished in the aircraft at an altitude not lower than 500 ft AGL,
Normal and crosswind take-off
Explain normal and crosswind take-offs and climbs procedures, including airspeeds, configurations, method of drift allowance, setting of flight instruments and non-normal/emergency procedures.Instrument take-off (IFR pilots only)
Explain instrument take-off procedures, including minimum take-off visibility requirements, crew coordination and briefing procedure, setting of flight instruments and non-normal/emergency procedures.
Engine failure during take-off.
Explain the procedures used during engine failure on take-off, the appropriate reference airspeeds, and the specific pilot actions required.Rejected takeoff
Explain the technique and procedure for carrying out a rejected take-off after an engine/system(s) failure/warnings, including related safety factors.Departure procedures
Explain the departure procedures, en route low and high altitude charts, STARs and related pilot/controller responsibilities.
Unit TR3: In-Flight Procedures – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to operate as pilot in command of a multi-crew aircraft during visual day, instrument and night conditions in normal and non-normal or emergency situations in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
Performs level steep turn of nominated bank angle (45°–60°, ±5°) and speed (±10 kts) without altitude change (±100 ft).
Performs descending steep turn of nominated bank angle (45°–60°, ±5°) at a nominated speed (±10 kts) to a nominated heading or geographical feature through a minimum of 500 ft height loss.
Exits on specified heading or geographical feature (10).
Trims aircraft prior to commencing turn.
TR3.2 Recover from approach to stall and developed stall Recognise approach to stall
Performs pre-manoeuvre checks.
Recognises airframe buffet and control ineffectiveness symptoms and visual and aural stall warning devices while approaching the stall.Recover aircraft before stall entry
Recognises the approach to the stall during any phase of flight and adjusts attitude and power settings to resume normal balanced flight before stall entry.Stall aircraft
Stalls aircraft while maintaining balanced flight.
Observes control column/stick position at point of departure from intended flight path (stall).Recover from stall with minimum loss of height
Adjusts aircraft stick position to unstall wing and power setting to resume normal balanced flight on advent of stall.
Recovers from stall using full power.
Recovers from stall during straight and level, climbing, descending and approach configuration flight.
Recovers from stall during a turn.
TR3.3 Manage engine failure in flight and restart engine Following an engine(s) failure
Controls aircraft to the following tolerances:– heading ±20° initially, then ±5°– altitude ±100 ft at engine(s) inoperative ceiling or lower altitude– IAS ±10 kts of nominated airspeed.
Adjusts power to maintain nominated performance and reduces drag when appropriate.
Identifies and confirms failed engine(s) in accordance with Flight Manual/POH or Company Operations Manual.
Shuts down failed engine(s) in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
Determines nearest appropriate airfield for engine inoperative landing.
Analyses engine(s) failure and decides if engine restart is appropriate.
Restarts engine(s) in accordance with Flight Manual/POH if appropriate.
TR3.4 Manage specific aircraft flight characteristics (when applicable) - Identifies specific aircraft flight characteristic applicable to aircraft type.
Controls aircraft and manages specific aircraft flight characteristics in accordance with Flight Manual/POH or manufacturer’s recommendations while complying with any aircraft limitations.
TR3.5 Recover from unusual attitudes - Identifies nose-high or nose-low unusual attitude flight condition.
Recovers from nose-low or nose-high unusual attitudes by adjusting pitch, bank and power to resume controlled and balanced flight.
Applies controlled corrective action while maintaining aircraft performance within limits.
Flight simulator.
Simulated hazardous weather.Approach to stalls
Three approaches to stall are required as follows:– One in take-off configuration (except where the aircraft uses only zero flap take-off configuration) or approach configuration.– One in a clean configuration– One in a landing configuration.
One of the approaches to a stall accomplished while in a turn using a bank angle of 15º to 30º.Engine failure in propeller aircraft including turbo props
Demonstrate the feathering of one propeller in any multi-engine aircraft, which can safely be feathered and unfeathered while in flight.In multi-engine jet aircraft
Shut down and restart one engine in flight.
Feathering or shutdown only performed under conditions and altitudes not lower than 3000 ft and in a position where a safe landing can be made at an established airport in the event difficulty is encountered in unfeathering the propeller or restarting the engine.
Below 3000 ft AGL, simulated engine failure will be performed by setting the engine controls to simulate zero thrust.In simulator
Feathering, shutdown restart and unfeathering procedures may be performed in conjunction with any procedure or manoeuvre and at any locations and altitudes at the discretion of the examiner.
Steep turns
Explain the principles of steep turns in general and those factors applicable to the aircraft type:– Performance– Wing loading– Angle of bank– Considerations of the relationship of Mach number and IAS at altitude– Stall speed– Pitch and power requirements– Overbanking tendenciesApproaches to stalls
Explain the factors which influence stall characteristics in general and applicable to the aircraft type, including:– Use of various drag configurations– Power settings– Pitch attitudes– Weights– Angle of bank.
Explain procedures for resuming normal flight.Engine failure
Explain the flight characteristics and controllability associated with manoeuvring with engine(s) inoperative applicable to the specific aircraft type.Specific flight characteristics
Explain the specific flight characteristics appropriate to the aircraft type, for example Dutch roll, effects of icing, etc.Recovery from unusual attitudes
Explain the techniques of recovery from unusual attitudes.
Unit TR4: Approach and Landing Procedures – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to conduct an approach and landing in a multi-crew aircraft into wind and crosswind during normal and non-normal operations.
TR4.1 Conduct normal and crosswind approach and landings - Ensures aircraft is aligned with specified or appropriate runway.
Selects aiming point.
Establishes the approach and landing configuration appropriate for the runway and meteorological conditions, adjusting the engine controls as required.
Maintains a ground track that ensures the desired traffic pattern will be flown, taking into account any obstructions and ATC instructions.
Verifies existing wind conditions, making corrections for drift to maintain a precise ground track.
Maintains a stabilised approach with the specified airspeed/V-speed ±5 kts.
Completes a smooth positively controlled transition from final approach to touchdown.
Touches down in the touchdown area specified in the Company Operations Manual or within 1500 ft (450 metres) beyond a nominated touchdown point when not specified in the Company Operations Manual.
Maintains directional control and crosswind correction during the after-landing roll.
Activates spoilers, prop reverse, thrust reverse, wheel brakes and any other drag/braking devices as appropriate to bring the aircraft to a safe stop within the landing distance available.
Completes after-landing checklist in accordance with Company Operations Manual or Flight Manual/POH.
TR4.2 Conduct approach and landing with simulated engine failure - Maintains positive aircraft control as recommended by the manufacturer to maintain coordinated flight and keep aircraft trimmed.
Sets engine controls and reduces drag as necessary.
Verifies the inoperative engine(s).
Maintains the operating engine(s) within acceptable operating limits.
Follows the prescribed aircraft checklist and verifies the procedures for securing the inoperative engine(s).
Proceeds to nearest suitable airfield.
Maintains the following tolerances prior to beginning the final approach segment:– heading ±5º of desired heading– airspeed ±10 kts of nominated airspeed– altitude ±100 ft of nominated altitude.
Tracks radials, tracks, courses and bearings.
Establishes the approach and landing configuration appropriate for the runway and meteorological conditions, adjusting the engine controls as required.
TR4.2 Conduct approach and landing with simulated engine failure (cont.) - Maintains a stabilised approach with the desired airspeed/V-speed ±5 kts.
Completes a smooth positively controlled transition from final approach to touchdown.
Touches down in the touchdown area specified in the Company Operations Manual or within 1500 ft (450 metres) beyond a nominated touchdown point when not specified in the Company Operations Manual.
Maintains directional control and crosswind correction during the after-landing roll.
Activates spoilers, prop reverse, thrust reverse, wheel brakes and any other drag/braking devices as appropriate to bring the aircraft to a safe stop within the landing distance available.
Completes after-landing checklist items in accordance with the Company Operations Manual or Flight Manual/POH.
TR4.3 Conduct go-around procedure - Decides in the time available to reject the landing for actual or simulated circumstances, notifying ATC when the safety of flight is not an issue.
Sets the specified power setting for the flight condition and establishes a pitch attitude necessary to achieve the desired performance.
Retracts the wing flaps/drag devices and landing gear if appropriate, in the correct sequence and at a safe altitude, and establishes a positive rate of climb and the appropriate airspeed/V-speed within ±5 kts.
Trims the aircraft as necessary and maintains the correct ground track during the rejected landing procedure.
Completes the appropriate checklist in accordance with Company Operations Manual or Flight Manual/POH.Perform overshoot from visual committal height
Determines visual committal height (consider 300 ft AGL).
Initiates go-around at or above visual committal height.
Applies maximum take-off power.
Maintains VYSE or greater.
Climbs to circuit height.
Re-assesses situation for landing.
TR4.4 Conduct a flapless landing or non-standard flap landing - Selects a runway with sufficient landing distance available for the zero flap or partial flap condition.
Maintains airspeed/V-speed for the approach and landing (±5 kts).
Maintains the correct pitch attitude and flight path for the configuration, gross weight, surface winds and other applicable operational considerations.
Touches down in the touchdown area specified in the Company Operations Manual or within 1500 ft (450 metres) beyond a nominated touchdown point when not specified in the Company Operations Manual.
Controls aircraft direction after touchdown.
Activates spoilers, prop reverse, thrust reverse, wheel brakes and any other drag/braking devices as appropriate to bring the aircraft to a safe stop within the landing distance available.
Completes after-landing checklist items in accordance with the Company Operations Manual or Flight Manual/POH.
Flight simulator.
Landing and approach to landing procedures:
Perform at least three landings with one to a full stop. These landings include the types listed in landing and approach procedures, including a combination, where appropriate, of crosswind and landing from a precision approach or landing with a simulated engine failure.Approach and landing with a (simulated) engine failure – multi-engine aeroplane
In aircraft with three engines, the applicant must follow a procedure (if approved) that approximates the loss of two engines, the centre and one of the outboard engines. In other multi-engine aircraft the applicant must follow a procedure, which simulates the loss of 50% of available engines, the loss being simulated on one side of the aircraft.Go-around procedure (rejected landing)
The rejected landing may be combined with visual flight or instrument, circling or missed approach procedures, but instrument conditions are not to be simulated below 200 ft. This procedure should be initiated not below 50 ft above the runway and over the runway threshold.Landing from a no flap or a non-standard flap approach
This procedure need not be demonstrated for a particular aircraft if CASA has determined that the probability of flap extension failure on that type of aircraft is extremely remote due to system design.
Normal and crosswind approaches and landings
Explain normal and crosswind approaches and landing procedures including:– recommended approach angles– airspeeds– V-speeds– configuration– performance limitations– wake turbulence– LAHSO– safety factors appropriate to the aircraft.Approach and landing with a (simulated) engine failure – multi-engine aeroplane
Explain the flight characteristics and controllability associated with manoeuvring to a landing with an engine(s) inoperative or simulated inoperative, including the applicable emergency procedures specified by the manufacturer.
Aircraft configurations and airspeed/V-speedRejected landing
Explain the rejected landing procedure including:– Conditions that dictate a rejected landing– The importance of a timely decision– LAHSO considerations– Correct airspeed/V-speeds– Applicable undercarriage, flap and speed schedule for aircraft clean-up.
Explain landing from a no flap or a non-standard flap approach– Explain the factors which affect the characteristics of an aircraft when full or partial flaps, leading edge flaps, and any other similar devices become inoperative, including effect on aircraft handling.
Extract critical airspeeds/V-speeds (including tyre rotation limits)
Calculate landing distance required.
Unit TR5: Normal Systems Operations – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to operate as pilot in command of a multi-crew aircraft during visual, instrument and night conditions and operate the aircraft systems, subsystems (equipment) and devices in accordance with Flight Manual/POH and Company Operations Manual.
TR5.1 Operate aircraft systems during normal flight - Operates the systems, subsystems (equipment), and devices applicable to the aircraft type in accordance with Flight Manual/POH and Company Operations Manual, including:– engine– fuel system– electrical system– hydraulic system– environment and pressurisation systems– fire detection and extinguishing systems– navigation and avionics systems– automatic flight control system, electronic flight instrument system, and related subsystems– flight control systems– anti-icing and de-icing systems– aircraft and personal emergency equipment– other systems, subsystems and devices specific to the type of aircraft, including make, model and series.
Completes immediate action items and checklist as appropriate to the system.
Day and night Visual Flight Rules or Instrument Flight Rules
Approved multi-engine multi-crew aeroplane fitted with piston, diesel, turbine or turbine propeller engines
Single-engine aircraft specified by CASA for type rating
Approved flight simulator
Aerodromes
Sealed, gravel or grass surfaces
Normal systems operating procedures
Explain the normal system operating procedures of the aircraft systems, subsystems and devices used to operate the specific aircraft type including:
The use of published scans and checklists
Immediate action items
Warnings
Limitations
Unit TR6: Non-Normal and Emergency Procedures – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to operate as pilot in command of a multi-crew aircraft during visual, instrument and night conditions in non-normal and emergency situations in accordance with Flight Manual/POH and Company Operations Manual.
TR6.1 Manage non-normal and emergency procedures - Controls aircraft.
Interprets aural and visual indications of non-normal or emergency warnings.
Identifies and confirms non-normal or emergency situations.
States from memory and performs recall items in accordance Flight Manual/POH or Company Operations Manual.
Performs appropriate non-normal or emergency procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH and published procedures, including:– emergency descent– in-flight fire and smoke elimination procedures– rapid depressurisation– emergency evacuation– other emergencies as specified in Flight Manual/POH.
Demonstrates or explains the location and operation of all emergency exits, escape slides or ropes and safety equipment in accordance with Flight Manual/POH, Company Operations Manual or equipment manufacturer’s manuals.
Recognises symptoms of crew incapacitation, assumes and maintains control of the aircraft and provides appropriate assistance to the incapacitated crewmember.
Operates all aircraft systems in accordance with Flight Manual/POH and Company Operations Manual.
Emergency procedures
Explain the emergency procedures relating to the aircraft type, including:– Immediate action items– Warnings– Limitations– Checklists and crew procedures.
Recall phase one actions without error.
Unit TR7: Post-Flight Procedures – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to operate as pilot in command of a multi-crew aircraft after landing in day and night conditions in accordance with Flight Manual/POH.
TR7.1 Complete after-landing procedures - Complies with after-landing taxi, ramp, anchoring, docking and mooring procedures appropriate to the aircraft type.
Maintains appropriate spacing from other aircraft, obstructions and persons.
Maintains desired track and speed.
Complies with instructions issued by ATC.
Complies with runway threshold lines, localiser and glide slope critical areas, and other surface control markings and lighting during ground operations.
Completes the applicable checklist items and specified procedures in accordance with the approved checklist/POH.
Maintains lookout and aircraft control during taxi operations.
TR7.2 Park and secure aircraft - Performs parking or mooring, docking and beaching procedures in accordance with Flight Manual/POH or Company Operations Manual.
Secures the aircraft in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications or Company Operations Manual.
Completes aircraft technical log and maintenance records.
Unit TR8: Upset Aircraft Recovery Management (Large Aircraft) – Flight Standard
Unit Description: Skills and knowledge to identify unintentional upset aircraft state in a large aircraft and to recover to controlled flight during visual or instrument flight conditions.
TR8.1 Identify upset aircraft state - Recognises and interprets aircraft attitudes or bank angles, warning devices and instrument and airspeed indications that represent an upset aircraft state.
Identifies upset aircraft state.
TR8.2 Recover from upset aircraft state - Confirms upset aircraft state.
Disengages autopilot and autothrottle when applicable.
Adjusts aircraft configuration when appropriate.
Recovers aircraft from upset aircraft state to controlled flight using techniques specified in Flight Manual/POH, Company Operations Manual or other approved sources, including recovery from:– stalls– aircraft nose attitude exceeding 25 above the horizon– aircraft nose attitude exceeding 10 below the horizon– angles of bank exceeding 45– low-nose attitude and high airspeeds.
Recovers aircraft within structural and airspeed limitations.
Large single- and multi-engine aircraft.
Approved flight simulators.
Visual and instrument flight.
Give examples of how potential, kinetic and chemical energy relate to an aircraft in flight.
Explain how energy states are manipulated to generate aerodynamic forces that allow an aircraft to be manoeuvred.
State the unintended flight conditions of pitch, bank and airspeed that describe upset aircraft state.
Explain the physical symptoms that may or may not be evident in a stall.
Explain the stall recovery technique during any nominated phase of flight applicable to the aircraft type being flown.
Explain the upset recovery techniques applicable to the aircraft type being flown for the following nose attitudes and angle of bank:– Nose high, low airspeed– Nose high, low airspeed, bank angle exceeding 45°– Nose low, high airspeed, aircraft banked– Nose low, aircraft at Mmo/Mmo – Explain why harsh application of flight controls should be avoided during upset aircraft recovery procedures.
Explain the statement that ‘Full cyclic application of flight controls at airspeeds below manoeuvre speed (VA) may not ensure structural protection for an aircraft’.
PIC(10 hours including 5 hours are to be cross country) Total(40 hours (maximum 5 hours in approved FSTD))
Actual: Actual:
| I have completed the training specified in the elements, which have been certified on this Achievement Record.<br> <br>(Signature) (Date)<br> <br> |
| I certify that the trainee meets the all requirements for the Core Stage and has consistently achieved competency in all the units and elements specified. I recommend<br> <br>________________________________________________ for the flight assessment.<br>Head of Training/Chief Flying Instructor:<br>(Signature) (Date)<br> <br> |
Basic Stage Achievement Record
| C1. English Communication in the Aviation Environment | Communicate effectively face to face using clear and precise English | | |
| C2. Manage pre and post flight administration | Complete pre and post flight administration | | |
| | Perform preflight inspection | | |
| | Perform and certify daily inspection | | |
| C3. Operate radio | Use R/T equipment | | |
| | Maintain R/T equipment | | |
| | Operate transponder | | |
| C6. Manage flight | Maintain effective lookout | | |
| | Maintain situation awareness | | |
| | Assess situations and make decisions | | |
| | Set priorities and manage tasks | | |
| | Maintain effective communications and interpersonal relationships | | |
| | Conduct departure procedure | | |
| IF1. Full instrument panel manoeuvres | IF1.1 Determine and monitor serviceability of flight instruments and instrument power sources<br> | | |
| | IF1.2 Perform manoeuvres using full instrument panel | | |
| | Perform steep turns | | |
| IF2. Limited instrument Panel Manoeuvres | Recognise failure of attitude indicator and/or stabilised heading indicator | | |
| | Perform manoeuvres using limited instrument panel | | |
| | Recover from unusual attitudes using limited flight instrument panel | | |
| | Re-establish visual flight following inadvertent entry into IMC | | |
| IF3. Management and Operational and Fuel Planning | Possess and use current operational documents | | |
| | Obtain meteorological and NOTAM pre- flight briefing | | |
| | Plan flight | | |
| | Determine operational and fuel requirements | | |
| | Make flight notification | | |
| IF4. Management of Pre and Post Flight Actions | Determine if aircraft meets requirements for IFR flight | | |
| | Conduct daily inspection | | |
| | Conduct preflight serviceability test of flight and radio navigation instruments | | |
| | Complete post flight actions | | |
| IF5. Compliance with Ait Traffic Rules and Procedures | Obtain and comply with airspace clearances | | |
| | Maintain separation from other traffic | | |
| | Communicate using radio | | |
| | Use transponder | | |
| IF6. Management of Emergency Procedures | Manage engine failure | | |
| IF7. Task Management | Prioritise tasks | | |
| | Use autopilot | | |
| IF8: Navigation using Radio Aids (NDB/VOR/DME) | Tune, identify and monitor navigation aids | | |
| | Intercept and maintain desired tracks to and from stations | | |
| | Make station passage | | |
| | Conduct homing procedure | | |
| | Fly arc procedure | | |
| IF12: Navigation Using Global Positioning System (GPS) | Check GPS receiver operation | | |
| | Enter, retrieve, edit, delete and activate flight plan and waypoints | | |
| | Determine position and other relevant navigational information from GPS | | |
| | Intercept and maintain desired track to selected WPT | | |
| | Diversion | | |
| | Conduct confidence checks of GPS navigational information | | |
| | Monitor integrity of GPS navigation | | |
| | Respond to GPS messages | | |
| NVFR3. Operate Aircraft in the Traffic Pattern at Night | Taxi at night | | |
| | Take-off at night | | |
| | Perform circuit and approach at night | | |
| | Land at night, with and without the use of aircraft landing lights | | |
| | Take-off and land at night at an aerodrome remote from ground lighting | | |
| | Make baulked approach | | |
| NVFR6. Management of Emergency Procedures at Night | Manage engine failure | | |
| | Manage electrical system failure at night | | |
| IF8. Operate the Aircraft at Night During IFR | Make visual approach under the IFR at night. | | |
| | Activate PAL lighting. | | |
| | Take-off and land at night at an aerodrome remote from ground lighting. | | |
| | Determine whether an aerodrome is suitable for night operations. | | |
| | Determine that the aircraft is serviceable for flight at night. | | |
| | Taxi at night. | | |
| | Take-off at night. | | |
| | Make visual departure under the IFR at night. | | |
| | Fly enroute under the IFR at night. | | |
| | Land at night, with and without the use of aircraft landing lights. | | |
| | Make baulked approach. | | |
| | Manage electrical system failure at night. | | |
| IF18. Perform Standard Arrival Route (STAR) | Conduct arrival using STAR | | |
| IF19. Perform Instrument departure (Single-engine) | Determine applicable standard take-off minima | | |
| | Determine obstacle clearance requirements for take-off | | |
| | Take-off and climb to cruising altitude/level under the IFR from an aerodrome which does not have SID and/or SRD procedures | | |
| IF20. Perform Standard Instrument Departure (SID) | Determine applicable standard take-off minima | | |
| | Determine SID and obstacle clearance requirements | | |
| | Take-off and climb to cruising level using SID and/or SRD procedure | | |
| IF9. Visual Circling Approach | Determine minima applicable for visual circling for specified instrument approach | | |
| IF10. NDB Instrument Approach | Select approach and determine applicable minima | | |
| | Conduct instrument approach procedure | | |
| IF11. VOR Instrument Approach | Select approach and determine applicable minima | | |
| IF15. ILS Instrument Approach | Select approach and determine applicable minima | | |
| IF16. DME/GPS Arrival | Select approach and determine applicable minima | | |
| | Use appropriate tracking aid and distance information and monitor aid signal integrity | | |
| IF13: GPS/Non-precision Approach | Select approach and determine applicable minima | | |
| | Select, retrieve and activate approach from database | | |
| | Monitor GPS signal integrity | | |
Aeronautical knowledge and flight training for Basic Stage.
| I have completed the training specified in the elements, which have been certified on this Achievement Record.<br> <br>(Signature) (Date)<br> <br> |
| I certify that the trainee meets all of the requirements for the Basic Stage and has consistently achieved competency in all the units and elements specified. I recommend ________________________________________________ for the flight assessment.<br>Head of Training/Chief Flying Instructor:<br>(Signature) (Date)<br> <br> |
Intermediate Stage Achievement Record
| Unit | Element | Instructor/ ARN/ Date | Trainee/ARN/<br>Date |
| C1. English Communication in the Aviation Environment | Communicate effectively face to face using clear and precise English | | |
| | Conduct departure procedures | | |
| C9. Manage flight during multi-crew operations | Operate as a crewmember (Cooperation) | | |
| | Leadership and management | | |
| | Maintain situation awareness during multi- crew operations | | |
| | Make decisions | | |
| TR8. Upset Aircraft Recovery Management-Large Aircraft | Identify upset aircraft state<br>Recover from upset aircraft state | | |
| IF 26. Multi-engine Aeroplane | Obtain, interpret, calculate and apply normal and abnormal flight performance information<br>Operate aeroplane in normal flight<br>Manage abnormal or emergency flight operations<br>Manage engine failure(s) in multi-engine aircraft | | |
| IF1. Full instrument panel manoeuvres | IF1.1 Determine and monitor serviceability of flight instruments and instrument power sources | | |
| | IF1.2 Perform manoeuvres using full instrument panel | | |
| | Perform steep turns | | |
| IF2. Limited instrument Panel Manoeuvres | Recognise failure of attitude indicator and/or stabilised heading indicator | | |
| | Perform manoeuvres using limited instrument panel | | |
| | Recover from unusual attitudes using limited flight instrument panel | | |
| | Re-establish visual flight following inadvertent entry into IMC | | |
| IF3. Management and Operational and Fuel Planning | Possess and use current operational documents | | |
| | Obtain meteorological and NOTAM preflight briefing | | |
| | Plan flight | | |
| | Determine operational and fuel requirements | | |
| | Make flight notification | | |
| IF4. Management of Pre and Post Flight Actions | Determine if aircraft meets requirements for IFR flight | | |
| | Conduct daily inspection | | |
| | Conduct preflight serviceability test of flight and radio navigation instruments | | |
| | Complete post flight actions | | |
| IF5. Compliance with Ait Traffic Rules and Procedures | Obtain and comply with airspace clearances | | |
| | Maintain separation from other traffic | | |
| | Communicate using radio | | |
| | Use transponder | | |
| IF6. Management of Emergency Procedures | Manage engine failure | | |
| IF7. Task Management | Prioritise tasks | | |
| | Use autopilot | | |
| PIFR 2-5: Navigation using Radio Aids (NDB/VOR/DME) | Tune, identify and monitor navigation aids | | |
| | Intercept and maintain desired tracks to and from stations | | |
| | Make station passage | | |
| | Conduct homing procedure | | |
| | Fly arc procedure | | |
| IF12: Navigation Using Global Positioning System (GPS) | Check GPS receiver operation | | |
| | Enter, retrieve, edit, delete and activate flight plan and waypoints | | |
| | Determine position and other relevant navigational information from GPS | | |
| | Intercept and maintain desired track to selected WPT | | |
| | Diversion | | |
| | Conduct confidence checks of GPS navigational information | | |
| | Monitor integrity of GPS navigation | | |
| | Respond to GPS messages | | |
| IF8. Operate the Aircraft at Night During IFR | Make visual approach under the IFR at night. | | |
| | Activate PAL lighting. | | |
| | Take-off and land at night at an aerodrome remote from ground lighting. | | |
| | Determine whether an aerodrome is suitable for night operations. | | |
| | Determine that the aircraft is serviceable for flight at night. | | |
| | Taxi at night. | | |
| | Take-off at night. | | |
| | Make visual departure under the IFR at night. | | |
| | Fly enroute under the IFR at night. | | |
| | Land at night, with and without the use of aircraft landing lights. | | |
| | Make baulked approach. | | |
| | Manage electrical system failure at night. | | |
| IF18. Perform Standard Arrival Route (STAR) | Conduct arrival using STAR | | |
| IF21: Instrument Departure from Aerodrome Without SID or SRD | Determine applicable standard take-off minima | | |
| | Determine obstacle clearance requirements for take-off including compliance in event of engine failure | | |
| | Take-off and climb to cruising altitude/level under the IFR from an aerodrome which does not have SID and/or SRD procedures | | |
| | Manage engine failure after take-off | | |
| IF20. Perform Standard Instrument Departure (SID) | Determine applicable standard take-off minima | | |
| | Determine SID and obstacle clearance requirements | | |
| | Take-off and climb to cruising level using SID and/or SRD procedure | | |
| IF9. Visual Circling Approach | Determine minima applicable for visual circling for specified instrument approach | | |
| IF10. NDB Instrument Approach | Select approach and determine applicable minima | | |
| | Conduct instrument approach procedure | | |
| IF11. VOR Instrument Approach | Select approach and determine applicable minima | | |
| IF15. ILS Instrument Approach | Select approach and determine applicable minima | | |
| IF16. DME/GPS Arrival | Select approach and determine applicable minima | | |
| | Use appropriate tracking aid and distance information and monitor aid signal integrity | | |
| IF13: GPS/Non-precision Approach | Select approach and determine applicable minima | | |
| | Select, retrieve and activate approach from database | | |
| | Monitor GPS signal integrity | | |
| IF25. Instrument Approach and Missed Approach Multi-engine Aeroplane with Simulated Engine Failure | Simulate engine failure during instrument approach procedure | | |
Aeronautical knowledge and flight training for Intermediate Stage.
| I have completed the training specified in the elements, which have been certified on this Achievement Record.<br> <br>(Signature) (Date)<br> |
| I certify that the trainee meets the all requirements for the Intermediate Stage and has consistently achieved competency in all the units and elements specified. I recommend<br> <br>________________________________________________for the flight assessment.<br>Head of Training/Chief Flying Instructor:<br> <br>(Signature) (Date)<br> <br> |
Advanced Stage Achievement Record
| C1. English Communication in the Aviation Environment | Communicate effectively face to face using clear and precise English | | |
| | Communicates effectively in voice only RT communications using standard aviation phraseology | | |
| C7. Threat and error management | Recognise and manage threats<br>Recognise and manage errors<br>Recognise and manage undesired aircraft state | | |
| C9. Manage flight during multi-crew operations | Operate as a crew member (co operation) | | |
| | Leadership and management | | |
| | Maintain situational awareness | | |
| | Make decisions | | |
| TR1. Preflight procedures | Conduct preflight inspection | | |
| | Extract preflight performance data | | |
| | Start Engine | | |
| | Taxi aircraft | | |
| | Conduct pre-takeoff checks | | |
| TR2. Takeoff and departure procedures | Conduct normal and crosswind takeoff | | |
| | Conduct instrument takeoff | | |
| | Manage engine failure during takeoff. | | |
| | Perform rejected takeoff | | |
| | Conduct departure procedure | | |
| TR3. Inflight procedures | Conduct steep turns | | |
| | Recover from approach to stall and developed stall | | |
| | Manage engine failure in-flight and restart engine | | |
| | Manage specific aircraft flight characteristics (when applicable) | | |
| TR4. Land and approach to land procedures | Conduct normal and crosswind approach and landings | | |
| | Conduct approach and landing with simulated engine failure | | |
| | Conduct go around procedure | | |
| | Conduct a flapless landing or non-standard flap landing | | |
| TR5. Normal systems operations | Operate aircraft systems during normal flight | | |
| TR6. Non-normal and emergency procedures | Manage non-normal and emergency procedures | | |
| TR7. Post flight procedures | Completes after landing procedures. | | |
| | Parks and secures aircraft | | |
| TR8. Upset aircraft recovery management | Identify upset aircraft state | | |
| | Recover from upset aircraft state | | |
| Type rating instrument flight procedures | FPE17 - Standard Arrival Procedure | | |
| | FPE20 - Departure procedure from an aerodrome without a SID | | |
| | FPE21 - Departure procedure from an aerodrome with a SID or SRD | | |
| | FPE25/26 - Non Precision Approaches | | |
| | FPE27 - Precision approach and landing | | |
Aeronautical knowledge and flight training requirements for MPL licence issue
Solo (10 Hours) Solo Cross-country(5 hours) Flight Time(40 hours) Total (240 hours)
Actual: Actual: Actual: Actual:
FTD:
Total:
I have completed the training specified in the elements, which have been certified on this Achievement Record.
………………………………………………………….(Signature)
| I certify that the trainee meets the all requirements for the MPL application and has consistently achieved competency in all the units and elements. I recommend<br> <br>____________________________________________for the flight test.<br> <br>Head of Training: ___________________________ ____________________ //<br> Name: Signature Date |
Attach this achievement record to the candidate’s training records and retain at the FTO.
Appendix 8
MP(A)L — Flight Assessments
Core Stage
Core Stage Flight Assessment Standard
This section specifies the standards applicable to the conduct of the flight assessment at the completion of the Core Stage. The flight assessment is to be conducted to the standards specified on the Flight Assessment Report Form.
The examiner specifies the route for the flight assessment which meets the following requirements:
duration of approximately 2.5 hours
proceed at least 150 nm from departure aerodrome
1 take-off from an aerodrome other than the departure aerodrome
include at least one full stop landing (slowing aircraft to at least taxi speed)
complete all planning and preparation for the flight within 1 hour of notification of the task
include in a suitable form:
– planned tracks, distances, levels, headings and estimated time intervals for each leg
– a fuel plan indicating that sufficient fuel and reserves applicable are carried for the flight
As part of the planning process the trainee must also:
– obtain and use the current aeronautical information publications and charts necessary for the safe conduct of the flight
– obtain and apply information about availability and serviceability of en route aviation facilities, including aerodromes
– confirm that the aircraft is airworthy and has all normal and emergency equipment required for the flight
all items of flight planning must be demonstrated to the standard specified
the trainee must provide the examiner with a copy of the completed flight plan and operational information valid for the proposed flight.
Core Stage Flight Assessment Form
Sighted by assessor: Achievement record is complete-------------- Aeronautical knowledge examinations passed----- Trainee’s log book entries --------------- Trainee’s flight training records---- Flight assessment recommendation-- Date:
Explain the relationship between the flight manual and operations manual Calculate aircraft weight and ensure balance is within design limitations
Explain or simulate normal and abnormal operation of aircraft systems. Calculate take-off and landing performance requirements from given data
Explain operational requirements in all classes of airspace applicable to the planned flight Determine aircraft equipment requirements and serviceability in accordance with the flight manual
Demonstrate how to access, interpret and apply aviation meteorological forecasts and NOTAMs Demonstrate safety precautions that must be taken when refuelling an aircraft
Determine when there is a requirement to plan for an alternate aerodrome State the type of fuel and oil that may be used in the aircraft type flown
Core Stage Flight Assessment Report Form
The numbering of flight assessment units/elements in the flight assessment report form refers to the flight standards contained in the Achievement Record.
| | Common Units and Elements | X//N | | Aeroplane Category Units and Elements | X//N |
| C1 | English communication in the aviation environment | | A1 | Control the aeroplane on the ground | |
| C2 | Manage pre and post flight actions | | A2 | Take-off aeroplane | |
| C3 | Operate radio | | A3 | Control aeroplane in normal flight | |
| C4 | Manage fuel | | A4 | Land aeroplane | |
| C5 | Manage passengers and cargo | | A5 | Execute advanced manoeuvres and procedures | |
| C6 | Manage flight | | A6 | Manage abnormal situations* | |
| C7 | Threat and error management | | IF1.1 | Determine and monitor serviceability of flight instruments and instrument power sources | |
| C8 | Navigate aircraft | | IF1.2 | Perform manoeuvres using full instrument panel | |
Basic Stage
Basic Stage Flight Assessment Standard
This section specifies the standards applicable to the conduct of the flight assessment at the completion of the Basic Stage. The flight assessment is to be conducted to the standards specified on the Flight Assessment Report Form.
The flight examiner specifies the route for the flight assessment, which meets the following requirements:
Simulate a non-scheduled air transport flight:
– proceed at least 100 nm from departure aerodrome
– include at least 3 take-offs and landings
– include a landing at an aerodrome other than that of departure
– include a diversion from flight planned route
– include operation in Class C airspace
– complete all planning and preparation for the flight within 1 hour of notification of the task
Include on a suitable form:
– planned tracks, distances, levels, headings and estimated time intervals for each le.g.
– a fuel plan indicating that sufficient fuel and reserves applicable the operation is carried for the flight
As part of the planning process, the trainee must also:
– obtain and use the current aeronautical information publications and charts necessary for the safe conduct of the flight
– obtain and apply information about availability and serviceability of en route aviation facilities, including aerodromes
– confirm that the aircraft is airworthy and has all normal and emergency equipment required for the flight
– all items of flight planning must be demonstrated to the standard specified
– the trainee must provide the examiner with a copy of the completed flight plan and operational information valid for the proposed flight.
Basic Stage Flight Assessment Form
Sighted by assessor: Achievement record is complete------------ Aeronautical knowledge examinations passed--- Trainee’s log book entries---------------- Trainee’s flight training records------ Flight assessment recommendation --- Date:
PASS/FAIL Assessor name: ARN:
VH- Signature: Flight time:
A report was provided to the FTO on each unsatisfactory unit or element, recommended retraining and units or elements to be reassessed.
Explain the requirements for flight crew relating to use of drugs and alcohol Calculate aircraft weight and ensure balance is within design limitations
Explain fatigue management requirements Calculate take-off and landing performance requirements from given data
Explain the relationship between the flight manual and operations manual Explain rules relating to pilot maintenance authorities
Explain or simulate normal and abnormal operation of aircraft systems Determine aircraft equipment requirements and serviceability in accordance with an MEL
Demonstrate how to access, interpret and apply aviation meteorological forecasts and NOTAMs Demonstrate safety precautions that must be taken when refuelling an aircraft
Determine when there is a requirement to plan for an alternate aerodrome State the type of fuel and oil that may be used in the aircraft type flown
Basic Stage Flight Assessment Report Form
The numbering of flight assessment units/elements in the flight assessment form refers to the flight standards contained in the Achievement Record.
| | Common and IF/NVFR Units | X//N | | Aeroplane and FPE Units | X//N |
| C1 | English communication in the aviation environment | | A1 | Control aeroplane on the ground | |
| C2 | Manage pre and post flight actions | | A2 | Take-off aeroplane | |
| C3 | Operate radio | | A3 | Control aeroplane in normal flight | |
| C4 | Manage fuel | | A4 | Land aeroplane | |
| C5 | Manage passengers and cargo | | A5 | Execute advanced manoeuvres and procedures | |
| C6 | Manage flight | | A6 | Manage abnormal situations | |
| C7 | Threat and error management | | IF8 | Operate aircraft at night during IFR | |
| C8 | Navigate aircraft | | IF18 | Perform standard arrival route | |
| IF1 | Full panel instrument manoeuvres | | IF19 | Perform instrument departure (single engine) | |
| IF2 | Limited instrument panel manoeuvres | | IF20 | Perform standard instrument departure | |
| IF3 | Management and operational and fuel planning | | IF9 | Visual circling approach | |
| IF4 | Management of pre and post flight actions | | IF10 | NDB instrument approach | |
| IF5 | Compliance with air traffic rules and procedures | | IF11 | VOR instrument approach | |
| IF6 | Management of emergency procedures | | IF15 | ILS instrument approach | |
| IF7 | Task management | | IF16 | DME/GPS arrival | |
| | Navigation using radio aids | | IF13 | GPS/NPA approach | |
| IF12 | Navigation using GPS | | | | |
| NVFR3 | Operate aircraft in the traffic pattern at night | | | | |
| NVFR6 | Management of emergency procedures at night | | | | |
INTERMEDIATE STAGE
Intermediate Stage Flight Assessment Standard
This section specifies the standards applicable to the conduct of the flight assessment at the completion of the Intermediate Stage. The flight assessment is to be conducted to the standards specified on the Flight Assessment Report Form.
The flight examiner specifies a route for the flight assessment which simulates a scheduled air transport route.
Note
All items of flight planning must be demonstrated to the standard specified.
The trainee must provide the examiner with copies of the completed plans (flight and fuel) and operational information valid for the proposed flight.
Intermediate Stage Flight Assessment Report Form
Sighted by assessor: Achievement record is complete------------ Aeronautical knowledge examinations passed--- Trainee’s log book entries---------------- Trainee’s flight training records------ Flight assessment recommendation---- Date:
PASS/FAIL Assessor name: ARN:
VH- Signature: Flight time:
A report was provided to the FTO on each unsatisfactory unit or element, recommended retraining and units or elements to be reassessed.
Determine aircraft equipment requirements and serviceability for IFR flight Recall and explain management of normal and degraded operation of aircraft navigation and flight instrument systems
Recall and explain the privileges and limitations of an instrument rating Recall IFR and approach aid recency requirements
Obtain, interpret and apply aviation meteorological forecasts and NOTAMs Determine take-off and landing performance requirements from given data
Recall requirements for alternate aerodrome and holding fuel Calculate that aircraft weight and balance is within limitations for a flight
Obtain and understand current operational information Applicant holds current operational documents and demonstrates competency in their use
Recall IFR procedures for all airspace categories Understand ERSA normal and emergency procedures
Correctly interpret DAPs. Understand requirements for circling approaches
Recall hazardous weather conditions (turbulence/icing) Flight plan accurate and complete – including ETP/CP
Recall and explain the importance of crew cooperation and communication Take-off briefing covered abnormal actions and plan
Intermediate Stage Flight Assessment Report Form
The numbering of flight assessment units/elements in the flight assessment from refers to the flight standards contained in the Achievement Record.
| | Common and IF Units | X//N | | Aeroplane and FPE Units | X//N |
| C1 | English communication in the aviation environment | | IF1 | Full panel instrument manoeuvres | |
| C4 | Manage fuel | | IF2 | Limited instrument panel manoeuvres | |
| C5 | Manage passengers and cargo | | IF3 | Management and operational and fuel planning | |
| C7 | Threat and error management | | IF4 | Management of pre and post flight actions | |
| C8 | Navigation | | IF5 | Compliance with air traffic rules and procedures | |
| C9 | Manage flight during multi-crew operations | | IF6 | Management of emergency procedures | |
| A1 | Control aeroplane on the ground | | IF7 | Task management | |
| A2 | Take-off aeroplane | | IF8 | Operate aircraft at night during IFR | |
| A3 | Control aeroplane in normal flight | | IF9 | Visual circling approach | |
| A4 | Land aeroplane | | IF10 | NDB instrument approach | |
| A5 | Execute advanced manoeuvres and procedures | | IF11 | VOR instrument approach | |
| A6 | Manage abnormal situations | | IF12 | Navigate using GPS | |
| IF26 | Multi-engine aeroplane | | IF13 | GPS/NPA approach | |
| TR8 | Upset aircraft recovery management – large aircraft | | IF14 | GPS/NPA approach with vertical guidance | |
| | | | IF15 | ILS instrument approach | |
| | | | IF16 | DME/GPS arrival | |
| | | | IF18 | Perform standard arrival route (STAR) | |
| | | | IF21 | Instrument departure from aerodrome without SID or SRD | |
| | | | IF22 | Standard instrument departure using a SID or SRD | |
| | | | IF25 | Instrument approach and missed approach – multi-engine aeroplane with simulated engine failure | |
PRACTICAL IN-FLIGHT SKILL ASSESSMENT
Practical in-flight skill assessment Standard
This section specifies the standards applicable to the conduct of the flight assessment at the completion of the training and is conducted in an aeroplane of the same type the MP(A)L flight test was conducted in.
The assessment must be done only after the candidate has successfully passed the MP(A)L flight test.
The purpose of this assessment is to confirm the candidate’s ability to operate the aeroplane type used in the MP(A)L flight test to the competency standards specified in Appendix 6 of CAO 40.1.8 as set out in the Flight Assessment Report Form.
The flight involves base operations only. The flight testing officer will complete an assessment of the candidate’s performance operating as co-pilot flying the aeroplane completing at least 12 take-offs and 12 landings as pilot flying in normal operations only.
Practical In-flight Skills Assessment Report Form
Full name of Trainee:ARN:__________
Flight Details: Location:Date of Flight(s): Aircraft Type:Callsign:_______ Flight Time:hrs) Number of Take-offs and Landings:___________________
RESULT Flight Testing Officer’s Name_______________________ARN________
PASS / FAIL Signature:______________________________________ Date //__
A report must be provided to the FTO on each unsatisfactory unit or element, recommended retraining and units or elements to be reassessed.
The numbering of flight assessment units in the flight assessment form refers to the flight standards contained in the Achievement Record.
Units /X/N Units / X/N
C1 English communication in the aviation environment C7 Threat and error management
C9 Manage flight during multi‑crew operations
IF5 Compliance with air traffic rules and procedures IF7 Task management
TR1 Preflight procedures TR2 Take-off and departure procedures
TR3 Inflight procedures TR4 Land and approach to land procedures
TR5 Normal systems operations TR7 Post flight procedures
Comments/Observations:
Appendix 9
Reporting Requirements for Training Organisations
| 1. DATA REQUIRED FOR MP(A)L CLASS AFTER GRADUATION |
| Approved Training Organisation Details (Accountable organisation):<br>NAME: <br>LOCATION: <br>MPL CLASS NAME: <br>MPL CLASS SIZE: |
| Phase 1 – CORE:<br>Average additional aircraft actual flight hours: hours<br>Average additional FSTD time: hours |
| Phase 2 – BASIC:<br>Average additional aircraft actual flight hours: hours<br>Average additional FSTD time: hours |
| Phase 3 – INTERMEDIATE:<br>Average additional FSTD time: hours |
| Phase 4 – ADVANCED:<br>Average additional FSTD time: hours<br>Pilot flying on actual aircraft type-<br>Average additional number of take-offs and landings<br>Rate of repeat of skill test %<br>Skill test pass rate %<br> |
| 2. DATA REQUIRED FOR EACH MPL GRADUATE |
| AS PER ICAO STATE LETTER AN 12/50 – 07/37 |
| 3. MPL LINE CHECK EVALUATION FORM |
| AS PER ICAO STATE LETTER AN 12/50 – 07/37 |
Appendix 10
MPL FLIGHT TEST GUIDE
Introduction
1 An applicant for the Multi-crew Pilot (Aeroplane) Licence (MPL(A) must have completed an approved course of training conducted by an organisation approved by CASA to conduct such training. The course must have trained the pilot the level of proficiency and competence necessary to operate under the VFR and IFR as a co-pilot of a multi-engine, turbine-powered, air transport aeroplane certified for operation with a crew of 2 or more pilots.
2 The course graduate is expected to demonstrate the ability to successfully undertake a type‑rating test on an appropriate aircraft type. This test will be undertaken at the end of the Advanced Phase of the MPL(A) course. However, unlike candidates who have undertaken CPL(A)/ATPL(A) training, the MPL(A) candidate will not yet hold a professional pilot licence or instrument rating. Therefore, the type rating test will also incorporate appropriate elements of both an initial professional pilot licence test and an initial instrument rating. The test is called the MP(A)L Flight Test.
3 The aim of the flight test is to ensure that the candidate is capable of equivalent levels of aircraft handling and operation as required of a pilot holding an ATPL(A) and will be conducted in a Level D Flight Simulator approved for the purpose by CASA. The candidate will be expected to demonstrate appropriate competence both as Pilot Flying (PF) and as Pilot Monitoring (PM) throughout the flight test. Following successful completion of the test, the candidate will undertake aircraft training with an airline on the same aircraft type. During the aircraft training, the candidate is expected to confirm competence by demonstration of proficiency in all appropriate areas. This aircraft training will be administered by the airline and is regarded as “confirmatory” i.e. it does not comprise part of the flight test.
4 The flight test is to be conducted over a minimum of 2 simulator sessions. At least 1 session will be dedicated to aircraft handling and at least 1 session will be conducted as a simulated commercial line flight incorporating appropriate aspects of the instrument rating as well as all normal line operations.
5 The flight test must be conducted in a multi-crew environment throughout with appropriate levels of crew cooperation. The demonstration of both technical and appropriate non-technical skills in the form of Crew Resource Management (CRM) and Threat and Error Management (TEM) will be required. The minimum composition of the crew for the flight test will be:
(a) the candidate; and
(b) a second pilot. This must be either a type rated pilot or a second candidate. At the discretion of the approved training organisation and the candidates, the second pilot may be another candidate. If another candidate acts as the second pilot, the test may be conducted concurrently on both candidates; and
(c) an examiner. This will be a CASA delegate approved for the purpose; and
(d) a simulator facilitator. This person will be a simulator instructor or another suitably qualified person nominated by the training organisation. Their role is to facilitate the operation of the simulator during the test in accordance with the requirements of the examiner. The facilitator may also be the examiner, if the examiner is qualified to operate the simulator.
Competencies
6 In order to be assessed as suitable for the award of an MP(A)L, the candidate must demonstrate competence when operating as both PF and PM, in the following competency units:
(a) perform aircraft operations in normal and abnormal situations. Competency sub-elements are:
(i) perform preflight planning and aeroplane ground operations;
(ii) perform take-off;
(iii) perform cruise;
(iv) perform landing; and
(v) perform after-landing and aeroplane post-flight operations; and
(b) apply human performance principles including the appropriate non‑technical skills associated with sound CRM and TEM principles during all of the above competency sub-elements.
7 The detailed exercises required to be undertaken in the flight test are set out in the Schedule below. The instructor(s), who have conducted the candidate’s training, are required to certify by signature against every manoeuvre the date that the candidate achieved competence in that manoeuvre. The candidate may not undertake the flight test unless all competencies are so certified. The following symbology is used in the schedule:
PF – Demonstrate competence while acting as PF. The autopilot may be used for appropriate manoeuvres at the candidate’s discretion but the candidate may be asked by the examiner to demonstrate manual handling capability in any of these manoeuvres.
PM – Demonstrate competence while acting as PM. In particular, the candidate will be expected to demonstrate a high level of monitoring skill and to demonstrate appropriate assertion and intervention skills if necessary.
FS – These manoeuvres must be completed in a Level D Full Flight Simulator.
FTD – These manoeuvres may be completed in either a Level D Full Flight Simulator or a Flight Training Device approved by CASA for the purpose, for example, an approved fully type-representative fixed base simulator.
(I) – It is mandatory that this element is flown solely by relation to instruments and procedures conducted in accordance with the IFR.
(Manual) – It is mandatory that these manoeuvres are flown manually i.e. with the autopilot disengaged.
(*)– Choice of manoeuvres as specified by the examiner.
(#) – Where a choice of manoeuvres is indicated, manoeuvres marked # are mandatory.
8 Candidates may make appropriate use of the auto-flight systems in accordance with the aircraft manufacturer recommendations and sponsoring airline operational procedures. During the flight test, the candidate may be required, at the examiner’s discretion, to demonstrate competence in any manoeuvres, whilst manually flying the aircraft, as well as demonstrating competence in use of any, or all, of the auto-flight systems.
9 The following manoeuvre tolerances indicate the standard of accuracy required in either manual or automatic flight. Minor deviations outside these tolerances will not in themselves constitute a ‘fail’ provided the candidate corrects promptly and smoothly:
Altitude – plus/minus 100 ft (instrument approach plus 100 ft minus 0 ft at minima)
IAS – plus/minus 10 kts
Heading – plus/minus 5 degrees
NDB/VOR Tracking – plus/minus 5 degrees
ILS Tracking – plus/minus half scale (1 dot normal scale or equivalent)
RNAV(RNP) – within the lateral and vertical RNP limits published for the procedure being flown.
10 In order to pass the flight test, the candidate must demonstrate competence in all mandatory manoeuvres/procedures and all other optional manoeuvres/procedures that comprise the test. The candidate may, at the examiner’s discretion, be requested to repeat a mishandled manoeuvre/procedure to demonstrate competence. An exercise may be repeated where the technique is correct but the execution may be, for example, outside tracking tolerances or, in the case of a procedure, take an inappropriate time to complete. The underpinning principle is that the successful outcome of a manoeuvre/procedure should never be in doubt. The examiner will complete the test schedule at Annexe A and initial against each manoeuvre/procedure or series of manoeuvres/procedures completed and assign a grade in accordance with the following scale recommended by ICAO.
0 = incomplete or not observed
1 = unsatisfactory
2 = satisfactory but debrief required
3 = standard
4 = excellent
11 A pass in the flight test requires a grade of not less than 2 in any manoeuvre. Upon completion of the test, the examiner will complete the assessment and signature block at the end of the test schedule and advise the candidate of the result. The candidate should be comprehensively debriefed regardless of the outcome of the test.
MP(A)L Flight Test Schedule
SECTION 1 Predeparture Manoeuvres and Procedures
<br>Manoeuvre/Procedure
<br>PF
<br>PM
<br>Competency achieved on date
<br>Certifying Instructor<br>Signature
<br>MPL IST Competency Demonstrated on date
<br>MPL IST Testing Officer Initials
<br>Grade
Preparation for flight including:<br> documentation and flight planning<br> weight and balance<br> minimum equipment list<br> (#)
<br> <br>FS / FTD
<br> <br>FS/FTD
<br>Prestart checks (#)<br>
<br>FS/FTD
<br>FS/FTD
<br>Engine start – normal (#)<br>and with malfunctions (*)<br>
<br> <br>FS/FTD
<br> <br>FS/FTD
<br>Taxiing (#)<br>
<br>FS
<br>FS
<br>Predeparture checks (#)<br>
<br>FS/FTD
<br>FS/FTD
<br>ATC liaison; clearance; compliance (#)<br>
<br>FS/FTD
<br>FS/FTD
SECTION 2 Airwork – Aircraft Handling Manoeuvres and Procedures
<br>Manoeuvre/Procedure
<br>PF
<br>PM
<br>Competency achieved on date
<br>Certifying Instructor<br>Signature
<br>MPL IST Competency Demonstrated on date
<br>MPL IST Testing Officer Initials
<br>Grade
<br>Takeoff (visual) normal (#) and crosswind (*)<br>
<br>FS
<br>FS
<br>Takeoff (instrument transition on rotation) normal (#) and crosswind (*)<br>
<br>FS
<br>FS
<br>Takeoff with different flap settings and different weights (including max permitted AUW) (*)<br>
<br> <br>FS
<br> <br>FS
Engine failures on takeoff at low speed (); immediately prior to V1 (#); at V2 ()
<br>FS
<br>FS
<br>Straight and level flight at various airspeeds; flight at and recovery from critically low airspeed (approach to stall) (#) and approach to VMCA(#)<br>(MAN)<br>
<br> <br>FS
<br> <br>FS
<br>Standard rate turns (#)<br>steep turns through 180 degrees at 45AOB () (MAN)<br>
<br> <br>FS
<br> <br>FS
<br>High speed/altitude effects appropriate to type e.g. Mach buffet (#); Dutch Roll (*)<br>
<br> <br>FS
<br> <br>FS
<br>Normal operation of the following systems (incl. Flight Engineer Panel if applicable)
Achievement of competency in normal and abnormal / emergency operation of all systems required
Competency shall be demonstrated in normal operation of all systems and abnormal / emerg operation of all systems marked (#) plus any 3 marked (*)
<br>Engine (incl. prop, if applicable)<br>Normal (#) Abnormal (#)
<br>FS/FTD
<br>FS/FTD
<br>Pressurisation and air conditioning<br>Normal (#) Abnormal (*)
<br>FS/FTD
<br>FS/FTD
<br>Pitot – static<br>Normal (#) Abnormal (*)
<br>FS/FTD
<br>FS/FTD
<br>Fuel system<br>Normal (#) Abnormal (*)
<br>FS/FTD
<br>FS/FTD
<br>Electrical system<br>Normal (#) Abnormal (*)
<br>FS/FTD
<br>FS/FTD
<br>Hydraulic system<br>Normal (#) Abnormal (*)
<br>FS/FTD
<br>FS/FTD
<br>Flight controls and trim system<br>Normal (#) Abnormal (*)
[1] A checklist derived from information set out in the Flight Manual/POH, placards or other documents provided with the aircraft, necessary to ensure the safe operation of the aircraft
[2] A checklist derived from information set out in the Flight Manual/POH, placards or other documents provided with the aircraft, necessary to ensure the safe operation of the aircraft
[3] Means that a manoeuvre or flight is completed without injury to persons, damage to aircraft or breach of aviation safety regulations, while meeting the requirements of the Manual of Standards Part 61.
[4] The skid ball in the balance indicator is less than a quarter of the ball diameter from the centre.
[5] Means that a manoeuvre or flight is completed without injury to persons, damage to aircraft or breach of aviation safety regulations, while meeting the requirements of the Manual of Standards Part 61.
[6] To be aware of the position of the aircraft relative to navigation aid or feature, based on the direction and estimated distance of the aircraft from the navigation aid or feature.
[7] The ‘aiming point’ related to a visual approach and landing of an aircraft, is that point at which a pilot looks, to achieve a predetermined touchdown point.
[8] 'Controlled rate of descent' associated with a landing means that the touchdown is without harshness and the successful outcome of the landing is not in doubt.
[9] 'Controlled rate of descent' associated with a landing means that the touchdown is without harshness and the successful outcome of the landing is not in doubt.
[10] 'means to recognise an abnormal landing and recover the aircraft to controlled flight. Often associated with a 'go around''
[11] Means that a manoeuvre or flight is completed without injury to persons, damage to aircraft or breach of aviation safety regulations, while meeting the requirements of the Manual of Standards Part 61.