16.1 It is a condition of approval of a training course that data be collected and reported to CASA in accordance with this clause.
16.2 Within 30 days of the end of each stage, the training organisation must collect and give CASA the data specified in the report form in Appendix 9.
16.3 The operator must ensure that, at the commencement of a training course, each student is informed in writing that the reports are made to CASA under this Order to monitor the quality and effectiveness of MP(A)L training.
Note CASA intends to monitor the implementation of MP(A)L training and MP(A)L use. The data to be collected corresponds to that mentioned in ICAO documents attached to State letter AN 12/50-07/37. See also Appendix E of CAAP 5.216, Multi-Crew Pilot (Aeroplane) Licence.
Appendix 2
MP(A)L theory examinations, pass marks and requirements
1 MP(A)L theory examinations
The separate examination parts for a MP(A)L theory examination are as follows with the relevant abbreviation:
(a) CNAV – Navigation;
(b) CMET – Meteorology;
(c) CHUF – Human Factors;
(d) CLW – Flight Rules and Air Law – Aeroplane;
(e) CADA – Aerodynamics – Aeroplane;
(f) AFPA – Flight Planning – Aeroplane;
(g) APLA – Performance and Loading-Aeroplane;
(h) AASA – Aerodynamics and Aircraft Systems – Aeroplane;
(i) ANAV – Navigation – Aeroplane and Helicopter;
(j) AMET – Meteorology – Aeroplane and Helicopter;
(k) AHUF – Human Factors – Aeroplane and Helicopter;
(l) AALW – Air Law – Aeroplane and Helicopter;
(m) IREX – Instrument Rating Examination;
(n) the type rating examination for the METPA on which the person’s MP(A)L flight training is conducted.
2 MP(A)L theory examination pass marks
2.1 For a pass in the MP(A)L theory examination, a student must pass all of the examination parts mentioned in subclause 1.1 within 3 years of passing the first examination part.
Note All examination parts are conducted by CASA.
2.2 For a pass in an examination part, a student must obtain 70% for the part.
2.3 For a pass in the MP(A)L theory examination, a student must:
(a) obtain a pass in each examination part; and
(b) comply with subclause 2.4 for each examination part.
2.4 For each examination part, a student must:
(a) inform the training organisation in a knowledge deficiency report (KDR) of each question to which the student gave a wrong answer; and
Section 16 - Civil Aviation Order 40.1.8 Instrument 2008 - Reporting to CASA | Zoe
(b) review with the training organisation, the syllabus topic relevant to the question; and
(c) demonstrate to the head of training that there is no longer any deficiency in the student’s knowledge of the topic.
Appendix 3
Criteria for eligibility to take MP(A)L flight test
1 Flight test prerequisites
Before attempting the MP(A)L flight test, a student of a training organisation must:
(a) pass the MP(A)L theory examination; and
(b) successfully complete all stages of a training course approved by CASA; and
(c) satisfy all competency training and flight assessment requirements of the training course; and
(d) receive training applicable to the METPA type in which he or she is expected to obtain initial operational experience with the MP(A)L; and
(e) possess at least 240 hours of aeronautical experience:
(i) acquired during a training course; and
(ii) including no less than the hours mentioned in paragraphs 5.214 (2) (a), (b) and (c) of CAR 1988; and
(f) be recommended to the head of training by an instructor as ready to attempt the flight test.
Appendix 4
MP(A)L flight test
1 Flight test content
1.1 The flight test must be conducted in:
(a) the METPA type in which the student is expected to obtain his or her initial operational experience with the MP(A)L; or
(b) an approved flight simulator for the METPA type mentioned on paragraph (a).
1.2 The flight test must cover and assess all of the items listed on the Flight Test Form (FTF) in Appendix 10.
1.3 The flight test must be conducted over 2 sessions.
1.4 At least 1 of the sessions mentioned in subclause 1.3 must resemble as far as practicable a commercial airline flight of 2 or more sectors.
Note A sector is a flight which commences with take-off from an aerodrome and concludes with landing at a different aerodrome.
1.5 The flight test must have separate segments in which the student operates as pilot flying and pilot monitoring.
1.6 The flight test must cover and assess the following in normal and non-normal operations:
(a) co-pilot duties as pilot flying;
(b) co-pilot duties as pilot monitoring;
(c) instrument navigation procedures;
(d) terminal instrument flight procedures.
2 Flight testing officers
The test flight must be conducted by 1 of the following flight testing officers:
(a) a CASA flight operations inspector (FOI); or
(b) if CASA gives specific approval in writing for the purposes of this paragraph — an approved testing officer (ATO).
3 Passing the flight test
3.1 A student passes the flight test if he or she demonstrates to a flight testing officer competency (flight test competency):
(a) in each unit and element of competency specified in the FTF; and
(b) to the standard specified for the unit or element in the FTF.
3.2 If a student passes the flight test the flight testing officer must, as soon as practicable after the test, give CASA, the training organisation and the student a flight test report (successful).
4 Not passing the flight test
4.1 A student fails the flight test if he or she does not demonstrate flight test competency.
4.2 If a student fails the flight test, the flight testing officer must, as soon as practicable after the test, give the student and the training organisation each a flight test report (unsuccessful) specifying the following:
(a) that the student has failed the flight test;
(b) where flight test competency has not been demonstrated;
(c) what further training is required to pass the flight test.
4.3 The flight testing officer must, as soon as practicable after the flight test, give CASA a copy of the flight test report (unsuccessful).
5 Repeating the flight test
5.1 A student may repeat the flight test only if:
(a) a training organisation prepares the student for the flight test in accordance with a flight test retraining plan based on the flight test report (unsuccessful); and
(b) an instructor certifies that the flight test retraining has been completed; and
(c) the instructor recommends in writing to the head of training that the student is ready to repeat the flight test.
5.2 Before conducting a repeat flight test, the flight testing officer must review the flight test retraining plan, certificate and recommendation and attach them to the flight test report produced after the test.
Appendix 5
MP(A)L — aeronautical knowledge syllabus
Contents
A. Recommended Prestudy 14
B. Commercial Pilot Licence Knowledge Standards – Level 1 16
Aircraft General Knowledge 16
Flight Rules and Air Law 21
Radio Telephony 24
Aeroplane Type Knowledge 24
Aerodynamics 27
Navigation 31
Operation, Performance and Flight Planning 32
Meteorology 33
C. Commercial Pilot Licence Knowledge Standards – Level 2 35
Aircraft General Knowledge 35
Flight Rules and Air Law 40
Radio Telephony 42
Aeroplane Knowledge 43
Aerodynamics 43
Navigation 47
Aircraft Operation, Performance and Flight Planning 50
Meteorology 55
Human Factors 59
D. Air Transport Pilot Licence Knowledge Standards 67
Aircraft General Knowledge 67
Flight Rules and Air Law 86
Navigation 96
Flight Planning and Performance 103
Meteorology 113
Human Factors 125
E. Instrument Rating Knowledge Standards 133
A. Recommended Prestudy
A.1 A Knowledge of mathematics and physics is necessary to meet the aeronautical knowledge objectives in this syllabus. The subjects are not examined independently, but applicants below standard in mathematics and physics are advised to seek tuition until they are able to meet the laid down objectives. Failure to do so may make the aeronautical knowledge objectives difficult to achieve.
A.2 For MATHEMATICS the requirement is to solve problems requiring the use of:
(a) basic arithmetic; and
(b) vulgar fractions; and
(c) decimal fractions; and
(d) percentages; and
(e) averages; and
(f) squares; and
(g) ratio and proportion; and
(h) direct and inverse proportion; and
(i) representative fractions; and
(j) circular slide rule; and
(k) multiplication and division; and
(l) conversion problems between the following units; and
(m) nautical miles, statute miles and kilometres; degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius; pounds and kilograms; litres, imperial gallons and US gallons; and
(n) squares and square roots; and
(o) basic trigonometry; and
(p) sine, cosine and tangent; and
(q) simple problems involving solution of right-angled triangles.
A.3 For PHYSICS the requirements are:
(a) solve problems relating to time, speed (velocity) and distance; and
(b) define velocity, acceleration, weight, mass, force, momentum, work, energy, power, static equilibrium, density, specific gravity and pressure; and
(c) solve graphically the wind triangle; and
(d) solve problems relating to the principle of moments and centre of gravity; and
(e) given the specific gravity and fuel quantity, calculate fuel weight; and
(f) basic electrical principles as applicable to aircraft systems; and
(g) units of measurement for current, voltage, resistance, capacity, power; and
(h) typical methods of electrical generation; and
(i) difference between AC and DC; and
(j) typical aircraft components; and
(k) basic principles of hydraulics.
B. Commercial Pilot Licence Knowledge Standards – Level 1
B.1 Introduction
B.1.1 The content of this section of the MP(A)L syllabus relates to the Core and Basic stages of the MP(A)L training course.
B.1.2 The heading and paragraph numbering in this section are used to reference knowledge deficiency reports generated by the examination system.
2.1 Terminology
With respect to the items listed below recall the standards abbreviations used and meet the objectives stated:
2.1.1 Direction
(a) recall the following methods of expressing direction:
(i) as a three figure group;
(ii) as a two figure group for runways;
(iii) in the clock code; and
(b) define heading (HDG); and
(c) define True (T), Magnetic (M), and Compass (C) North; and
Distance, speed and velocity
(d) state the units used for distance:
(i) navigation – nautical miles (NM); and
(ii) visibility – metres (m), kilometres (km); and
(e) define a knot (kt); and
(f) define wind velocity (W/V).
2.1.2 Time
(a) express time as a 4, 6, and 8 figure group;
(b) mentally convert local time (EST, CST, WST) to UTC and vice versa.
2.1.3 Vertical measurement
State the unit used (ft) for vertical measurement and differentiate between:
(a) height; and
(b) altitude; and
(c) elevation.
2.1.4 Other units
(a) state the units used for:
(i) runaway dimensions; and
(ii) temperature – degrees Celsius (C); and
(iii) pressure – hectopascals (hPa), psi, Hg; and
(iv) weight – kilograms (kg), pounds (lb); and
(v) volume – litres (l), US and Imp. Gallons (gal); and
(b) given W/V and runway directions determine the appropriate runway for take-off/landing:
(i) the direction (left/right) of any cross wind component; and
(ii) the value of crosswind component.
2.2 Power plants and systems – basics
Notes Because “type” knowledge of power plants, systems and engine handling is more appropriate during initial training, the majority of the generic items below need only be taught after the “area-solo” phase.
“Type” knowledge requirements are specified in subsection 5.
2.2.1 Demonstrate a basic understanding of the principle of operation of a four stroke cycle internal combustion engine and state the purpose of cylinders pistons piston rings inlet/exhaust valves crank shaft cam shaft spark plugs.
2.2.2 State the purpose of the following components/features:
(a) carburettor;
(b) throttle;
(c) magneto, dual ignition;
(d) alternator;
(e) battery, battery compartment vent;
(f) propeller;
(g) circuit breaker, fuse, bus bar;
(h) impulse start;
(i) oil cooler;
(j) fuel tank vents.
2.2.3 State the purpose of the following gauges:
(a) RPM (Tachometer), MAP;
(b) CHT, EGT;
(c) voltmeter, ammeter, loadmeter;
(d) fuel pressure;
(e) oil temperature and pressure.
Note Purpose means the importance in relation to monitoring the powerplant and systems.
2.2.4 State how the following affect the power output of an engine:
(a) throttle lever position;
(b) RPM;
(c) air density.
2.2.5 State the purpose of engine lubrication.
Note Purpose means the reduction of friction and engine cooling.
2.2.6 State the purpose of mixture control and describe the effect of excessively rich and lean mixture strengths on engine operation.
Note Also see 5. “Aircraft Type Knowledge”.
2.2.7 Compare the advantages and disadvantages of a simple carburettor and a direct injection system.
2.2.8 Fuels and oils
(a) list sources of fuel contamination; and
(b) state the advantage of filling tanks prior to overnight parking; and
(c) explain the terms:
(i) viscosity, oil sump, multi-grade oils; and
(ii) octane rating; and
(iii) Avgas, Avtur;
and indicate how to identify Avtur and Avgas; and
(d) list the potential dangers/problems of:
(i) mixing hydraulic fluids; and
(ii) using automobile fuel or fuel of a grade other than specified; and
(e) list factors conducive to fuel vapourisation and identify statements to minimise this phenomenon.
2.2.9 List typical services provided by a light aeroplane’s:
(a) hydraulic system; and
(b) electrical system; and
(c) ignition system; and
(d) vacuum system.
2.3 Engine handling
2.3.1 List the causes and effect of detonation.
Note Limited to improper use of mixture control, MP/RPM, and use of incorrect fuel octane.
2.3.2 On aircraft fitted with a fixed pitch propeller, describe the method of using a manual mixture control if the aircraft:
(a) does not have an EGT gauge; and
(b) has an EGT gauge.
Note For initial training this topic is covered in 5.4.2, Aircraft Type Knowledge.
2.3.3 State the effect on engine operation of:
(a) prolonged idling; and
(b) using a mixture that is too rich or too lean.
2.3.4 Give reasons for the following limitations/actions:
(a) minimum oil pressure;
(b) minimum/maximum oil temperature;
(c) minimum/maximum CHT;
(d) maximum RPM;
(e) ignition checks: pre-takeoff and shutdown;
(f) prolonged use of starter motor, and use of pilot heat on the ground;
(g) engine warm up on prolonged descents.
2.3.5 Explain the significance of blue or black exhaust smoke.
2.4 Malfunctions
2.4.1 With respect to a malfunction or a failure of the following components:
(a) alternator;
(b) magneto;
(c) battery;
(d) ignition switch;
(e) fuel vent (blockage), fuel/booster pump;
(f) oil cooler, cowl flaps;
(g) vacuum pump;
(h) hydraulic brakes;
(i) identify cockpit indications which may suggest a malfunction;
(j) state pilot actions (if any) to rectify the problem;
(k) describe the consequences if the malfunction cannot be rectified.
2.4.2 With respect to the following engine gauges:
(a) oil temperature and pressure;
(b) CHT;
(c) fuel pressure;
(d) tachometer;
(e) ammeter/loadmeter;
(f) voltmeter;
(g) identify reasons for an abnormality;
(h) state pilot actions (if any) to rectify a problem;
(i) state the consequences if the problem cannot be rectified by the pilot.
2.5 Engine icing
Note Students should be advised that the following material is general in nature and that the operational application of engine ice prevention/control varies between individual aircraft and engines. Pilots should therefore follow procedures recommended in the pilots’ operating handbook.
2.5.1 Describe the method for checking the operation of carburettor heat prior to take-off.
2.5.2 State the atmospheric conditions and engine control settings conducive to the formation of:
(a) throttle ice; and
(b) fuel evaporation ice; and
(c) impact ice in a carburettor.
The student should be aware of the probability and severity of icing under different OAT, relative humidity and power conditions.
2.5.3 For aircraft fitted with a fixed pitch propeller, identify cockpit indications which would signify the presence of engine ice.
Note For initial training, this topic is covered in “5.4.2, Aircraft Type Knowledge”.
2.5.4 State the danger of progressive throttle increments if engine icing is not diagnosed.
2.5.5 Discuss the use of carburettor heat for:
(a) anti-icing; and
(b) de-icing; and
(c) ground operation.
2.5.6 Differentiate between the use of “alternate air” and “carburettor heat” controls.
2.5.7 State the effect of the application of carburettor heat on engine performance and engine instrument indications.
2.6 Flight instruments
2.6.1 Interpret colour codes on an ASI.
2.6.2 From a list, identify pressure and gyroscopic (suction and electrical) instruments used in a typical light trainer.
Note Pressure instruments are the ASI, altimeter, VSI.
Gyroscopic instruments are the: DI, rate of turn, turn coordinator, flight attitude indicator (artificial horizon).
2.6.3 State the effect of a blockage of the pitot or static source on the indications displayed by each pressure instrument listed in 2.6.6 above.
2.6.4 State/calculate:
(a) state the effect of an incorrect subscale setting on the reading of an altimeter; and
(b) calculate height error resulting from incorrect subscale settings.
2.6.5 State the effect of using an alternate static source located inside the cockpit, on the reliability of pressure instrument indications.
Note In 2.6.3 to 2.6.5 above, “effect” means “over-reading” “under-reading” or “nil effect”.
2.6.6 State the effect of low suction and loss of electrical power on the reliability of the gyroscopic flight instruments.
2.6.7 List conditions/situations which may result in toppling of gyroscopic instruments and identify conditions under which they would re-erect.
2.6.8 State how, when and why a DI should be synchronised with the magnetic compass.
2.6.9 Describe checks which would ensure the serviceability of a magnetic compass and the flight instruments mentioned in 2.6.2 above.
3 Flight Rules and Air Law
3.1 Documentation
3.1.1 Introduce student to the method of maintaining a pilots’ log book and the purpose of flight progress records.
3.1.2 Know the reasons for and general contents of:
(a) CARs, CAOs, AIP, CAAP; and
(b) ERS(A), NOTAMS, AIC.
3.2 Pilot licences, privileges and limitations
3.2.1 State the flight area limitations which apply to the holder of a Student Pilot Licence.
3.2.2 State the recency requirements which apply to solo flight by a student pilot.
3.2.3 State the privileges granted and the limitations imposed on the holder of a Student Pilot licence with passenger carrying privileges.
3.3 Flight rules and conditions of flight
3.3.1 Recall/apply the following rules/requirements:
(a) rules of the air;
(b) the requirements relating to the operation of aircraft on and in the vicinity of an aerodrome and the conditions relating to turns after take-off;
(c) separation minima between a/c for take-off and landing at a non-controlled aerodrome;
(d) rules relating to restrictions on smoking in aircraft during take-off, landing and refuelling;
(e) visual flight rules and visual meteorology conditions (aeroplanes) for operations below 10 000 ft;
(f) altimetry procedures for flight below 10 000 ft.
3.3.2 State the rules relating to:
(a) the use of drugs and alcohol, and recall the minimum period between alcohol consumption and flight departure;
(b) temporary medical unfitness.
3.3.3 Recall the meaning of the following light signals directed at an aircraft:
(a) steady “Green” and steady “Red”;
(b) “Green” “Red” and “White” flashes.
3.3.4 Recall regulations relating to the minimum heights for flights over:
(a) populated areas; and
(b) other areas.
3.3.5 State the limitations imposed on:
(a) acrobatic flight; and
(b) flights over public gatherings.
3.3.6 Recall the requirements for landing prior to the end of daylight.
3.4 Air service operations
3.4.1 Extract the restrictions pertaining to the carriage of passengers on certain flights.
3.4.2 Extract/apply the following regulations/rules/orders relating to the responsibilities of a pilot in command:
(a) before flight:
(i) requirements regarding:
(A) fuels and oils; and
(B) fuelling of aircraft; and
(C) starting and ground operation of engines; and
(ii) appropriate passenger briefing; and
(b) during flight:
(i) regulations regarding the operation ad safety of the aircraft and the authority of the pilot in command; and
(ii) dropping of articles from an aircraft in flight.
3.4.3 Recall the following requirements:
(a) before flight:
(i) the orders regarding the:
(A) removal of locking devices; and
(B) security of doors, hatches, tank caps; and
(C) testing of flight controls; and
(D) removal of frost and ice; and
(E) instrument checks; and
(F) security of safety harness prior to solo flight in a dual control aircraft; and
(ii) fuel system inspection – when and how; and
(iii) carriage of passengers in a control seat; and
(iv) carriage of infants and children:
(b) during flight:
(i) the orders regarding:
(A) occupation of seats; and
(B) wearing of seat belts; and
(C) adjustment of seats; and
(ii) regulations regarding manipulation of aircraft controls:
(A) by pilots; and
(B) not permitted by unauthorised persons.
3.5 Aerodromes
3.5.1 With reference to a diagram of the aerodrome(s) used for training:
(a) identify movement areas; and
(b) explain the significance of taxiway, runway, and/or helipad markings.
3.5.2 Identify the following positions in a circuit:
(a) downwind leg;
(b) base leg;
(c) crosswind leg;
(d) upwind leg;
(e) dead side of the circuit.
3.5.3 Explain the significance of a white cross on the movement area.
3.5.4 Identify and explain the purpose of the following aerodrome markings:
(a) runway markings;
(b) runway threshold markings;
(c) runway end markings;
(d) cone and gable markers;
(e) taxiway markings;
(f) holding points/bays;
(g) a double white cross adjacent to a primary wind indicator;
(h) a horizontal white dumbbell.
3.6 Airspace (Local)
3.6.1 Reserved – See Flying Training Syllabus.
3.7 Emergencies and SAR
3.7.1 Recall the intermittent use of navigation and landing lights by an aircraft to indicate.
3.7.2 Differentiate between an accident and an incident.
3.7.3 Extract the requirements applicable to the notification of accidents and incidents.
3.7.4 Explain the terms:
(a) SARTIME
(b) INCERFA ALERFA DETRESFA.
3.7.5 Extract emergency procedures from ERS(A).
4 Radio Telephony
4.1 Radio Telephony
4.1.1 Recall the phonetic alphabet and the method of transmitting numerals.
4.1.2 Recall pertinent (local) procedures and radio phraseology for:
(a) circuit flying; and
(b) flights to/from the training area.
4.1.3 State the purpose of the following radio controls:
(a) on/off switches;
(b) frequency selector and squelch control;
(c) transmit button and mute switch.
4.1.4 Differentiate between a distress and urgency message
(a) give examples when each should be used; and
(b) recall each prefix and extract the elements of each message from ERS(A).
4.1.5 Extract radio failure procedures from ERS(A).
5 Aeroplane Type Knowledge
Note The following topics relate primarily to a basic nose-wheel training aeroplane.
A person who wishes to gain a licence on a different class/type e.g., multi-engine, must meet the appropriate endorsement requirements specified.
5.1 Identification of aircraft components
The student should be introduced to the training aeroplane to be used and identify the following components (as applicable to type):
5.1.1 Fuselage:
(a) entry and emergency exits; and
(c) aerials, static vents, rotating beacon; and
(d) inspection hatches.
5.1.2 Wings:
(a) leading and trailing edges, nav lights; and
(b) ailerons, flaps, trim tabs, and associated hinges/attachments; and
(c) pitot head, tie down points, stall warning; and
(d) fuel caps, tanks, drains, vents, hatches.
5.1.3 Tail:
(a) elevator/stabiliser; and
(b) fin, rudder, trim tabs and associated hinges.
5.1.4 Undercarriage:
Struts, wheels, brakes steering and ground handling points.
5.1.5 Engine:
(a) location; and
(b) type, number of cylinders; and
(c) induction system.
5.1.6 General cockpit layout:
(a) engine and flight controls; and
(b) engine and flight instruments; and
(c) heating and ventilation controls; and
(d) main switches.
5.2 Emergency actions
5.2.1 Recall the emergency actions listed in the pilot’s operating handbook.
5.2.2 Recall the power plant and airspeed limitations given in the flight manual.
5.2.3 Recall the following operating speeds:
(a) lift off;
(b) climb: normal best rate;
(c) short take-off and landing.
5.2.4 Stall recognition and recovery relevant to type.
5.2.5 Pilot actions in the event of:
(a) an aircraft fire in the air and on the ground; and
(b) engine failure; and
(c) after take-off; and
(d) in the training area; and
(e) propeller overspeed.
5.2.6 Engine oil specifications and quantity.
5.2.7 The following fuel requirements/data:
(a) grade used and method of identification;
(b) total usable fuel.
5.3 Systems
5.3.1 With reference to a pilot’s operating handbook, demonstrate a basic understanding of the following systems:
(a) fuel, engine lubrication, hydraulic;
(b) electrical, ignition;
(c) undercarriage, brakes.
5.3.2 List the services provided by the:
(a) battery alternator magneto; and
(b) hydraulic system; and
(c) lubrication system; and
(d) vacuum system.
5.3.3 With reference to the systems (or components) listed in 5.3.1 and 5.3.2:
(a) identify malfunctions; and
(b) list pilot actions (if any); and
(c) state consequences if the malfunction cannot be rectified.
5.4 Engine ice and handling
5.4.1 State the cockpit indications that signify the presence of engine ice and state the recommended procedure to clear engine ice.
5.4.2 State the methods used to:
(a) control engine temperature; and
(b) lean fuel/air mixture; and
(c) control power; and
(d) recall the allied cockpit gauges which provide information on the above parameters.
5.5 Take-off and landing performance
Note Background knowledge in subsections 8.2 and 8.3 of this phase should be taught prior to commencing this section. As operations during this phase are “local” it may be assumed that take-off weight equals landing weight.
5.5.1 Given appropriate data use the flight manual to:
(a) extract take-off and landing distances required; and
(b) determine maximum take-off/landing weight; and
(c) adjust take-off weight to ensure that structural weight limits are not exceeded.
5.6 Loading
5.6.1 Use the aeroplane’s loading system to distribute load and ensure that the aeroplane will not exceed CG limits.
6 Aerodynamics
6.1 Basic theory
6.1.1 Identify the following:
(a) aerofoil, angle of attack, relative airflow;
(b) centre of pressure, centre of gravity;
(c) lift, weight, thrust, drag.
6.1.2 Differentiate between:
(a) IAS and GS; and
(b) IAS, CAS, TAS and GS.
6.2 Lift and drag
6.2.1 State whether lift and drag of an aerofoil will increase or decrease with changes in:
(a) airspeed; and
(b) angle of attack; and
(c) flap setting.
6.2.2 List the types of drag which affect a subsonic aircraft in flight.
Note Types are:
(a) Parasite (zero lift) – form, interference, skin friction; and
(b) Induced (lift dependent).
6.2.3 State how Total Drag varies with airspeed.
6.2.4 Recall typical angles of attack at which a basic low speed aerofoil:
(a) generates maximum lift (16 degrees); and
(b) is most efficient (best L/D: 4 degrees);
and relate these angles to:
(c) stall speed; and
(d) best glide speed.
Note Students should be aware that these values are representative only.
6.3 Flight controls
6.3.1 Describe the primary and further effects of the elevator, rudder and aileron on an aeroplane’s movement about the longitudinal, lateral and normal (vertical) axes.
6.3.2 Describe the effect of changes in power and airspeed on pitch trim and on the effectiveness of the elevator, rudder and ailerons.
6.3.3 Describe the purpose of trim control.
6.3.4 State the effect of lowering or raising flap on lift, drag and attitude.
6.4 Straight and level flight
6.4.1 State the relationship between attitude, angle of attack and airspeed in level flight.
Note Students should appreciate that this relationship is only true in level flight.
6.5 Climbing
6.5.1 Differentiate between rate and angle of climb.
6.5.2 State the effect (increase/decrease) on climb rate and angle resulting from changes in:
(a) weight; and
(b) power; and
(c) airspeed (changed from recommended); and
(d) flap deflection; and
(e) head/tailwind component, windshear; and
(f) bank angle; and
(g) altitude and density altitude.
6.6 Descents:
6.6.1 State the effect on rate, angle of descent and attitude resulting from changes in:
(a) power – constant IAS; and
(b) flap – constant IAS.
6.6.2 State the effect of head/tail wind on the glide path and glide distance (relevant to the earth’s surface).
6.6.3 Explain why a pilot should maintain the recommended glide speed, if undershooting an approach to land.
6.7 Turning
6.7.1 Describe what is meant by a balanced turn.
6.7.2 Describe the terms “g” wing loading load factor.
6.7.3 During a level turn, state the effect (increase/decrease) of bank angle on:
(a) stall IAS; and
(b) the aircraft’s structure (load factor).
Note An appreciation of the rate of increase of stall speed with bank, and possible airframe damage if limits are exceeded is also required.
6.7.4 List reasons for avoiding steep turns:
(a) shortly after take-off; and
(b) during a glide – particularly on approach.
6.7.5 Explain why an aeroplane executing balanced level turns at low level may appear to slip or skid when turning downwind or into wind.
6.7.6 Given level flight stall speed, determine the stall speed and load factor during turns at 45 and 60 degrees bank.
6.8 Stalling, spinning and spiral dives.
6.8.1 Define stalling angle and describe:
(a) the symptoms when approaching the stall; and
(b) the characteristics of a stall.
6.8.2 Explain:
(a) the effect of using ailerons when approaching and during the stall; and
(b) why an aeroplane may stall at different speeds.
6.8.3 List the effect (increase/decrease/nil) of the following variables on the level flight stall IAS:
(a) power;
(b) flap;
(c) wind shear vertical gusts;
(d) manoeuvres;
(e) weight;
(f) frost and ice;
(g) altitude.
6.8.4 Cite manoeuvres during which an aeroplane may stall at an angle which appears to be different to the true stalling angle.
6.8.5 Differentiate between a spin and a spiral dive in a light aeroplane and describe the standard recovery technique for each manoeuvre (Refer CAA Flight Instructors Manual).
Note Student should be advised to follow the techniques recommended in the pilot’s operating handbook.
6.9 Taxi, take-off, landing
6.9.1 Cite situations which may cause an aeroplane to “wheel barrow” and state the recommended pilot action in the event of such an occurrence.
6.9.2 Describe the effect of a cross-wind on high and low wing aeroplanes during taxi, take-off and landing.
Note “Effect of a cross-wind” means the effect on “yaw” and “roll” and includes the tendency to nose over during taxi.
6.9.3 List the advantages of taking-off and landing into wind.
6.9.4 Compare a flapless approach to an approach with flap in terms of:
(a) attitude during descent; and
(b) approach path angle; and
(c) threshold and touch-down speeds; and
(d) landing roll.
6.9.5 Describe the effect of wind shear (wind gradient) and ground effect on aerodynamic and flight characteristics and identify.
6.10 Wake turbulence
Note If a student is operating from an aerodrome where helicopters or heavy aircraft also operate, all “A” items must be taught prior to pre-solo.
6.10.1 List factors affecting the strength of vortex flow viz aircraft weight, speed, wing shape.
6.10.2 State the primary control hazard that may result from a vortex encounter.
6.10.3 Identify from diagrams the:
(a) approximate flow direction around each vortex; and
(b) approximate location of vortices (in still air) generated by a preceding aeroplane during:
(i) cruise flight; and
(ii) take-off and landing; and
(c) approximate take-off/touch-down points and flight profiles which
Caution: Students should be advised that heavy/med. aeroplanes are capable of steep climb gradients after take-off when operating at low take-off weights.
6.10.4 State/identify the effect of wind and atmospheric turbulence on the:
(a) strength of vortices; and
(b) longevity of vortices; and
(c) location of vortices.
6.10.5 Recall that rotor downwash can be a hazard to a radius of approximately thrice the rotor diameter, and that this area should be avoided by light aircraft.
Note Students should be aware of wake turbulence sep. standards in order to make value judgements to waive these standards at a controlled aerodrome or provide their own separation at non-controlled aerodromes.
6.11 Thrust stream turbulence (jet blast)
6.11.1 Recall that this form of turbulence varies with engine power and distance from the source.
Note The following information may be of value to illustrate the need for caution:
(a) approximate speeds of the jet at 30 metres are:
(i) idling power: 25 kt; and
(ii) full power: 125 kt; and
(b) at high power settings stream turbulence can extend to approximately 500/600 metres behind a DC 10 and 180 metres behind a 727.
6.12 Structural damage
6.12.1 Describe the effect of structural damage, including bird strikes, with emphasis on:
(a) stall characteristics; and
(b) controllability.
7 Navigation
Note Reference to AIP “visual” charts means the present ERC, VTC, and AUS PCA and embraces any subsequent changes to charts required for flight under VFR.
7.1 Basics – Extract Information from documents
7.1.1 On a WAC and AIP “visual” charts (if applicable) which cover the local area of operation:
(a) identify, without reference to the chart legend:
(i) major features to assist in map reading e.g. roads, rivers, lakes; and
(ii) obstacles and spot heights, including elevation or height above terrain; and
(iii) CTA, PRDs, and aerodrome data on VTC/ERC (if applicable); and
(b) decode other symbols with reference to the chart legend; and
(c) assess the general height of the terrain from hypsometric tints and contours; and
(d) estimate track and distance; and
(e) demonstrate and explain the reason for chart orientation in flight.
7.1.2 On visual AIP charts identify airspace boundaries and symbols with reference to the chart legend.
7.1.3 Use ERS(A) to extract:
(a) runway data; and
(b) data pertaining to Prohibited, Restricted and Danger Areas.
7.2 Computation techniques
7.2.1 Use mental rules of thumb to estimate:
(a) time interval using estimated GS and distance e.g., 120 kt = 2 NM/min; and
(b) endurance given fuel flow and fuel available (excluding reserve fuel).
Note Students should be given examples to indicate that over short distances and periods of time, such approximations are reasonably accurate.
7.2.2 Apply magnetic variation to obtain magnetic direction.
7.2.3 Carry out conversions between:
(a) feet/metres; and
(b) nm/km; and
(c) lbs/kg; and
(d) US gal/litres/kg of avgas.
7.2.4 Determine head/tail, and cross-wind components given W/V and HDG.
Note Students should also practice using the conversion and wind component tables in ERS(A).
8 Operation, Performance and Flight Planning
8.1 Airworthiness and aircraft equipment
8.1.1 With reference to a maintenance release decide whether an aircraft is serviceable for a specific flight.
8.1.2 Recall the limitations imposed on a student pilot permit holder with regard to:
(a) conducting daily inspections; and
(b) signing a maintenance release; and
(c) reporting of defects.
8.2 Take-off and landing performance
Note Use of take-off and landing charts is included in “Type” training.
8.2.1 State the effect (increase/decrease) of the following factors on take-off, landing, and take-off climb performance:
(a) strength of head/tail wind component;
(b) air temperature;
(c) QNH;
(d) density height (non-standard conditions);
(e) airfield elevation;
(f) runway slope and surface including wet and slushy runways;
(g) ground effect and windshear;
(h) frost on an aircraft.
8.2.2 Differentiate between pressure height and density height.
8.2.3 Describe how to use an altimeter to obtain:
(a) local QNH at an aerodrome; and
(b) pressure height of an aerodrome; and
(c) elevation of an aerodrome.
8.2.4 Explain the terms:
(a) maximum structural take-off and landing weight; and
(b) climb weight limit.
8.2.5 State the likely results of exceeding aircraft weight limits.
8.3 Loading
Note Practical use of a loading system is included in “Type” training.
8.3.1 At this phase of training, a student should have a basic understanding of the terms listed below, to enable him or her to apply this knowledge when using the applicable loading system in type training:
(a) arm, moment, datum, station, index unit; and
(b) centre of gravity (CG) and CG limits; and
(c) empty weight, zero fuel weight (ZFW), ramp weight; and
(d) maximum take-off and maximum landing weights; and
(e) floor loading limits.
8.4 Speed limitations
8.4.1 Explain the following terms/abbreviations:
(a) normal operating speed (Vno);
(b) never exceed speed (VNE);
(c) maximum manoeuvre speed (VA);
(d) turbulence penetration speed (VB);
(e) limit and design load factors;
(f) flap operating speed (VFO) and flap extended speed (VFE).
8.4.2 Cite situations which may result in an aircraft exceeding speed limits and load factor limits.
9 Meteorology
9.1 Knowledge of local weather
9.1.1 Demonstrate a basic knowledge of local weather, in particular the likely occurrence of:
(a) thunderstorms; and
(b) low cloud; and
(c) poor visibility; and
(d) turbulence
and describe how these phenomena may affect the safe operation of an aircraft.
9.2 Knowledge of forecasts and reports
9.2.1 Demonstrate an understanding of weather forecasts, reports and broadcasts that are pertinent to the area of operation.
9.3 Understand significance of observations
9.3.1 Recognise signs which may indicate the presence of:
(a) turbulence, thermals, dust devils; and
(b) wind gradient, wind shear;
and describe the effect of these phenomena on flight characteristics.
Note Signs means forecast conditions and pilot observations.
C. Commercial Pilot Licence Knowledge Standards – Level 2
C.1 Introduction
C.1.1 The content of this section of the MP(A)L syllabus relates to the Core and Basic stages of the MP(A)L training course.
C.1.2 The heading and paragraph numbering in this section are used to reference knowledge deficiency reports generated by the examination system.
2.1 Engines
2.1.1 Carburetion
Describe the principle of operation of a simple carburettor in terms of:
(a) fuel vaporisation and distribution; and
(b) control of the fuel/air charged throttle butterfly; and
(c) idling, main and acceleration jets – purpose of these jets; and
(d) mixture control.
2.1.2 Supercharging
(a) state the purpose of supercharging; and
(b) list the types of superchargers:
(i) geared (mechanically driven); and
(ii) turbo (exhaust driven); and
(c) state the purpose/function of the following components:
(i) geared superchargers – impeller, diffuser;
(ii) turbo chargers – compressor, waste gate (fixed, manual, automatic);
(d) state the precautions to be observed to avoid detonation when operating a supercharged engine.
2.2 Propellers
Notes Depending on design, a variable pitch propeller will, when the propeller oil pressure is lost, adopt either full fine or full coarse pitch.
With this in mind, the following generalities will be used when examining topics relating to variable pitch propellers (the use of springs is omitted as their function varies depending on propeller design):
(a) centrifugal twisting moment (CTM) tends to reduce (fine) pitch; and
(b) counter weights, when used, increase (coarsen) pitch; and
(c) oil pressure is used to decrease pitch if counterweights are fitted; and
(d) oil pressure is used to increase pitch if counterweights are not fitted.
Students should be advised to check pilots’ operating handbook to ascertain the constant speed mechanism used when operating different types.
2.2.1 Describe the following terms:
(a) blade angle, helix angle/pitch;
(b) propeller thrust and torque;
(c) thrust horsepower (THP);
(d) brake horsepower (BHP);
(e) asymmetric blade effect.
2.2.2 Describe how a propeller converts engine power into thrust and explain what is meant by fine and course pitch stops.
2.2.3 Describe the effect of using carburettor heat on aeroplanes fitted with a CSU.
2.2.4 Describe how power output is controlled when operating aeroplanes fitted with a variable pitch propeller and know how to monitor power using engine instruments.
2.2.5 List the precautions necessary if operating a variable pitch propeller when:
(a) conducting ground checks; and
(b) changing power i.e. use of throttle/RPM levers.
2.2.6 List reasons for propeller overspeed in aeroplanes fitted with:
(a) fixed pitched propellers; and
(b) variable pitch propellers;
and state the associated remedial pilot action.
2.2.7 Describe:
(a) the effect of CSU malfunction on engine operation; and
(b) the effect of using engine controls in the event of malfunction.
2.2.8 In aeroplanes fitted with a CSU, identify cockpit indications which could signify:
(a) the presence of engine ice; and
(b) that engine ice has been cleared after application of “carb heat”.
2.3 Power plants
2.3.1 Explain the term “full throttle height”.
2.3.2 Describe the effect of the following factors on engine performance:
(a) fuel/air mixture strength;
(b) density height;
(c) altitude, on:
(i) normally aspirated engines; and
(ii) turbocharged/supercharged engines.
2.3.3 Compare the performance characteristics of:
(a) aeroplanes with fixed pitch propellers and those fitted with a CSU; and
(b) engine operation (within limits) at high MP/low RPM and low MP/high RPM; and
(c) normally aspirated and turbocharged/supercharged engines.
2.4 Aeroplane systems
2.4.1 Describe or state the function of the following typical components mentioned in pilot operating handbooks:
(a) Fuel system components:
(i) auxiliary/booster pump; and
(ii) fuel drain; and
(iii) fuel pressure gauge; and
(iv) fuel flow gauge; and
(v) check valves;
(b) Lubrication system:
(i) by-pass valves; and
(ii) oil cooler; and
(iii) wet sump system; and
(iv) dip stick;
(c) Stall warning devices;
(d) Electrical and Ignition systems:
(i) alternator generator; and
(ii) voltage regulator over voltage relay; and
(iii) ammeter voltmeter; and
(iv) circuit breaker fuse; and
(v) battery ampere hours; and
(vi) bus bar battery master switch; and
(vii) starter motor starter relay; and
(viii) dual ignition distributor ignition switch; and
(ix) external power receptacle, ground/flight switch;
(e) Undercarriage system:
(i) oleos/shock struts; and
(ii) shimmy dampers; and
(iii) nose wheel steering/castering; and
(iv) retractable undercarriage:
(A) uplocks/downlocks; and
(B) anti-retraction devices; and
(C) aural/visual warning devices; and
(D) emergency systems; and
(E) free fall; and
(F) electric, hydraulic, pneumatic;
(f) Hydraulic system:
(i) accumulator; and
(ii) actuators; and
(iii) brake master cylinder; and
(iv) check valve restrictors;
(g) Auto-pilot:
(i) roll attitude heading pitch controls; and
(ii) trim indicator; and
(iii) cut-out mechanisms;
Note Includes the possibility of “overpowering” the system and associated precautions.
(h) Fire protection:
(i) typical detectors:
(A) overheat – thermal switches; and
(B) rate of temperature rise – thermocouple; and
(C) flame; and
(ii) typical warning devices:
(A) lights; and
(B) audio; and
(iii) types of fire extinguisher and usage; and
(iv) engine cooling:
(A) fins; and
(B) baffles; and
(C) cowl flaps.
2.5 Flight instruments
2.5.1 General:
(a) explain the following terms:
(i) pitot-static system;
(ii) pitot pressure static pressure;
(iii) alternate static source;
(iv) pressure error;
(b) explain the relationship between IAS CAS EAS TAS.
Note The item listed in 2.5.2 below include some aspects learnt in Training Block 1.
(c) have a basic knowledge of the principle of operation and construction of the:
(i) ASI, VSI, altimeter; and
(ii) artificial horizon, direction indicator, rate of turn indicator, turn co-ordinator.
2.5.2 State the effect of the following factors on the accuracy of pressure instrument indications:
(a) ASI:
(i) blockage/leaks (pitot or static); and
(ii) manoeuvre induced errors (e.g. sharp pull out from a dive);
(b) VSI:
(i) blockage of the static source; and
(ii) lag;
Note Student should be aware that an IVSI compensates for lag errors.
(c) Altimeter:
(i) blockage of the static source; and
(ii) lag; and
(iii) incorrect subscale settings; and
(iv) errors due to changes in atmospheric temperature and pressure.
2.5.3 Gyroscopic principles:
(a) describe the gyroscopic properties of rigidity and precession; and
(b) compare the advantages and disadvantages of air driven and electrically driven gyroscopes; and
(c) state the effect on a Directional Indicator of:
(i) apparent wander/drift; and
(ii) maximum at the poles, zero at the equator; and
(iii) transport wander.
2.5.4 Direct reading magnetic compass:
(a) Background knowledge; and
(b) Principle of construction:
(i) magnetic needles point to magnetic north; and
(ii) fluid decreases oscillations and friction; and
(iii) should not contain bubbles; and
(iv) pendulosity of magnet systems causes errors.
2.5.5 State the effect of the following errors on compass indications in the southern hemisphere:
(a) turning errors;
(b) acceleration errors.
2.5.6 State the purpose of and use a compass correction card to determine magnetic heading.
3 Flight Rules and Air Law
3.1 Documentation
3.1.1 Describe the method of obtaining publications and know why it is important to update these documents.
3.1.2 Given an item of operational significance:
(a) select the appropriate reference document – CAR CAO AIP (Book) CAAP; and
(b) extract relevant and current information from these documents.
3.1.3 Extract/decode information contained in ERS(A), NOTAMS and AIP supplements.
3.1.4 Understand the terms and abbreviations in AIP GEN which are relevant to flight in accordance with VFR.
3.2 Pilot licences, privileges and limitations
3.2.1 Know:
(a) privileges and limitations of the licence; and
(b) recent experience requirements; and
(c) classification of operations.
3.2.2 Extract/apply the rules pertaining to flight and duty time limitations for:
(a) PPL holders; and
(b) CPL holders.
3.3 Flight rules and conditions of flight
3.3.1 Select documents that must be carried on board an aircraft during flight in Australian airspace.
3.3.2 Extract/apply the rules relating to:
(a) carriage and discharge of firearms; and
(b) aerodromes where operations are note restricted to runways; and
(c) the conditions relating to flight in PRD areas.
3.3.3 Give examples of situations which would require a “security” prefix prior to a radio call.
3.4 Air service operations
3.4.1 Extract/apply the rules relating to:
(a) a pilot’s responsibilities before flight; and
(b) aerodrome meteorological minima; and
(c) carriage of:
(i) cargo; and
(ii) sick and handicapped persons; and
(iii) parachutists; and
(iv) flotation and survival equipment; and
(v) animals; and
(vi) dangerous goods; and
(e) requirement for passenger lists.
3.4.2 State the requirements to test radio equipment prior to taxi and maintain a listening watch.
3.5 Aerodromes
3.5.1 State a pilot’s responsibilities with regard to the use of aerodromes.
3.6 Airspace
3.6.1 Differentiate between the various classifications of airspace.
3.6.2 With respect to the terms listed in (a) to (g):
(a) flight information service FIR FIA OCTA; and
(b) air traffic control service CTA CTR controlled airspace; and
(c) radio “reports” and “broadcasts”; and
(d) VFR route and lanes of entry; and
(e) PRD areas; and
(f) CTAF(R) areas; and
(g) controlled aerodromes GAAP aerodromes; and
(h) explain each term and, if applicable; and
(i) identify airspace boundaries on appropriate charts; and
(j) extract vertical limits of designated airspace from charts or ERS(A).
3.6.3 Extract/apply permitted tracking tolerances for VFR aircraft to avoid controlled airspace.
3.6.4 Know the requirements and procedures to be adopted when operating:
(a) in any class of airspace; and
(b) from or into:
(i) any licensed aerodrome; and
(ii) a CTAF(R).
Notes
1. “Requirements” means the need for clearances, reports and broadcasts.
2. “Procedures” means when to request a clearance, make a report/broadcast and pilot action on receipt of an instruction from ATC.
3. THIS TOPIC DOES NOT INCLUDE RADIO PHRASEOLOGY.
3.6.5 Altimetry:
(a) recall the datum from which an altimeter indicates height when the following are set on the subscale:
(i) Area QNH;
(ii) Local QNH;
(iii) QFE;
(iv) Standard Pressure Setting; and
(b) recall the meaning of the following:
(i) transition altitude;
(ii) transition level;
(iii) transition layer; and
(c) recall the procedures that are carried out with the altimeter at the Transition Altitude and the Transition Level on climb and descent; and
(d) derive the Transition Level for any given area QNH.
3.7 Emergencies, accidents, incidents
3.7.1 State the conditions under which a pilot may declare a mercy flight and select occasions when a mercy flight must not be undertaken.
3.7.2 Extract from AIP the responsibilities of a pilot regarding the notification of accidents and incidents.
3.7.3 AIRFLASH PRIORITY – Reserved
3.7.4 Cite examples of “hazards to navigation” that must be reported by pilots.
3.8 Security
3.8.1 Explain the term ADIZ and extract:
(a) the general requirements for operations in this zone; and
(b) the action by the pilot of the intercepted aircraft.
3.8.2 State the powers vested in a pilot in command.
4 Radio Telephony
4.1 Radio
4.1.1 Know the basic principles of radio wave propagation and recall the appropriate frequency bands for VHF, MF and HF.
4.1.2 Know the limitations of VHF and HF in terms of quality of reception and range.
4.1.3 List factors which may affect VHF and HF reception.
4.1.4 Use appropriate charts/documents to:
(a) extract VHF and HF frequencies; and
(b) determine communication coverage.
4.2 Transponder
4.2.1 State the precautions to be observed when selecting codes and extract transponder codes for:
(a) radio failure; and
(b) an emergency.
4.2.2 Given an area of operation decide whether it is necessary to use a transponder.
4.2.3 State the meaning of the terms SQUAWK, IDENT and CODE.
4.2.4 Describe the information (if any) that is transmitted when a pilot selects:
(a) STBY, ON; and
(b) ALT, IDENT.
4.2.5 Identify indications of normal and abnormal transponder operation and list factors that affect transponder reception.
5 Aeroplane Type Knowledge
5.1 Aeroplane knowledge
5.1.1 Prior to cross-country flight training, a student should:
(a) list aircraft equipment necessary for the flight; and
(b) demonstrate a knowledge of:
(i) tie down procedures; and
(ii) stowage of equipment/cargo; and
(iii) knowledge of location and use of an ELB; and
(iv) an awareness of survival procedures given in ERS(A).
6 Aerodynamics
6.1 Terminology
6.1.1 Identify descriptions/drawings of the following terms:
6.2.1 State the purpose of the following design features/controls:
(a) anhedral dihedral aspect ratio sweepback wash-out;
(b) wing spoilers flaps vortex generators;
(c) trim tabs.
6.3 Bernoulli’s theorem
6.3.1 Apply Bernoulli’s theorem of constant energy flow to describe how an aerofoil produces lift.
Note Limited to the variation of kinetic energy (dynamic pressure) and potential energy (static pressure) as air flows through a venturi or over a wing.
Students should also be aware that the upper surface of a wing generates the majority of lift.
6.4 Changes in angle of attack
6.4.1 State/identify the effect of changes in angle of attack up to the stalling angle on:
(a) pressure changes above and below the wing; and
(b) changes in airflow characteristics streamlined to turbulent; and
(c) lift and drag; and
(d) the boundary layer.
6.5 Lift and drag
6.5.1 State the meaning of the following terms used in the lift and drag formulae viz:
(a) CL and CD – depend on shape and angle of attack of an aerofoil;
(b) ½ V2 – defines dynamic pressure (IAS);
(c) S – defines surface area.
6.5.2 With reference to CL, CD, CL/CD graphs identify angles of attack associated with:
(a) minimum drag – max level flight speed; and
(b) max lift – stalling angle; and
(c) best CL/CD – best glide range and still air range.
6.5.3 Revise types of drag and state the effect on total drag resulting from changes in IAS, aircraft weight and height.
6.6 Manoeuvres
6.6.1 Draw/identify the forces of lift, weight, thrust and drag acting on an aeroplane in:
(a) “steady” level flight; and
(b) a “steady” climb; and
(c) a “steady” descent; and
(d) a balanced level turn.
6.6.2 State the relationship between speed, bank angle, radius and rate of turn during a balanced level turn.
6.6.3 For a given IAS use the rule of thumb to determine the approximate bank angle for a rate one turn.
6.6.4 State why:
(a) power must be applied to maintain speed in a level turn; and
(b) an aeroplane tends to overbank in level and climbing turns and not in descending turns.
6.6.5 State:
(a) the effect of aileron drag on turn performance at low airspeed; and
(b) how the following design features offset this drag:
(i) frise ailerons;
(ii) differential ailerons.
6.6.6 Stalling and spinning:
Review stall topics learnt in CPL Level 1 (item 2.6.8).
6.7 Performance considerations
6.7.1 Give reasons for flying for maximum still air range and endurance.
6.7.2 List/identify aerodynamic and engine considerations which are required to achieve maximum still air range and endurance when operating an aeroplane with a:
(a) normally aspirated engine; and
(b) turbocharged/supercharged engine.
6.7.3 From (theoretical) power required and power available graphs identify:
(a) stall speed (power on); and
(b) best still air range speed; and
(c) best endurance speed; and
(d) maximum level flight speed; and
(e) the region of reverse command.
Note The region of reverse command is (sometimes) colloquially described as the “back of the power curve”.
6.7.4 Revise the terms “load factor”, “g” and “wing loading” and cite situations that may result in an aeroplane exceeding load factor and wing loading limits.
6.7.5 Given that certain flight conditions remain constant, state the effect of:
(a) changes in weight and altitude (height) on:
(i) angle of attack and IAS in level flight; and
(ii) level flight range and endurance; and
(iii) turn rate and radius; and
(iv) glide range and endurance;
(b) changes in head/tail wind component on:
(i) level flight range and endurance; and
(ii) glide range and endurance; and
(c) changes in power on turn rate and radius.
6.8 Stability and control
6.8.1 State the effect of the factors listed below on the stability and control of an aeroplane in each of the three planes of movement:
(a) longitudinal stability:
(i) position of CG; and
(ii) movement of centre of pressure; and
(iii) changes in thrust; and
(iv) tailplane moment; and
(b) lateral stability:
(i) high versus low set wings; and
(ii) dihedral versus anhedral; and
(iii) sweepback; and
(c) directional stability:
(i) large fore/aft displacement of the CG; and
(ii) large versus small fin and rudder moment.
6.8.2 Understand the relationship between directional and lateral stability (spiral instability) and state the effect of spiral instability on the control of an aeroplane.
6.8.3 Recognise statements/diagrams which describe static and dynamic stability.
6.8.4 Describe the controllability problems associated with flight in the region of reverse command.
6.8.5 Explain the purpose of:
(a) trim tabs (fixed and cockpit controlled); and
(b) balance tabs; and
(c) anti-balance tabs; and
(d) aerodynamic balance; and
(e) mass balance.
6.8.6 Explain the function of the items mentioned in 6.8.5 in relation to the movement of a main control surface.
6.9 Taxi, take-off and landing
6.9.1 Describe the stability and control characteristics of nose wheel aeroplanes during ground operation.
6.9.2 Describe the result of the following factors on the controllability of an aeroplane:
(a) propeller torque and slipstream effect;
(b) gyroscopic effect;
(c) asymmetric blade effect.
6.9.3 Describe the term “ground effect” and its effect on aeroplane performance.
7 Navigation
7.1 Form of the earth
7.1.1 In order to apply this knowledge, a student should have an understanding of the items listed in (a) to (h):
(a) the shape and rotation of the earth; and
(b) latitude, longitude; and
(c) equator, Greenwich meridian; and
(e) great circles, small circles, rhumb lines; and
(f) difference between true and magnetic north; and
(g) terrestrial magnetism, magnetic variation and the change in variation with time; and
(h) distance on the earth i.e. relationship between a minute of latitude and a nautical mile;
and, if applicable, their effect on:
(i) position on the earth; and
(j) time differences; and
(k) distance and direction.
7.2 Time
7.2.1 Explain the terms UTC, Local Mean Time, Local (Standard) Time, Local summer time.
7.2.2 Extract (within +/- 5 min) the beginning and end of civil twilight from AIP daylight and darkness graphs.
7.2.3 Carry out conversions between:
LMT, UTC, Local (Standard) times including local summer time.
7.2.4 List factors which may cause daylight to end earlier than the time extracted from AIP darkness graphs.
7.2.5 Describe the effect of the earth’s rotation and revolution around the sun on the:
(a) beginning and end of daylight
(b) period of daylight.
7.2.6 Describe the effect of changes in longitude on local mean time.
7.3 Charts and publications
Note AIP “Visual Charts” refers to the present ERC, VTC and AUS PCA and embraces any subsequent changes to charts required for flight under VFR.
7.3.1 From AIP “Visual Charts” and ERS(A), select the chart(s) document(s) which contain information about a given item of operational significance.
7.3.2 Extract/decode symbols and apply information displayed on AIP “visual charts”.
7.3.3 Interpret topographic detail and decode symbols displayed on a WAC and VTC.
7.3.4 On a WAC and AIP “visual charts” using chart and latitude scale:
(a) measure rhumb line track; and
(b) measure distance; and
(c) plot a position given:
(i) latitude and longitude; and
(ii) bearing and distance.
Note Students should also practice techniques to estimate track and distance.
7.3.5 A MPL student is expected to have a basic knowledge of the theory of map projections and:
(a) identify the following properties of a Lamberts Conformal:
(i) appearance of rhumb lines, great circles, meridians and the graticule;
(ii) distortion of shapes and areas;
(iii) scale variation;
(b) describe the methods of representing scale.
7.4 Computations
7.4.1 Review computations and conversions and:
(a) solve GS, distance, fuel used, fuel required, fuel remaining and fuel consumption problems, given appropriate combinations of these factors; and
(b) solve CAS/TAS problems given air temp and pressure height; and
(c) determine HDG, GS and drift given TAS, W/V, TR; and
(d) determine TR given HDG, TAS, W/V; and
(e) solve problems relating to rates/gradients of climb and descent; and
(f) determine TOPC and TOPD position using average airspeed, W/V, and rates of climb/descent.
7.5 Pilot Navigation
7.5.1 Principles of map reading:
(a) describe the method of chart orientation; and
(b) list situations when a pilot should read:
(i) from map to ground; and
(ii) from ground to map; and
(c) select appropriate position lines to establish:
(i) ground speed; and
(ii) track error; and
(iii) a fix; and
(d) select appropriate ground features to establish position when flying:
(i) at low level (500 ft AGL) and
(ii) between (approximately) 2 000 and 10 000 ft; and
(iii) over mountainous terrain, coastal areas, densely populated and sparsely populated areas.
7.5.2 Chart preparation and selection (practice):
(a) draw tracks, track error lines, time/distance markings; and
(b) given a route – select WAC(s) and appropriate AIP “visual charts”.
7.5.3 With reference to a planned or given track and given appropriate data:
(a) determine track made good (TMG); and
(b) calculate drift; and
(c) determine alteration of heading or HDG(M) to:
(i) parallel track; and
(ii) intercept track at a nominated point; and
(iii) maintain track once track is intercepted; and
(d) revise/confirm estimates or ETA using latest ground speed or time/distance proportion; and
(e) establish a DR position using latest TR and GS.
Notes Students should be taught the use of a map plotter and to employ mental dead reckoning and proportional techniques to solve in-flight navigational problems. They are also required to:
(a) mentally apply the one in sixty rule; and
(b) mentally revise estimates/ETA’s; and
(c) estimate TR and ETI to a selected diversion point.
7.5.4 Monitor flight progress by maintaining an in-flight navigation log.
7.5.5 Monitor fuel consumption and revise fuel reserves.
7.5.6 Plan in-flight diversions:
(a) around adverse weather; and
(b) to a suitable aerodrome.
Note Diversions must address all appropriate items listed in AIP with respect to flight plan amendments.
7.6 Radio Navigation Aids
7.6.1 Describe how to identify an aid and state the frequency of a nominated NDB or VOR.
7.6.2 Extract NDB and VOR information from ERS(A) or ERC and state the rated coverage of a VOR up to 10 000 ft.
7.6.3 State the effect (in Australia) of the following errors on the reliability of ADF cockpit indications:
(a) co-channel interference;
(b) mountain effect;
(c) effect of thunderstorms;
(d) coastal refraction.
7.6.4 Explain why information pertaining to broadcasting stations is included in ERS(A).
7.6.5 Recall the “aggregate” error of a VOR and explain what is meant by “scalloping”.
7.6.6 Establish a position line given:
(a) HDG and ADF data; and
(b) VOR indications.
7.6.7 Describe how to use the VOR to determine TR to or from a station.
7.6.8 Describe how to use an ADF or VOR to home to a station, and recognise instrument indications that signify station passage.
Note Students are expected to apply drift when tracking inbound to an NDB.
7.6.9 Establish fixes using a DME distance and:
(a) HDG and ADF data; or
(b) VOR indications;
and use these fixes to make off track corrections.
8 Aircraft Operation, Performance and Planning
8.1 ERS(A)
8.1.1 Extract/apply all items of information contained in ERS(A) which are relevant to VFR (day) operations.
8.2 Aerodromes and Aeroplane Landing Areas (ALAs)
Note ALAs are included as a topic in this syllabus pursuant to a pilot’s responsibilities in accordance with CAR 92.
8.2.1 Explain/apply the following terms used in CASA publications and documents:
(a) take-off safety speed;
(b) take-off distance available (TODA);
(c) take-off distance required (TODR);
(d) landing distance available (LDA);
(e) landing distance required (LDR).
8.2.2 Determine whether a given is suitable for an aeroplane to take-off and land safety in accordance with guidelines contained in CAAP 92.1.
8.3 Density Height
8.3.1 Determine density height:
(a) given OAT and pressure height; and
(b) using cockpit temp. and an altimeter setting of 1013.2 hPa; and
(c) density altitude charts.
Note The following methods should be taught for (a) and (b): a manual computer flight manual charts or mathematics.
8.4 Take-off and Landing Performance
Note “Completion Standards” and associated “Knowledge Standards” are specified at the end of this topic.
8.4.1 Use the flight manual to extract maximum structural take-off and landing weights.
8.4.2 Given a typical flight scenario, use performance charts to extract:
and state the conditions on which the parameters listed in (f) and (g) are based;
Note The objective in 2.8.4.2 will require the ability to perform 1 or more of the following tasks:
(h) apply information extracted from ERS(A);
(i) determine TODA and LDA at a ground ALA;
(j) apply the CASA regulatory requirements/orders as applicable to single engine aeroplanes;
(k) extract/derive entry parameters for take-off and landing charts viz:
(i) temperature and pressure; and
(ii) take-off and landing weights;
(e) extract structural weight limits from a flight manual.
8.4.3 Completion standards for Topic 8.4.
A student is also required to:
(a) demonstrate speed and accuracy; and
(b) give reasons for imposing climb weight and structural weight limits; and
(c) calculate:
(i) climb gradient; and
(ii) rate of climb.
8.5 Climb, Cruise and Descent Performance
8.5.1 From typical charts or tables extract/determine the following data for climb, cruise and descent:
(a) time, speed, distance, fuel flow/quantity;
(b) appropriate engine settings;
(c) rates of climb/descent;
(d) the conditions under which an aeroplane will achieve maximum range and endurance.
8.5.2 Determine the:
(a) best air and ground NM/unit of fuel. (e.g.: 2.5 NM/kg); and
(b) least fuel/air or ground NM (e.g.: 0.4 kg/NM).
Note Fuel units are US gal, kg, litres.
8.5.3 Estimate:
(a) mid zone weight; and
(b) landing weight; and
(c) take off weight at an intermediate landing point.
8.6 Loading
8.6.1 Explain the following terms:
(a) arm, moment, datum, station, index unit;
(b) centre of gravity (CG) and CG limits;
(c) mean aerodynamic chord (MAC);
(d) empty weight, zero fuel weight (ZFW), ramp weight;
(e) maximum takeoff and maximum landing weights;
(f) floor loading limits.
8.6.2 Demonstrate the ability to:
(a) express CG as a % of MAC;
(b) determine CG position relative to the datum;
(c) determine movement of CG with changes in load distribution and mass.
8.6.3 Given appropriate data use a typical loading system or a load sheet to distribute load to maintain CG within limits throughout a flight
Note This objective requires the ability to perform one or more of the following tasks:
(a) extract the following weight limits from a flight manual:
(i) empty weight ZFW;
(ii) maximum structural take-off and landing weight.
(b) determine:
(i) maximum payload; and
(ii) maximum load per station; and
(iii) maximum floor loading capacities; and
(iv) fore and aft CG limits for a given/derived weight; and
(v) weight of fuel/ballast to be carried.
Completion standards for 8.6.1 to 8.6.3:
(a) the CG is within limits throughout the flight; and
(b) structural and performance limits are not exceeded; and
(c) compartment and floor load limits are not exceeded; and
(d) demonstrate speed and accuracy as defined in knowledge tests/examinations; and
(e) determine:
(i) the maximum payload/fuel that may be carried; and
(ii) ballast requirements, if any; and
(iii) the position of the CG under different load configurations.
8.7 Flight Plan Preparation
8.7.1 Extract/apply the responsibilities of a pilot in command with regard to weather and operational briefing prior to planning a VFR flight.
8.7.2 Given a route applicable to the level of licence and type of operation viz: OCTA/CTA:
(a) select appropriate visual charts for the flight; and
(b) list the operations for which it is mandatory to obtain meteorological and operational briefing; and
(c) list the weather services available, and nominate the sources and methods of obtaining this information; and
(d) extract/apply CASA requirements/instructions for flight notification of VFR flights and state the preferred methods of submitting this notification.
8.7.3 Given an aerodrome forecast determine whether holding or alternate requirements apply and if so:
(a) nominate an appropriate alternate aerodrome;
(b) determine the quantity of additional fuel required for holding or flight to the alternate.
8.8 Flight Planning
Notes
1. In the interests of standardisation the domestic flight plan form should be used.
2. Fuel policy for exam purposes will be as discussed in CAAP 234-1(0). It forms part of the syllabus pursuant to a pilot’s responsibility in accordance with CASA regulations.
8.8.1 Completion standard prior to 1st solo nav-ex.
Given
a typical training navigation route (OCTA/CTA), as applicable
appropriate weather and operational briefing
aircraft (type) planning data and fuel at start up:
(a) select correct (safe) cruise levels; and
(b) enter information correctly in the flight plan form; and
(c) submit appropriate flight notification details; and
(d) determine minimum (safe) fuel and endurance; and
(e) demonstrate accuracy in computations:
HDG +/- 50, ETI +/- 2 mins Fuel/Endurance +5% ; and
(f) meet the standards specified in Navigation topics 7.5.2 to 7.5.6.
8.8.2 Completion Standard
Given:
a departure place and two landing points
weather and operational briefing
passenger and/or baggage requirements
appropriate performance data
complete a Flight Plan form after considering the following aspects:
(a) selection of safe route(s) and cruise levels to comply with VFR;
(b) selection of cruise levels in accordance with the table of cruising levels;
(c) fuel for the flight, holding fuel, fuel to an alternate aerodrome, and specified reserves;
(d) weight limitation and aeroplane balance requirements;
(e) latest departure time.
8.8.3 Completion Standard
Given a typical commercial task including:
departure and landing points within and/or outside controlled airspace
weather and operational briefing
appropriate performance data
(a) select safe routes to comply to VFR; and
(b) select cruise levels:
(i) to comply with VFR and the table of cruising levels; and
(ii) which meet passenger and fuel economy requirements; and
(c) determine:
(i) the minimum (safe) fuel required; and
(ii) the maximum payload (passengers/cargo and fuel) that may be carried; and
(iii) whether intermediate refuelling is necessary; and
(iv) ETD/ETA after considering Day VFR requirements, flight/duty time limitations and commercial considerations; and
(d) complete a Flight Plan form and a loading system.
8.9 Equi-time Point (ETP), Point of no return (PNR), Diversions
8.9.1 Cite/recognise situations that may require the calculations of an ETP or PNR.
8.9.2 Assuming a constant cruise altitude and TAS, indicate the position of an ETP between two points in still air.
8.9.3 Calculate time and distance to an ETP or PNR between two points, using planned or given data.
8.9.4 Given fuel on board, use planned/given ground speed to decide which of the following courses of action would require the least fuel (including reserves):
(a) proceed to destination;
(b) return to the departure aerodrome;
(c) proceed to a suitable alternate.
Note Also refer to Topic 7.5.6 relating to diversions.
8.10 Airworthiness and Equipment
8.10.1 State the purpose of certificates of airworthiness and registration.
8.10.2 Given a typical scenario, extract from CASA regulations / orders / instructions the communication and normal and emergency equipment required to be on board an aircraft.
8.10.3 State the responsibilities of a pilot in command with regard to:
(a) daily inspections; and
(b) recording/reporting aircraft defects.
8.10.4 As applicable, determine the types of maintenance that may be carried out by a PPL, CPL and MPL holder.
8.10.5 Given a copy of a maintenance release:
(a) determine its validity; and
(b) list the class(es) of operation applicable to the aircraft; and
(c) list outstanding defects/endorsements and decide whether these affect the airworthiness of the aircraft.
9 Meteorology
Note Reference documents:
AIP, Manuals of Meteorology, ERS(A)
9.1 Composition of the atmosphere
9.1.1 Student should know the following vertical divisions in the atmosphere:
(a) troposphere, tropopause, stratosphere;
(b) that most weather effects occur below the stratosphere.
9.1.2 In the standard atmosphere, recall:
(a) sea level temperature and pressure;
(b) temperature and pressure lapse rates in the tropopause.
9.2 Heat, temperature, pressure and humidity
9.2.1 A student should:
(a) describe the method of measuring surface air temperature, and know that actual temperatures may be much higher e.g., above a runway; and
(b) know the meaning of the following terms:
(i) isotherm, temperature inversion;
(ii) radiation, advection, convection, conduction;
(iii) isobar, horizontal pressure gradient;
(iv) saturated air, relative humidity, dew point;
(v) evaporation, condensation, freezing.
9.2.2 List the effect of changes in temperature, pressure and humidity on air density.
9.2.3 List factors that influence the diurnal variation of surface air temp and explain the temp gradient between land and sea surfaces.
9.3 Atmospheric Stability
9.3.1 Differentiate between stable, unstable and conditionally atmospheric conditions.
Note A basic understanding of adiabatic process and the parcel method of assessing stability is required.
9.4 Clouds and Precipitation
9.4.1 Identify and “classify” cloud “types”.
Classifications required are:
(a) high, medium, low; and
(b) cumuliform, stratiform.
Examples of “type” are Cu, Ci etc.
9.4.2 State the standard abbreviation for each cloud type, and the method used to report cloud amount.
9.4.3 Describe the weather associated with each cloud type.
9.4.4 Differentiate between drizzle, rain, showers and virga.
Note A general description will suffice i.e. actual droplet size is NOT required.
9.4.5 Select statements that describe the conditions necessary for the formation/dispersal of various types of cloud.
9.5 Visibility
9.5.1 Know the method used in meteorological forecasts and reports to determine visibility.
9.5.2 Describe the term “runway visual range”.
9.5.3 Give reasons for differences between “in-flight” and “reported” visibility.
9.5.4 List meteorological factors that will reduce in-flight visibility.
9.6 Winds – General
9.6.1 Describe the relationship between pressure and wind and apply Buys Ballot’s law to assess the approximate location of high and low pressure systems.
9.6.2 Differentiate between:
(a) squalls and gusts; and
(b) backing and veering.
9.6.3 Compare surface and gradient winds in terms of direction and strength.
9.6.4 List the “factors” that effect the diurnal variation of wind and describe typical “variations” in surface wind strength during a 24-hour period.
state the conditions favourable to their development and where applicable, their dispersal
recognise signs which may indicate their presence
describe their effect on flight characteristics
where applicable, state the pilot actions required to minimise their effect on an aircraft in flight
(a) thermals, turbulence; and
(b) dust devils and dust storms; and
(c) wind gradient, wind shear and low level jetstreams; and
(d) anabatic and katabatic winds; and
(e) mountain waves and fohn winds; and
(f) land and sea breezes; and
(g) inversions and fog; and
(h) thunderstorms and microbursts; and
(i) downdrafts associated with terrain/cloud; and
(j) atmospheric stability and instability; and
(k) hoar frost, rime, and clear airframe ice; and
(l) tropical cyclones, tornadoes.
9.9 Synoptic Meteorology
9.9.1 Given a Mean Sea Level analysis chart, identify:
(a) high and low pressure systems; and
(b) a trough, a ridge, a col; and
(c) warm, cold and occluded fronts; and
(d) a tropical cyclone; and
(e) approximate wind direction.
9.9.2 Describe typical weather characteristics associated with the items listed in 9.9.1 (a) and (b) above.
Notes Items (c) and (d) are covered in 9.7.1.
Weather characteristics means:
(a) approx wind direction;
(b) moisture content (dry/humid);
(c) cloud: stratiform and cumuliform;
(d) clear skies;
(e) turbulent or smooth air;
(f) good or poor visibility.
9.10 Weather Services
9.10.1 For given locations, determine from CASA documents the availability of aviation forecasts, meteorological reports and weather briefing and state the method of obtaining this information.
Note Also included in Flight Planning.
9.10.2 State/select the conditions under which it is mandatory to obtain a forecast.
9.10.3 With reference to CASA documents, extract, decode and apply information contained in an ARFOR, TAF, TTF, METAR, SPECI, AIRMET, SIGMET.
Note Decode means the ability to:
(a) decide whether a particular forecast is valid for a flight; and
(b) interpret any coded information into plain language.
10.4 Given typical weather briefing, evaluate weather information applicable to a flight, and:
(a) assess likely changes in weather during the flight; and
(b) list phenomena which may adversely affect the flight.
Note weather is defined in 9.9.2 and includes fine weather.
9.10.5 List the conditions that require a pilot to submit a short AIREP.
9.10.6 State the purpose of VOLMET and ATIS broadcasts indicate how this information is obtained and apply this information to practical scenarios.
9.10.7 State what is meant by a Hazard Alert service.
Note This is an updated description of the previous TAT or TAST.
9.11 Climatology
9.11.1 Describe typical seasonal weather conditions in different regions of Australia with reference to:
(a) visibility (good/poor); and
(b) prevailing winds; and
(c) typical cloud patterns and precipitation; and
(d) seasonal pressure and frontal systems including the ITCZ and equatorial trough; and
(e) tropical cyclones.
10 Reserved
11 Human Performance and Limitations
11.1 Basic health
11.1.1 Know the effect and importance on pilot performance of the following factors:
(c) upper respiratory tract infection e.g. colds, hay fever, congestion of air passages and sinuses;
(d) food poisoning and other digestive problems;
(e) headaches and migraines;
(f) pregnancy:
(i) when to stop flying; and
(ii) impact on cockpit ergonomics;
(g) injuries;
(h) ageing;
(i) alcohol and smoking;
(j) blood donations;
(k) dehydration;
(l) emotional – anxiety, depression, fear.
11.1.2 Know that a pilot is not to fly when on any medication unless a medical clearance from a DME has been obtained.
11.1.3 Know the responsibilities of pilots with regard to being medically fit for flight.
11.2 Reserved
11.3 Health and fitness
11.3.1 Know the:
(a) reasons for and frequency of physical examinations and that a CASA network of Designated Aviation Medical Examiners (DAMEs) exists; and
(b) process of obtaining a medical examination; and
(c) role of the CASA with regard to medical fitness and that only those conditions which present a flight safety hazard are disqualifying.
11.3.2 Alcohol:
(a) explain how alcohol is absorbed and excreted; and
(b) state and explain what a “hangover” is; and
(c) explain the effect a “hangover” may have on flying performance; and
(d) explain the relationship between a “hangover” and level of blood alcohol in a person; and
(e) explain the relationship between the level of blood alcohol and the recovery period from a “hangover”; and
(f) state the factors that affect the elimination of alcohol from the body and describe the effects of illicit drugs and alcohol on proficiency e.g.:
(i) judgement, comprehension, attention to detail; and
(ii) the senses, co-ordination and reaction times.
11.3.3 Drugs:
(a) explain that drug abuse is a behavioural problem and is independent of
(i) dependence (addiction); and
(ii) frequent use; and
(b) define illicit or non-illicit psychoactive substances; and
(c) explain the adverse effects of illicit or non-illicit psychoactive substances; and
(d) explain the effects and duration of such effects on human performance related to perception, speed of processing information, and reaction time of such drugs as:
(i) cannabis-based substances e.g., marijuana, ganja; and
(ii) amphetamine-based substances e.g., Ecstasy; and
(iii) opium-based substances e.g., codeine, heroin; and
(e) have a broad knowledge of the undesirable effects of over-the-counter and prescription drugs. In particular, the side effects of:
(i) aspirin, antihistamines, nasal decongestants; and
(ii) amphetamines, tranquillisers, sedatives, antibiotics.
11.3.4 Blood donations:
(a) state the effect on flying after giving a blood donation; and
(b) state the recommended period between giving blood and the next flight and know that this period can vary between individuals.
11.4 Hyperventilation
11.4.1 Know how to recognise and combat hyperventilation.
11.4.2 Know what hyperventilation is and its causes.
11.5 Atmospheric pressure changes
11.5.1 Trapped gases:
(a) know the effect of changes in pressure on gases trapped in the body cavities; and
(b) describe the effect on normal bodily function; and
(c) state/list measures for prevention/treatment.
11.5.2 Know the effects of flying after a period of underwater diving and state the precautions to be taken if intending to fly after underwater diving.
11.6 Basic knowledge of the anatomy of the ear
(a) know its function in receiving sound transmissions; and
(b) explain the purpose of the Eustachian tube and effects of atmospheric/cabin pressure changes; and
(c) state the effects of noise exposure on:
(i) hearing loss: long/short term; and
(ii) speech intelligibility; and
(iii) fatigue; and
(d) describe recommended methods of hearing protection.
11.7 Vision, spatial disorientation, illusions
11.7.1 Have a basic knowledge of the anatomy of the eye and its function during the day and at night.
11.7.2 Know the factors that affect night vision and identify methods of “dark adaptation”.
11.7.3 Describe the limitations of the eye in discerning objects at night and the “off‑centre” method of identifying objects at night.
11.7.4 Know the limitations of the eye with respect to:
(a) the ability to discern objects during flight e.g. other aircraft, transmission lines etc; and
(b) empty field myopia; and
(c) glare; and
(d) colour vision in aviation; and
(e) common visual problems, viz myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia; and
(f) rotor flicker and its effects (helicopters only).
11.7.5 Be aware of the importance of:
(a) seeking experienced professional advice for spectacles prescriptions; and
(b) selecting suitable sunglasses.
11.7.6 Know of the factors which are conducive to mid-air collisions and describe/practice techniques for visual “scanning”.
11.7.7 Understand and define the term “disorientation”.
11.7.8 Know the sensory systems involved in maintaining body equilibrium i.e. that equilibrium is normally maintained by use of the eyes, inner ear and proprioceptive system (“seat of pants”).
11.7.9 Understand that these mechanisms were developed for use by land based mammals and do not provide reliable information under all conditions of flight.
11.7.10 Describe illusion(s) that may be associated with the factors listed below:
(a) “leans”; and
(b) linear and angular accelerations; and
(c) unperceived changes in the pitch roll yaw; and
(d) autokinetic illusions; and
(e) “graveyard spin” illusion; and
(f) somatogravic illusion.
11.7.11 Know:
(a) that sensory illusions usually occur when external visual clues are poor or ambiguous and that they are predictable; and
(b) the importance of an artificial visual reference system and a pilot’s ability to use the system; and
(c) the factors that may make a person more susceptible to disorientation; and
(d) how to overcome sensory illusions.
11.7.12 Know what illusions may result from the following flight factors:
(a) false horizontal clues e.g. sloping cloud formations and sloping terrain;
(b) depth perception e.g.:
(i) flying over water, snow, desert and other featureless terrain; and
(ii) effect of fog haze dust;
(c) optical characteristics of windscreens;
(d) landing illusions:
(i) approach angles: steep shallow; and
(i) width and slope of runway; and
(i) slope of (approach); and
(i) terrain approaches over water; and
(e) relative motion between objects.
11.8 Motion sickness
11.8.1 State the basic cause of motion sickness.
11.8.2 List factors which may aggravate motion sickness.
11.8.3 List methods of combating motion sickness in flight.
11.9 Acceleration “g” effects
Know the effects of positive and negative accelerations on the human body include:
(a) on the cardiovascular systems; and
(b) vision; and
(c) consciousness.
11.10 Toxic hazards
11.10.1 Know the sources, symptoms, effects and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning.
11.10.2 Know the effect of breathing air contaminated by fuel and other noxious or toxic aviation products.
11.11 The atmosphere and associated problems
11.11.1 State the chemical composition of the atmosphere and recall the variation of temperature and pressure with altitude.
11.11.2 Have a basic concept of the circulatory and respiratory systems in terms of the distribution of oxygen and the excretion of carbon dioxide.
11.11.3 Describe what is meant by the partial pressure of oxygen.
11.12 Hypoxia
11.12.1
(a) List the causes of hypoxia and recognise the symptoms of hypoxia particularly:
(i) its effect on night vision; and
(ii) the dangers of behavioural changes e.g. lack of self criticism, over‑confidence and a false sense of security; and
(b) know that symptoms are difficult to detect in healthy individuals and can develop much faster at higher altitudes e.g. 14 000 ft; and
(c) list factors which may increase a person’s susceptibility to hypoxia; and
(d) state the approximate time of useful consciousness (Effective Performance Time: EPT) at 20 000, 25 000 and 30 000 feet and list factors which affect EPT; and
(e) list methods of combating various forms of hypoxia.
11.13 Human factors considerations:
11.13.1 Know the basic concepts of information processing and decision making including:
(a) how sensory information is used to form mental images; and
(b) the influence of the following factors on the decision making process:
11.13.2 Discuss the general concepts behind decision-making and the methods of enhancing decision-making skills.
11.13.3 Concepts of Stress:
(a) know the interaction between stress and arousal and the effects of short and long term stress on pilot performance and health; and
(b) know the symptoms, causes and effects of environmental stress working in an excessively hot, cold, vibrating or noisy environment; and
(c) know the symptoms and effects of domestic and work related stress; and
(d) know the effects of stress on performance; and
(e) know the principles of stress management e.g.:
(i) cognitive/behavioural techniques; and
(ii) relaxation; and
(iii) time management.
11.13.4 Concepts of Fatigue
(a) identify causes of fatigue and describe its effects on pilot performance; and
(b) differentiate between acute and chronic fatigue; and
(c) discuss coping strategies e.g.:
(i) sleep management; and
(ii) relaxation; and
(iii) fitness and diet.
11.13.5 Basic Ergonomics
(a) discuss principles of control design and the design features of conventional and modern displays; and
(b) discuss problems associated with:
(i) poorly designed controls/positioning of controls; and
(ii) interpreting instrument presentations; and
(c) know the following information regarding safety harnesses:
(i) types, how to assess their maintenance; and
(ii) inertia reels, how to assess their maintenance.
11.13.6 Basic Principles of Crew Co-ordination
(a) discuss factors which:
(i) influence verbal and non-verbal communication between flight deck crew viz:
(A) barriers to communication; and
(B) listening skills; and
(C) assertion skills; and
(ii) affect the decision making process viz:
(A) communication – attitude; and
(B) personality; and
(C) judgement; and
(D) leadership style; and
(b) discuss ideal leadership qualities; and
(c) review aircraft accidents which resulted from poor crew co-ordination.
11.14 Principles of first aid and survival
The student should be aware of the first aid and survival information contained in ERS(A) and preferably be exposed to practical instruction in the terms of first aid given in this document.
11.15 Threat and Error Management
(a) basic principles of TEM; and
(b) explain the principles of TEM and detail a process to identify and manage threats and errors during single pilot operations; and
(c) define “threat” and give examples of threats:
(i) give an example of a committed error and how action could be taken to ensure safe flight;
(ii) explain how the use of checklists and standard operating procedures can prevent errors;
(iii) give examples of how an undesired aircraft state can develop from an unmanaged threat or error;
(iv) explain what resources a pilot could identify and use to avoid or manage an undesired aircraft, state such as being lost or entering adverse weather;
(v) explain the importance of ensuring that tasks are prioritised to manage an undesired aircraft state;
(vi) give examples of how establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships can promote safe flight.
D. Air Transport Pilot Licence Knowledge Standards
D.1 Introduction
D.1.1 This section of the MP(A)L aeronautical knowledge syllabus focuses on the operation of large air transport aircraft and applies to the Basic, Intermediate and Advanced stages of the MP(A)L training course.
2.1 Advanced Aerodynamics
2.1.1 Review of Airspeeds
(a) explain:
the terms IAS, RAS, CAS, EAS, TAS, Mach No
factors affecting these speeds
their relationship;
(b) explain:
reference speeds including MCRIT, VMO, MMO, VS;
explain factors affecting these speeds
explain their relationship.
2.1.2 Aerodynamic Forces
(a) describe and explain forces acting in flight:
describe components of the forces
explain factors affecting the forces
explain the relationship of the forces
explain how aircraft performance are affected by the relationship
describe and explain graphs depicting these forces;
(b) describe and explain the balance of forces in trimmed asymmetric flight:
describe components of the forces
explain factors affecting the forces
explain the relationship of the forces
explain how aircraft performance are affected by the relationship
explain “critical engine” and its adverse effects
explain the factors affecting ‘critical engine’
identify the instrument indications for the balance of forces
describe and explain graphs depicting these forces;
(c) define VMCA and VMCG:
explain factors affecting these speeds
explain their relationship
explain how these speeds affect aircraft control
explain the performance purpose of the speeds
explain the scheduled definition of these speed.
2.1.3 Shock Waves
(a) explain reasons for formation of shock waves at subsonic speeds; and
(b) explain the characteristics of airflow associated with a shock wave; and
(c) explain the characteristics of airflow associated with Critical Mach Number; and
(d) explain the types of shock waves and their characteristics; and
(e) explain Critical Mach Number; and
(f) explain the effect of shock waves on the handling and operation of the aircraft; and
(g) discriminate between and explain high-speed buffet and its possible similarity to low-speed buffet and speed brake buffet.
2.1.4 Performance and Speed
(a) explain manoeuvring and gust envelope; and
(b) explain factors affecting manoeuvring and gust envelope; and
(c) explain changes to CL and CD with changing speed at constant angle of attack; and
(d) explain changes to CL and CD with changing angle of attack at constant speed; and
(e) explain performance degradation caused by the effect of Mach drag on thrust required and fuel flow; and
(f) explain aileron reversal and factors affecting it; and
(g) compare and explain effects of wing sweepback with conventional straight wings; and
(h) explain effects of wing sweepback on Mach Number and compressibility effect; and
(i) explain maximising low-speed performance (using windshear on take-off as an example).
2.1.5 Performance and Altitude
(a) explain effect of high altitude on:
buffet boundaries
stall and stability
manoeuvring capability (inertia effects); and
(b) explain stall and VMCA considerations with engine failure at high altitude.
2.2 Airframe And Systems
2.2.1 Flight Controls
2.2.1.1 Describe and explain the operation of the flight controls including:
(a) the functions of the primary flight controls – ailerons, elevators, rudder
(b) the functions of the secondary flight controls:
spoilers/airbrakes
trim systems including
flying tail, stabiliser trim.
2.2.1.2 Describe and explain the operation of the leading edge flaps including:
(a) revision of trailing edge flaps; and
(b) leading edge flaps/devices:
purpose/function of LE flaps
types in common use
typical interconnection with TE flaps; and
(c) common methods of operation – hydraulic, electric, pneumatic (outline only; actuating systems are at later section).
2.2.1.3 Describe and explain the operation of the powered controls including:
(a) methods of transmitting demand to control surfaces; and
(b) feedback; and
(c) feel, natural/artificial; and
(d) possibility/availability of manual reversion.
2.2.2 Landing Gear
2.2.2.1 Describe and explain the operation of the wheel systems including:
(a) wheels arrangements:
multi-wheel
bogie wheel
effects on PCN/CAN; and
(b) main components; and
(c) brief outline of typical retract/extend operation:
normal, alternate, emergency operation
LG doors may be disabled under some conditions.
2.2.2.2 Describe and explain the operation of the wheels and tyres including:
(a) wheels and brake energy limits, thermal plugs; and
(b) cooling charts, minimum turn-around times.
2.2.2.3 Describe and explain the operation of the braking systems including:
(a) typical multi-wheel systems – typical sources of power for normal, alternate, emergency use- hydraulic supply and back-up- emergency air bottles; and
(b) parking brake; and
(c) principles of operation/limitations of:
(i) anti skid system; and
(ii) auto brake system.
2.2.2.4 Explain hydroplaning including:
(a) cause and effect; and
(b) factors affecting hydroplaning, including speed formulae.
2.2.2.5 Describe and explain the operation of the steering systems including:
(a) types available:
rudder pedal steering
hand/wheel/tiller steering
body-gear steering on some aircraft; and
(b) degree of steering commonly available with each:
understand that some steering systems are incompatible with asymmetric brake and/or power, while others are improved by them.
2.2.3 Actuating Systems
2.2.3.1 Explain the basic principles of hydromechanics including:
(a) principle of transmission of force by an incompressible fluid; and
(b) brief comparison with use of a compressible fluid.
2.2.3.2 Describe and explain the operation of the hydraulic systems including:
(a) functioning of a typical hydraulic system with multiple pumps and services – main, standby and emergency systems and what these service; and
(b) understand purpose/function of major components – pumps (types), accumulators; reservoirs, filters, regulator/relief valves, selector valves; check (one-way) valves, by-pass valves, shuttle/priority valves, cooling systems; and
(c) recognise on a diagram the symbols for major components and be able to relate the functioning of a diagrammatic system(system detail at the level of typical Operations Manual diagram); and
(d) explain typical services, allocation of priority services, and reversionary/backup capabilities typical services operated.
2.2.3.3 Describe and explain the operation of the pneumatic systems including:
(a) basic system knowledge as for hydraulics; and
(b) compare system differences with hydraulic system; and
(c) compare operating differences with hydraulic system; and
speed of response
force available
supply of operating fluid
weight of system.
2.2.4 Air Conditioning and Pressurisation
2.2.4.1 Describe and explain the operation of a typical air supply system including:
(a) its power source from:
(i) engine driven compressors; and
(ii) bleed air; and
(iii) gas turbine compressor; and
(iv) turbo charger compressor; and
(b) state the typical services provided; and
(c) explain the availability of services including:
(i) possibility of limitations under take-off or asymmetric power conditions; or
(ii) during engine start.
2.2.4.2 Describe and explain the operation of the air conditioning system including:
(a) types of systems:
Freon
air cycle machine;
(b) brief outline of operation of system:
single zone cabin
multiple zones;
(c) purpose of/necessity for humidifiers:
2.2.4.3 Describe and explain the operation of the pressurisation system including:
(a) terminology – cabin altitude, differential pressure; and
(b) brief outline of operation of typical system:
supply
outflow valves
overpressure and negative pressure relief
control of cabin altitude and rate (no detail of internal mechanism of controller required); and
(c) normal pressurised zones in the aircraft; and
(d) rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning.
2.2.5 Ice and rain protection
2.2.5.1 Describe and compare the difference between an anti-ice and de-ice system.
2.2.5.2 Describe and explain the operation of the pneumatic systems including:
(a) where used – leading edges; and
(b) the limitations.
2.2.5.3 Describe and explain the operation of the thermal ice protection including:
(a) where used – flying surfaces, air intakes, pitot and other sensors, windshields; and
(b) methods – electrical, air, oil; and
(c) the limitations.
2.2.5.4 Describe and explain the operation of the fluid ice protection including any limitations.
2.2.5.5 Describe and explain the operation of the rain removal from windscreen including methods:
wipers
fluid dispersant
air jets.
2.2.5.6 Explain the effects on aeroplane performance by:
(a) ice accumulations;
(b) use of ice control systems.
2.2.6 Fuel System
2.2.6.1 Describe jet fuels including:
(a) Avtur (Jet A1); describe its difference from other fuel cuts, including:
volatility
additives;
(b) Specific gravity:
define specific gravity, and explain what it means
explain specific gravity’s variation with temperature
explain effect of specific gravity’s variation on aircraft performance.
2.2.6.2 Describe the construction and characteristics of fuel tanks including:
(a) individual tanks, wet wing, tail tanks, other auxiliary tanks; and
(b) explain structural consequences including wing bending, zero-fuel weight, CG movement; and
(e) discuss the maintenance of CG within limits during flight, including the use of fuel as ballast either through manual or auto controlled transfer of fuel from tank to tank; and
(c) describe tank problems including algae, corrosion, water content; and
(d) explain need for venting.
2.2.6.3 Describe the operation of a typical multi-engine fuel system with multiple fuel tanks including:
(a) tank to tank transfer; and
(b) fuel jettison; and
(c) understand function and operation of major components engine-driven (LP/HP) pumps; shutoff cocks; fuel tank pumps; auxiliary fuel tank transfer; override/transfer pumps; cross-feed selectors; jettison pumps; fuel/oil heat exchanger; vent lines; single-point refuelling; fuel quantity and fuel flow systems; and
(d) identify the symbols for major components on a diagrammatic system and be able to relate the functioning of the components (system detail at the level of typical Operations Manual diagram); and
(e) describe suction feed and gravity feed/transfer as backup for pressure feed/transfer.
2.2.6.4 Operational considerations
(a) State fuel temperatures (max/min):
state conditions under which fuel heating is required
state methods of heating (oil, bleed air); and
(b) explain the requirement for cooling/lubrication of fuel pumps; and
(c) explain cooling of oil/hydraulic system including effect of fuel flow rates; and
(d) discuss minimum fuel levels in respect of:
pickup for delivery to engine
maintain oil/hydraulic cooling
effect of aircraft attitude
(e.g. missed approach)
effect of dry running a fuel pump; and
(e) discuss fuel jettison in respect of:
legislation
precautions to be observed
minimum fuel after jettison (stand-pipes); and
(f) discuss manual control of fuel transfer; confirmation of transfer flow, selection of transfer tank, CG management.
2.2.6.5 Fuel system monitoring
(a) Describe gauges including:
explain how fuel contents are measured
explain operation of flow meters
state effect of check angle
explain likely errors
state power sources; and
(b) Describe warning systems including:
low fuel level
low pressure warning
auxiliary transfer indicators; and
(c) Explain how to measure tank contents including:
discuss multiple CB panels – need for identification
recall grid system of nomenclature (e.g. CB G22 on P3 panel);
(c) battery:
state and discuss types of high performance batteries in common use
describe charge/discharge characteristics
discuss precautions needed.
2.2.7.2 Electrical Power Generation:
(a) compare advantages of AC versus DC; and
(b) list types of generator including:
permanent magnet generator
field excitation generator; and
(c) Alternating Current (AC):
state types of generators and typical mounting locations
state advantages
state limitations; and
(d) Direct Current (DC):
state types of generators and typical mounting locations
state advantages
state limitations; and
(e) constant speed drive:
describe function and operation
explain function of disconnecting drive; and
(f) TR unit:
describe function and operation
explain function of diodes/RCRs; and
(g) Power distribution:
describe procedures for connecting generator to a bus
describe procedures connecting multiple generators to bus system
explain split buses generator system
explain paralleling generators system
compare split bus system versus parallel bus system
explain priority supplies in event of partial failure.
2.2.7.3 Operation of electrical system
(a) explain the management of a typical AC-based electrical system with multiple generators, multiple AC and DC buses, APU and GPU in all phases of operations including emergencies;
(b) identify the symbols for the major components on a diagrammatic system, and be able to relate the functioning of the components.
(system detail at the level of typical Operations Manager diagram)
2.2.7.4 The aircraft structure as an electrical conductor
(a) state the purpose of bonding;
(b) describe the bonding system on a typical aircraft.
2.3 Power Plants – Turbine Engine
2.3.1 Thrust
(a) describe thrust formula;
(b) explain thrust as a function of airspeed, air density, pressure and temperature, and RPM.
2.3.2 Principle of operation
(a) explain basic jet propulsion theory; and
(b) describe the working cycle:
gas flow
changes in velocity, pressure, temperature
engine pressure ratio; and
(c) name types of turbine engines:
state differences and advantages:
explain centrifugal flow
explain axial flow
Describe the principle of a bypass engine
state benefits of a bypass engine
explain bypass ratio; and
(d) turboprop engines:
describe safety components of propeller
state advantages, limitations and problems.
2.3.3 Engine constructions
(a) explain design of intake (subsonic only):
purpose/function of intake
location on airframe relative to free-stream airflow
location relative to engine (e.g. B727 or DC-10 centre engine)
vulnerability to icing
vulnerability to ingestion of foreign objects; and
(b) explain design of compressor:
purpose/function of compressor
operation of axial
single/twin spool system
purpose/function of inlet guide vanes
vulnerability to icing
bleed air provisions
compressor stalling
causes, symptoms, avoidance
unloading compressor during start; and
(c) explain purpose/operation of fan:
purpose/function of fan
relationship to compressor
operation of inlet guide vanes
operation of reverse thrust; and
(d) explain purpose/operation of combustion system:
purpose/function of combustion system
combustion chamber operations
individual/annular
fuel injectors operations
igniters operations
effect of air/fuel ratios; and
(e) explain purpose/operation of turbine:
purpose/function of turbine
single/twin/triple turbines
e.g. driving two-stage compressor with fan
thermal and mechanical stress
causes of engine surge and stall
difference between surge and stall
effects symptoms of blade damage and effect on performance
discuss monitoring turbine temperature
need to monitor inlet temperature
difficulties/compromise in monitoring
define terminology – EGT, TGT, TIT
explain where sensors are located
explain purpose and operation of reverse thrust mechanisms including:
describe cascade, buckets
safety interlocks; and
(f) explain purpose and operation of exhaust including:
purpose/function of exhaust
sources of noise
hush kits.
2.3.4 Auxiliary power unit (APU)
(a) explain purpose/function of APU; and
(b) list types commonly available; and
(c) describe outputs available; and
(d) explain availability determined by AFM:
use in flight
start in flight
outputs available in flight.
2.3.5 Operational considerations
(a) explain use of reverse thrust including:
effectiveness with decreasing speed
instability of airflow in reverse at low groundspeeds
monitoring and precautions
deliberate or inadvertent use in flight (where not permitted by AFM); and
(b) explain uses of bleed air including:
effect on thrust and performance
associated engine indications such as:
EGT, RPM, EPR.
2.3.6 Engine starting
(a) describe air-driven starters including:
characteristics
sources of air
failure to disconnect; and
(b) explain critical engine RPM for:
initiating fuel flow/ignition
self-sustaining RPM
stable idle; and
(c) explain typical engine start sequence;
(d) identify and describe causes and remedies for typical start malfunctions including:
fails to light off
hot start
hung start
fails to stabilise at idle
starter fails to disengage
torching/tailpipe fire.
2.4 Engine Instruments
2.4.1 Displays
(a) summarise and describe types of displays commonly available:
pointer-and-dial
vertical strip
EICAS; and
(b) explain the use of displays to identify and analyse engine:
performance
trends
malfunctions/failures; and
(c) discuss the interface of human factors and displays in identification of the correct control and engine (in multi-systems) including:
examples of good/bad instrumentation layouts
brief reference to misidentification of engine (e.g. BA B737 Midlands accident).
2.4.2. EPR gauge
(a) describe inputs; and
(b) describe displays including:
analogue/digital readout
setting target EP
both manual and auto settings; and
(c) discuss typical appearance of a set of gauges in a modern multi-engine aircraft.
2.4.3 Torque meter
(a) describe inputs and methods of functioning; and
(b) describe types of indicators and units of torque; and
(c) describe typical appearance of a set of gauges in a modern multi-engine aircraft.
2.4.4 RPM indicator
(a) list types of display:
including RPM in percent
explain 100% is not necessarily a limit; and
(b) relate multiple RPM displays – N1, N2, N3 – to engine performance; and
(c) recall typical appearance of a set of gauges in a modern multi-engine aircraft; and
(d) recognise and manage faulty cockpit gauge indications (N1, N2 and N3).
2.4.5 Turbine temperature indicator
(a) recall types of display analogue/digital; and
(b) analyse over-temp warnings; and
(c) recognise typical appearance of a set of gauges in a modern multi-engine aircraft.
2.4.6 Fuel consumption
(a) Describe flow meters:
recall analogue/digital indications
explain importance on start-up and shut-down; and
(b) explain the operation of contents gauges; and
(c) recognize typical appearance of a set of gauges in a modern multi-engine aircraft.
2.4.7 Total air temperature (TAT) gauge
Note Not an engine system gauge, but included here for simplicity of coverage.
(a) describe purpose and functioning of TAT gauge including ram rise, recovery factor; and
(b) recall typical indicators.
2.5 Flight Instrumentation Systems
2.5.1 Application of computers to aircraft
(a) describe flight management systems; and
(b) describe performance management systems; and
(c) discuss fly-by-wire aircraft and how the system works.
2.5.2 Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS)
(a) state the principles and features of a typical EFIS; and
(b) list advantages compared to conventional system; and
(c) describe general principles of operation; and
(d) discuss typical inputs, processing components, and output; and
(e) describe a typical EADI and EFIS control panel, and their operations; and
(f) list and interpret the information that can be displayed on a typical EADI and EHSI; and
(g) explain a typical interface between Signal Generators, and electronic displays (EHSI, EADI) and redundancy provisions; and
(h) explain modes of operation, symbols and failure indicators for a typical EADI and EHSI; and
(i) explain the use of modes to achieve uncluttered information appropriate to flight progress.
2.5.3 Flight Management System (FMS)
(a) describe general principles of operation; and
(b) list advantages compared to conventional system; and
(c) discuss typical inputs and outputs; and
(d) explain the interface between an autopilot flight director system mode control panel; control display units; EFIS control panels; EADI and EHSI; and
(e) name typical navigation and performance data inputs; and
(f) control panel, display unit; and
(g) describe:
pilot operation of a typical Control Display Unit,
the use of line select keys,
operation of the scratch pad,
the input and interpretation of FMS messages on the CDU
how to select data presentations and
inactive and execute modes
the input and outputs for vertical and lateral navigation including:
(i) listing the waypoints that may be entered into the FMS; and
(ii) explaining the use of the CDU for data entry; and
(iii) explaining the management of waypoints during flight progress.
2.6 Automatic Flight Control System
2.6.1 Autopilot (AP)
(a) describe purpose/function of AP; and
(b) describe general principles of operation; and
(c) describe parameters (e.g. pitch rates, attitude, heading, actuator positions) that are measured in an AFCS and the sensors used to measure them:
explain what are external and internal inputs
explain outer loop and inner loop controls; and
(d) list the common types (different axes):
describe the authority and operation of parallel and series actuators
explain how feedback from control surfaces and sensors is fed to the autopilot processor
explain how the AFCS provides for manual control inputs by the pilot; and
(e) describe the operating modes and functions available from single axis, two axis and three axis autopilots; and
(f) describe AFCS components and how they operate, including:
sensors
computers
output devices
system protection; and
(g) describe a typical heavy aircraft AP controller; and
(h) describe:
command and manual operating modes of a typical AP control panel including:
ALT/HDG/IAS/MACH/VS hold sensors and their operation
VORLOC/ILS/INS/GPS operation
FMS coupling.
precautions when engaging/disengaging different operating modes,
mutually exclusive modes
auto-land operation
auto-go-around; and
(i) describe typical limitations/restrictions.
2.6.2 Flight Director (FD)
(a) describe purpose/function of FD; and
(b) explain common types of common bar presentations and operations – V-bars, cross-bars; and
(c) list typical components and describe their operations; and
(d) explain operation of the typical heavy aircraft FD controller:
Hdg, GA, VOR/LOC, APP AUTO, APP MAN, Pitch, ALT HOLD
their interrelationship with FD mode annunciators and warning lights; and
(e) explain use of Mode selectors, FD annunciators and command bars to fly an instrument approach procedure:
during coupled auto-flight
during manual flight.
2.6.3 Auto-throttle (AT)
(a) explain purpose/function of AT; and
(b) explain typical modes of operation:
thrust hold
speed hold
VNAV coupling; and
(c) explain auto-derate of take-off power; and
(d) describe typical engage/disengage/go-around controls; and
(e) describe typical limitations/restrictions.
2.6.4 Auto-flight
(a) explain relationship between AT, FD and AP; and
(b) explain relationship between FMS and AT/FD/AP; and
(c) describe redundancy requirements for auto-land.
2.6.5 Flight envelope protection in auto-flight
(a) list and explain types for protection available:
high speed; low speed
alpha floor
flap/gear speed protection; and
(b) explain functioning of typical system:
inputs and outputs; and
(c) explain modified functioning during flare and touchdown.
2.6.6 Associated auto-systems
2.6.6.1 Yaw Dampers
(a) explain purpose and operation of yaw damper including typical low/high speed behaviour requiring installation of yaw damper; and
(b) describe method of functioning including input and output; and
(c) describe series and parallel types including advantages/disadvantages of each type; and
(d) describe typical yaw damper controls.
2.6.6.2 Auto-trim
(a) explain purpose and operation of auto-trim; and
(b) describe input and output; and
(c) describe operation of typical auto-trim controls.
2.6.6.3 Thrust computation
(a) explain purpose and operation of thrust computation system; and
(b) describe input and output; and
(c) explain relationship to FMS.
2.7 Warning And Recording Equipment
2.7.1 Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS)
(a) state function of a GPWS; and
(b) describe modes of operation and typical operating envelopes; and
(c) describe aural and visual alert indications; and
(d) describe typical input sources and outputs; and
(e) specify limitations/restrictions; and
(f) describe typical GPWS display/control panel indicators; and
(g) describe GPWS inhibiting with low flap settings including:
flap malfunction
asymmetric approach with reduced flap.
2.7.2 Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS)
(a) identify the basic components of a ACAS; and
(b) state function of ACAS, in accordance with updated ACAS versions and changes; and
(c) explain the typical operating envelope – inputs and outputs; and
(d) describe aural and visual alert warnings; and
(e) explain system limitations, selectivity and inhibits; and
(f) explain operation of the typical ACAS display/control panel; and
(g) explain the following terminology applicable to ACAS II:
proximate
intruder
threat
traffic Advisory (TA)
resolution Advisory (RA); and
(h) closest point of approach (CPA); and
(i) explain altitude separation thresholds.
2.7.3 Overspeed Warning System
(a) describe components and their operations including inputs and outputs; and
(b) discuss what may be selectable according to weight/CG/fuel distribution; and
(c) describe typical selectors and warning indicators including aural and visual warnings.
2.7.4 Stall Warning
(a) explain function and operation of system; and
(b) describe components of a typical heavy aircraft system including:
ADC inputs including AOA
stick shaker/pusher
visual/aural warnings.
2.7.5 Take-off Warning System (TWS)
(a) explain function and operation of TWS; and
(b) list typical items monitored; and
(c) describe aural/visual warnings.
2.7.6 Digital Flight Data Recorder (DFDR)
(a) state purpose and function; and
(b) describe typical parameters monitored by DFDR; and
(c) state typical leading performance details (for continuous operation, recording time available, ULB frequency) of analog and digital FDRs; and
(d) describe physical appearance of a set of gauges of typical recorder and recorded data.
2.7.7 Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)
(a) state purpose/function of CVR; and
(b) describe typical CVR data collected in multi-seat flight desk environment; and
(c) state typical leading performance details (for continuous operation, recording time available, ULB frequency) of analog and digital CVRs; and
(d) describe physical appearance of a set of gauges of typical recorder and control panel.
2.7.8 Master Warning Systems (MWS)
(a) explain purpose/function of MWS; and
(b) describe the operation of typical warning systems incorporated or covered by MSW; and
(c) describe the operation of aural/visual outputs:
warnings
cautions; and
(d) describe the operation of typical displays provided; and
(e) describe take-off inhibiting of MWS outputs.
2.7.9 Fire Detection, Warning, Extinguishing Systems
(a) describe types of detection and extinguishing systems for aircraft engines, APU, cabin and cargo compartments; and
(b) explain the operation of a continuous loop detection system; and
(c) describe the interface of detectors with cockpit warnings; and
(d) explain the use of and limitations of infrared and photo-electric detectors; and
(e) describe the operation of single and two wire bimetallic thermal switches; and
(f) describe the effects of dry chemical agents on an engine compressor; and
(g) explain the management of individual fire bottles in a multi-engine system.
(iii) track separation for aircraft using the same navaid; and
(iv) longitudinal separation; and
(c) reduction in separation minima; and
(d) ATC clearances:
(i) requirement for clearance; and
(ii) function of clearance; and
(iii) contents of clearance; and
(iv) maintaining own separation while in VMC; and
(v) essential traffic information while in VMC; and
(vi) essential traffic information; and
(vii) clearance of a requested change in flight plan; and
(e) emergency – general, priority, emergency descent only (action by pilot-in-command only); and
(f) communication failure – air-ground communication failure (actions by pilot-in-command only); and
(g) interception of civil aircraft.
3.7.2.3 Approach Control Service
(a) departing aircraft:
(i) general procedures for departing aircraft; and
(ii) information for departing aircraft; and
(iii) clearances to climb maintaining own separation while in VMC; and
(iv) wake turbulence separation; and
(b) arriving aircraft:
(i) general procedures for arriving aircraft; and
(ii) clearance to descend maintaining own separation while in VMC; and
(iii) visual approach; and
(iv) instrument approach; and
(v) holding; and
(vi) approach sequence; and
(vii) expected approach; and
(viii) time information for arriving aircraft.
3.7.2.4 Aerodrome Control Service
(a) functions of aerodrome control towers:
(i) general functions; and
(ii) alerting service; and
(iii) suspension of VFR operations; and
(b) control of traffic:
(i) selection of runway-in-use; and
(ii) traffic circuit(s); and
(iii) start-up and pushback; and
(iv) taxying traffic; and
(v) vehicular traffic; and
(vi) co-ordination of take-offs and landings; and
(vii) order of priority for arriving and departing aircraft; and
(viii) control of departing and arriving aircraft; and
(c) information provided to aircraft:
(i) operation of the aircraft; and
(ii) aerodrome conditions.
3.7.2.5 Flight Information Service and Alerting Service
(a) air traffic advisory service; and
(b) alerting service.
3.7.2.6 Use of Radar in Air Traffic Services
(a) limitations in the use of radar; and
(b) functions of radar service:
(i) identification procedure(establishment of radar identity only); and
(ii) position information; and
(iii) radar vectoring; and
(iv) speed control; and
(c) use of radar in the air traffic control service; and
(d) descent below MSA under radar control.
3.8 Aeronautical Information Service
3.8.1 ICAO Annex 15, General provisions – brief reference only.
3.8.2 Australian documentation
Availability and procurement of AIP, NOTAMS, AIC.
3.9 Aerodromes
3.9.1 ICAO Annex 14, General provisions – brief reference only.
3.9.2 Australian national legislation
AIP AGA requirements:
(a) aerodrome markers and markings; and
(b) aerodrome lighting; and
(c) visual aids; and
(d) domestic aerodrome directory (ERSA); and
(e) pavement strength limitations.
3.10 Facilitation
3.10.1 ICAO Annex 9, General provisions – brief reference only.
3.10.2 Australian national legislation
AIP/FAL requirements:
(a) responsibility of Federal Airports Corporation; and
(b) differences to International Standards and Practices – Annex 9; and
(c) entry and departure of international aircraft:
(i) documents required; and
(ii) description, purpose and use; and
(d) entry and departure of persons and baggage:
(i) normal requirements; and
(ii) procedures for flight crew and similar personnel; and
(e) identification of Designated International Airports.
3.11 Search and Rescue
3.11.1 ICAO Annex 12, General provisions – brief reference only.
3.11.2 Australian national legislation
(a) SAR organisation:
(i) establishment of SAR regions; and
(ii) establishment and designation of SAR services units; and
(b) operating procedures:
(i) SAR phases; and
(ii) distress and urgency signals; and
(iii) use of SSR transponder; and
(iv) procedures for pilots-in-command at the scene of an accident; and
(v) procedures for pilots-in-command intercepting a distress transmission; and
(vi) participation in searches.
3.12 Security
3.12.1 ICAO Annex 17, General provisions – brief reference only.
3.12.2 Air Defence Identification Zones
(a) pilot’s responsibilities for flight within the zone; and
(b) exemptions; and
(c) non-compliance; and
(d) action in the event of interception; and
(e) interpretation of visual signals; and
(f) powers of pilot-in-command.
3.13 Aircraft Accidents and Incidents
(a) terminology:
(i) definition of accident; and
(ii) identification of incident; and
(b) responsibilities of pilot-in-command regarding notification.
3.14 Air Service Operations
(a) route qualifications; and
(b) admission of approved persons:
(i) in crew compartment; and
(ii) in cabin; and
(c) operational procedures in relations to computers; and
(d) fuel quantity measurement; and
(f) hand signals; and
(g) oxygen and protective breathing equipment; and
(h) engine failure in multi-engine aircraft; and
(i) carriage and use of radio; and
(j) precautions in refuelling, engine and radar ground operations; and
(k) emergency equipment; and
(l) loading general; and
(m) carriage of cargo; and
(n) carriage of persons; and
(o) aircraft equipment – basic operational requirements; and
(p) dangerous goods handling; and
(q) fuel jettison:
(i) legislation; and
(ii) precautions to be observed.
4 Navigation
4.1 Maps and Charts
4.1.1 Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
(a) review properties:
(i) great circles, rhumb lines, rules lines; and
(ii) scales, chart convergence; and
(b) brief comparison with properties of other projections:
(i) Mercator; and
(ii) Polar stereographic.
4.1.2 Use of AIP (MAP) charts
4.2 Time Zones
(a) brief review:
(i) time zones, date-line; and
(ii) LMT, LST, UTC; and
(iii) conversion from LMT/LST to UTC and vice-versa; and
(b) practical examples of LST arrival/departure calculations for flights across time zones – with and without date-line involvement.
4.3 Flight Instruments
4.3.1 Air Data Instruments:
(a) review of altimeter, ASI, VSI, IVSI and Machmeter:
(i) principles of operation; and
(ii) errors; and
(iii) relationship between IAS, CAS, EAS, TAS and TMN; and
(b) modern instrumentation:
(i) integrated displays; and
(ii) EFIS; and
(iii) standby instruments.
4.3.2 Air Data Computer (ADC)
(a) principles of operation;
(b) input and output data;
(c) uses of output data.
4.3.3 Gyroscopic principles
(a) rigidity, precession:
(i) real and apparent precession; and
(ii) correcting for precession (no mathematics required); and
(b) types of gyros in common use:
(i) mechanical; and
(ii) laser gyros; and
(c) gyro platforms:
two- and three- dimensional stability; and
(d) introduce concept of self-contained instruments versus gyro-platform output displays.
4.3.4 Compasses
4.3.4.1 Direct Reading Compass (brief review only)
(a) principle of operation and errors; and
(b) advantages and disadvantages.
4.3.4.2 Slaved Gyro-stabilised Compass
(a) principles of operation; and
(b) errors; and
(c) advantages and disadvantages; and
(d) uses of output data.
4.3.4.3 Inertial heading
(a) use of a gyro platform to compute true heading:
(i) principles; and
(ii) significance of initial positions insert; and
(b) magnetic heading as a modification of true heading.
4.4 Radio Navigation
4.4.1 Radio wave propagation
4.4.1.1 Terminology
(a) understand general principles of radio propagation; and
(b) understand and be able to use in correct sense: and
(i) wavelength; and
(ii) amplitude; and
(iii) frequency; and
(iv) phase angle; and
(v) frequency bands; and
(vi) sidebands – SSB.LSB.USB; and
(viii) carrier; and
(ix) modulation – amplitude, frequency, pulse, multiplex; and
(xi) demodulation.
4.4.1.2 Wave propagation
(a) ground waves, space (direct) waves, sky waves; and
(b) propagation within the frequency bands; and
(c) factors affecting reception – fading, static and
(d) use of HF for communications:
frequency prognosis
SELCAL.
4.4.1.3 Antennas:
(a) function/purpose of antennas; and
(b) types of antennas in common use for aircraft:
uses
characteristics (outline only)
directionality
polarisation.
4.4.2 Radio NavAids
4.4.2.1 ADF (including NDBs and use of RMI)
4.4.2.2 VOR and Doppler-VOR (including use of RMI)
4.4.2.3 DME (distance measurement equipment)
(d) range; and
(e) errors and accuracy; and
(f) factors affecting range and accuracy.
4.4.2.4 ILS (instrument landing system)
4.4.2.5 MLS (microwave landing system)
4.5 Basic Radar Principles
4.5.1 Pulse techniques and associated terminology
4.5.2 Ground radar
(a) coverage of ATC radars, factors affecting range and accuracy; and
(b) facilities provided by Met radars for storm warning and avoidance.
4.5.3 Airborne weather radar
(a) principles; and
(b) types; and
(d) factors affecting range and accuracy.
4.5.4 SSR (secondary surveillance radar) and transponder
(a) principles; and
(b) application for traffic control; and
(d) advantages compared to primary radar for traffic control.
4.5.5 Radio Altimeter
(a) principle of operation; and
(b) display; and
(c) accuracy, errors.
4.6 Route Navigation
4.6.2 Navigation on climb and descent
(a) wind and temperature variations:
desirability of allowing for variations
availability of data in actual situations; and
(b) weather/traffic avoidance:
concept of track miles; and
(c) allowance for use of anti-ice equipment:
reduced rate of climb
reduced rate of descent.
4.6.3 Use of Radio NavAids
(a) requirement for regular position fixing; and
(b) use of navaid position lines to establish position:
(i) along track; and
(ii) across track; and
(iii) desired/preferred form of P/L intersections; and
(c) computer-controlled navaid receivers:
(i) auto-tuning; and
(ii) manual selection; and
(iii) precautions.
4.6.4 Calculation of track and groundspeed
(a) review basic track and groundspeed calculations:
(i) plotted positions, IAS/TAS/GS, HDG/TRK; and
(ii) determination of wind velocity (track and groundspeed methods only); and
(iii) calculation of ETAs, EETs; and
(b) review ETP and PNR calculations; and
(c) in-flight diversion to fixed point:
(i) last PSD; and
(ii) time and fuel required.
4.7 Area Navigation Systems
4.7.1 Types of systems
(a) self-contained on-board systems:
(i) INS; and
(ii) DOPPLER; and
(b) external sensor systems:
(i) VOR/DME; and
(ii) GPS.
4.7.2 General principles
(a) inputs required:
(i) air data inputs; and
(ii) other inputs; and
(b) outputs generated:
(i) types of outputs; and
(ii) uses.
4.7.3 RNAV Systems
(a) principle of VOR/DME area navigation (RNAV); and
(d) typical control panel.
4.7.4 Inertial Navigation Systems (INS)
(a) principle of INS navigation; and
(d) typical control panel.
4.7.5 Reserved
4.7.6 Satellite Navigation Systems
(a) principle of GNSS navigation:
elements of GNSS (e.g. GPS, GLONASS); and
(d) typical control panel; and
(e) approvals for IFR Navigation; and
(f) GPS system enhancements (e.g. DGPS, GLS, WAAS).
4.7.7 Updating Area Navigation Systems
(a) need for updating position; and
(b) requirements for updating:
(i) manual inserting; and
(ii) automatic updating; and
(iii) inhibiting updating; and
(c) common indications when system updates position.
5 Flight Performance and Planning
5.1 Take-off and Landing Performance
5.1.1 Terminology
5.1.1.1 Define and use the following terms in correct context:
(a) speeds:
(i) V1, VR, V2; and
(ii) VS and derivatives (e.g. 1.3 VS); and
(iii) max rate and max angle climb speed; and
(iv) VMCA, VMCG; and
(v) lap retraction speed schedule; and
(b) distances:
(i) TORR/TORA, TODR/TODA, ASDR/ASDA, LDR/LDA; and
(ii) balanced field length; and
(iii) clearway, stopway; and
(c) weights:
(i) TOW/MTOW, LW/MLW, ZFW/MZFW; and
(ii) basic operating weight; and
(iii) useable fuel; and
(iv) payload; and
(d) take-off segments:
first, second, third and fourth segments; and
(e) pavement segments:
(i) LCN, CAN, PCN; and
(ii) pavement concession; and
(iii) wheel loading.
5.1.2 Take-off performance
5.1.2.1 Runway
(a) explain derivation/basis of take-off distance; and
(b) explain derivation/basis of accelerate-stop distance:
(i) delay factors assumed; and
(ii) use of reverse thrust; and
(c) explain derivation/basis of V1; and
(d) explain concept of balanced field length; and
(e) clearways and stop-ways:
(i) explain function; and
(ii) explain effect on V1; and
(iii) explain effect on TOW when runway-limited; and
(f) VR and V2:
(i) explain interrelationship with V1; and
(ii) explain range of acceptable values; and
(g) explain allowance for head/tail wind; and
(h) explain allowance for abnormal runway surfaces:
(i) wet; and
(ii) standing water/snow; and
(iii) gravel.
5.1.2.2 Take-off climb
(a) explain concept/purpose of take-off segments; and
(b) describe composition of segments and calculate:
(i) first; and
(ii) second; and
(iii) third; and
(iv) fourth; and
(c) take-off climb gradients:
(i) explain distinction between gross and net gradient; and
(ii) explain purpose of net gradient; and
(d) explain and calculate gradients required in each segment:
(i) gross and net; and
(ii) two-, three- and four-engine aircraft; and
(e) specify and calculate obstacle clearance requirements:
(i) take-off area (IMC case only); and
(ii) vertical clearance; and
(f) curved departures - specify:
(i) point at which turn may commence; and
(ii) bank angle; and
(iii) vertical clearance.
5.1.2.3 Take-off weight restrictions
(a) explain factors affecting the maximum permissible take-off weight:
(i) structural limit; and
(ii) TODA limit; and
(iii) ASDA limit; and
(iv) second-segment climb limit; and
(v) effect of different flap settings on:
(A) lift-off speed; and
(B) lift-off distance; and
(C) second segment performance; and
(b) effect of increased V2 (“V2 over-speed”) on:
(i) lift-off speed; and
(ii) lift-off distance; and
(iii) second segment climb performance; and
(c) typical penalties applied for non-standard take-off on:
(i) line-up allowance, e.g. back-tracking on runway; and
(ii) non-availability of reverse thrust; and
(iii) non-availability of anti-skid braking; and
(iv) non-availability of ground spoilers; and
(v) abnormal runway surface.
5.1.2.4 Effects of operating technique
(a) discuss effects of early or late rotation speed on:
(i) runway distance to lift-off; and
(ii) vertical clearance at runway end; and
(b) effects of too-rapid or too-slow rotation rate on:
(i) runway distance to lift-off; and
(ii) obstacle clearance; and
(c) possibility of tail-strike or stall with early or rapid rotation.
5.1.2.5 Take-off thrust de-rating
(a) explain the concept of de-rated thrust; and
(b) describe typical restrictions/limitations on use of de-rate; and
(c) calculate typical de-rate values.
5.1.3 Take-off – application
(a) use a typical Operations Manual data to determine either:
(i) MTOW on given runway; or
(ii) min runway length at given take-off weight; and
incorporating any or all of the following variables:
runway slope
wet runway
wind component
temperature
altitude
flap setting
engine type and/or power derate setting
obstacles of various heights at various distances; and
(b) use typical Operations Manual data to determine V1, VR and V2.
5.1.4 Landing performance
5.1.4.1 Runway
(a) explain derivation/basis of landing distance on:
(i) certification landing technique; and
(ii) factoring; and
(b) discuss the effect of normal/abnormal runway surfaces; and
(c) explain allowance for wind.
5.1.4.2 Approach and touch-down
(a) explain determination/basis of VREF:
(i) nominally 1.3VS; and
(ii) typical additives for gust; and
(b) explain nominal approach path:
(i) three-degree slope; and
(ii) runway aim point (1 000 feet from threshold); and
(iii) threshold crossing height; and
(iv) compare with certification landing technique; and
(c) describe effect of different flap settings on:
(i) approach speed; and
(ii) visibility (cockpit cut-off angle); and
(iii) low-speed stability; and
(iv) go-around capability.
5.1.4.3 Flight Path Gradients – landing
(a) net path at 1 500 feet above airfield;
(b) missed approach climb:
(i) discuss configuration; and
(ii) describe required gradients; and
(iii) explain factors involved for two-, three- and four-engine aircraft; and
(c) landing climb:
(i) discuss configuration; and
(ii) describe required gradients; and
(iii) explain factors involved for two-, three- and four-engine aircraft.
5.1.4.4 Landing weight restrictions
(a) factors affecting the maximum permissible landing weight:
(i) discuss structural limits factors; and
(ii) explain LDA limit; and
(iii) describe missed approach climb limit; and
(iv) explain landing climb limit; and
(v) discuss typical penalties applied for non-standard landing:
(A) non-availability of reverse thrust; and
(B) non-availability of anti-skid; and
(C) non-availability of ground spoilers; and
(b) discuss abnormal runway surface factors.
5.1.4.5 Effects of operating technique
(a) discuss effect of:
(i) excessive touchdown speed;
(ii) effect of late touchdown:
(iii) prolonged flare/“holding off”.
(iv) delayed reverse thrust.
5.1.5 Landing – application
(a) Use typical Operations Manual data to determine either:
(i) MLW on given runway; or
(ii) min runway length at given landing weight incorporating any or all of the following variables:
runway slope
wet runway
wind component
temperature
altitude
flap setting; and
(b) use typical Operations Manual data to determine VREF.
Note For examination purposes, candidates will be expected to be able to determine a maximum take-off or landing weight, taking into account the various limiting factors applicable to the (given) circumstances, and deciding which of those factors is the critically limiting one. TOW may also be limited by a cruise or landing consideration. Candidates may also be asked to determine limiting variables; e.g.: “What is the limiting temperature at which a (given) take-off can be made?”
5.2 Climb, Cruise And Descent Performance
5.2.1 Terminology
5.2.1.1 Define and use terms in correct context:
long range cruise (LRC)
specific range
point of no return (PNR)
point of safe diversion (PSD)
equi-time point (ETP)
ISA and temperature derivatives (e.g. ISA+10).
5.2.2 Speed/thrust management
5.2.2.1 Basis of speed/thrust management
(a) relate basic theory on:
(i) drag (thrust) versus speed; and
(ii) thrust/speed required for min drag; and
(iii) thrust/speed required for min fuel consumption; and
(iv) specific range; and
(v) thrust available versus thrust required; and
(vi) excess thrust; and
(vii) climb speeds; and
(viii) best rate of climb; and
(ix) best angle of climb; and
(b) explain effect of altitude and temperature variations on:
(i) fuel consumption; and
(ii) range; and
(iii) pecific range; and
(iv) rate of climb.
5.2.2.2 Effect of operational decisions
(a) discuss factors affecting choice of cruise speed:
(i) direct costs; and
(ii) indirect costs; and
(iii) scheduled departure/arrival times; and
(iv) effect on connecting flights; and
(v) effects of competition; and
(vi) making up for delayed departure; and
(b) explain factors that influence selection of the following cruise schedules:
(i) economic cruise; and
(ii) LRC; and
(iii) use of high speed cruise; and
(iv) selection of cruise altitude; and
(v) performance index for FMS input; and
(c) explain factors that influence selection of descent point:
(i) fuel used on descent; and
(ii) fuel used at low level; and
(iii) effect of early/late descent; and
(d) discuss engine-out considerations on operational decisions.
5.2.2.3 En route flight path gradients
(a) explain how en route climb gradient is determined for:
(i) two-engine aircraft; and
(ii) three- and four-engine aircraft; and
(b) explain how en route obstacle clearance (IMC case) is determined:
(i) horizontal distance from obstacles; and
(ii) vertical clearance of obstacles; and
(iii) net gradient required at minimum clearance; and
Given appropriate initial data, including variations from ISA, use typical Operations Manual information to determine:
(a) time/distance/fuel used to a given altitude, or altitude reached after a given time or distance; and
(b) fuel/distance/time requirements for intermediate level changes.
5.2.4 Cruise and descent – application
Given appropriate initial data, including variations from ISA, use typical Operations Manual information to determine, under normal and engine-out conditions:
(a) maximum and optimum cruise levels; and
(b) TAS and fuel consumption at specified altitudes, adjusting for use of air conditioning packs, bleed air, etc as required; and
(c) max weight or temperature at which specified performance and/or altitudes can be attained; and
(d) holding speeds and fuel consumption at specified and optimum altitudes; and
(e) appropriate descent points and calculate time/fuel used on descent.
5.3 Weight and Balance
5.3.1 Terminology
5.3.1.1 Define and apply in correct context the following terms and concepts:
CG
moment arm
CG index
CG envelope
loading zones
floor limits
basic weight
zero-fuel weight
average weights for passengers and baggage
approved load control system.
5.3.2 Basic weight and balance
(a) apply basic theory of CG and moments including:
(i) CG index; and
(ii) CG envelope; and
(b) define and apply standard terminology for the following weights:
(i) basic weight; and
(ii) operating weight; and
(iii) zero-fuel weight; and
(iv) fuel weight; and
(v) payload; and
(c) describe the consequences of overloading on:
(i) take-off performance; and
(ii) climb/cruise performance; and
(iii) aircraft structure; and
(d) explain the requirement for passenger seat allocation and the need to control seating changes in large aircraft.
5.3.3 Load control system
(a) explain the purpose/function of a Weight Control Authority; and
(b) describe the responsibilities of approved load controllers (ALC); and
(c) specify when pilots may assume responsibilities of ALC; and
(d) explain the requirements for (and contents of a ) load sheet:
5.3.4 Weight and balance – application
(a) given appropriate initial data use typical Operations Manual information to extract weight and balance data to determine any or all of the following:
(i) CG at empty weight; and
(ii) movement of CG with addition of fuel and payload; and
(iii) movement of CG due to fuel consumption in flight; and
(iv) effect on CG of raising/lowering undercarriage and/or flaps; and
(b) determine CG limits for take-off, cruise and landing; and
(c) determine adjustments (if any) required to fuel or payload to permit operations within the CG envelope.
Note Passenger load may be presented as block loads (e.g. 24 adults in Zone A, 36 adults and four children in Zone B, etc)
5.3.4.1 Given appropriate initial data, assess a completed weight and balance proforma and determine whether it is acceptable for flight.
5.4 Flight Planning
5.4.1 Complete a practical flight planning exercise using specified initial conditions and typical Operations Manual data. Other conditions may be inserted or varied en route for test purposes. The exercise is intended as a consolidated test of a candidate’s ability to apply flight planning, performance and navigational principles, and will include:
(a) calculation of take-off limits:
(i) selection of runway; and
(ii) payload/fuel uplift capability; and
(iii) MTOW including limits imposed by cruise or landing factors; and
(iv) calculation of V-speeds and take-off distances; and
(b) preparation of a weight and balance proforma – adjustment of load/fuel if required; and
(c) selection of route and altitude:
(i) allowing for wind and temperature; and
(ii) based on (given) forecast or actual conditions; and
synoptic
SIGMET
upper winds
TAF/METARs; and
(iii) including departure, destination and alternate requirements; and
(d) preparation of a fuel plan:
(i) sector fuel burns; and
(ii) total fuel burn; and
(iii) alternate and reserve fuel; and
(iv) total fuel required; and
(e) preparation of a navigation plan:
(i) sector times, distances, tracks; and
(ii) headings and groundspeeds; and
(iii) minimum en route altitudes; and
(iv) allowance for climb and descent; and
(f) in-flight computations, revisions or replanning:
(i) fuel state, fuel requirements, fuel reserves; and
(ii) navigational progress; and
(iii) tracks, ETAs, en route wind; and
(iv) diversion from track; and
(v) change of cruising level; and
(vi) engine-out flight; and
(vii) holding; and
(viii) assisting in search; and
(g) interpretation of AIP maps and symbols; and
(h) interpretation of (given) ATC requirements:
(i) SID and/or STAR routings; and
(ii) DME descent steps; and
(i) calculation of CP, ETP and PNR:
(i) normal; and
(ii) engine-out; and
(iii) depressurised; and
(j) ETOPS considerations.
6 Meteorology
6.1 The Atmosphere
6.1.1 Structure of the atmosphere
(a) describe the composition and extent; and
(b) recall vertical division (to lower stratosphere only); and
(c) define “the international standard atmosphere”.
6.1.2 Pressure, temperature and density
(a) explain the interrelationship of pressure, temperature and density; and
(b) explain barometric pressure, isobars, pressure gradient, causes and effect of localised pressure variations; and
(c) recall pressure, temperature and density variation with height; and
(d) in respect of temperature variation, explain:
(i) lapse rate within the troposphere; and
(ii) surface effects (over land and water); and
(iii) diurnal variation; and
(iv) effect of clouds (on surface radiation); and
(v) inversions; and
(vi) expression of temperature in terms of ISA deviation; and
(e) adiabatic processes:
(i) meaning of adiabatic; and
(ii) dry air; and
(iii) evaporation; and
(iv) condensation; and
(v) latent heat; and
(vi) saturated air; and
(f) temperature inversions:
(i) explain development of; and
(ii) describe types; and
(iii) describe influence on the weather; and
(g) stability and instability:
(i) explain DALR, SALR, ELR; and
(ii) recall the interrelationship of DALR, SALR, ELR to stable and unstable conditions; and
(iii) explain conditional instability; and
(iv) explain stability changes caused by:
radiation
turbulence
convection
advection
subsidence
convergence
divergence
precipitation.
6.1.3 Humidity
(a) recall water vapour distribution in the atmosphere; and
(b) explain the effect of water vapour on density; and
(c) define:
(i) dewpoint; and
(ii) relative humidity; and
(d) use the surface dew point and temperature to estimate cloud base; and
(e) air density, aerodynamic performance and engine efficiency:
(i) compare the density of dry and moist air; and
(ii) explain the effect of high humidity; and
(iii) recall the variation of air density with height; and
(iv) define density altitude and explain the effect of variations.
6.2 Clouds And Precipitation
6.2.1 Cloud
(a) identify types of cloud and level at which found:
(i) stratus;
(ii) cumulus;
(iii) cirrus;
(b) identify variations of basic types:
(i) strato-
(ii) cumulo-
(iii) nimbo-
(iv) alto-;
(c) recall conditions (turbulence, icing, visibility, precipitation) associated with types of cloud.
6.2.2 Formation of cloud
(a) explain the formation of clouds by:
(i) convective ascent; and
(ii) turbulent mixing; and
(iii) orographic ascent; and
(iv) frontal surfaces; and
(b) describe the cloud formation process and cloud type given DALR, SALR, and environmental lapse rate; with and without inversions present.
6.2.3 Precipitation
(a) explain how precipitation forms; and
(b) describe types:
(i) drizzle, rain, snow, hail; and
(ii) distinction between showers and rain; and
(c) describe the characteristics of precipitation:
(i) orographic; and
(ii) frontal; and
(iii) showers; and
(d) discuss hazards presented by precipitation:
(i) reduced visibility (e.g. landing); and
(ii) icing (airframe, control surfaces, jet intakes); and
(iii) radar masking (water layer on radome); and
(iv) weight/impact (severe rain on large aircraft); and
(v) hydroplaning (on landing); and
(vi) ingestion by jet engines.
6.2.4 Thunderstorms
(a) describe the development of a single cell:
(i) prerequisite conditions; and
(ii) stages of development; and
(iii) structure of mature cell; and
(b) describe hazards presented by a thunderstorm:
(i) down-draught (near ground); and
(ii) turbulence; and
(iii) icing; and
(iv) lightning; and
(v) windshear; and
(c) in respect of flight near thunderstorms:
(i) identify hazards in flight close to thunderstorms; and
(ii) explain optimum flight paths/flight levels if penetration of a thunderstorm is necessary; and
(iii) identify wet and dry microbursts and squall line thunderstorms; and
(iv) describe wind behaviour on the passage of a microburst and around squall line thunderstorms; and
(d) from a synoptic chart, identify areas likely to produce frontal, pre-frontal and convergence thunderstorms.
6.3 Motion of the Atmosphere
6.3.1 Wind and Pressure
(a) recall the relationship between isobars and wind – recall and apply Buys Ballot’s Law; and
(b) explain the forces affecting wind strength and direction below and above the friction layer:
Note formulae are not required.
pressure gradient; and
coriolis force; and
radient wind; and
convergence and divergence; and
(c) recall the factors giving rise to diurnal variation of wind; and
(d) explain the mechanisms that cause turbulence; the visual indicators that may be present; and avoidance of or operational options to manage the occurrences:
(i) factors affecting turbulence:
convection
topography and orography
Kelvin-Helmholtz waves
frontal zones
aircraft wake; and
(ii) effect of turbulence on lapse rate.
6.3.2 Local winds
Explain formation of the following winds and describe associated flying conditions:
(a) land and sea breezes; and
(b) anabatic, katabatic and fohn winds; and
(c) low level jet.
6.3.3 Mountain effects
Explain:
(a) the mechanisms that form standing waves and rotors; and
(b) conditions favourable to development of (a); and
(c) avoidance of or operational options to manage the associated hazards; and
(d) the visual indicators that may be present.
6.3.4 Microbursts
(a) describe the structure and forces associated with a microburst; and
(b) explain meteorological conditions conducive to microburst formation; and
(c) identify visual identifying features; and
(d) describe hazards presented by microbursts and avoidance of or operational options to manage the associated hazards:
(i) wind shear; and
(ii) effect on IAS and groundspeed; and
(iii) sink rate; and
(iv) turbulence; and
(e) summarise wind shear reporting procedures.
6.3.5 Variation of wind with height
(a) recall general/common characteristics with increased height on:
(i) mechanical turbulence; and
(ii) wind speed; and
(iii) wind direction; and
(b) elementary knowledge of contour charts.
6.4 Visibility
6.4.1 Measurement of Visibility
(a) terminology:
(i) explain what is meant by meteorological visibility (day and night); and
(ii) compare in flight visibility with RVR; and
(iii) explain how various slant angles affect “in flight” visibility; and
(iv) explain the affect of inversions on in flight visibility; and
(v) recall the likely visibility distances in different precipitation (e.g. drizzle, light rain, heavy rain, etc); and
(b) reduced visibility – compare between fog, mist and haze; and
(c) explain hazards presented by reduced visibility:
(i) in flight; and
(ii) on take-off or landing:
unseen obstacles on runway;
directional control, especially asymmetric roll control;
obstacle avoidance if direction deviates; and
(d) explain the difference between horizontal and vertical visibility; and
(e) explain the effects of vertical visibility being greater than horizontal visibility on final approach:
(i) impression of greater visibility below aircraft’s present height:
(A) tendency to duck under glide path; and
(B) tendency to allow sink rate to increase; and
(ii) reduction of visibility after flaring.
6.4.2 Fog
(a) formation of fog:
(i) describe how fog forms; and
(ii) list prerequisite conditions for the formation of fog; and
(b) explain synoptic conditions favourable to the formation and clearing of:
(i) radiation fog; and
(ii) advection fog; and
(iii) steam fog; and
(iv) frontal fog.
6.4.3 Other causes of reduced visibility
(a) describe the effects of mist, smoke, dust, sand and sea spray; and
(b) describe conditions favourable for such effects to develop.
6.5 Ice Accretion
6.5.1 Airframe icing
(a) state the process by which airframe ice is formed; and
(b) list types of structural icing and the atmospheric conditions associated with each type; and
(c) name airframe areas most susceptible to icing including factors affecting:
type
rate
severity; and
(d) state effects of icing on aircraft control surfaces and performance; and
(e) describe the temperature range and cloud types associated with rime and clear ice including:
(i) concept of visible moisture; and
(ii) max and min air temperatures; and
(f) list the various types of de-icing and anti-icing equipment available and describe how they work and when to use them; and
(g) explain preflight inspection and preparation of control surfaces and airframe in on-ground icing conditions.
6.5.2 Engine icing (turbine engines only)
(a) describe conditions conducive to engine icing:
(i) atmospheric conditions; and
(ii) aircraft conditions; and
(b) list sections of engine most susceptible to icing including factors affecting:
type
rate
severity; and
(c) describe symptoms and indicators of engine icing.
6.5.3 Reports of icing:
(a) recall requirement to report; and
(b) explain classification of degree of icing.
6.6 Airmasses And Fronts
6.6.1 Properties of an air mass
(a) define an air mass; and
(b) describe the factors affecting the properties of an air mass including a description of an air mass.
6.6.2 Classification of airmasses
(a) list the different air mass classifications; and
(b) explain how an air mass is modified as it moves over different surfaces.
6.6.3 Basic synoptic analysis
(a) interpret the following weather chart features to identify relationship with air masses:
isobars
high and low pressure areas:
fronts
troughs; and
(b) interpret the boundaries between air masses:
(i) non-frontal boundaries; and
(ii) general/common situations:
ridges
cols.
6.6.4 Fronts
(a) warm fronts, explain the following:
(i) formation/mechanism of warm front; and
(iii) flight conditions presented by warm fronts; and
(b) cold fronts, explain the following:
(i) formation/mechanism of cold front; and
(iii) flight conditions presented by cold fronts; and
(c) occluded fronts, explain the following:
(i) formation/mechanism of occluded front; and
(iii) flight conditions presented by occluded fronts; and
(d) quasi-stationary fronts, explain the following:
(i) formation/mechanism of quasi-stationary front; and
(iii) flight conditions presented by quasi-stationary fronts.
6.7 Air Masses and Frontal Analysis
6.7.1 Frontal depressions
(a) explain how frontal depressions are formed; and
(b) warm and cold fronts – describe the occlusion process; and
(c) describe global wind regimes and weather patterns; and
(d) identify depression families and troughs; and
(e) describe flight conditions in and over depressions.
6.7.2 Non-frontal depressions
(a) describe associated weather and flying conditions; and
(b) explain thermal, orographic and secondary depressions.
6.7.3 Anticyclones 3
(a) explain general properties of anticyclones; and
(b) describe general properties of cold and warm anticyclones.
6.7.4 Stream weather
(a) state general properties of streams; and
(b) describe weather to be expected in typical stream situations.
6.8 Synoptic Charts
6.8.1 Presentation of synoptic charts
(a) identify common symbology and presentation of data; and
(b) interpret data.
6.8.2 Basic analysis and prognostic rules
(a) describe movement of pressure systems and development of pressure systems in the Australian region; and
(b) describe movement of fronts and development of fronts; and
(c) analyse synoptic charts:
(i) in the next one to two hours; and
(ii) in the next 24 hours.
6.8.3 Aviation significance of synoptic chart
(a) apply data from a synoptic chart to the selection of a route and destination/alternate; and
(b) interpret data from a synoptic chart to estimate the surface weather expected at a selected point, at the time represented by the chart or at a time shortly later:
(i) surface wind; and
(ii) type, amount and base of lowest cloud; and
(iii) probability of rain; and
(iv) probability of other features significant to aviation (e.g. dust, fog, etc).
Note For examination purposes, candidates will be expected to discriminate between suggested winds, cloud cover, etc, to determine which is most probable at a nominated place.
6.9 Upper Level Weather
6.9.1 The tropopause
(a) for the atmospheric division represented by the tropopause, state the temperature profile below and above the tropopause.
(b) state variation in height of tropopause:
(i) at different latitudes; and
(ii) in different seasons; and
(c) describe variation in wind in the vicinity of the tropopause; and
(d) state the temperature profile above the tropical and polar tropopause.
6.9.2 Upper level jet streams and CAT
(a) define a jet stream; and
(b) compare the strengths of typical tropical and polar jets; and
(c) state conditions which may affect the strength and location of jet streams; and
(d) recall that wind shear is usually greater on the polar side of the jet than on the equatorial side; and
(e) list/identify signs which would suggest the presence of a jet stream and/or CAT; and
(f) state pilot actions which would minimise the effect of CAT whilst flying:
(i) in the vicinity of a jet core; and
(ii) in CAT not associated with a jet stream.
6.9.3 Flight conditions associated with
(a) describe the flight conditions dense jet stream cirrus and cirrus haze; and
(b) state lateral and vertical clearance required for flight at high level in the vicinity of well developed thunderstorm tops.
6.10 Upper Level Weather Charts
6.10.1 Presentation of charts
(a) recall types of charts:
(i) upper level prognostic charts (brief general discussion only); and
(ii) SIGWX charts; and
(iii) gridpoint wind and temperature forecasts; and
(b) identify presentation of data and symbology used in the different charts; and
(c) recall altitudes/mb levels commonly charted.
6.10.2 Application of upper level charts
(a) apply data from an upper level chart to the selection of a route and destination/alternate; and
(b) interpret data from an upper level chart in terms of its aviation significance.
6.11 Climatology
6.11.1 Global pressure distribution
(a) average surface pressure and temperature distribution over the world; and
(b) explain global circulation:
(i) average circulation patterns in the troposphere and low stratosphere and their seasonal variation; and
(ii) upper winds, stream lines and seasonal variation; and
(c) explain the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and its associated weather.
6.11.2 Monsoonal Weather
(a) explain the annual onset and abatement of the Indonesia-Australia monsoon; and
(b) state typical wet and dry weather seasons and conditions in a monsoonal area; and
(c) explain flight conditions presented by monsoonal weather; and
(d) explain ‘active’ and ‘non active’ cycles in the monsoon period.
6.11.3 Tropical storms
(a) list the prerequisites for development of a tropical storm:
(i) climatic; and
(ii) equatorial latitudes; and
(b) state global breeding grounds of tropical storms and match terminology with the intensity of various tropical storms/cyclones; and
(c) explain the typical life history of storm; and
(d) describe flight conditions presented by tropical storms – location of severest weather in relation to storm centre; and
(e) describe the occurrence of tropical storms to Australia and near neighbours.
6.12 Met Observations
6.12.1 Standard observation methods
(a) state the standard methods of measuring:
(i) visibility; and
(ii) cloud height; and
(iii) pressure; and
(iv) temperature; and
(v) humidity; and
(vi) surface wind; and
(vii) upper winds.
6.12.2 Q Codes
Define the code groups QFE and QNH:
define “area QNH”.
6.12.3 In-flight observations
(a) recall requirement for in-flight observations by crew members; and
(b) describe reporting criteria; and
(c) describe the form and circumstances in which observations are made and reported in the AIP Format for Full Position Report.
6.12.4 Satellite observations
(a) summarise the use of satellite visual and infra red images to identify weather systems and air masses (e.g. frontal regions, thunderstorms, etc and also to show areas of smoke, dust, volcanic ash); and
(b) explain the limitations of such observations.
6.12.5 Australian flight weather documentation
(a) decipher and interpret weather forecast or report in common use in Australia for aviation purposes; and
(b) decode TAF, METAR and SIGMET messages; and
(c) state the function of TREND type forecasts and the criteria for their use.
7 Human Factors
7.1 Definition and scope of Human Factors
7.1.1 Reasons for studying Human Factors
7.1.2 The scope of Human factors – the SHEL model
7.2 Physiology and the aviation environment
7.2.1 Basic concepts
(a) metabolism; and
(b) oxygen requirement of tissues; and
(c) composition of the atmosphere; and
(d) the gas laws.
7.2.2 The respiratory system and circulation of the blood
(a) interrelationship of respiration and circulation; and
(b) composition and function of the blood; and
(c) blood pressure:
(i) control of blood pressure; and
(ii) hypo/hypertension; and
(iii) hemodynamic effects of acceleration; and
(d) the respiratory system:
(i) functional anatomy; and
(ii) gas exchange;* and
(iii) ventilation;* and
(e) Hyperventilation:
(i) definition and causes; and
(ii) symptoms and treatment.
7.2.3 High altitude and the pressure cabin
(a) hypoxia:
(i) definition, types and causes;* and
(ii) aggravating factors; and
(iii) symptoms and treatment; and
(b) time of useful consciousness; and
(c) entrapped gases; barotrauma; and
(d) rapid decompression:
(i) effects; and
(ii) immediate actions to counteract: pilot, aircraft, cabin; and
(e) other high altitude factors:
(i) ozone; and
(ii) radiation; and
(iii) low relative humidity; and
(f) Scuba diving and flying:
(i) risks; and
(ii) precautions; and
(iii) rules.
7.2.4 Body rhythms, fatigue and sleep
(a) fatigue:
(ii) causes; and
(iii) types and symptoms; and
(iv) prevention and treatment; and
(b) the biological clock; and
(c) circadian dysrhythmia:
(i) causes (shift work, time-zone crossings); and
(ii) symptoms; and
(iii) treatment; and
(d) sleep:
(i) functions; and
(ii) patterns; and
(iii) effects and treatment of disturbances; and
(iv) cockpit napping.
7.2.5 Dehydration
(a) dehydration:
(i) causes; and
(ii) symptoms; and
(iii) rate of onset; and
(iv) water requirements versus ambient temperature; and
(v) effect on physical activity; and
(vi) effect on mental ability; and
(vii) action to rehydrate; and
(viii) fluids suitable for rehydration.
7.2.6 Anxiety and stress
(a) anxiety:
(ii) effects; and
(iii) defence mechanisms and other coping strategies; and
(b) acute stress:
(ii) characteristics and effects; and
(iii) handling overload and underload; and
(c) critical incident stress:
(i) stages; and
(iii) susceptibility factors; and
(iii) coping techniques; and
(d) Chronic stress:
(i) nature and consequences; and
(ii) stressors: individual, work, home, social; and
(iii) signs of chronic stress; and
(iv) management techniques; and
7.2.7 Intoxication
(a) tobacco; and
(b) alcohol; and
(c) other drugs and self-medication; and
(d) other toxic materials.
7.2.8 Sundry health hazards and coping techniques
(a) diabetes; and
(b) hyper/hypotension; and
(c) obesity; and
(d) tropical diseases and precautions; and
(e) epidemic diseases; and
(f) common minor ailments (colds, influenza. gastro-intestinal upsets); and
(g) health maintenance strategies.
7.2.9 Incapacitation
(a) causes and symptoms:
(i) gastro-intestinal; and
(ii) cardio-vascular; and
(iii) side effects of drugs and medication; and
(iv) migraine; and
(v) epilepsy; and
(vi) brain disorders; and
(vii) barotrauma; and
(b) recognition: insidious and sudden incapacitation; and
(c) handling procedures.
7.3 Human Information Processing
7.3.1 The General System
(a) central and peripheral nervous system; and
(b) sensory threshold , sensitivity, adaptation, habituation; and
(c) reflexes and biological control systems; and
(d) information processing by the central nervous system:
(i) mental set, attention (divided, selective, failure); and
(ii) channel capacity, filtering; and
(iii) mechanisms of perception, constancies, selective perception.
7.3.2 Memory
(a) functional description; and
(b) information storage and recall:
(i) short-term memory; and
(ii) long-term memory; and
(iii) effects of stress and time of day.
7.3.3 The Senses
(a) vision:
(i) functional anatomy of the eye; and
(ii) physiology of the visual system; and
(iii) visual acuity, refraction and refractive errors, presbyopia; and
(iv) the visual field, scanning of the environment; and
(v) binocular vision; and
(vi) the intra-ocular pressure, glaucoma; and
(vii) hypoxia and vision; and
(viii) night vision (dark adaptation) defective colour vision; and
(b) hearing:
(i) functional anatomy of the ear; and
(ii) physiology of hearing; and
(iii) hearing loss: perceptive, conductive; and
(iv) flight-related hazards: noise-induced hearing loss, barotrauma; and
(c) equilibrium:
(i) functional anatomy and physiology; and
(ii) detection of rotary and linear acceleration; and
(iii) the subjective vertical; and
(iv) motion sickness.
7.3.4 Integration of sensory inputs: spatial disorientation and illusions
(a) basic concepts and definitions; and
(b) categories of disorientation; and
(i) flight circumstances; and
(ii) visual illusions: the black hole illusion, autokinesis, false horizon, illusions encountered in manoeuvring, approach and landing; and
(iv) equilibrium system illusions: coriolis effect, vertigo, pressure vertigo, flicker vertigo, somatogravic and somatogyral illusion, the leans; and
(v) prevention and handling of disorientation.
7.4 Human Behaviour
7.4.1 General Concepts
(a) personality
(i) characteristics, traits; and
(ii) individual differences; and
(iii) self concept; and
(b) attitudes:
(i) definition and determining factors: contrast beliefs and opinions; and
(ii) relevance to safety; and
(iii) relevance to risk management; and
(iv) attitude changes; and
(v) prejudice; and
(vi) cognitive dissonance; and
(vii) stereotyping; and
(c) behaviour and skills:
(i) drives; and
(ii) learning; and
(iii) motivation: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s two-factor theory; and
(iv) influence of motivation on learning, performance and morale; and
(d) human error and reliability:
(i) human error; and
(ii) types of error; and
(iii) minimizing occurrence; minimizing consequences; and
(iv) reliability of human behaviour; and
(v) latent error: the REASON model; and
(vi) managing latent error.
7.4.2 Judgment and decision making
(a) pilot judgment concepts:
(i) what is judgment?; and
(ii) types of judgment: perceptual, cognitive; and
(iii) process of judgment; and
(iv) importance of judgment in flying; and
(v) attitudes, knowledge, skills, experience; and
(vi) awareness of limitations of pilot, aircraft, time remaining, environment; and
(vii) identifying and countering hazardous attitudes; and
(b) aeronautical decision-making:
(i) decision-making concepts and models; and
(ii) limitations in working with information; and
(iii) recognizing, assessing and managing risk; and
(iv) factors in single-pilot and crew decision-making; and
(vi) decision-making traps:
simple rules
law of small numbers
wishful thinking
confirmation bias
“get-home-it is”
aiming for perfection at any cost
gambler’s fallacy
false hypothesis
experience biases
problems with checklists; and
(c) situational awareness (SA):
(ii) components; and
(iii) individual and crew SA; and
(iv) recognizing and managing loss of SA; and
(v) maintaining SA.
7.5 Flight Management
7.5.1 The crew
(a) the cockpit/cabin environment: making best use of resources in:
(i) a single-pilot aircraft; and
(ii) a crew of two pilots only; and
(iii) larger crews; and
(iv) the larger team of the total aviation environment; and
(b) the dynamics of working in a crew:
(i) small group dynamics; and
(ii) team performance; and
(iii) structure, atmosphere, norms, pressures; and
(c) leadership:
(i) qualities; and
(ii) styles; and
(iii) concern for task, team, individual; and
(iv) situational leadership; and
(v) power distance; and
(d) communication:
(i) verbal and non-verbal communication; and
(ii) communication skills; and
(iii) listening skills; and
(iv) questioning skills; and
(v) communication styles, including assertive and supportive behaviour, and resolving differences; and
(vi) techniques for avoiding miscommunication; and
(vii) recognizing cultural differences.
7.5.3 Working with automation:
(a) advanced equipment such as FMS, INS, GPS, ACAS, ACARS, GPWS,EICAS, HUD, etc; and
(b) cockpit design issues; and
(c) differences in working methods; and
(d) advantages and disadvantages;
E. Instrument Rating Knowledge Standards
E.1 Introduction
E.1.1 This syllabus provides details of the aeronautical knowledge requirements of an instrument rating.
E.1.2 The syllabus is to be read in conjunction with Parts 20, 40 and 48 of the Civil Aviation Orders. Knowledge of these Orders may not be tested in the written examination.
E.1.3 The written examination will be based on the aeronautical knowledge syllabus detailed below. Candidates may refer to AIP (complete – including Aerodrome Directory) and Parts 20 to 99 of the Civil Aviation Orders during the written examination. However, the candidate should be aware that time constraints in the written examination may be such that automatic recall of many items will be required to complete the examination in the time allowed. The items recommended for recall are annotated with an asterisk.
E.1.4 A knowledge of Australian climatology as provided in the Bureau of Meteorology publication, Manual of Meteorology, Parts 1 and 2, is assumed. The seasonal variations in the location and frequency of the following phenomena are emphasised:
(a) frontal weather; and
(b) tropical cyclones; and
(c) dust devils; and
(d) thunderstorms; and
(e) jetstreams; and
(e) fog.
E.2 Standards
1 Determine the action necessary to obtain the meteorological documentation required by AIP for a flight to any aerodrome in Australia.
2 Use any meteorological document specified in AIP MET to determine the feasibility of an IFR. flight in accordance with the requirements of AIP RAC/OPS-1 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS. All requirements are to be considered either singly or in combination at candidate’s initiative.