54Rules as to notice of dishonour

#### 54 Rules as to notice of dishonour Notice of dishonour, in order to be valid and effectual, must be given in accordance with the following rules: (a) The notice must be given by or on behalf of the holder, or by and on behalf of an indorser who, at the time of giving it, is himself or herself liable on the bill. (b) Notice of dishonour may be given by an agent, either in his or her own name, or in the name of any party entitled to give notice, whether that party is his or her principal or not. (c) Where the notice is given by or on behalf of the holder, it enures for the benefit of all subsequent holders and all prior indorsers who have a right of recourse against the party to whom it is given. (d) Where notice is given by or on behalf of an indorser entitled to give notice as hereinbefore provided, it enures for the benefit of the holder and all indorsers subsequent to the party to whom notice is given. (e) The notice may be given in writing or by personal communication, and may be given in any terms which sufficiently identify the bill, and intimate that the bill has been dishonoured by non‑acceptance or non‑payment. (f) The return of a dishonoured bill to the drawer or an indorser is, in point of form, deemed a sufficient notice of dishonour. (g) A written notice need not be signed, and an insufficient written notice may be supplemented and validated by verbal communication. A misdescription of the bill shall not vitiate the notice unless the party to whom the notice is given is in fact misled thereby. (h) Where notice of dishonour is required to be given to any person, it may be given either to the party, or to his or her agent in that behalf. (i) Where the drawer or indorser is dead, and the party giving notice knows it, the notice must be given to a personal representative, if such there be, and with the exercise of reasonable diligence he or she can be found. (j) Where the drawer or indorser is bankrupt, notice may be given either to the party, or to the trustee or assignee. (k) Where there are two or more drawers or indorsers who are not partners, notice must be given to each of them, unless one of them has authority to receive such notice for the others. (l) The notice may be given as soon as the bill is dishonoured, and must be given within a reasonable time thereafter. In the absence of special circumstances, notice is not deemed to have been given within a reasonable time, unless: (i) where the person giving and the person to receive notice reside in the same place, the notice is given or sent off in time to reach the latter on the day after the dishonour of the bill; or (ii) where the person giving and the person to receive notice reside in different places, the notice is sent off on the day after the dishonour of the bill, if there is a post at a convenient hour on that day, and if there is no such post on that day then by the next post thereafter. (m) Where a bill when dishonoured is in the hands of an agent, the agent may either give notice to the parties liable on the bill or the agent may give notice to his or her principal. If the agent gives notice to his or her principal, the agent must do so within the same time as if the agent were the holder, and the principal upon receipt of such notice has the same time for giving notice as if the agent had been an independent holder. (n) Where a party to a bill receives due notice of dishonour, he or she has, after the receipt of such notice, the same period of time for giving notice to antecedent parties that the holder has after the dishonour. (o) Where a notice of dishonour is duly addressed and posted the sender is deemed to have given due notice of dishonour, notwithstanding any miscarriage by the post‑office.