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ASA 705 - Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report - October 2009
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Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report
Application
Aus 0.1 This Auditing Standard applies to:
Image unavailable in extracted text(a) an audit of a financial report for a financial year, or an audit of a financial report for a half-year, in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001; and
(b) an audit of a financial report, or a complete set of financial statements, for any other purpose.
Aus 0.2 This Auditing Standard also applies, as appropriate, to an audit of other historical financial information.
Operative Date
Aus 0.3 This Auditing Standard is operative for financial reporting periods commencing on or after 1 January 2010. [Note: For operative dates of paragraphs changed or added by an amending Standard, see Compilation Details.]
Introduction
Scope of this Auditing Standard
This Auditing Standard deals with the auditor’s responsibility to issue an appropriate report in circumstances when, in forming an opinion in accordance with ASA 700,[1] the auditor concludes that a modification to the auditor’s opinion on the financial report is necessary.
Types of Modified Opinions
This Auditing Standard establishes three types of modified opinions, namely, a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion, and a disclaimer of opinion. The decision regarding which type of modified opinion is appropriate depends upon:
The nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, that is, whether the financial report is materially misstated or, in the case of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, may be materially misstated; and
The auditor’s judgement about the pervasiveness of the effects or possible effects of the matter on the financial report. (Ref: Para. A1)
Effective Date
[Deleted by the AUASB. Refer Aus 0.3]
Objective
The objective of the auditor is to express clearly an appropriately modified opinion on the financial report that is necessary when:
The auditor concludes, based on the audit evidence obtained, that the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or
The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.
Definitions
For purposes of the Australian Auditing Standards, the following terms have the meanings attributed below:
Pervasive means a term used, in the context of misstatements, to describe the effects on the financial report of misstatements or the possible effects on the financial report of misstatements, if any, that are undetected due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Pervasive effects on the financial report are those that, in the auditor’s judgement:
Are not confined to specific elements, accounts or items of the financial report;
If so confined, represent or could represent a substantial proportion of the financial report; or
In relation to disclosures, are fundamental to users’ understanding of the financial report.
Modified opinion means a qualified opinion, an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion.
Requirements
Circumstances When a Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion is Required
The auditor shall modify the opinion in the auditor’s report when:
The auditor concludes that, based on the audit evidence obtained, the financial report as a whole is not free from material misstatement; or (Ref: Para. A2-A7)
The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement. (Ref: Para. A8-A12)
Determining the Type of Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion
Qualified Opinion
The auditor shall express a qualified opinion when:
The auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are material, but not pervasive, to the financial report; or
The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, but the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive.
Adverse Opinion
The auditor shall express an adverse opinion when the auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are both material and pervasive to the financial report.
Disclaimer of Opinion
The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, and the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive.
The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when, in extremely rare circumstances involving multiple uncertainties, the auditor concludes that, notwithstanding having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding each of the individual uncertainties, it is not possible to form an opinion on the financial report due to the potential interaction of the uncertainties and their possible cumulative effect on the financial report.
Consequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement
If, after accepting the engagement, the auditor becomes aware that management has imposed a limitation on the scope of the audit that the auditor considers likely to result in the need to express a qualified opinion or to disclaim an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall request that management remove the limitation.
If management refuses to remove the limitation referred to in paragraph 11 of this Auditing Standard, the auditor shall communicate the matter to those charged with governance, unless all of those charged with governance are involved in managing the entity,[2] and determine whether it is possible to perform alternative procedures to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence.
If the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall determine the implications as follows:
If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive, the auditor shall qualify the opinion; or
If the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive so that a qualification of the opinion would be inadequate to communicate the gravity of the situation, the auditor shall:
Withdraw from the audit, where practicable and possible under applicable law or regulation; or
(Ref: Para. Aus A12.1-A14)
If withdrawal from the audit before issuing the auditor’s report is not practicable or possible, disclaim an opinion on the financial report.
If the auditor withdraws as contemplated by paragraph 13(b)(i) of this Auditing Standard, before withdrawing, the auditor shall communicate to those charged with governance any matters regarding misstatements identified during the audit that would have given rise to a modification of the opinion. (Ref: Para. A15- Aus A15.1)
Other Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion
When the auditor considers it necessary to express an adverse opinion or disclaim an opinion on the financial report as a whole, the auditor’s report shall not also include an unmodified opinion with respect to the same financial reporting framework on a single financial statement or one or more specific elements, accounts or items of a financial statement. To include such an unmodified opinion in the same report[3] in these circumstances would contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion on the financial report as a whole. (Ref: Para. A16)
Form and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion Is Modified
Basis for Modification Paragraph
When the auditor modifies the opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall, in addition to the specific elements required by ASA 700, include a paragraph in the auditor’s report that provides a description of the matter giving rise to the modification. The auditor shall place this paragraph immediately before the opinion paragraph in the auditor’s report and use the heading “Basis for Qualified Opinion,” “Basis for Adverse Opinion,” or “Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate. (Ref: Para. A17)
If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to specific amounts in the financial report (including quantitative disclosures), the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph a description and quantification of the financial effects of the misstatement, unless impracticable. If it is not practicable to quantify the financial effects, the auditor shall so state in the basis for modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. A18)
If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to narrative disclosures, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph an explanation of how the disclosures are misstated.
If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:
Discuss the non-disclosure with those charged with governance;
Aus 19.1 Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report;
(Ref: Para. Aus A19.1)
Describe in the basis for modification paragraph the nature of the omitted information; and
Unless prohibited by law or regulation, include the omitted disclosures, provided it is practicable to do so and the auditor has obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the omitted information. (Ref: Para. A19)
Aus 19.2 Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph.
If the modification results from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall include in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for that inability.
Even if the auditor has expressed an adverse opinion or disclaimed an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall describe in the basis for modification paragraph the reasons for any other matters of which the auditor is aware that would have required a modification to the opinion, and the effects thereof. (Ref: Para. A20)
Opinion Paragraph
When the auditor modifies the audit opinion, the auditor shall use the heading “Qualified Opinion,” “Adverse Opinion,” or “Disclaimer of Opinion,” as appropriate, for the opinion paragraph. (Ref: Para. A21, A23-A24)
When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion due to a material misstatement in the financial report, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, except for the effects of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Qualified Opinion paragraph:
The financial report presents fairly, in all material respects (or gives a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or
The financial report has been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.
When the modification arises from an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall use the corresponding phrase “except for the possible effects of the matter(s) ...” for the modified opinion. (Ref: Para. A22)
When the auditor expresses an adverse opinion, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that, in the auditor’s opinion, because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Adverse Opinion paragraph:
The financial report does not present fairly (or give a true and fair view) in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a fair presentation framework; or
The financial report has not been prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework when reporting in accordance with a compliance framework.
When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall state in the opinion paragraph that:
Because of the significance of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, the auditor has not been able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion; and, accordingly,
The auditor does not express an opinion on the financial report.
Description of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Expresses a Qualified or Adverse Opinion
When the auditor expresses a qualified or adverse opinion, the auditor shall amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility to state that the auditor believes that the audit evidence the auditor has obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for the auditor’s modified audit opinion.
Description of Auditor’s Responsibility When the Auditor Disclaims an Opinion
When the auditor disclaims an opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall amend the introductory paragraph of the auditor’s report to state that the auditor was engaged to audit the financial report. The auditor shall also amend the description of the auditor’s responsibility and the description of the scope of the audit to state only the following: “Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial report based on conducting the audit in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Because of the matter(s) described in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph, however, we were not able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence to provide a basis for an audit opinion.”
Communication with Those Charged with Governance
When the auditor expects to modify the opinion in the auditor’s report, the auditor shall communicate with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to the expected modification and the proposed wording of the modification. (Ref: Para. A25)
* * *
Application and Other Explanatory Material
Types of Modified Opinions (Ref: Para. 2)
The table below illustrates how the auditor’s judgement about the nature of the matter giving rise to the modification, and the pervasiveness of its effects or possible effects on the financial report affects the type of opinion to be expressed.
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:0.75pt solid #000000; border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" style="width:94.95pt; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:bottom"><p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt"><span style="font-style:italic">Nature of Matter Giving Rise to the Modification</span></p></td><td colspan="2" style="width:200.7pt; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt"><span style="font-style:italic">Auditor’s Judgement about the Pervasiveness of the Effects or Possible Effects on the Financial Report</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt"><span style="font-style:italic">Material but Not Pervasive</span></p></td><td style="width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt"><span style="font-style:italic">Material and Pervasive</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:6pt"><span>Financial report is materially misstated</span></p></td><td style="width:93.7pt; border:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 1]</span></p></td><td style="width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle"><p><span>Adverse opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustration 2]</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height:38.65pt"><td style="width:94.95pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:6pt"><span>Inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence</span></p></td><td style="width:93.7pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-right:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle"><p><span>Qualified opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 3 and 3A]</span></p></td><td style="width:96.2pt; border-top:0.75pt solid #000000; border-left:0.75pt solid #000000; padding-right:5.03pt; padding-left:5.03pt; vertical-align:middle"><p><span>Disclaimer of opinion</span></p><p><span>[Illustrations 4 and 5]</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table>
Nature of Material Misstatements (Ref: Para. 6(a))
ASA 700 requires the auditor, in order to form an opinion on the financial report, to conclude as to whether reasonable assurance has been obtained about whether the financial report as a whole is free from material misstatement.[4] This conclusion takes into account the auditor’s evaluation of uncorrected misstatements, if any, on the financial report in accordance with ASA 450.[5]
ASA 450 defines a misstatement as a difference between the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure of a reported financial report item and the amount, classification, presentation, or disclosure that is required for the item to be in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. Accordingly, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise in relation to:
The appropriateness of the selected accounting policies;
The application of the selected accounting policies; or
The appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report.
Appropriateness of the Selected Accounting Policies
In relation to the appropriateness of the accounting policies management has selected, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:
The selected accounting policies are not consistent with the applicable financial reporting framework; or
The financial statements, including the related notes, do not represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation.
Financial reporting frameworks often contain requirements for the accounting for, and disclosure of, changes in accounting policies. Where the entity has changed its selection of significant accounting policies, a material misstatement of the financial report may arise when the entity has not complied with these requirements.
Application of the Selected Accounting Policies
In relation to the application of the selected accounting policies, material misstatements of the financial report may arise:
When management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently with the financial reporting framework, including when management has not applied the selected accounting policies consistently between periods or to similar transactions and events (consistency in application); or
Due to the method of application of the selected accounting policies (such as an unintentional error in application).
Appropriateness or Adequacy of Disclosures in the Financial Report
In relation to the appropriateness or adequacy of disclosures in the financial report, material misstatements of the financial report may arise when:
The financial report does not include all of the disclosures required by the applicable financial reporting framework;
The disclosures in the financial report are not presented in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework; or
The financial report does not provide the disclosures necessary to achieve fair presentation.
Nature of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence (Ref: Para. 6(b))
The auditor’s inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence (also referred to as a limitation on the scope of the audit) may arise from:
Circumstances beyond the control of the entity;
Circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work; or
Limitations imposed by management.
An inability to perform a specific procedure does not constitute a limitation on the scope of the audit if the auditor is able to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence by performing alternative procedures. If this is not possible, the requirements of paragraphs 7(b) and 10 apply as appropriate. Limitations imposed by management may have other implications for the audit, such as for the auditor’s assessment of fraud risks and consideration of engagement continuance.
Examples of circumstances beyond the control of the entity include when:
The entity’s accounting records have been destroyed.
The accounting records of a significant component have been seized indefinitely by governmental authorities.
Examples of circumstances relating to the nature or timing of the auditor’s work include when:
The entity is required to use the equity method of accounting for an associated entity, and the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about the latter’s financial information to evaluate whether the equity method has been appropriately applied.
The timing of the auditor’s appointment is such that the auditor is unable to observe the counting of the physical inventories.
The auditor determines that performing substantive procedures alone is not sufficient, but the entity’s controls are not effective.
Examples of an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence arising from a limitation on the scope of the audit imposed by management include when:
Management prevents the auditor from observing the counting of the physical inventory.
Management prevents the auditor from requesting external confirmation of specific account balances.
Consequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management-Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement (Ref: Para. 13(b)-14)
Aus A12.1 An inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence due to a management-imposed limitation may be a matter that the auditor is required to report to the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) under sections 311, 601HG or 990K of the Corporations Act 2001 (the Act). Particular attention should be given to section 312 of the Act which deals with assisting an auditor.
The practicality of withdrawing from the audit may depend on the stage of completion of the engagement at the time that management imposes the scope limitation. If the auditor has substantially completed the audit, the auditor may decide to complete the audit to the extent possible, disclaim an opinion and explain the scope limitation in the Basis for Disclaimer of Opinion paragraph prior to withdrawing.
In certain circumstances, withdrawal from the audit may not be possible if the auditor is required by law or regulation to continue the audit engagement. This may be the case for an auditor that is appointed to audit the financial report of public sector entities. It may also be the case in jurisdictions where the auditor is appointed to audit the financial report covering a specific period, or appointed for a specific period and is prohibited from withdrawing before the completion of the audit of that financial report or before the end of that period, respectively. The auditor may also consider it necessary to include an Other Matter paragraph in the auditor’s report.[6]
When the auditor concludes that withdrawal from the audit is necessary because of a scope limitation, there may be a professional, legal or regulatory requirement for the auditor to communicate matters relating to the withdrawal from the engagement to regulators or the entity’s owners.
Aus A15.1 Under the Corporations Act 2001, the removal and resignation of auditors is covered by sections 329 and 331AC.
Other Considerations Relating to an Adverse Opinion or Disclaimer of Opinion (Ref: Para. 15)
The following is an example of reporting circumstances that would not contradict the auditor’s adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion:
The expression of an unmodified opinion on a financial report prepared under a given financial reporting framework and, within the same report, the expression of an adverse opinion on the same financial report under a different financial reporting framework.[7]
Form and Content of the Auditor’s Report When the Opinion is Modified
Basis for Modification Paragraph (Ref: Para. 16-17, 19, 21)
Consistency in the auditor’s report helps to promote users’ understanding and to identify unusual circumstances when they occur. Accordingly, although uniformity in the wording of a modified opinion and in the description of the basis for the modification may not be possible, consistency in both the form and content of the auditor’s report is desirable.
An example of the financial effects of material misstatements that the auditor may describe in the basis for modification paragraph in the auditor’s report is the quantification of the effects on income tax, income before taxes, net income and equity if inventory is overstated.
Disclosing the omitted information in the basis for modification paragraph would not be practicable if:
The disclosures have not been prepared by management or the disclosures are otherwise not readily available to the auditor; or
In the auditor’s judgement, the disclosures would be unduly voluminous in relation to the auditor’s report.
Aus A19.1 Where an audit is conducted under the Corporations
Act 2001 (the Act) and there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of required information, the auditor needs to consider reporting obligations under the Act. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)
An adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion relating to a specific matter described in the basis for qualification paragraph does not justify the omission of a description of other identified matters that would have otherwise required a modification of the auditor’s opinion. In such cases, the disclosure of such other matters of which the auditor is aware may be relevant to users of the financial report.
Opinion Paragraph (Ref: Para. 22-23)
Inclusion of this paragraph heading makes it clear to the user that the auditor’s opinion is modified and indicates the type of modification.
When the auditor expresses a qualified opinion, it would not be appropriate to use phrases such as “with the foregoing explanation” or “subject to” in the opinion paragraph as these are not sufficiently clear or forceful.
Illustrative Auditors’ Reports
Illustrations 1 and 2 in Appendix 1 contain auditors’ reports with qualified and adverse opinions, respectively, as the financial report is materially misstated.
Illustrations 3 and 3A in Appendix 1 contain an auditor’s report with a qualified opinion as the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. Illustration 4 contains a disclaimer of opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about a single element of the financial report. Illustration 5 contains a disclaimer of opinion due to an inability to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence about multiple elements of the financial report. In each of the latter two cases, the possible effects on the financial report of the inability are both material and pervasive.
Communication with Those Charged with Governance (Ref: Para. 28)
Communicating with those charged with governance the circumstances that led to an expected modification to the auditor’s opinion and the proposed wording of the modification enables:
The auditor to give notice to those charged with governance of the intended modification(s) and the reasons (or circumstances) for the modification(s);
The auditor to seek the concurrence of those charged with governance regarding the facts of the matter(s) giving rise to the expected modification(s), or to confirm matters of disagreement with management as such; and
Those charged with governance to have an opportunity, where appropriate, to provide the auditor with further information and explanations in respect of the matter(s) giving rise to the expected modification(s).
Conformity with International Standards on Auditing
This Auditing Standard conforms with International Standard on Auditing ISA 705 Modifications to the Opinion in the Independent Auditor's Report, issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB), an independent standard-setting board of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).
Paragraphs that have been added to this Auditing Standard (and do not appear in the text of the equivalent ISA) are identified with the prefix “Aus”.
The following requirements are additional to ISA 705:
If there is a material misstatement of the financial report that relates to the non-disclosure of information required to be disclosed, the auditor shall:
♦ Request management and/or those charged with governance to correct the non-disclosure in the financial report.
(Ref: Para. Aus 19.1)
♦ Where, under paragraph 19(c) of this Auditing Standard, the omitted disclosures are not included in the basis of modification paragraph, the auditor shall include the reasons for the omission from the basis of modification paragraph. (Ref: Para. Aus 19.2)
Compliance with this Auditing Standard enables compliance with ISA 705.