Determining the Type of Modification to Determining the Type of Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion

Determining the Type of Modification to the Auditor’s Opinion

Qualified Opinion

1. The auditor shall express a qualified opinion when:
   1. The auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are material, but not pervasive, to the financial report; or
   2. The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, but the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be material but not pervasive.

Adverse Opinion

1. The auditor shall express an adverse opinion when the auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in the aggregate, are both material and pervasive to the financial report.

Disclaimer of Opinion

1. The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence on which to base the opinion, and the auditor concludes that the possible effects on the financial report of undetected misstatements, if any, could be both material and pervasive.
2. The auditor shall disclaim an opinion when, in extremely rare circumstances involving multiple uncertainties, the auditor concludes that, notwithstanding having obtained sufficient appropriate audit evidence regarding each of the individual uncertainties, it is not possible to form an opinion on the financial report due to the potential interaction of the uncertainties and their possible cumulative effect on the financial report.

Consequence of an Inability to Obtain Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence Due to a Management‑Imposed Limitation after the Auditor Has Accepted the Engagement

1. If, after accepting the engagement, the auditor becomes aware that management has imposed a limitation on the scope of the audit that the auditor considers likely to result in the need to express a qualified opinion or to disclaim an opinion on the financial report, the auditor shall request that management remove the limitation.
2. If management refuses to remove the limitation referred to in paragraph 11 of this Auditing Standard, the auditor shall communicate the matter to those charged with governance, unless all of those charged with governance are involved in managing the entity,[2] and determine whether it is possible to perform alternative procedures to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence.
3. If the auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence, the auditor shall determine the implications as follows: