The instrument arranges allocation capacity around a small set of recurring legal and financial concepts that determine the arithmetic and the decision logic. Those concepts are: special appropriation, committed expenditure, forecast expenditure, classification type, classification level, service group, tier/base amounts, place cost and approvals/population data.

• Special appropriation. Defined broadly in s 4 as the Government’s agreed funding allocated for the financial year to fund places in a service group, classification type or classification level. The special appropriation is the top‑line resource constraint used repeatedly. The calculation methods typically subtract committed expenditure from the applicable special appropriation to find residual funding available for allocation (for example ss 8(1)(a), 9(1)(b), 15(1)(b), 19(1)(b)).

• Committed expenditure. Defined in s 4 as the Department’s calculation of funding required for individuals who have an approval in effect under s 65 of the Act and have been allocated a place under s 92, including subsidies, fee reductions and supplements. Committed expenditure is the primary expenditure input used to estimate how much budget remains to fund additional places (repeated across Parts 2-5).

• Forecast expenditure. Defined in s 4 as the Department’s estimated expenditure for a period based on committed expenditure, consideration of the wait list and forecast new approvals. Forecast expenditure is used to determine whether places are treated as “interim” or “full” for home support (see ss 13-14).

• Classification types and levels. The Determination differentiates “short‑term” and “ongoing” classification types and then specific classification levels within those types, such as SAH restorative care pathway, SAH end‑of‑life pathway, SAH Classes 1-8 for home support; AT low/medium/high and assistance dog for assistive technology; HM low/medium/high for home modifications; and many classes for residential care (see Parts 2-5). For some classification levels the Determination sets explicit zero availability.

• Place cost and average place cost. Several methods require a place cost metric. For home support, the SAH place cost is derived from base individual amounts and may be adjusted if interim place rules apply (s 8(2)). For assistive technology and home modifications, the Determination uses “average AT place cost” and “average HM place cost” (defined in s 4) that are computed from tier amounts in the Rules applied to individuals approved for those service groups. These cost metrics are the denominators when converting remaining funding into numbers of places (see ss 8, 15, 19).

• Approvals and population data. Residential care uses approvals data (Departmental data for the previous financial year detailing approvals by single‑year age and sex) and Treasury’s Annual Population Statement (for population counts by single‑year age and sex) (s 4 definition; s 22). The combination produces approval rates by single‑year age/sex cohort which are then projected forward.

• Rounding down. All non‑whole results are to be rounded down (s 26), which ensures conservative integer counts.

Together these concepts form a finance‑driven supply allocation rule set. The Department executes the calculations using departmental approvals, forecasts and expenditure data, external population statistics and the Aged Care Rules’ tier amounts. Several steps specify conditional branches that change the arithmetic when particular sums are zero, or when forecast expenditure exceeds the special appropriation.

The Determination primarily assigns computational responsibilities to the Department and materially affects older persons waiting for allocations, providers who deliver services under allocated places, and the Government's budget line items. The instrument itself is a computation rulebook; it does not create entitlements, but it determines how many "places" can be allocated in the 2025-2026 year under the Act.

• The Department. The Department is the decision‑making and executing body. It calculates committed expenditure, forecast expenditure, average place costs, and then applies the formulae to produce numbers of available places (see s 4 definition of committed expenditure and repeated computational steps in Parts 2-5). The Department must source approvals data and use Treasury’s Annual Population Statement where required (ss 4, 22). The instrument prescribes the exact arithmetic the Department must follow.

• Individuals (older persons). The Determination affects individuals who have an access approval in effect under s 65 of the Act and those who await allocation under s 92. For example, availability for SAH end‑of‑life pathway short‑term places is limited by the lesser of the number of individuals with an access approval but not yet allocated, or an amount derived from residual appropriation divided by the SAH end‑of‑life funding value (s 9(1)). Individuals whose classification level or classification type the Determination sets at zero will not receive allocations from those categories in this financial year under this method (see s 11(1), s 12(1)(b), ss 17(b), 21(b), 24(b), 25(b)).

• Service providers. Service providers who seek allocations, or who deliver services under allocated places, are affected by the number and type of places the Department will make available. For example, providers that rely on CHSP transitional or certain MPSP/NATSIFACP classes will find zero places available in this Determination (see ss 11, 17(b), 21(b), 24(b), 25(b)). Providers will also be affected by interim versus full place designations for home support, which may affect funding timing and recipient continuity (ss 13-14).

• Treasury and Parliament. The method depends on a defined special appropriation for the financial year (s 4). The practical availability of places ultimately depends on the appropriation the Government provides. The Determination constrains departmental allocations to the quantum of special appropriation and committed expenditure calculations.

• Data suppliers. Treasury (Annual Population Statement) and the Department (approvals data) are named data sources; errors, delays or revisions in those datasets will affect the computed place numbers (s 22 and s 4 definitions referencing approvals data and general population data).

• Act stakeholders. The Determination interacts with the Aged Care Rules 2025 through references to tier amounts, base individual amounts and specified Rule provisions for funding values and periods of effect (for example ss 8(2), 9(2), 10(2), the definition of average AT/HM place cost in s 4). Those who implement or rely on the Rules must be aware of cross‑instrument dependencies.

The instrument therefore directly affects those who will be allocated places and indirectly affects providers, the Department’s budgeting processes and the practical supply of aged care services within the 2025-2026 financial year.

The Determination imposes computational duties on the Department and allocative constraints that translate into practical outcomes for individuals and providers. It does not itself confer private rights to a place; rather, it sets rules that determine how many places the Department may make available for allocation under the Act.

Departmental duties

• Apply prescribed methods. The Department must apply the specific arithmetic methods set out in Parts 2-5 when calculating places available at a time in the financial year for each service group, classification type and classification level (see e.g. s 6 for home support, s 15 for assistive technology, s 19 for home modifications, s 22 for residential care). The instrument is explicit about the order of operations in several places, for example the ordered sum in s 6(1) for home support.
• Use defined inputs. The Department must use the defined inputs: committed expenditure, special appropriation, approvals data, general population data, tier and base individual amounts in the Rules, and the defined average place cost metrics (see s 4 for definitions and the many cross‑references).
• Calculate interim versus full places. For home support, the Department must compare forecast expenditure to the special appropriation to decide whether up to 100% of SAH Classes 1-8 may be treated as interim places (ss 13-14).
• Apply rounding down. The Department must round down non‑whole numeric results (s 26).

Operational rights and constraints

• No greater allocation than appropriation. The methods repeatedly ensure allocations derive from, and are constrained by, the special appropriation for the relevant service group(s) (for example ss 8(1)(a), 15(1)(b), 19(1)(b), and the residential care residual calculation at s 22(1)(d)).
• Zero allocations for specified categories. The Department must allocate zero places for particular transitional and CHSP categories identified in ss 11(1), 12(1)(b), 17(b), 21(b), 24(b) and 25(b).
• Allocation until special appropriation exhausted. Many provisions explicitly state that classification levels’ places are allocated “until such point as the special appropriation … is fully utilised” (see s 12(1)(a) for home support ongoing classes, s 17(a) for AT levels, s 21(a) for HM levels, s 23 for residential care, and s 24(a)-25(a) for residential short and ongoing classes).

Implications for individuals and providers

• Access approvals and allocations. Individuals who hold approvals under s 65 of the Act are the denominator for committed expenditure and for certain caps (for example s 9(1)(a) refers to individuals who have an access approval for SAH end‑of‑life pathway but not yet been allocated a place). The Determination uses the existence of approvals as a gating input.
• No private entitlement created. The Determination does not state it creates new legal entitlements to a place. It prescribes how many places the Department may make available under the Act’s allocation provisions (the Act and Rules handle the actual allocation processes).

Administrative duties on data and Rule cross‑references

• Use of Aged Care Rules. The Department must extract tier and base individual amounts from the Aged Care Rules 2025 where referenced (for example ss 8(2), 9(2), 10(2)). The Rules determine the monetary conversion factors the Determination requires.
• Reliance on approvals and population datasets. The Department must source and use approvals data and Treasury’s Annual Population Statement (s 4 and s 22).

In short, the Determination duties are procedural and numeric, charging the Department to perform specified calculations with defined statutory inputs and to apply the allocation outcomes against the special appropriation and the Act’s broader allocation framework.

The Determination itself contains no express civil or criminal penalties, enforcement mechanisms or compliance sanctions. It is a subordinate legislative instrument that prescribes computational methods the Department must apply under subsection 91(1) of the Aged Care Act 2024 (s 3). Enforcement and any consequences for non‑compliance are therefore a matter of governance and administrative law rather than the Determination's text.

Legal status and remedies

• Instrument as administrative direction. The Determination is a legal instrument made under the Act. Failure by the Department to follow the Determination could, in principle, attract administrative law scrutiny to the extent a person or entity can demonstrate standing and legal cause under the judicial review principles applicable to Commonwealth executive action. The Determination does not itself specify remedies.
• No statutory penalty provisions. Nowhere in the Determination are contraventions linked to statutory fines, imprisonment or express administrative sanctions. The text confines itself to methods and definitions.

Operational enforcement

• Departmental compliance function. Internal compliance is implied: the Department must compute committed and forecast expenditure, average place costs and apply the steps in Parts 2-5. The instrument does not describe a formal audit or reporting mechanism for these computations.
• Parliamentary and budgetary oversight. Practical enforcement is likely to operate through ministerial oversight, departmental financial controls and Parliamentary appropriation processes because the calculations directly determine how special appropriation funds are spent. The Determination ties allocations to the special appropriation (see s 4 definition and repeated references), and misapplication would have budgetary consequences.

Risk and accountability pathways

• Reliance on external data and other instruments. The Determination’s calculations depend on approvals data, the Annual Population Statement and the Rules (s 4, s 22 and numerous cross‑references). Errors in those inputs could produce wrong outcomes; the Determination does not set out an error correction procedure within its text.
• Administrative law review. If an individual or provider were adversely affected by the Department’s application of these methods, remedies such as merits review or judicial review under the Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 or via the Federal Court might be available depending on the Act’s allocation framework and the nature of the challenged decision. Those avenues are not described in the Determination.

Practical implication: the Determination is a binding computational protocol for the Department with accountability channels that are standard for executive budget and administrative decisions, rather than a text that establishes penalty regimes or enforcement procedures within its provisions.

The Determination is expressly made under subsection 91(1) of the Aged Care Act 2024 and is interdependent with that Act, the Aged Care Rules 2025, departmental datasets and Treasury’s Annual Population Statement. Its operation therefore depends on and affects other legal instruments and administrative data.

Dependencies on the Aged Care Act 2024

• Source of authority. The Determination’s legal power flows from subsection 91(1) of the Aged Care Act 2024 (s 3). The Determination implements the Act’s requirement to determine the number of places available to be allocated to individuals.
• Allocation and approval provisions. The Determination repeatedly references the Act’s approval and allocation mechanics (for example the definition of committed expenditure references approvals in effect under s 65 of the Act and allocations under s 92 of the Act; see s 4). It therefore must operate within the Act’s broader allocation framework and any procedural protections or entitlements the Act contains.

Interaction with the Aged Care Rules 2025

• Funding values and tier amounts. The Rules are a source of monetary parameters. Several definitions and calculations require tier amounts and base individual amounts from the Rules (for example ss 8(2), 9(2), 10(2) and the definitions of average AT/HM place cost at s 4). The Determination’s numerators and denominators therefore depend on the Rules’ content.
• Periods of effect and credit days. The Determination uses Rule provisions to determine periods and funding values, for example the restorative care funding value uses “maximum period of effect prescribed by section 80‑55 of the rules” (s 10(2)) and SAH end of life funding value uses days for initial credit prescribed by paragraph 195‑1(a) (s 9(2)). Changes to the Rules could materially change the arithmetic outcomes.

Dependence on departmental and Treasury datasets

• Approvals data. The residential care method requires approvals data for the previous financial year specifying approvals by age and sex (s 4 definition; s 22(1)(a)). The accuracy and availability of that departmental dataset is therefore material to calculations.
• Annual Population Statement. The general population data used for residential care projections is the Annual Population Statement produced by Treasury (s 4 definition and s 22). Changes to the population statement methodology or availability will affect projected approval counts and therefore place availability.

Budgetary and parliamentary interface

• Special appropriation. The Determination repeatedly uses the special appropriation as the budget ceiling for allocations (s 4). The appropriation is determined by government and Parliament; the Determination is therefore an output‑side mechanism that cannot supersede Parliament’s appropriation.
• Interaction with financial year definitions. The Determination is expressly bound to the 2025-2026 financial year as defined in s 4.

Potential conflicts and primacy

• Hierarchical order. As a determination made under the Act, it must be read consistently with the Act and subordinate instruments. If there is any conflict with the Act, the Act would prevail. Conflicts with the Rules are less likely because the Determination references and depends on the Rules’ figures; however, where the Rules and Determination produce incompatible obligations, the Act and legislative instruments’ hierarchy would determine primacy.

In sum, the Determination operationalises the Act’s allocation function and is tightly coupled to the Aged Care Rules 2025, departmental datasets and Parliamentary appropriations. Amendments to any of those instruments or data inputs will have direct operational effects on the Determination’s numeric outputs.

The Determination includes limited internal history and commencement metadata. The text records its making and commencement and contains the following points about amendments and origin.

• Making and commencement. The instrument bears a signature block dated 31 October 2025 and states that the whole instrument commences 1 November 2025 (s 2 and front matter). The instrument is named the Aged Care (Places Available for Allocation to Individuals 2025‑2026) Determination 2025 (s 1).

• Authority. The instrument is made under subsection 91(1) of the Aged Care Act 2024 (s 3). There is no note within this text indicating prior versions or superseded determinations.

• Commencement table note. Section 2 contains a standard commencement table and an explanatory note that the table relates only to the provisions as originally made and will not be amended in the instrument’s text to reflect later amendments. It also notes that column 3 information is not part of the instrument and may be edited in published versions (s 2(2)). This is a procedural publishing note rather than an amendment history.

• No recorded amendments. The instrument contains no schedule of amendments, no repeal history and no footnoted later amendment dates. There is no text within the instrument showing it has been subsequently amended, nor are there transitional amendment clauses other than those that set zero places for transitional classes (for example s 11(1)). Therefore, the only amendment history recorded in the instrument is its original making and commencement metadata.

• Interaction with future amendments. Because the Determination depends on the Aged Care Rules 2025 and other data sources, any future amendment to those instruments would alter the inputs to the Determination’s methods; however, changes to the underlying Act or Rules do not appear in this Determination as recorded amendments. Any formal amendment to this Determination would need to be made and published under the Act’s instrument‑making process.

Concretely, the instrument’s internal amendment history is limited to its original making on 31 October 2025 and commencement on 1 November 2025, and it contains a standard publishing note that the commencement table will not be retroactively altered in the body of the instrument.

The Determination contains no litigation record, referenced cases or legal disputes. The text does not cite any judicial decisions nor record any past or pending litigation related to its content.

What the Determination records:

• No cases or decisions named. There are no judicial authorities cited in the text and no reference to litigation or tribunal decisions.
• No administrative review record. The instrument does not include any record of past reviews or challenges to similar determinations.

Practical consequence:

• Absence of litigation history within the instrument is simply a statement of record in the text rather than a substantive legal shield. The Determination, as a legal instrument, may be subject to judicial or administrative review after it is applied, but the instrument itself contains no record of such proceedings.

For readers seeking precedent or judicial interpretation of the methods in the Determination, none is available in the instrument. Any future litigation challenging the Department’s application of these methods would arise under the Act, the Rules, or judicial review principles applicable to administrative decisions. The Determination does not identify any existing case law.

The Determination contains several features and conditional branches that create technical and operational pitfalls. These “gotchas” arise from zero‑allocation rules, conditional arithmetic branches triggered by a zero sum, data dependencies, rounding rules, and cross‑instrument references.

Zero allocations to named classes

• Several classification levels are explicitly set to zero. Examples include STRC class, HSST NATSIFACP and HSST MPSP for home support short‑term (s 11(1)); CHSP class and multiple HCP classes for ongoing home support (s 12(1)(b)); AT CHSP and AT transitional for AT short‑term (s 17(b)); HM CHSP and HM transitional for HM short‑term (s 21(b)); RCST MPSP and RCST NATSIFACP for residential care short‑term (s 24(b)); and RCO MPSP and RCO NATSIFACP for residential ongoing (s 25(b)). The practical effect is that those categories will not receive allocations under this Determination. Stakeholders must not assume capacity exists in those categories.

Conditional branches triggered by zero sums

• Parts 3 and 4 (ss 15 and 19) contain a conditional that hinges on whether the sum of committed expenditure for assistive technology and home modifications is zero. If that sum is zero, the residual appropriation is split evenly between the two service groups and then divided by a tier amount (ss 15(1)(c)(i), 19(1)(c)(i)). If the sum is more than zero, the instrument instructs calculation of an AT or HM proportion and division by average place cost (ss 15(1)(c)(ii), 19(1)(c)(ii)). Practically, a zero committed expenditure leads to a different method and potentially materially different place counts; the “zero” condition could arise if no allocations were previously made, and must be tested carefully.

Data dependencies and timing

• Residential care calculations require approvals data for the previous financial year and the Annual Population Statement for the current financial year (s 22(1)). Any delay or correction in those datasets will affect projected approval rates and therefore place projections. The instrument assumes those datasets exist and are accurate.

Cross‑instrument reliance and parameter risk

• Monetary conversion factors and periods (base individual amounts, tier amounts, period of effect, initial credit days) are in the Aged Care Rules 2025 and are used repeatedly (for example ss 8(2), 9(2), 10(2)). Any post‑making amendment to the Rules that changes those amounts or definitions could change outcomes. The Determination does not itself re‑state those amounts, so implementers must refer to the Rules.

Interim versus full places hinge on forecast

• The determination of interim versus full places for home support (ss 13-14) depends on whether forecast expenditure exceeds the special appropriation. The forecast is defined as the Department’s estimated expenditure based on committed expenditure, wait list and forecast new approvals (s 4). The method therefore grants the Department significant influence through its forecasting methods, creating operational risk around forecasting assumptions and timing.

Rounding down

• All fractional results must be rounded down (s 26). This conservatively reduces the integer count of available places. Small fractional differences across many cohorts or classification levels can aggregate to material differences in available places.

Quarterly caps for restorative care

• The SAH restorative care pathway short‑term places are constrained by quarterly limits and a restorative care funding value (s 10). The quarterly limits are specified (s 10(3) table): 5,000 for 1 Nov-31 Dec 2025, 10,000 for Jan-Mar 2026, and 13,333 for Apr-Jun 2026. The arithmetic at s 10(1) subtracts committed expenditure from the quarterly limit, after dividing committed expenditure by funding value; if the net is less than 1 no places are available. The quarterly cap structure means timing within the financial year matters.

Interactions with s 91(6) of the Act

• Section 6(2) provides that if the computed number of home support places would be less than the number required by subsection 91(6) of the Act, then the number of places available will be set to meet s 91(6). The Act’s s 91(6) is not supplied in this instrument, so implementers must consult the Act to understand the minimum availability guaranteed. This cross‑reference creates a critical dependency and possible override.

Operational complexity and audit trail

• The number of calculation steps, conditional branches and external data inputs means that transparent record keeping and versioning will be necessary to demonstrate compliance with the Determination. The Determination does not specify record retention or reporting but the arithmetic complexity implies that auditors or reviewers will need clear inputs and working papers to replicate results.

In sum, implementers should watch for zero‑sum branches, explicit zero allocations for named classes, the quartering and rounding rules, dependencies on external data and the Aged Care Rules, forecasting discretion impact on interim/full status and the cross‑reference to s 91(6) of the Act.

Compliance requires following the instrument’s arithmetic methods precisely, documenting inputs and outputs, and coordinating data flows from the Aged Care Rules, departmental approvals datasets and Treasury population statistics. The following actionable steps map the Determination’s requirements into an operational checklist for the Department and for stakeholders interacting with allocation processes.

1. Confirm commencement and scope

• Note the instrument commenced 1 November 2025 (s 2). The methods apply to the 2025-2026 financial year defined in s 4. Ensure all calculations reference the correct financial year start/end dates (1 July 2025 to 30 June 2026).

2. Assemble required data inputs

• Approvals data. Obtain the Department’s approvals data for the previous financial year (2024-2025) specifying approvals by single‑year age and sex, as defined in s 4. This dataset is essential for residential care projections (s 22).
• General population data. Acquire Treasury’s Annual Population Statement for Australians aged 65 and over sorted by single year age and sex for both the previous and current financial years (s 4 and s 22).
• Special appropriation. Confirm the special appropriation amounts for each relevant service group and classification type as appropriated by Government for the financial year (s 4).
• Rules parameters. Extract tier amounts, base individual amounts, period of effect and initial credit days from the Aged Care Rules 2025 where cross‑referenced (for example ss 8(2), 9(2), 10(2); ss 194‑5, 194‑10, 195‑1, 196‑15, 196‑20 and 196‑25 are referenced in the Determination).
• Committed expenditure inputs. For each service group, classification type and classification level, compile committed expenditure figures per the Determination’s definition (s 4), including subsidies, fee reductions and supplements for individuals approved and allocated places under the Act.

3. Perform computations in sequence

• Home support. Follow the ordered sums in s 6(1): add SAH restorative care short‑term (s 10(1)(d)), SAH end‑of‑life short‑term (s 9(1)(b)) and ongoing classification type (s 8(1)(c)). Check s 6(2) against s 91(6) of the Act to ensure minimum availability is met. Compute SAH place cost per s 8(2) and apply special appropriation minus committed expenditures (s 8(1)(a)). For restorative care, apply quarterly limits and restorative care funding value per s 10. For interim/full designations, compare forecast expenditure to special appropriation to apply ss 13-14.
• Assistive technology and home modifications. Compute the joint committed expenditure and subtract from the combined special appropriation (ss 15(1)(a)-(b), 19(1)(a)-(b)). Branch as specified if the sum at (a) is zero or more than zero (ss 15(1)(c)(i)-(ii), 19(1)(c)(i)-(ii)). Calculate average AT/HM place cost per definitions in s 4.
• Residential care. Calculate approval rates for each single‑year age/sex cohort for ages 65-100 by dividing approvals by cohort population and multiplying by 100 (s 22(1)(a)). Project places by applying approval rates to current financial year population per cohort (s 22(1)(b)). Sum across cohorts and subtract places already allocated this financial year (s 22(1)(c)-(d)). Treat ages 100 and over as part of the 100 year cohort (s 22(2)).
• Classification level allocation. For each service group, apply the allocation rules for classification types and levels in Parts 2-5, noting the “until such point as the special appropriation is fully utilised” clause for many classes (for example s 12(1)(a), s 17(a), s 21(a), s 23).

4. Apply rounding and integer rules

• Round down any non‑whole results to the nearest whole number in accordance with s 26. Maintain a record of unrounded calculations and the point at which rounding occurred for auditability.

5. Address zeros and conditional branches explicitly

• For categories explicitly set at zero, record those determinations and communicate them to stakeholders (s 11(1), s 12(1)(b), s 17(b), s 21(b), s 24(b), s 25(b)). For branches triggered by a zero committed expenditure in the joint assistive technology/home modifications pot, run both branches in parallel to show which condition applies and why (ss 15 and 19).

6. Document forecast methodology and timing

• Because the interim/full place determination for home support depends on forecast expenditure, document forecasting assumptions, data used (wait lists, new approvals), and the date/time at which the point‑in‑time calculation is made (s 4 definition of forecast expenditure and ss 13-14). Maintain a versioned audit trail of forecasts and the calculation date.

7. Cross‑check against s 91(6) of the Act and other Act provisions

• Section 6(2) invokes subsection 91(6) of the Act as an override if the computed home support places would be less than that statutory minimum. Obtain and apply the Act’s s 91(6) requirement to ensure compliance.

8. Reporting and stakeholder communication

• Prepare an internal calculation report showing inputs, step‑by‑step arithmetic, rounding points, the applied Rules parameters, and the resulting integer counts for each service group, classification type and level. Include references to the Rules sections used to derive monetary amounts. Communicate to providers and affected parties which categories have zero availability and whether allocations will be interim or full for home support.

9. Maintain version control and contingency plans

• Keep dated copies of approvals data, population statements and Rule extracts used at the time of calculation. If the Aged Care Rules 2025 or the Annual Population Statement are amended after calculation, retain the original datasets to explain why earlier allocations were made under prior inputs.

10. Audit and legal compliance checks

• Because the Determination is a legally prescribed method, subject calculations to internal audit and legal review to ensure the Department applied the exact steps and did not omit cross‑referenced Rule provisions. If challenged, the Department should be able to produce a reproducible computation log showing inputs, steps and the final integer outcomes.

By following these steps, recording assumptions, preserving the input datasets and producing reproducible calculation logs, the Department and stakeholders will be positioned to comply with the Determination’s methods and to demonstrate compliance should audit or administrative review occur.