This appendix is an integral part of the Standard. It describes the application of paragraphs 1–31 and has the same authority as the other parts of the Standard.
B1 The examples in this appendix portray hypothetical situations. Although some aspects of the examples may be present in actual fact patterns, all relevant facts and circumstances of a particular fact pattern would need to be evaluated when applying AASB 12.
Aggregation (paragraph 4)
B2 An entity shall decide, in the light of its circumstances, how much detail it provides to satisfy the information needs of users, how much emphasis it places on different aspects of the requirements and how it aggregates the information. It is necessary to strike a balance between burdening financial statements with excessive detail that may not assist users of financial statements and obscuring information as a result of too much aggregation.
B3 An entity may aggregate the disclosures required by this Standard for interests in similar entities if aggregation is consistent with the disclosure objective and the requirement in paragraph B4, and does not obscure the information provided. An entity shall disclose how it has aggregated its interests in similar entities.
B4 An entity shall present information separately for interests in:
(a) subsidiaries;
(b) joint ventures;
(c) joint operations;
(d) associates; and
(e) unconsolidated structured entities.
B5 In determining whether to aggregate information, an entity shall consider quantitative and qualitative information about the different risk and return characteristics of each entity it is considering for aggregation and the significance of each such entity to the reporting entity. The entity shall present the disclosures in a manner that clearly explains to users of financial statements the nature and extent of its interests in those other entities.
B6 Examples of aggregation levels within the classes of entities set out in paragraph B4 that might be appropriate are:
(a) nature of activities (eg a research and development entity, a revolving credit card securitisation entity).
(b) industry classification.
(c) geography (eg country or region).
Interests in other entities
B7 An interest in another entity refers to contractual and non-contractual involvement that exposes the reporting entity to variability of returns from the performance of the other entity. Consideration of the purpose and design of the other entity may help the reporting entity when assessing whether it has an interest in that entity and, therefore, whether it is required to provide the disclosures in this Standard. That assessment shall include consideration of the risks that the other entity was designed to create and the risks the other entity was designed to pass on to the reporting entity and other parties.
B8 A reporting entity is typically exposed to variability of returns from the performance of another entity by holding instruments (such as equity or debt instruments issued by the other entity) or having another involvement that absorbs variability. For example, assume a structured entity holds a loan portfolio. The structured entity obtains a credit default swap from another entity (the reporting entity) to protect itself from the default of interest and principal payments on the loans. The reporting entity has involvement that exposes it to variability of returns from the performance of the structured entity because the credit default swap absorbs variability of returns of the structured entity.
B9 Some instruments are designed to transfer risk from a reporting entity to another entity. Such instruments create variability of returns for the other entity but do not typically expose the reporting entity to variability of returns from the performance of the other entity. For example, assume a structured entity is established to provide investment opportunities for investors who wish to have exposure to entity Z’s credit risk (entity Z is unrelated to any party involved in the arrangement). The structured entity obtains funding by issuing to those investors notes that are linked to entity Z’s credit risk (credit-linked notes) and uses the proceeds to invest in a portfolio of risk-free financial assets. The structured entity obtains exposure to entity Z’s credit risk by entering into a credit default swap (CDS) with a swap counterparty. The CDS passes entity Z’s credit risk to the structured entity in return for a fee paid by the swap counterparty. The investors in the structured entity receive a higher return that reflects both the structured entity’s return from its asset portfolio and the CDS fee. The swap counterparty does not have involvement with the structured entity that exposes it to variability of returns from the performance of the structured entity because the CDS transfers variability to the structured entity, rather than absorbing variability of returns of the structured entity.
Summarised financial information for subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates (paragraphs 12 and 21)
B10 For each subsidiary that has non-controlling interests that are material to the reporting entity, an entity shall disclose:
(a) dividends paid to non-controlling interests.
(b) summarised financial information about the assets, liabilities, profit or loss and cash flows of the subsidiary that enables users to understand the interest that non-controlling interests have in the group’s activities and cash flows. That information might include but is not limited to, for example, current assets, non-current assets, current liabilities, non-current liabilities, revenue, profit or loss and total comprehensive income.
B11 The summarised financial information required by paragraph B10(b) shall be the amounts before inter-company eliminations.
B12 For each joint venture and associate that is material to the reporting entity, an entity shall disclose:
(a) dividends received from the joint venture or associate.
(b) summarised financial information for the joint venture or associate (see paragraphs B14 and B15) including, but not necessarily limited to:
(i) current assets.
(ii) non-current assets.
(iii) current liabilities.
(iv) non-current liabilities.
(v) revenue.
(vi) profit or loss from continuing operations.
(vii) post-tax profit or loss from discontinued operations.
(viii) other comprehensive income.
(ix) total comprehensive income.
B13 In addition to the summarised financial information required by paragraph B12, an entity shall disclose for each joint venture that is material to the reporting entity the amount of:
(a) cash and cash equivalents included in paragraph B12(b)(i).
(b) current financial liabilities (excluding trade and other payables and provisions) included in paragraph B12(b)(iii).
(c) non-current financial liabilities (excluding trade and other payables and provisions) included in paragraph B12(b)(iv).
(d) depreciation and amortisation.
(e) interest income.
(f) interest expense.
(g) income tax expense or income.
B14 The summarised financial information presented in accordance with paragraphs B12 and B13 shall be the amounts included in the Australian-Accounting-Standards financial statements of the joint venture or associate (and not the entity’s share of those amounts). If the entity accounts for its interest in the joint venture or associate using the equity method:
(a) the amounts included in the Australian-Accounting-Standards financial statements of the joint venture or associate shall be adjusted to reflect adjustments made by the entity when using the equity method, such as fair value adjustments made at the time of acquisition and adjustments for differences in accounting policies.
(b) the entity shall provide a reconciliation of the summarised financial information presented to the carrying amount of its interest in the joint venture or associate.
B15 An entity may present the summarised financial information required by paragraphs B12 and B13 on the basis of the joint venture’s or associate’s financial statements if:
(a) the entity measures its interest in the joint venture or associate at fair value in accordance with AASB 128 (as amended in 2011); and
(b) the joint venture or associate does not prepare Australian-Accounting-Standards financial statements and preparation on that basis would be impracticable or cause undue cost.
In that case, the entity shall disclose the basis on which the summarised financial information has been prepared.
B16 An entity shall disclose, in aggregate, the carrying amount of its interests in all individually immaterial joint ventures or associates that are accounted for using the equity method. An entity shall also disclose separately the aggregate amount of its share of those joint ventures’ or associates’:
(a) profit or loss from continuing operations.
(b) post-tax profit or loss from discontinued operations.
(c) other comprehensive income.
(d) total comprehensive income.
An entity provides the disclosures separately for joint ventures and associates.
B17 When an entity’s interest in a subsidiary, a joint venture or an associate (or a portion of its interest in a joint venture or an associate) is classified as held for sale in accordance with AASB 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations, the entity is not required to disclose summarised financial information for that subsidiary, joint venture or associate in accordance with paragraphs B10–B16.
Commitments for joint ventures (paragraph 23(a))
B18 An entity shall disclose total commitments it has made but not recognised at the reporting date (including its share of commitments made jointly with other investors with joint control of a joint venture) relating to its interests in joint ventures. Commitments are those that may give rise to a future outflow of cash or other resources.
B19 Unrecognised commitments that may give rise to a future outflow of cash or other resources include:
(a) unrecognised commitments to contribute funding or resources as a result of, for example:
(i) the constitution or acquisition agreements of a joint venture (that, for example, require an entity to contribute funds over a specific period).
(ii) capital-intensive projects undertaken by a joint venture.
(iii) unconditional purchase obligations, comprising procurement of equipment, inventory or services that an entity is committed to purchasing from, or on behalf of, a joint venture.
(iv) unrecognised commitments to provide loans or other financial support to a joint venture.
(v) unrecognised commitments to contribute resources to a joint venture, such as assets or services.
(vi) other non-cancellable unrecognised commitments relating to a joint venture.
(b) unrecognised commitments to acquire another party’s ownership interest (or a portion of that ownership interest) in a joint venture if a particular event occurs or does not occur in the future.
B20 The requirements and examples in paragraphs B18 and B19 illustrate some of the types of disclosure required by paragraph 18 of AASB 124 Related Party Disclosures.
Interests in unconsolidated structured entities (paragraphs 24–31)
Structured entities
B21 A structured entity is an entity that has been designed so that voting or similar rights are not the dominant factor in deciding who controls the entity, such as when any voting rights relate to administrative tasks only and the relevant activities are directed by means of contractual arrangements.
B22 A structured entity often has some or all of the following features or attributes:
(a) restricted activities.
(b) a narrow and well-defined objective, such as to effect a tax-efficient lease, carry out research and development activities, provide a source of capital or funding to an entity or provide investment opportunities for investors by passing on risks and rewards associated with the assets of the structured entity to investors.
(c) insufficient equity to permit the structured entity to finance its activities without subordinated financial support.
(d) financing in the form of multiple contractually linked instruments to investors that create concentrations of credit or other risks (tranches).
B23 Examples of entities that are regarded as structured entities include, but are not limited to:
(a) securitisation vehicles.
(b) asset-backed financings.
(c) some investment funds.
B24 An entity that is controlled by voting rights is not a structured entity simply because, for example, it receives funding from third parties following a restructuring.
Nature of risks from interests in unconsolidated structured entities (paragraphs 29–31)
B25 In addition to the information required by paragraphs 29–31, an entity shall disclose additional information that is necessary to meet the disclosure objective in paragraph 24(b).
B26 Examples of additional information that, depending on the circumstances, might be relevant to an assessment of the risks to which an entity is exposed when it has an interest in an unconsolidated structured entity are:
(a) the terms of an arrangement that could require the entity to provide financial support to an unconsolidated structured entity (eg liquidity arrangements or credit rating triggers associated with obligations to purchase assets of the structured entity or provide financial support), including:
(i) a description of events or circumstances that could expose the reporting entity to a loss.
(ii) whether there are any terms that would limit the obligation.
(iii) whether there are any other parties that provide financial support and, if so, how the reporting entity’s obligation ranks with those of other parties.
(b) losses incurred by the entity during the reporting period relating to its interests in unconsolidated structured entities.
(c) the types of income the entity received during the reporting period from its interests in unconsolidated structured entities.
(d) whether the entity is required to absorb losses of an unconsolidated structured entity before other parties, the maximum limit of such losses for the entity, and (if relevant) the ranking and amounts of potential losses borne by parties whose interests rank lower than the entity’s interest in the unconsolidated structured entity.
(e) information about any liquidity arrangements, guarantees or other commitments with third parties that may affect the fair value or risk of the entity’s interests in unconsolidated structured entities.
(f) any difficulties an unconsolidated structured entity has experienced in financing its activities during the reporting period.
(g) in relation to the funding of an unconsolidated structured entity, the forms of funding (eg commercial paper or medium-term notes) and their weighted-average life. That information might include maturity analyses of the assets and funding of an unconsolidated structured entity if the structured entity has longer-term assets funded by shorter-term funding.