Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth) - opposition to extension of protection under regulation 17A.33 of the Trade Marks Regulations 1995 (Cth) - grounds of opposition under ss 44, 60 and 62A - trade marks deceptively similar - goods and services similar and closely related - s 44 established - extension of protection refused.

1. This decision concerns an opposition under regulation 17A.33 of the Trade Marks Regulations 1995 (Cth)[1] ('Regulations') brought by Volvo Trademark Holding AB ('Opponent') to the extension of protection to Australia of the following International Registration Designating Australia ('IRDA'):

Goods and Services: Classes 4, 7, 8, 16, 28, 35 and 37. The full specification is at Appendix A of this decision.

1. The IRDA was examined and accepted for possible extension of protection. The acceptance was advertised on 13 March 2024. On 7 May 2024 the Opponent filed a Notice of Intention to Oppose the extension of protection, followed by a Statement of Grounds and Particulars ('SGP') on 6 June 2024. The Holder filed a Notice of Intention to Defend the IRDA on 5 July 2024.
2. The Opponent filed evidence in support of its opposition on 14 October 2024, and in the absence of any evidence in answer from the Holder, requested that the matter be heard by way of written submissions. The Opponent filed its written submissions on 24 October 2025. The Holder did not file submissions.
3. The matter has now been allocated to me to decide, in my capacity as a delegate of the Registrar of Trade Marks. I do so on the basis of the documents identified above.

1. Regulation 17A.34 provides that extension of protection may be opposed on any of the grounds on which an IRDA may be rejected, and on the grounds set out in ss 58 to 61 and 62A.
2. The SGP nominates grounds of opposition under ss 44 (or reg 4.15A),[2] 60, 42(b) and 62A, although the ground under s 42(b) was subsequently withdrawn in the Opponent's written submissions. The Opponent bears the onus of establishing one or more of the grounds of opposition.[3] The required standard of proof is the ordinary civil standard of the balance of probabilities.[4] The date at which the rights of the parties are to be determined is the filing date of the application, being 9 November 2023[5] The Holder has also claimed a Convention Priority Date pursuant to the Madrid Protocol, being 9 May 2023 - this is the priority date for the grounds of opposition pursuant to ss 44 and 60.

1. The Opponent provides a declaration by Annica Wahlund ('Wahlund'), 'Authorized Signatory'[6] for the Opponent, with exhibits AW-1 to AW-47, dated 11 October 2024. Wahlund provides the following information.
2. The Opponent is a holding company for a group of related companies (the 'Volvo Group') which owns and licenses the trade mark VOLVO. Wahlund states '[t]he Volvo Group is recognised as one of the world's leading manufacturers of trucks, buses and construction equipment' and 'Volvo Car Group [an entity within the Volvo Group] is one of the most well-known and respected premium car brands, with presence in more than 100 countries'.
3. The Opponent is the owner of many trade mark registrations globally and within Australia. Registration details of 45 Australian trade mark registrations are provided, most of which (though not all) feature or contain the word VOLVO. Wahlund states that the VOLVO trade mark was first used at various dates in the 1920's in Sweden in relation to cars, trucks and buses, and in relation to construction equipment in the 1950's. A related trade mark, VOLVO PENTA, has been used in relation to marine and industrial applications since 1935. In Australia, the VOLVO trade mark was first used in relation to cars and trucks during the 1960's, in relation to buses in 1971, in relation to construction equipment 'approximately 30 years ago', and the VOLVO PENTA mark since at least 2006 (inferring from sales figures, discussed below). The VOLVO trade mark is declared to also be used in relation to parts and accessories, including ski related parts and accessories for vehicles. Copies of web pages from the Volvo Group's websites[7] show such goods supplied in the United States 'and/or' Australia. These goods include AutoSocks (a tyre covering for slippery conditions), snow chains and ski/snowboard holders.
4. Worldwide annual sales figures for all goods under the VOLVO trade mark are substantial and representative of a successful brand, as are Australian sales figures in relation to cars (in volume rather than dollar figures), trucks, buses, construction equipment, and goods bearing the VOLVO PENTA mark. Advertising expenditure in Australia in relation to these goods is likewise impressive, with promotion declared to take place via print, television, internet and social media, radio, billboards, sponsorships, brochures, corporate presentations and supplier directories. The VOLVO trade mark is also used upon goods themselves, their packaging and labelling, specification sheets and signage at sales points, as well as being incorporated into various forms of merchandise. Since the 1970's, the Volvo Group has sponsored sports and cultural events including the Volvo Ocean Race and golf tournaments in Europe and Asia, as well as in Australia in respect of Queensland and New South Wales rugby union teams, the Sydney WNBL basketball team, the 'Snowy Classic' cycling event and an annal Volvo Ocean Lovers Festival, amongst others.
5. The VOLVO trade mark has been held to be well known in trade mark office decisions in various jurisdictions including Australia, and to be famous in various ICANN decisions regarding domain name disputes.

(1) Subject to subsections (3) and (4), an application for the registration of a trade mark (applicant's trade mark) in respect of goods (applicant's goods) must be rejected if:

(a) the applicant's trade mark is substantially identical with, or deceptively similar to:

(i) a trade mark registered by another person in respect of similar goods or closely related services; or

(ii) a trade mark whose registration in respect of similar goods or closely related services is being sought by another person; and

(b) the priority date for the registration of the applicant's trade mark in respect of the applicant's goods is not earlier than the priority date for the registration of the other trade mark in respect of the similar goods or closely related services.

(2) Subject to subsections (3) and (4), an application for the registration of a trade mark (applicant's trade mark) in respect of services (applicant's services) must be rejected if:

(a) it is substantially identical with, or deceptively similar to:

(i) a trade mark registered by another person in respect of similar services or closely related goods; or

(ii) a trade mark whose registration in respect of similar services or closely related goods is being sought by another person; and

(b) the priority date for the registration of the applicant's trade mark in respect of the applicant's services is not earlier than the priority date for the registration of the other trade mark in respect of the similar services or closely related goods.

1. Subsections (3) and (4) are provisions under which an applicant (or holder) may obtain registration of a trade mark despite the existence of a prior similar pending or registered trade mark. The Holder has not filed any evidence or made submissions in respect of the application of sub-ss (3) and (4), and so I have not considered those provisions in this decision. The establishment of the ground therefore rests upon whether either or both of sub-ss (1) and (2) are established.
2. In order to establish the ground under s 44, the Opponent must identify a trade mark which is registered or pending registration, in the name of someone other than the Holder, which (a) has an earlier priority date than that of the Trade Mark; (b) is substantially identical with or deceptively similar to the Trade Mark; and (c) is registered in respect of goods or services which are similar to at least some of the Holder's goods or services, or registered in respect of goods or services which are closely related to these. In this respect the Opponent relies upon its following registered trade marks (the full specifications of which are at Appendix B of this decision):

Class(es): 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 14, 18, 21, 25, 27, 28, 35, 40, 42, 43, 45

Class(es): 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 25, 28, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41

Class(es): 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42

Class(es): 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 35, 36, 37, 39

1. It is straightforward that the Opponent's Trade Marks are owned by a person other than the Holder and have earlier priority dates than the subject priority date. The remaining questions are therefore whether the goods and/or services of the Trade Mark are similar or closely related to any of the goods and/or services of the Opponent's Trade Marks; and whether the Trade Mark is substantially identical with or deceptively similar to any of the Opponent's Trade Marks.
2. It is convenient to first consider these questions in respect of the following subset of the Opponent's Trade Marks which consist of the plain word VOLVO (or the substantially identical , registration 2328700), on the basis that if the Trade Mark is not deceptively similar to them the same conclusion applies to the remainder, which contain other elements that further differentiate them. On the other hand, if the Trade Mark is at least deceptively similar to them and the respective goods and/or services are similar or closely related, then the ground is established. The subset below lists the relevant goods and services and is collectively referred to as the 'Opponent's Plain Word Marks'.

Class 12: Motor cars, engines and motors, all for motor cars, and parts of all these goods

Class 9: Electric batteries, compasses, capacitors, relays, electronic time relays, switches, fuses, electrical contacts, electrical sockets, electrical cigarette lighers, radio sets, tape players, loudspeakers, interference suppressors, aerials/antennas, measuring instruments for fuel, oil pressure, tyre pressure, compressed air, temperature, amperage, speed and engine revolution, milage recorders, time recorders, rudder indicators, instrument panels, dispsticks, thermostats, signal lamps; dynamometers, brake testers, electrical and mechanical instruments and apparatus for control and testing in service and repair workshops; automatic alarm units, reflective warning apparatus in this class; fire extinguishing apparatus, electronic monitors and regulators for engines and motors

Class 37: Service and repair of vehicles and aircraft engines

Class 11: Headlights/headlamps, lanterns, bulbs; warning reflectors for vehicles; heating and air conditioning apparatus, radiators, ventilators, metallic valves for pipes included in this class, combustion apparatus included in this class and cleaning apparatus for gases; electrical fans.

Class 12: Cars, buses, trucks, tractor units/prime movers, agricultural tractors, on and off road vehicles, track-laying vehicles, military vehicles, amphibious vehicles, boats; and parts and accessories for all of these items which do not pertain to other classes

Class 37: Service and repair of engines/motors and machines

Class 16: Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials (included in this class), including paper cubes and notes, (roller) blinds; printed matter, including books, instruction books, (computer/computer software) manuals, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, calendars, posters, stickers, banners and pennants of paper, country and road maps, spare parts lists, maintenance manuals, advertising materials, printed publications relating to automotive subjects; bookbinding material; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artist's materials, paint brushes; photographs; stationery, including pens and pencils; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture), including pen stands, dispensers, letter holders, storage boxes for recording media (included in this class) and paper knives; instructional and teaching material (except apparatus); plastic materials for packaging (included in this class), including plastic carrier bags; playing cards; printers' type; printing blocks

Class 28: Games, playthings and toys, gymnastic and sporting articles (included in class 28)

Class 35: Retail services and wholesale, in particular in respect of [various items]; advertising; office functions; business administration

(Refer also to the full specification of goods and services at Appendix B)

Class 4: industrial oils and greases, including penetrating oils (also being lubricants) and wax; industrial waxes and fluids

Class 7: Machines tools; motors and engines, except for land vehicles; machine coupling and transmission components, except for land vehicles; agricultural implements, other than hand operated tools; parts, fittings and accessories for the aforementioned goods

Class 35: Advertising; business management; business administration; office functions; retail and wholesale in respect of [various items]

Class 37: installation, servicing, repair, inspection prior to maintenance and repair, restoration, maintenance, fuelling, reconditioning, tuning, cleaning, painting, polishing and washing services in relation to...engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction, agricultural and forestry machines), power hand tools, workshop appliances and devices, or parts, fittings and accessories (including telecommunication equipment) for the aforesaid

(Refer also to the full specification of goods and services at Appendix B)

1. Similar goods and similar services are defined in s 14 as being those that are the same or 'of the same description'. The expression 'of the same description' is a term of art of wider import than 'the same', to be understood in such a sense that, if two different items are held not to fall within the description, their sale under the same mark by different companies is not likely to lead to confusion.[8] 'Closely related' is not defined in the Act but has been recognised in the courts to refer to the form of relationship between goods and services that may result in a likelihood of confusion, often defined by the function of the service with respect to the goods.[9] The goods and/or services of the Trade Mark which fall within the ambit of similar or closely related to those of the Opponent's Plain Word Marks are identified as follows.
2. 'Wax for skis, wax for snowboards' in class 4 of the Trade Mark is encompassed within the broad descriptions 'industrial oils and greases, including penetrating oils (also being lubricants) and wax; industrial waxes and fluids' of registration 2328700. There is no evidence before me of any specific good known as 'industrial wax', rather, I take it be a reference to waxes used in industry and/or at a large scale. This would include wax used in the ski and snowboard industry, particularly provided at a commercial scale. The goods are effectively the same, given the Holders goods are encompassed within those of registration 2328700.
3. All of the goods in class 7 of the Trade Mark are encompassed within the claim 'all goods in class 7' of the Opponent's registration 288859, and are therefore effectively the same. In addition, both the Opponent's registration 2328700 and the Trade Mark contain the identical goods 'machine tools; motors and engines (except for land vehicles); machine coupling and transmission components (except for land vehicles); agricultural implements, other than hand operated.' Registration 2328700 also lists a range of engine components and parts and accessories for various machines and engines. Such components, parts and accessories may have utility across a range of machines and engines, including those listed in class 7 of the Trade Mark. I therefore consider these goods to also be similar.
4. Hand tools and hand operated implements, as listed in class 8 of the Trade Mark, may be similar to their mechanic or electronic counterparts, usually found in classes 7 and 9. By virtue of the breadth of the description 'all goods in class 7' of the Opponent's registration 288859, the mechanical versions of the tools and implements in class 8 of the Trade Mark are encompassed within that description. I consider that such goods are similar because it is conceivable, and even likely, that skis and snowboards (and their component parts) are treated with both mechanical and hand operated equipment. Similarly, 'electrical and mechanical instruments and apparatus for control and testing in service and repair workshops' in class 7 of the Opponent's registration 340004 are similar to the various hand implements in class 8 of the Trade Mark used in the treatment of skis and snowboards, on the basis that the potential purpose (control and testing) and context of use (service and repair workshops) are similar.
5. Both the Trade Mark and the Opponent's registration 901694 identify in class 16: paper and cardboard; printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery and office requisites; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; materials for artists; paint brushes; teaching materials; plastic packaging materials; printers' type; printing blocks; banners and posters. It is straightforward that these goods are the same. The remaining items in class 16 of the Trade Mark (drawing materials, paint brushes, catalogues, brochures, printed presentations, packages and writing paper) are either encompassed within these descriptions of its own goods, or within other descriptions of goods in the Opponent's registration 901694. The goods claimed by each party are therefore, either directly or implicitly, identical.
6. 'Games; toys' in class 28 of the Trade Mark is identical to the 'games, toys' of the Opponent's registration 990356. The same applies to the 'decorations for Christmas trees' listed by both parties. Similarly, the Trade Mark's 'gymnastic and sporting articles not included in other classes' is identical to 'gymnastic and sporting articles (included in class 28)'. The remaining goods of the Trade Mark, being skis, snowboards and related accessories and protective gear, are encompassed within the 'sporting articles' of the Opponent's registration 990356. The entirety of the class 28 goods of the Trade Mark are therefore the same as the class 28 goods of the Opponent's registration.
7. 'Advertising, namely advertising on social media channels' in class 35 of the Trade Mark is encompassed within the unqualified item 'advertising' listed in class 35 of the Opponent's registration 2328700. It is also encompassed within 'advertising, in particular relating to [various vehicles, engines/motors and machines]' of the Opponent's registration 990356, given that the words 'in particular relating to...' do not limit the services to those fields of interest. Similarly, both the Trade Mark and the Opponent's registrations 990356 and 2328700 list the identical services of business management, business administration and office functions. These services of the parties' are the same.
8. A number of the retail and wholesale services of the Trade Mark are also the same as the Opponent's registrations. The Opponent's registration 990356 contains effectively unqualified retail and whole services, given that the words 'in particular' in 'retail services and wholesale, in particular in respect of [various items]' do not limit the services to those items. These services therefore encompass the retail and wholesale services of the Trade Mark. Additionally, the Opponent's registration 2328700 includes retail and wholesale services in relation to paper and cardboard, printed matter, bookbinding material, stationery, artist's materials, plastic packaging materials, games, toys, gymnastic and sporting articles. The Trade Mark likewise includes retail and wholesale services for these items; they are therefore the same. There are further retail and wholesale services of the Opponent's registration 2328700 which are closely related to goods of the Trade Mark, wherein the goods involved are relatively specialised, such as 'retail services and wholesale in respect of engines and motors...as well as parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid goods'; 'retail and wholesale services in relation to machine tools, machine coupling and transmission components, except for land vehicles, machines and machine tools for treatment of materials'; and 'retail and wholesale services in relation to hand tools and implements...hand tools and implements for treatment of materials.' Given that these services are not in respect of general, everyday items but rather relatively specialised goods which encompass those of the Trade Mark, I consider these goods and services to be closely related.
9. The class 37 services of the Trade Mark are encompassed within 'installation, servicing, repair, inspection prior to maintenance and repair, restoration, maintenance, fuelling, reconditioning, tuning, cleaning, painting, polishing and washing services in relation to...engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction, agricultural and forestry machines), power hand tools, workshop appliances and devices, or parts, fittings and accessories (including telecommunication equipment) for the aforesaid', listed in class 37 of the Opponent's registration 2328700. Additionally, 'service and repair of engines/motors and machines' in class 37 of the Opponent's registration 352140 encompasses the class 37 services of the Trade Mark that relate to maintenance and repair of various ski and snowboard related machines. I consider that those of the Trade Mark's services which relate to installation, maintenance and repair of apparatus which might not be machines, such as a storage system for various ski and snowboard equipment, and apparatus for treatment of skis, snowboards and their components are of the same description as installation maintenance and repair of 'workshop appliances and devices'. There is no obvious demarcation between such apparatus and workshop appliances and devices, and I therefore consider that the installation, maintenance and repair services of both parties relate to the same or similar goods.
10. There is therefore a broad range of goods and services of the Trade Mark traversing each of classes 4, 7, 8, 16, 28, 35 and 37 which are similar and/or closely related to the goods and services of the Opponent's Plain Word Marks. I turn then to the remaining consideration, being whether the Trade Mark is substantially identical or deceptively similar to the Opponent's Plain Word Marks.
11. In The Shell Co of Australia Ltd v Esso Standard Oil (Australia) Ltd ('Shell') Windeyer J articulated the test for substantial identity in the following terms:

In considering whether marks are substantially identical they should, I think, be compared side by side, their similarities and differences noted and the importance of these assessed having regard to the essential features of the registered mark and the total impression of resemblance or dissimilarity that emerges from the comparison.[10]

1. As can be seen from below, in a side by side comparison there are notable differences between the parties' trade marks.

1. In particular, the stylised, terminal 'R' in the Trade Mark differs to the terminal 'O' in the Opponent's Plain Word Marks, there is a tagline ('the innovative loading system') in the Trade Mark which is absent in the Opponent's Plain Word Marks, and the brushstroke stylisation of the 'O' in the Trade Mark is absent in the Opponent's Plain Word Marks. When the trade marks are side by side these differences are immediately obvious, such that a total impression of similarity does not emerge. Accordingly, the Trade Mark is not substantially identical to the Opponent's Plain Word Marks.
2. I turn then to consider whether the Trade Mark is deceptively similar to the Opponent's Plain Word Marks. Deceptive similarity is defined in s 10: 'a trade mark is taken to be deceptively similar to another trade mark if it so nearly resembles that other trade mark that it is likely to deceive or cause confusion'. Continuing in Shell, Windeyer J described the test for deceptive similarity as:

On the question of deceptive similarity a different comparison must be made from that which is necessary when substantial identity is in question. The marks are not now to be looked at side by side. The issue is not abstract similarity, but deceptive similarity. Therefore the comparison is the familiar one of trade mark law. It is between, on the one hand, the impression based on recollection of the plaintiff's mark that persons of ordinary intelligence and memory would have; and, on the other hand, the impressions that such persons would get from the defendant's [trade mark].[11]

1. The High Court stated the principles of deceptive similarity in Self Care IP Holdings Pty Ltd v Allergan Australia Pty Ltd,[12] which were conveniently summarised by Jackman J in The Agency Group Australia Limited v H.A.S. Real Estate Pty Ltd as follows:

a) the resemblance between the two marks must be the cause of the likely deception or confusion; > > b) in the trade mark comparison, the marks must be judged as a whole taking into account both their look and their sound; > > c) the marks should not be compared side by side; > > d) the effect of spoken description must be considered; if a mark is in fact or from its nature likely to be the source of some name or verbal description by which buyers will express their desire to have the goods (or services), then similarities both of sound and of meaning may play an important part; > > e) the focus is upon the effect or impression produced on the mind of potential customers of the goods (or services) in relation to which the two marks are used and in the case of the registered mark, allowing for "imperfect recollection"; > > f) the notional buyer is a person with no knowledge about any actual use of the registered mark, the actual business of the owner of the registered mark, the goods the owner produces, any acquired distinctiveness from the use of the marks prior to filing, or any reputation associated with the registered mark; > > g) the correct approach is to compare the impression (allowing for imperfect recollection) that the notional buyer would have of the registered mark (as notionally used on all of the goods or services covered by the registration), with the impression that the notional buyer would have of the [notional and normal fair use of the opposed mark]; > > h) "deceived" implies the creation of an incorrect belief or mental impression; "causing confusion" may merely involve "perplexing or mixing up the minds" of potential customers;

1. the usual manner in which ordinary people behave must be the test of what confusion or deception may be expected, having regard to the character of the customers who would be likely to buy the goods in issue;

j) it is not necessary to establish actual probability of deception or confusion, but a mere possibility of confusion is not enough. There must a real, tangible danger of deception or confusion occurring. It is enough if the notional buyer would entertain a reasonable doubt as to whether, due to the resemblance between the marks, the two products come from the same source. Put another way, there must be "a real likelihood that some people will wonder or be left in doubt about whether the two sets of products ... come from the same source"; > > k) evidence of actual confusion is of great weight, but not essential, and lack of such evidence may also be relevant; and

1. any intention to deceive or cause confusion may be a relevant consideration but is not required.[13]
2. I note, in particular, item (f) above, that the notional buyer has no knowledge of any actual use or reputation attaching to the prior registered marks. Accordingly, any reputation of VOLVO does not enter into the consideration of deceptive similarity.[14]
3. As a starting point, the notional buyer's imperfect recollection of the Opponent's Plain Word Marks lies at the centre of the test for deceptive similarity.[15] It is assumed that the notional buyer will have observed the Opponent's Plain Word Marks at some time previously but will recall them imperfectly - that is, they will not be recalled in precise detail and some features may be forgotten, discounted or distorted. In this way, trade marks which are not the same may nonetheless be susceptible to confusion.[16]
4. Here, although the Trade Mark contains several features the word VOLVR is dominant. The tagline 'the innovative loading system' refers to the nature of some of the goods and services and in those contexts is likely to be discounted somewhat as a description of them. Where it is not descriptive it bears greater differentiating weight, however it is also subordinate to VOLVR, being presented in much smaller lettering and positioned beneath the word. Accordingly, whilst it is not to be disregarded altogether its impact is significantly less than that of VOLVR. The brushstroke in the letter 'O' and the stylisation of the letter 'R' are features not present in the Opponent's Plain Word Marks (nor any of the Opponent's Trade Marks). They provide slight visual differentiation but are the kind of decorative flourish likely to be imperfectly recalled. In the context of the Trade Mark their character remains the letters 'O' and 'R' and that is what is likely to be retained in the mind of the notional consumer.
5. VOLVO and VOLVR are likely to be perceived as invented words, there being no commonly understood meaning for either in the Australian market place.[17] Where trade marks are comprised of invented words, the likelihood of confusion may be heightened because the person reading or hearing them does not have reference to a tangible thing to fasten one meaning in their mind compared with another.[18]
6. Both VOLVO and VOLVR begin with the identical sequence 'VOLV'. This sequence is relatively uncommon in English words, and it is even rarer as an initial element. For this reason 'VOLV' is likely to make a striking impression on the notional consumer. Its inherent distinctiveness heightens the risk of confusion between words sharing that opening sequence, particularly where the remaining element of the word is comparatively slight. Additionally, although not determinative, the first syllable of a word often carries the greatest weight in distinguishing one mark from another,[19] and here both the first syllable and the beginning of the second syllable are identical.
7. Given the opening sequence of VOLVO and VOLVR is identical, the differentiation between the words as wholes relies primarily on the final letters 'O' and 'R'. In relation to their aural impact, the final letter 'O' in VOLVO is likely to be pronounced as a long 'o' whereas the final letter 'R' in VOLVR is likely to be pronounced as 'er' (as in 'her') or, as is common for words ending in 'er' in Australian pronunciation, softened to 'ah' or 'uh'. These are not marked differences (unlike a comparison between such ending sounds as a long 'o' and 'ex' or 'en'). The courts have also recognised the tendency of persons using the English language to slur the termination of words.[20] Each word also maintains a similar rhythm of 'v' followed by the softer sounds of vowels ('o', 'ah' or 'uh') or 'er'. In terms of the final letters' visual impact, I do not consider that, in the context of invented words with an almost unique opening sequence, this one letter difference outweighs the similarities between VOLVO and VOLVR.
8. The context in which the goods and services are traded also bears on the question of deceptive similarity. The Holder's specification encompasses a broad range of goods and services, extending from those purchased by a wide cross‑section of Australian consumers, often with minimal care or attention (such as paper, stationery, toys and games), to goods and services directed to relatively specialised markets and likely to be subject to more careful scrutiny (such as machines for loading grinding robots; and installation, maintenance and repair services for ski storage systems). In some instances, the goods and services are likely to be requested verbally, thereby increasing the significance of aural similarity. In others, the purchasing process will involve visual inspection, in which case visual similarity assumes greater significance. Nevertheless, even where a higher degree of care is exercised, I consider that a likelihood of confusion remains, having regard to the uniqueness of the initial VOLV sequence and the dominance of VOLVR within the Trade Mark.
9. Having regard to the imperfect recollection of the Opponent's Plain Word Marks, the likely impression of the Trade Mark, the high degree of aural and visual resemblance between them, and the varied contexts in which the marks are likely to be used, I am satisfied that the Trade Mark is deceptively similar to at least the Opponent's Plain Word Marks.
10. For the purposes of this decision, this is sufficient to find that ss 44(1) and (2) are satisfied. The Holder has not made any submissions that the provisions of ss 44(3) or (4) apply, nor suggested any amendments to its goods and services which may sufficiently differentiate the parties' goods and services (nor are any obvious to me).
11. The ground of opposition under s 44 is therefore established.

(1) Unless the opposition proceedings are discontinued or dismissed, the Registrar must decide:

(a) to refuse protection in respect of all of the goods or services listed in the IRDA; or

(b) to extend protection in respect of some or all of the goods or services listed in the IRDA (with or without conditions or limitations);

having regard to the extent (if any) to which the grounds on which the IRDA was opposed have been established.

(2) The Registrar must tell the International Bureau of his or her decision.

1. The Opponent has established the ground of opposition under s 44. Accordingly, extension of protection of the IRDA is refused.
2. It is usual for costs to follow the event, and I see no reason to depart from that principle. I therefore award costs against the Holder under s 221 in terms of Schedule 8.

Class 7: Machine tools; motors and engines (except for land vehicles); machine coupling and transmission components (except for land vehicles); agricultural implements, other than hand-operated; vending machines; machines for loading grinding robots; grinding machines; machines, for use in the following fields: treatment of skis and snowboards; machines, for use in the following fields: treatment of ski and snowboard bases; machines, for use in the following fields: application of structures in ski and snowboard bases; machines, for use in the following fields: treatment of ski and snowboard edges; machines for waxing and polishing ski and snowboard bases, parts for the aforesaid goods; machines, for use in the following fields: fusing of ski and snowboard bases; equipment, for use in the following fields: fusing of ski and snowboard bases.

Class 8: Hand tools and implements [hand-operated]; razors; hand implements [hand-operated], for use in the following fields: treatment of skis and snowboards; hand implements [hand-operated], for use in the following fields: treatment of ski and snowboard bases; hand implements [hand-operated], for use in the following fields: application of structures in ski and snowboard bases; hand implements [hand-operated], for use in the following fields: treatment of ski and snowboard edges; hand implements [hand-operated], for use in the following fields: waxing and polishing of ski and snowboard bases.

Class 16: Paper and cardboard; printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs [printed]; stationery and office requisites (except furniture); adhesives for stationery or household purposes; drawing materials and materials for artists; paint brushes; teaching materials [except apparatus]; plastic sheets, films and bags for wrapping and packaging; printers' type and printing blocks; catalogues, brochures, printed presentations, packages, banners, posters, writing paper.

Class 28: Games; toys; gymnastic and sporting articles not included in other classes; decorations for christmas trees; sole coverings for skis; sole coverings for skis; climbing systems in the form of removable sole coverings for skis; skis; racing skis; free skis; touring skis; cross-country skis; jump skis; monoskis; snowboards; ski and snowboard bindings; bindings for cross-country skis and jump skis; ski sticks; ski equipment; bags specially adapted for sports equipment; bags for skis, cross-country skis, jump skis, snowboards, ski poles and cross-country ski poles; ski bags; athletic equipment; protective paddings [parts of sports suits]; elbow guards [sports articles]; knee guards [sports articles]; ice skates and skating boots with skates attached; sleds and sleighs.

Class 35: Advertising, namely advertising on social media channels; business management; business administration; office functions; retail and wholesale services in relation to hand tools and instruments (hand operated), shaving equipment, equipment for use in the following fields: treatment of skis and snowboards, treatment of ski and snowboard bases; retail and wholesale services in relation to apparatus for the fusion of ski and snowboard bases, apparatus for the application of structures in ski and snowboard bases, apparatus for the treatment of skis and snowboard edges; retail and wholesale services in relation to apparatus for waxing and polishing ski and snowboard bases, paper and cardboard, printed matter, bookbinding materials, photographs, stationery and office requisites, except furniture, adhesives for stationery or household purposes; retail and wholesale services in relation to articles for drawing and artists' materials, paint brushes, instructional and teaching materials, plastic sheets, films and bags for wrapping and packaging, printers' type, printing blocks, catalogs, brochures, presentations, packages, banners, posters, stationery paper, games and playthings, gymnastic and sporting articles; retail and wholesale services in relation to the following goods: decorations for christmas trees, coverings for skis (sole -), ski skins, climbing aids, skis, racing skis, free skis, touring skis, cross-country skis, jump skis, monoskis, snowboard, ski and snowboard bindings, bindings for cross-country skis and jump skis, ski poles; retail and wholesale services in relation to ski accessories, bags specially adapted for sports equipment, bags for skis, cross-country skis, jump skis, snowboard, ski poles and cross-country ski poles, ski bags, ski and snowboard wax, sport equipment, protectors, ice skates and skating boots with skates attached, sleds and sleighs.

Class 37: Installation, maintenance and repair of the following goods: storage systems for skis, snowboards, helmets, walking sticks, gloves, shoes and protectors, lockers, display stands, sales stands, machines for loading grinding robots; installation, maintenance and repair of the following goods: grinding machines, ski and snowboard treatment machines; installation, maintenance and repair of the following goods: machines for the treatment of ski and snowboard bases, machines for the fusion of ski and snowboard bases, machines for the application of structures in ski and snowboard bases, machines for the treatment of ski and snowboard edges; installation, maintenance and repair of the following goods: machines for waxing and polishing ski and snowboard bases, apparatus for the treatment of skis and snowboards, apparatus for the treatment of ski and snowboard bases, apparatus for fusing ski and snowboard bases; installation, maintenance and repair of the following goods: apparatus for the application of structures in ski and snowboard bases, apparatus for the treatment of ski and snowboard edges, apparatus for waxing and polishing ski and snowboard bases, ski skins, climbing aids, skis, racing skis, free skis, touring skis, cross-country skis, jump skis and monoskis, snowboards, ski bags and snowboard bindings; installation, maintenance and repair of the following goods: bindings for cross-country skis and jump skis, ski-boots, cross-country ski boots, boots for ski-jumping and snowboard boots.

Class 12: Motor cars, engines and motors, all for motor cars, and parts of all these goods,

Class 12: Motor cars, engines and motors all for motor cars, and parts of all these goods,

Class 7: Machines and machine tools; motors (except for vehicles); machine couplings and belting (except for vehicles); large sized agricultural implements; incubators,

Class 9: Electric batteries, compasses, capacitors, relays, electronic time relays, switches, fuses, electrical contacts, electrical sockets, electrical cigarette lighers, radio sets, tape players, loudspeakers, interference suppressors, aerials/antennas, measuring instruments for fuel, oil pressure, tyre pressure, compressed air, temperature, amperage, speed and engine revolution, milage recorders, time recorders, rudder indicators, instrument panels, dispsticks, thermostats, signal lamps; dynamometers, brake testers, electrical and mechanical instruments and apparatus for control and testing in service and repair workshops; automatic alarm units, reflective warning apparatus in this class; fire extinguishing apparatus, electronic monitors and regulators for engines and motors.

Class 37: Service and repair of vehicles and aircraft engines

Class 11: Headlights/headlamps, lanterns, bulbs; warning reflectors for vehicles; heating and air conditioning apparatus, radiators, ventilators, metallic valves for pipes included in this class, combustion apparatus included in this class and cleaning apparatus for gases; electrical fans.

Class 12: Cars, buses, trucks, tractor units/prime movers, agricultural tractors, on and off road vehicles, track-laying vehicles, military vehicles, amphibious vehicles, boats; and parts and accessories for all of these items which do not pertain to other classes.

Class 37: Service and repair of vehicles, engines/motors and machines.

Class 7: Motors (except for land vehicles) and transmissions as well as parts for the said products; all the aforesaid being goods in this class.

Class 12: Vehicles, engines and transmissions as well as parts for these products; all the aforesaid being goods in class 12.

Class 16: Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials (included in this class), including paper cubes and notes, (roller) blinds; printed matter, including books, instruction books, (computer/computer software) manuals, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, calendars, posters, stickers, banners and pennants of paper, country and road maps, spare parts lists, maintenance manuals, advertising materials, printed publications relating to automotive subjects; bookbinding material; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artist's materials, paint brushes; photographs; stationery, including pens and pencils; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture), including pen stands, dispensers, letter holders, storage boxes for recording media (included in this class) and paper knives; instructional and teaching material (except apparatus); plastic materials for packaging (included in this class), including plastic carrier bags; playing cards; printers' type; printing blocks

Class 1: Chemicals used in industry, in particular for use in the operation, repair, servicing and maintenance of vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), including brake fluids, fluids for hydraulic systems, antifreeze compositions, defrosting compositions, rubber and plastic cements, plastics, adhesives, compositions for repairing surfaces, sealing compositions, saturants, water-repellent and spot-repellent agents (finishers), impregnation agents; chemicals used in science and photography, agriculture, horticulture and forestry; unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics; fertilizers; manures; fire extinguishing compositions; tempering and soldering preparations; chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs; tanning substances; adhesives used in industry

Class 2: Paints, varnishes, diluents and lacquers, also in spray or pen form; putty; preservatives against rust, anti-corrosive agents; coating compositions and preservatives, metal and lacquer conservation agents; preservatives against deterioration of wood; colorants, dyes; mordants, including metal mordants; raw natural resins; metals in foil and powder form for painters, decorators, printers and artists

Class 3: Bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use; cleaning, care, preservation, polishing, scouring and abrasive agents, in particular such for vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), including detergents, windscreen/windshield washer fluids, wax compositions, cleaning sprays, auto shampoos, spray preservatives, interior cleaning agents, motor cleaning agents, light metal or metal alloy wheel rim care agents; soaps; perfumery, essential oils, cosmetics, hair lotions, including perfume atomisers, toilet waters, non-medicated toilet preparations, powder boxes, shaving and after-shave preparations, oils, creams and lotions for the skin; dentifrices

Class 4: Industrial oils and greases, including anti-rust oils, penetrating oils (also being lubricants) and hydraulic oils; lubricants, including lock lubricants; lubricating oils; dust absorbing, wetting and binding agents; fuels (including motor spirit); solid, liquid and gaseous fuels; illuminants; candles, wicks

Class 9: Scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; electric and electronic apparatus and instruments, including electric batteries, charging devices, battery testers, electric mountings, electric blowers; electric accumulators, electric compasses, electric circuit breakers, commutators, electric condensers, electric wiring harnesses, capacitors, relays, electronic time relays, switches, fuses, electrical contacts, electric cables, electric fuses; electric fuse boxes, electrical sensors, electrical sockets, electrical lighters, printed electrical circuits, integrated circuits; leads for electric, electronic and optical signals; cable connections, cable drums; transformers; electronic headlamp beam adjustment; sensors, detectors, switching devices/switch boxes, solar cells and solar generators; analysers for motor vehicles, namely for exhaust gas analysis, soot particle analysis, brake function analysis, diagnostic instruments and equipment for simulations, engine testers, workshop test devices; high-frequency generators, power supply devices, electric filters, semiconductor components, optoelectronic components; testing apparatus; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of data, sound or images and data processing equipment and computers, including radio apparatus, video screens, tape players, loudspeakers, amplifiers, telecommunication equipment, car telephone installations, compact disc players, telematic terminals, distress signal terminals, navigation and radar terminals, traffic control systems, transport supervision system, locating devices, toll terminals for electronic toll detection in traffic, black box (accident data monitoring and recording device), auto-computers and on-board computers, calculators and pocket calculators; magnetic data carriers; computer software; computer hardware; video games, recorded and non-recorded data carriers and recording media of all kinds, including compact discs, tape cassettes; storage boxes for recording media, included in class 9; data processing equipment; highway emergency warning equipment; cleaning equipment for vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines) interference suppressors, aerials/antennas; gauges, measuring instruments and apparatus, including such for fuel, oil pressure, tyre pressure, compressed air, temperatures, amperage, speed and engine revolutions; mileage recorders, odometers, tachometers; voltage regulators, voltmeters; time recorders, rudder indicators, instrument panels and clusters, dipsticks, thermostats, signal lamps; dynamometers, brake testers, electrical and mechanical instruments and apparatus for control and testing for vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines); automatic alarm units, anti-theft warning devices, electronic anti-theft devices, including vehicle immobilizing units; electronic parking assistance systems; warning reflectors; fire extinguishing apparatus; electronic monitors and regulators for engines and motors; magnets; tape measures; thermometers; compasses; optical apparatus and instruments, including binoculars, magnifying glasses, spectacles, sun glasses and goggles, lenses for lamps sun-proof optical lenses; sun glasses and goggles, ophthalmic frames; warning triangles; clothing for protection against accidents, including footwear, special clothing as life saving equipment, workmen's protective face-shields, protective eye pieces and masks; automatic vending machines and mechanisms for coin operated apparatus; cash registers

Class 14: Precious metals and their alloys and goods made from these materials (included in class 14), and jewellery and precious stones, including smokers' articles, cuff-links, tie clips, coins, medals, lapel pins, rings, model vehicles and other decorative goods; horological and chronometric instruments, including clocks and watches, travel alarm clocks

Class 18: Leather and imitations of leather, and goods made of these materials (included in class 18); animal skins, hides; boxes of artificial leather, bags, baggage bags, trunks and travelling bags, handbags, sports bags, golf bags, conference folders, belts, umbrellas, pocket wallets, purses, back-packs, document cases, briefcases, card cases, cosmetic cases, suitcases, key cases, walking sticks, parasols, luggage rucksacks and knapsacks, tool kits; whips, harness and saddlery

Class 21: Articles for cleaning purposes, including cleaning utensils for vehicles, in particular sponges, car wash leather, cleaning cloths and hand operated cleaning devices; steel wool; unworked and semi-worked glass (except glass used in building), including glass and safety glass for vehicles; household or kitchen utensils and vessels/containers (not of precious metals or coated therewith), including mugs, cups, cooling bags, drinking bottles, bottle openers and trays; combs and sponges; brushes (except paint brushes); brush-making materials; glassware, porcelain ware and stoneware (included in class 21)

Class 25: Clothing (also outer clothing, leisure wear and sportswear), including belts, jackets, coats, pullovers, shawl, shirts, waistcoats, socks, scarves, ties, sweaters, T-shirts, overalls, coveralls, waterproof clothing, rain wear, trousers, sleep wear; headgear, including caps, hats; footwear, including casual shoes

Class 27: Carpets, rugs, mats and matting, linoleum, and other floor coverings, in particular for vehicles; door mats; wall hanging (non-textile)

Class 28: Games, playthings and toys, including models, scale model vehicles, plush animals, games equipment, balloons, and beach balls; decoration for Christmas trees; gymnastic and sporting articles (included in class 28) including clubs, gloves, bags and balls for golf, sports racquets, and fishing tackle

Class 35: Retail services and wholesale, in particular in respect of vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), as well as of parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid goods, and of tools and workshop equipment, and of merchandise products; advertising, organisation of promotional programs, office functions, business administration (including bookkeeping), business management and business management advisory services, statistics, in particular relating to the design, development, manufacture, sale, distribution, repair or maintenance of vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), and of parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid

Class 40: Sorting of waste and recyclable material, in particular from vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), and from parts and accessories thereof; technical consultation in the field of recycling

Class 42: Scientific and technological services and research and design relating thereto; technical consultation and preparation of expert opinions; engineering services; services in connection with research development and testing of new products; data processing, computer programming, installation, maintenance and care of computer programs, in particular in the field of technical engineering, logistics and traffic and transport telematic; information technology services; design and development of computer hardware and software; scientific research, also relating to the ocean; meteorological research; industrial analysis and research; legal services

Class 43: Hotel services; restaurant and catering services; temporary accommodation; services for providing food and drink

Class 45: Guard-duty services including alarming of ambulance, police, fire and rescue brigade; theft notification; stolen vehicle tracking; operation of data processing centers, service and alarm centers for transport and traffic, in particular the detection, checking (supervision), evaluation and processing of alarm messages, and signal, measuring, sound, image, video, position, movement, state and working hour data and (remote) control/automatic control of land vehicles, air vehicles an aircraft, locomotion systems, the load thereof as well as of engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines)

Class 1: Chemicals used in industry, in particular for use in the operation, repair, servicing and maintenance of vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), including brake fluids, antifreeze, defrosting agents, rubber and plastic cements, plastics, adhesives, water-repellent and spot-repellent agents (finishers), impregnation agents, coolants for vehicle engines, coolants (anti-boil preparations for engines) chemicals used in science and photography, agriculture, horticulture and forestry; unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics; fertilizers; fire extinguishing agents; tempering and soldering preparations; chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs; tanning substances; adhesives used in industry; solvents

Class 2: Paints, varnishes, and lacquers, also in spray or pen form; oil-based putty; rust-preventive agents; surface coverings (paints) and preservatives, metal and paint conservation agents; preservatives against deterioration of wood; colorants, dyes; pickling agents, including metal pickling agents; raw natural resins; metals in foil or powder form for painters, decorators, printers and artists

Class 3: Bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use; cleaning, care, preservation, polishing, scouring and abrasive agents, in particular for vehicles, engines and machines (including drive units and construction machines), including detergents, windscreen washer fluids, liquid wax, cleaning sprays, auto shampoos, spray preservatives for leather, interior cleaning agents, engine cleaning agents, and cleaning agents and polishes for alloy or aluminium wheels; soaps; perfumes, essential oils, cosmetics, hair lotions, including toilet waters, non-medicated hygiene preparations, shaving and after-shave preparations, oils, creams and lotions for the skin; toothpastes

Class 4: Industrial oils and greases, including anti-rust oils, penetrating oils (which also serve as lubricants) and hydraulic oils; oils for hydraulic systems; lubricants, including lock lubricants; lubricating oils; fuels (including petrol); solid, liquid and gaseous fuels; illuminants; candles, wicks

Class 6: Common metals and their alloys; metal building materials; transportable buildings of metal; materials of metal for railway tracks; non-electrical wires, cables and cable terminals, and speedometer cables of common metals; iron fittings, small items of metal hardware and items made of common metals in this class in the form of locks, latches, metallic tubes, metal hoses, metal valves for pipes, pipes, pipe connections, screws, bolts, nuts, rivets, lock washers, spring washers, flat washers, chains (except drive chains for vehicles), plugs, shims, spacer rings, bushings, clamps and clips, woodruff keys, threaded joints, spring bolts, shackles, ball joints, hinges, brackets, tanks for liquids, tank accessories, nipples, fuel cans, ladders, handles, metallic signs, wire baskets, metal wires, badges for vehicles, fasteners, tow ropes of metal, canisters, badges, keys, key blanks, vehicle registration plates, money clips, non-luminous signs, boxes, metallic luggage labels, ornaments, safes, venetian blinds for outdoor use; ores; protective netting (made of metal) for vehicles, namely pet screens and storage screens; stone screens (for lamps)

Class 7: Motors and engines (except for land vehicles), including marine engines, aircraft engines, engines for industrial, agricultural and forestry machines, stationary combustion engines, turbines, electric motors; electrical generators and alternators; high-frequency generators; air cleaners (air filters) for engines and anti-pollution devices for motors and engines; carburettors, converters for liquid fuels, injectors, injection pumps, fuel pumps, speed governors, injection nozzles and nozzle holders, machine valves, vaporizers, starters, ignition systems, ignition coils, glow plugs, spark plugs, spark plug connectors, magnetos, silencers and spark arresters for combustion engines; fuel filters, oil filters, air filters; roller bearings, slide bearings, axles for machines, shaft seals for machines, gearwheels, drive wheels, transfer gears, pulleys, drive chains and belts not for vehicles, springs (machine parts), pumps (machines), pumps (parts of machines, electrical motors and engines), regulators (machine parts), relief valves (machine parts), controls, fans for engines and electric motors and fan belts for engines and electric motors, all for engine cooling radiators; radiator cooling fans, radiators, starters, fuel feed mechanism, oil cooler, brakes, caps for radiators, hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic reservoirs, hydraulic filters, hydraulic motors, hydraulic pipes, hydraulic valves, servo units for hydraulic transmission, all for machines and engines; machine coupling and transmission components (except for land vehicles), including power transmissions, gearboxes/transmissions not for vehicles, reverse gears not for vehicles, reduction gears not for vehicles, gearbox controllers not for vehicles, traction control systems, vehicle dynamics control systems, shaft connections not for vehicles, clutches not for vehicles, exhausts, clutch and transmission belts for machines; power take-off units for vehicle engines, for use as prime movers; inboard/outboard drive units and sailing boat drive units for inboard engines; hydraulic pumps and motors and components thereof, bushings and bearings (machine parts); pneumatic valves (machine parts), power steering systems, control valves (machine parts), brake valves (machine parts); exhaust-gas turbochargers; compressors (machine parts), pneumatic brakes, compressed air reservoirs, compressed air cylinders and compressed air motors, bilge pumps (machines); metal and plastics processing machines; machines for the chemical industry, for agriculture, mining, incubators for eggs; agricultural implements (not hand operated); construction machines; machines for the automobile industry; machine tools and tools (machine parts) electric power tools and their plug-in tools included in this class; electric can openers; hydraulic lift jacks, body and frame aligners; packing and labelling machines, conveyors, conveyor belts; loading and handling machines for pressing plants and foundries and machines for the tooling of blanks; loaders, dumper bodies, excavators, diggers, road graders and parts, including components and equipment for such products included in this class; hydraulic lifting apparatus, cranes and lift cranes, winches; machine parts, namely buckets, grapples and fork-type implements; wood working machines, including delimbing, slashing, and debarking equipment; teeth and cutting edges for machines; car vacuum cleaners; car wash facilities; electrical fans for engines and electric motors; starting devices for combustion engines for indoor use, hydraulic cylinders and motors, engine radiators, silencers, parts, fittings and accessories for the abovementioned goods and for motorized land vehicles, not included in other classes; starter motors, exhausts, exhaust cowls, axles, shafts and couplings, machine coupling and transmission components, compressed-air cylinders fans, fan belts, bearings, mechanical controls

Class 9: Scientific, nautical, photographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, control (monitoring), life-saving and teaching apparatus; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; electric and electronic apparatus and instruments, namely electric batteries, charging devices, battery testers, electric fittings, electric accumulators, electric compasses, electric relays, electrical commutators, electric condensers, electric wiring harnesses, capacitors, electrical fuses, relays, electronic time relays, switches, fuses, electrical contacts, electric cables, electric fuses; electric fuse boxes, electrical sensors, electrical sockets, electrical cigarette lighters, printed electrical circuits, integrated circuits; leads for electric, electronic and optical signals; cable connections, cable drums; transformers; electronic headlamp beam adjustment; sensors, detectors, switching devices/switch boxes, solar cells and solar generators; analysers for motor vehicles, especially for exhaust gas analysis, soot particle analysis, brake function analysis, diagnostic instruments and equipment for simulations, engine testers and workshop test devices; high-frequency generators, power supply devices, electric filters for vehicles, engines and machines, semiconductor components, optoelectronic components; testing apparatus; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of data, sound or images and data processing equipment and computers, including radio apparatus, video screens, tape players, loudspeakers, amplifiers, telecommunication equipment, car-phone installations, compact disc players, telematic terminals, warning signal terminals, navigation and radar terminals, traffic control systems, transport supervision systems, tracking devices, toll terminals for electronic toll detection in traffic, black boxes (accident data monitoring and recording device), on-board computers and trip computers, calculators and pocket calculators; magnetic data carriers; computer software; computer hardware; video games, recorded and non-recorded data carriers and recording media of all kinds, including compact discs, tape cassettes; storage boxes for recording media, included in this class; highway emergency warning equipment, namely warning lamps, torches/flashlights, distress-signal rocket; interference suppressors, aerials/antennas; gauges, measuring instruments and apparatus, including for fuel, oil pressure, tyre pressure, compressed air, temperatures, amperage, speed and engine revolutions; tachographs, odometers, speedometers; voltage regulators, voltmeters; time recorders, rudder indicators, instrument panels and clusters, dipsticks, thermostats, signal lamps; dynamometers, brake testers, electrical and mechanical instruments and apparatus for control and testing for vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines); automatic alarm units, anti-theft warning devices, electronic anti-theft devices, including vehicle immobilizing units; electronic parking assistance systems; warning reflectors; fire extinguishing apparatus; electronic monitors and regulators for engines and motors; magnets; tape measures; thermometers; compasses; optical apparatus and instruments, including binoculars, magnifying glasses, spectacles, protective goggles, lenses for lamps, sun-protective optical lenses; sun glasses and protective sunglasses, ophthalmic frames; warning triangles; protective clothing, including footwear, special clothing such as life-saving equipment, workmen's protective face-shields, protective eye pieces and masks for hazardous work; automatic vending machines and mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; cash registers, warning triangles for vehicles, jump-start cables for engines, warning lamps, lambda probes for combustion engines, electronic control devices for production technology and servo drives, programmable controllers; parking assistance systems, wiring for electrical connections; mobile phone installation equipment; electrically-operated window mechanisms for all vehicles (electrical opening or closing mechanisms for vehicles)

Class 11: Lighting apparatus and installations (also for vehicles), including headlamps, lamp assemblies, lanterns, bulbs, lamp fittings, flashlights, electrical torches, reading lights; anti-dazzle devices, reflectors; installations and apparatus for air filtering and air conditioning, ventilation, cooling or heating, including electric and non-electric radiators, ventilators, fans, metallic valves for pipes, parts for the aforementioned items; apparatus for steam generating, cooking, drying, water supply or sanitary purposes; electrical fans (air conditioning), lighters; vehicle radiators, radiator caps, radiators grilles, covers for auxiliary lamps

Class 12: Vehicles, including cars, vans, sport-utility vehicles (including golf carts), buses, trucks, tractor units/prime movers, on and off road vehicles/dump trucks and parts, including components, and accessories to these items which do not pertain to other classes, including vehicle chassis, vehicle bodies, brakes, brake callipers, draw bars, bumpers, clutches, vehicle engines, electric motors for vehicles, turbines, combustion engines, spark eliminators, power take-offs, gearboxes/transmissions for vehicles, transmission shafts for vehicles, differentials, drive gears, drive shafts, gear change selectors, manual and power steering apparatus, power steering systems, hydraulic steering systems, as well as component parts of these items, compressed-air reservoirs, and pneumatic motors, anti-pollution devices, air pumps, anti-dazzle devices, anti-theft devices and alarms for vehicles, vehicle immobilizers; trailer hitches, springs, shock absorbers, height regulators, wheels, wheel bearings, wheel trims, balance weights for wheels, engine mountings, tanks and fuel tanks, engine noise shields, protective covers, front grills, fluid reservoirs, wind deflectors, direction indicators, hatches, upholstery for all vehicles, handles for doors, hoods, horns for all vehicles, hubs for land vehicles, hub caps, hydraulic circuits, tyres for land vehicles, non-skid devices for tyres, mud flaps, brakes, power brakes and pneumatic brakes, anti-lock brake systems, brake pads and brake linings, bumpers, mudguards (body parts), mudguards; cabs for all vehicles, cab tilt mechanisms for all vehicles, reversing signals, headrests for seats in all vehicles, armrests, doors for all vehicles, seats for all vehicles, safety seats for all vehicles, personal safety restraint seats with attachments for all vehicles, child safety seats for all vehicles, tables tailored for seats in all vehicles, seat covers for all vehicles, headrest covers for all vehicles, seat belts for all vehicles, devices for collision protection, sliding roofs, sun roofs, vehicle steering columns, steering wheels for all vehicles, steering linkages, stabiliser bars, suspensions, suspension lowering outfits, torsion bars, tow bars, windows for all vehicles, power windows for all vehicles, windscreens (also of safety glass), accelerator pedals; windscreen and headlight wipers, wiper blades, vehicle window blinds, driving mirrors, mirrors (rearward vision), tank caps for all vehicles, luggage restraints for vehicles, luggage nets, luggage carriers, wheel carriers, bicycle carriers, surfboard carriers, boat carriers, mudflaps, snow chains, roof racks and ski racks, stowage boxes, safety deposit boxes, stowage compartments specially designed for all vehicles; trim panels, spoilers, side and rear skirts, safety cushions, airbags (safety devices for all vehicles), holders for mirrors, sun shades, passenger safety systems for installation in motor vehicles in the form of belt tensioners, airbags and inflatable curtains (safety devices for all vehicles); tyres, pneumatic tyres; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; baby carriages, wheelchairs for invalids; bicycles; rudders, propellers, trimming vanes, steering units for boats, steering wheels and fittings for boats as well as component parts of these items in this class; apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water

Class 14: Precious metals and their alloys and goods made from these materials (included in this class), and jewellery and precious stones, bracelets, tie clips, coins, medals, lapel pins, rings, chronometric instruments including clocks and wristwatches, travel alarm clocks; key fobs, key rings, key ring pendants and pins

Class 16: Paper, cardboard and goods made from these materials (included in this class), including paper cubes and notes-blocks; printed matter, including books, instruction manuals, (computer hardware/computer software) manuals, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, calendars, posters, stickers, banners and pennants of paper, country and road maps, spare parts lists, maintenance manuals, advertising materials, printed publications relating to automotive subjects; bookbinding materials; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists' materials, paintbrushes; photographs; stationery, including pens and pencils; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture), including pen stands, letter holders, storage boxes for recording media (included in this class) and paper knives; instructional and teaching material (except apparatus); plastic materials for packaging (included in this class), including plastic carrier bags; printers' type; printing blocks; conference folders

Class 18: Leather and imitations of leather, and goods made of these materials (included in this class); animal skins, hides; boxes of artificial leather, bags, luggage, trunks and travelling bags, handbags, sports bags, umbrellas, wallets, purses, back-packs, document cases, briefcases, card cases, cosmetic cases, sold empty, key cases, walking sticks, parasols, tool kits of leather (empty); whips, harness and saddlery

Class 25: Clothing (also outer clothing, leisurewear and sportswear), including belts, jackets, coats, pullovers, shawls, shirts, waistcoats, socks, scarves, ties, sweaters, t-shirts, overalls, coveralls, waterproof clothing, rainwear, trousers, nightwear; headgear, including caps, hats; footwear, including casual shoes

Class 28: Games and toys, including models, scale model vehicles, cuddly toys, games equipment, balloons and beach balls; decoration for christmas trees; gymnastic and sporting articles (included in this class), including fishing tackle and clubs, gloves, bags and balls for golf, sports racquets, playing cards and model cars

Class 35: Retail services and wholesale in respect of vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), as well as of parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid products, and of tools and workshop equipment as well as of merchandise products: namely clothes, headwear, shoes, toys and games, glassware, sports goods, bags, umbrellas and scale model vehicles; advertising, organisation of promotional programs, office functions, business administration (including bookkeeping), business management and business management advisory services, statistical information and the production of statistics, in particular relating to the design, development, manufacture, sale, distribution or maintenance of vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), and of parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid; logistic services

Class 36: Real-estate affairs; real-estate operations monetary and financial affairs, including credit card services; insurance operations, warranties in connection with the sale of vehicles, engines and machines, financing services (including hire purchase and lease purchase financing services and leasing), in particular relating to vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction, transport, agricultural and forestry machines), and parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid, and tools and workshop equipment

Class 37: Building construction; installation services; services for installation, service, repair, inspection, restoration, maintenance, reconditioning, diagnostic tuning, cleaning, painting, polishing and preservation services in relation to vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction, agricultural and forestry machines), electrical/pneumatic hand tools, workshop appliances and devices, or parts, fittings and accessories (including telecommunication equipment) for the aforesaid; emergency roadside repairs; rental of construction equipment, namely engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), and repair tools and workshop equipment; technical service, looking after and overhauling of motor vehicles in motor-sport events

Class 38: Telematic services in the field of transport and traffic, relating to the checking (monitoring), positioning and (remote) control/automatic control of land vehicles, air vehicles, watercraft and locomotion systems, their loads and engines/motors and machines (including drive units and transport machines), and also relating to the location of persons and vehicles in the case of accident, breakdown, raid or theft

Class 39: Transport, including transport of people; salvaging, transportation, warehousing and other rescue services and operations in an emergency; packaging, warehousing and distribution of goods; rental of vehicles, consultation in the field of traffic and transport; vehicle fleet management, fleet control; traffic information and control services; route guidance services; travel arrangement and tourist information services; garage booking services

Class 41: Education and training services; organisation of exhibitions for educational purposes; entertainment; arrangement of competitions; implementation of sporting and cultural activities and events services in connection with the organisation and implementation of sports, recreational and entertainment competitions and functions; organisation of sports facilities and sports camps; museum services; rental of sports equipment (except vehicles)

Class 12: Motor vehicles and parts and components therefore

Class 35: Promoting the sale of goods and services of others through distribution of printed and audio/visual materials in the field of motor vehicles and by rendering sales promotion advice; advertising and promotional services in the field of motor vehicles

Class 12: Vehicles, including cars, vans, sport-utility vehicles (including golf carts), buses, trucks, tractor units/prime movers, on and off road vehicles/dump trucks and parts, including components, and accessories to these items which do not pertain to other classes, including vehicle chassis, vehicle bodies, braking installations, brake calipers, draw bars, bumper bars, clutches, engines, electric engines, motors, electric motors, turbines, combustion engines, starting devices for internal combustion engines, hydraulic cylinders and motors, silencers/mufflers, spark eliminators, power transmissions, gearboxes/transmissions, transmission shafts, differential gears, drive gears, drive shafts, gear change selectors, exhaust cowls, axles, shafts and couplings, machine coupling and transmission components, manual and power steering apparatus, power steering systems, hydraulic steering systems, as well as component parts of these items, compressed air reservoirs, compressed air cylinders and anti-pollution devices, air pumps, anti-dazzle devices, anti-theft devices and alarms, vehicle immobilizing units, trailer hitches, power take-offs, springs, shock absorbers, wheels, wheel bearings, wheel trims, balance weights for wheels, engine mountings, tanks and fuel tanks, engine noise shields, protective covers, radiators grilles, front grills, fluid reservoirs, deflectors, direction indicators, hatches, upholstery, handles for doors, hoods, horns, hubs, hub caps, hydraulic circuits, tyres, non-skid devices for tyres, mud flaps, brakes, servo brakes and compressed-air brakes, antilock brake systems, brake pads and brake linings, bumpers, mudguards/fenders, cabs, cab tilt mechanisms, reversing alarms, mechanical controls, head rests for seats, arm rests, doors, seats, safety-seats, personal safety restraints seats, safety seats for children, tables for seats, seat covers, headrest covers, seat belts, devices for collision protection, parking assistance systems, sliding roofs, sun roofs, vehicle steering columns, steering wheels, steering linkages, stabiliser bars, suspensions, suspension lowering outfits, torsion bars, tow bars, windows, window winding mechanisms, power windows, windscreens/windshields (also of safety glass), windscreen/windshield and headlight wipers, defrosting systems for windscreens, wiper blades, vehicle window blinds, driving mirrors, mirrors (retrovisors), tank caps, cover caps for extra headlights, starter cables, warning lamps, luggage restraints for vehicles, luggage nets, luggage carriers, wheel carriers, bicycle carriers, surfboard carriers, boat carriers, mud-guards, snow chains, pet screens, stone screens, storage screens, roof racks and ski racks, stowage boxes, deposit boxes, stowage compartments, trim panels, spoilers, side and rear skirts, safety cushions, air bags, breakdown cases, holders for mirrors, sun shades, mobile telephone mounting equipment; restraining systems for installation in motor vehicles, namely belt tensioners, airbags and sensors; tires, pneumatic tires; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; baby carriages, wheeled chairs for invalids; bicycles; rudders, propellers, trimming vanes, steerage units, steering wheels and fittings for boats as well as component parts water; electric lighters for automobiles; starter motors for land vehicles.

Class 7: Motors and engines (except for land vehicles), including marine engines, aircraft engines, engines for industrial, agricultural and forestry machines, stationary combustion engines, turbines, electric motors; electric generators and alternators; high-frequency generators; air cleaners (air filters) for engines and anti-pollution devices for motors and engines; carburettors, converters for liquid fuels, injectors, injection pumps, fuel pumps, speed governors, injection nozzles and nozzle holders, machine valves, vaporizers, starters, ignition systems, ignition coils, glow plugs, spark plugs, spark plug connectors, lambda probes, magnetos, silencers/mufflers and spark arresters for combustion engines; fuel filters, oil filters, air filters; rolling bearings, plain bearings, shafts, shaft seals, gearwheels, drive wheels, speed change gear, pulleys, drive chains and belts, springs, filters, pumps, regulators, relief valves, controls, fans and fan belts, all for engine cooling radiators; cooling fans, cooling radiators, starters, fuel feed apparatus, oil cooling apparatus, brakes, caps for cooling radiators, accelerators, hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic reservoirs, hydraulic filters, hydraulic motors, hydraulic pipes, hydraulic valves, boost units for hydraulic transmission, all for machines, engines and motors; machine coupling and transmission components (except for land vehicles), including power transmissions, gearboxes/transmissions, reverse gears, reduction gears, gearbox controllers, traction control systems, vehicle dynamics control systems, shaft connections, couplings and clutches, exhausts, couplings and transmission belts; power transmission take-off units for motor vehicle engines, for use as prime movers; inboard/outboard drive units and sailing boat drive units for inboard engines; hydraulic pumps and motors and components thereof, air pumps as vehicle accessories; bushes and bearings (machine parts); power steering systems, control valves (machine parts), braking valves (machine parts); exhaust-gas turbo-chargers; compressors, compressed air brakes, compressed air reservoirs, compressed air cylinders and compressed air motors, bilge pumps; metal and plastics working machines; machines for the chemical industry, for agriculture, mining, textile machines, machines for the beverage industry; incubators for eggs; agricultural implements (not hand operated); construction machines; electronic control devices for production technology and servo drives; machines for the automobile industry; machine tools and tools therefore; electric power tools and their plug-in tools; electric can openers; hydraulic lift jacks, body and frame aligners; packing and labelling machines, conveyors, conveyor belts; loading and handling machines for pressing plants and foundries and machines for the tooling of blanks; loaders, dumper bodies, excavators as well as parts, including components, and accessories to such products; hydraulic lifting apparatus, cranes, winches; bucket, grapple and fork type implements for machines; wood working machines, including delimbing, slashing and debarking equipment; teeth and cutting edges for machines; car vacuum cleaners; car wash facility; parts, fittings and accessories for the abovementioned goods and for motor land vehicles; bushings; automatic vending machines; cooling radiators, radiators, radiator caps, exhausts, compressed air motors, fans, fan belts, bearings

Class 12: Vehicles, including cars, vans, sport-utility vehicles (including golf carts), buses, trucks, tractor units/prime movers, on and off road vehicles/dump trucks and parts, including components, and accessories to these items which do not pertain to other classes, including vehicle chassis, vehicle bodies, braking installations, brake calipers, draw bars, bumper bars, clutches, engines, electric engines, motors, electric motors, turbines, combustion engines, starting devices for internal combustion engines, hydraulic cylinders and motors, silencers/mufflers, spark eliminators, power transmissions, gearboxes/transmissions, transmission shafts, differential gears, drive gears, drive shafts, gear change selectors, exhaust cowls, axles, shafts and couplings, machine coupling and transmission components, manual and power steering apparatus, power steering systems, hydraulic steering systems, as well as component parts of these items, compressed air reservoirs, compressed air cylinders and anti-pollution devices, air pumps, anti-dazzle devices, anti-theft devices and alarms, vehicle immobilizing units, trailer hitches, power take-offs, springs, shock absorbers, wheels, wheel bearings, wheel trims, balance weights for wheels, engine mountings, tanks and fuel tanks, engine noise shields, protective covers, radiators grilles, front grills, fluid reservoirs, deflectors, direction indicators, hatches, upholstery, handles for doors, hoods, horns, hubs, hub caps, hydraulic circuits, tyres, non-skid devices for tyres, mud flaps, brakes, servo brakes and compressed-air brakes, antilock brake systems, brake pads and brake linings, bumpers, mudguards/fenders, cabs, cab tilt mechanisms, reversing alarms, mechanical controls, head rests for seats, arm rests, doors, seats, safety-seats, personal safety restraints seats, safety seats for children, tables for seats, seat covers, headrest covers, seat belts, devices for collision protection, parking assistance systems, sliding roofs, sun roofs, vehicle steering columns, steering wheels, steering linkages, stabiliser bars, suspensions, suspension lowering outfits, torsion bars, tow bars, windows, window winding mechanisms, power windows, windscreens/windshields (also of safety glass), windscreen/windshield and headlight wipers, defrosting systems for windscreens, wiper blades, vehicle window blinds, driving mirrors, mirrors (retrovisors), tank caps, cover caps for extra headlights, warning lamps, luggage restraints for vehicles, luggage nets, luggage carriers, wheel carriers, bicycle carriers, surfboard carriers, boat carriers, mud-guards, snow chains, pet screens, stone screens, storage screens, roof racks and ski racks, stowage boxes, deposit boxes, stowage compartments, trim panels, spoilers, side and rear skirts, safety cushions, air bags, breakdown cases, holders for mirrors, sun shades, mobile telephone mounting equipment; restraining systems for installation in motor vehicles, namely belt tensioners, airbags and sensors; tires, pneumatic tires; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; baby carriages, wheeled chairs for invalids; bicycles; rudders, propellers, trimming vanes, steerage units, steering wheels and fittings for boats as well as component parts of these items; vehicles for locomotion by land, air or water; electrical lighters for automobiles; starter motors for land vehicles

Class 37: Building construction; installation services related to vehicles, motors and machines (including drives and contract machines); installation, service, repair, inspection, restoration, maintenance, reconditioning, diagnostic tuning, cleaning, painting, polishing and preservation services in relation to vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction, agricultural and forestry machines), power hand tools, workshop appliances and devices, or parts, fittings and accessories (including telecommunication equipment) for the aforesaid; emergency road side vehicle repair assistance; rental of tools and workshop equipment; looking after and overhauling of motor vehicles in motor-sport events; reservation of garage services for the maintenance and repair of motor vehicles; technical assistance related to motor vehicles during motorsports events

Class 2: Anti-rust oils; anti-corrosive coatings [paints]; corrosion inhibitors in the nature of a coating; coatings [paints]; coatings in the nature of paints for use on vehicles; engine paints; industrial paints for use on metal; paints and washes; lacquers; varnishes; primers; preservatives against rust in the nature of coatings; sealants [paints]; waterproof paints.

Class 4: Electrical energy; engine oils; fine oils for motors; greases for technical purposes; hardened oils [hydrogenated oils for industrial use]; industrial oils; lubricants; lubricating oils; lubricating oils and greases; lubricating oil for motor vehicle engines; motor spirits; motor oils; non-chemical additives for oils and fuels; non-chemical additives for fuels, lubricants and greases; oils for engines; penetrating oils; industrial oils being quenching oils; industrial greases.

Class 7: Anti-pollution devices for motors and engines; alternators; air compressors; air filters for engines; air filters for motors; actuating mechanisms for controlling rudders; actuating mechanisms for operating rudders; belts for engines; ball-bearings; belts for machines; bearings for transmission shafts; brakes for machines; boat engines; boat motors; bilge pumps; camshafts for vehicle engines; clutches, other than for land vehicles; clutches for machines; couplings, other than for land vehicles; couplings for machines; connecting rods for machines, motors and engines; cranes; circulating pumps; crankcases for machines, motors and engines; cooling radiators for motors and engines; catalytic converters for motors and engines; cylinders for motors and engines; control mechanisms for machines, engines or motors; control cables for machines, engines or motors; compressors as parts of machines, motors and engines; diesel engines for machines; diesel engines not for land vehicles; drive chains for machines; drive belts for motors, other than for land vehicles; drive shaft couplings, other than for land vehicles; direct current motors; DC generators; electricity generators; electric power generators for ships; electric motors for machines; emergency power generators; electric power generators for emergency use; engine bearings; electric pumps; electronic ignitions for vehicles; electric motors, not for land vehicles; engines for marine use; exhausts for motors and engines; electric drives for motors [other than for land vehicles]; electric drives for machines; electric propulsion mechanisms for water vehicles; engines and motors for the generation of electricity; electric generators; electrical engines, other than for land vehicles; electric motors, and their parts, not for land vehicles; engines for boats; fuel injection devices for internal combustion engines; fan belts for motors and engines; fuel injectors; fuel systems for internal combustion engines; fuel and air mixture regulators being parts of internal combustion engines; flexible couplings [parts of machines]; fan belts for land vehicle engines; fans being parts of machines; fuel injector parts for land and water vehicle engines; filters for cleaning cooling air, for engines; fuel filters; fuel filters for vehicle engines; filters [parts of machines or engines]; filters for motors and engines; engine fuel pumps; fuel economisers for motors and engines; gas converters; gasoline engines, not for land vehicles; gaskets for internal combustion engines; gearboxes other than for land vehicles; generating sets for use with engines; gear levers other than for land vehicles; gear transmissions, other than for land vehicles; gears for machines; generators of electricity; hydroelectric installations for generating electricity; haulage apparatus [mining]; hydraulic accumulators being parts of machines; hydraulic engines and motors; hydraulic controls for machines, motors and engines; internal combustion engines for boats; internal combustion engines for power generation, other than for land vehicles; igniting devices for internal combustion engines; ignition wires for motor vehicles; ignition wires for vehicle engines; ignition magnetos for engines; joysticks being part of machines, other than for game machines; linear motors; marine engines; mufflers for motors; mobile electric power generators; motors and engines (except for land vehicles); mufflers for motors and engines; machine coupling and transmission components, except for land vehicles, and parts therefor; mechanical seals [machine parts]; mechanical engine parts for land vehicles; motors for boats; oil filters for motors and engines; oil drain pumps; power transmission belts for industrial machines; pulleys; pulleys being parts of machines; pistons for internal combustion engines; pistons for engines; pump impellers; pump control valves; pumps for cooling engines; pumps as parts of machines, motors and engines; pressure controllers [regulators] being parts of machines; power transmission parts [other than for land vehicles]; power trains for sea craft; power transmission couplings [other than for land vehicles]; power transmissions and gearing for machines [not for land vehicles]; push rods for engines; pneumatic controls for machines, motors and engines; pneumatic pumps; radiators [cooling] for motors and engines; reduction gears other than for land vehicles; roller bearings for machines; springs being parts of machines; sparking plugs for internal combustion engines; silencers for motors and engines; starter motors; starters for engines; shafts for pumps; speed governors for machines, engines and motors; self-regulating fuel pumps; speed change gears being parts of machines; torque converters, other than for land vehicles; thrusters [marine propulsion apparatus]; transmission shafts, other than for land vehicles; transmissions for machines; valves as machine components; water pumps for use in motors and engines; economizers [fuel -].

Class 9: Apparatus and instruments for controlling electricity; apparatus and instruments for accumulating electricity; apparatus and instruments for switching electricity; apparatus and instruments for transforming electricity; apparatus and instruments for regulating electricity; apparatus and instruments for conducting electricity; adaptive cruise control device comprised of hardware, software, sensors, transmitters, receivers, and global positioning system (GPS) network used to calculate, control, monitor, and adjust vehicle speed, performance, and efficiency; apparatus and instruments for controlling and monitoring watercrafts; apparatus and instruments for controlling and monitoring unmanned vehicles; apparatus for recording, transmission, processing and reproduction of sound, images or data; access control and alarm monitoring systems; apparatus, instruments and cables for electricity; apparatus and instruments for accumulating and storing electricity; apparatus for diagnosing electrical power installations; autonomous driving control systems for vehicles; apparatus for testing vehicle transmissions; artificial intelligence and machine learning software; alarms; antennas for wireless communications apparatus; anti-intrusion alarms; anti-theft warning apparatus; anodes; battery testers; batteries; battery chargers; battery charging devices for motor vehicles; battery cables; burglar alarms; computer software for wireless content delivery; computers for autonomous driving; computer software for application and database integration; computer software for controlling self-service terminals; charging stations for electric vehicles; coaxial relays; computer network hubs; routers; connectors [electricity]; computer component testing and calibrating equipment; computer cables; cables for the transmission of sounds and images; checking [supervision] apparatus and instruments; computer software for global positioning systems (GPS); computer software; computer software for controlling the operation of audio and video devices; computer e-commerce software to allow users to perform electronic business transactions via a global computer network; computer hardware and software sold as a unit that enables user to receive and display vehicle position and movement tracking data, vehicle telematics and engine monitoring data, data relating to vehicle speed, asset tracking, driver performance, and service reminders; computer software for controlling and managing access server applications; computer software for communicating with users of hand-held computers; computer software for processing digital images; computer hardware for telecommunications; computer programs for use in autonomous control of vehicles; computer programs for use in the autonomous navigation of vehicles; cathodic anti-corrosion apparatus; computer applications for automotive electronic control; computer programs to operate vehicles; computers for autonomous-driving vehicles; electronic cruise control apparatus; charging appliances for rechargeable equipment; computer application software for use in implementing the Internet of things [IoT]; computer hardware modules for use in electronic devices using the Internet of things [IoT]; computer monitors; data processing equipment; detectors; directional compasses; dynamometers; downloadable electronic maps; downloadable software applications; distance measuring apparatus; diagnostic apparatus, not for medical purposes; electric batteries; electric relays; electric couplings; electrical switches; electric current control devices; electronic motion sensitive switches; electronic databases recorded on computer media; electronic navigational and positioning apparatus and instruments; electronic publications; electronic publications, downloadable; electrical controlling devices; electronic control for adjusting the trim of a surface drive on a marine vessel and for adjusting the trim tabs of a marine vessel; electronic cruise control apparatus; electronic driver display systems for vehicles; electric contacts; electrical sockets; electric cables and wires; electric charging cables; electrical relays; electric control devices for energy management; electronic control sensors for motors; electronic control systems for machines; electroluminescent display panels; electric power supply units; electronic keys for vehicles; electronic power controllers; electronic devices for eliminating corrosion in marine sterndrives; electrical fuses; emergency signal transmitters; fuel cells; fuel consumption measuring apparatus; gauges; GPS receivers; GPS navigation devices; global positioning system (GPS) apparatus; global positioning system (GPS) consisting of computers, computer software, transmitters, receivers, and network interface devices; graphical user interface software; GPS tracking and location devices; ignition batteries; interfaces for computers; life vests; light switches; level gauges; lasers for non-medical purposes; lighting control software for use in commercial and industrial facilities; lighting control apparatus; logs [measuring instruments]; mains chargers; magnetic compasses; marine compasses; marine autopilots; network access server operating software; network routers; oil level sensors; power switches; power controllers; position sensors; proximity sensors; power cables; power distribution or control machines and apparatus; pressure sensors; pressure controllers [gauges]; radio receivers and transmitters; radio-frequency controlled locks; remote controls; rudder position indicators; rudder installations, namely rudder position transmitters and rudder position indicators; remote controls for operating vehicle alarms; radar apparatus; rechargeable electric batteries; rechargers for electric accumulators; radar detectors; radar receivers with amplifiers; remote control apparatus; recorded and downloadable navigation software, namely, software for displaying maps and driving directions; scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signaling, checking [supervision], lifesaving and teaching apparatus and instruments; steering apparatus, automatic, for vehicles; speed indicators; switchboxes [electricity]; generators (signal -); signal processors; sensors for determining position; sensors for determining temperature; sensors for determining acceleration; sensors for Internet of things [IoT] enabled devices; software for diagnostics and troubleshooting; simulation apparatus; simulation software; software for GPS navigation systems; software for satellite navigation systems; software for processing images, graphics and text; sonars; telecommunications equipment; transmitting and receiving apparatus for long-distance transmission; telecommunications equipment, namely, fiber-optic transceivers, fiber optic repeaters, converters and optimizers, wave division multiplexers, free-space optics transmission systems, switches including Ethernet switches and routers, fiber-to-the-home and Ethernet-over-VDSL access aggregators, terminators and repeaters, and remote presence management products, namely, switches, and console, alarm, sensor and power management devices; transmitters of electronic signals; telecommunications cables; thermostats; thermostats for vehicles; terminals for batteries; touchscreen monitors; touchscreen sensors; utility programs for performing computer system diagnostics; ultrasonic object detectors for use on vehicles; voltage regulators; voltage regulators for vehicles; vehicle mounted GPS sensor for determining the rate of motion for a vehicle; vehicle tracking devices comprised of cellular radio modules, computer software and computer hardware, sensors, transmitters, receivers and global positioning satellite receivers, all for use in connection with vehicle tracking, vehicle monitoring and anti-theft vehicle alarms; vehicle tracking apparatus; vehicle control software; vehicle speed control apparatus and instruments; vehicle automatic driving control devices; voltmeters; wire connectors [electricity]; wireless controllers to remotely monitor and control the function and status of security systems; wireless controllers to remotely monitor and control the function and status of other electrical, electronic, and mechanical devices or systems; wireless routers; wireless adapters for computers; wireless computer peripherals; measuring and control devices for air conditioning technology; navigation software; electronic control devices for production technology and servo drives and programmable controllers [parts of machines/motors]; electronic controls for motors; electronic servo motor controllers.

Class 11: Air purifying apparatus and machines; air filtering installations; air filters for industrial use; aeolian ventilators; air filters for industrial installations; compressed air ventilators; electro ventilators; air filters for industrial installations; filters for water purifiers; hydrogen generators; heating apparatus for vehicles; heating installations; refrigerating and freezing equipment; refrigerating apparatus and machines; regulating accessories for water or gas apparatus and pipes; radiator valves [thermostatic]; thermostatic valves [parts of heating installations]; ventilators for vehicles; ventilation apparatus; ventilating fans for use in vehicles; ventilating fans for industrial purposes; water filters; water control valves; water purification and filtration apparatus.

Class 12: Apparatus for locomotion by land or water; autonomous land vehicles; autonomous vehicles; anti-theft devices for vehicles; boat rudders; ship propellers; screw-propellers for boats; propellers for boats; boats; couplings for land vehicles; clutches for land vehicles; clutch linings for land vehicles; disengaging gear for boats; driving motors for land vehicles; driverless transporter vehicles; dump trucks; diesel motors for land vehicles; engines for land vehicles; electrically powered motor vehicles; electric drives for vehicles; electric steering gears [for vessels]; fuel cell electric cars; ferry boats; gearboxes for land vehicles; hybrid vehicles; hydrogen fueled cars; hydraulic torque converters for land vehicles; hydraulic circuits for vehicles; land vehicles; motors for land vehicles; off-road vehicles; power clutches for land vehicles; propeller shafts for boats; power take-off shafts for land vehicles; propulsion mechanisms for land vehicles; powertrains, including engines and motors, for land vehicles; remote control vehicles, other than toys; steering gears for ships; steering wheels for vehicles; steering gears and rudders [for vessels]; tractors; trimming vanes in the nature of trim tabs for boats; thrusters for vehicles; vehicle joysticks; vehicle propellers; yachts.

Class 16: Catalogues; filter paper; handbooks [manuals]; instructional and teaching materials; instruction books in the fields of vehicles, engines and motors and machines; plastic bags for packaging; paperboard boxes [for industrial packaging]; packaging boxes of paper; printed paper signs; packaging materials; wrapping paper; blank paper notebooks; paper envelopes for packaging; printed matter; photographs [printed]; paintbrushes; plastic materials for packaging; stationery.

Class 35: Advertising; administrative processing of warranty claims; business management; business administration services; business statistical information services; computerized online retail store services relating to engines/motors and machines (including drive units), as well as of parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid goods; compilation of statistics [for business or commercial purposes]; collection, systematization, compilation and analysis of business data, statistics, information and indexes of information for commercial or advertising purposes; commercial management; customer relationship management; database management; advisory services for business management; organisation of customer loyalty programs for commercial, promotional or advertising purposes; obtaining business statistics [for others]; providing information concerning commercial sales; providing consumer information relating to goods and services; processing warranty registration documents for others; retail services in relation to vehicles; retail services and wholesale in respect of engines/motors and machines (including drive units), as well as of parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid goods; retail services in relation to construction equipment; sales promotion services; compilation of environmental information; maintenance of data bases.

Class 37: Advisory services relating to the installation of generators; anti-rust treatment for vehicles; battery charging service for motor vehicles; charging of electric vehicles; shipbuilding; maintenance and repair of watercraft, yachts, boats and water vehicles; custom construction of ships; electric appliance installation and repair; emergency vehicle repair services; fueling of hydrogen gas for vehicles; fire alarm installation and repair; HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) installation, maintenance and repair; information and consultancy services relating to vehicle repair; inspection of vehicles prior to maintenance; installation, maintenance and repair of computer hardware for telecommunications systems; installation of electricity generators; installation, repair and maintenance of condensing apparatus, steam condensers, radiators for motors and engines, air reheaters, boiler tubes; inspection of vehicles prior to repair; installation, maintenance and repair of computer network and information technology equipment; installation of energy-saving apparatus; interference suppression services for electrical apparatus; installation of theft prevention devices; installation of electric light and power systems; installation, maintenance and repair of computer hardware; installation, maintenance and repair of catalytic converters; marine construction; maintenance and repair of ships; maintenance and repair of energy generating installations; maintenance, servicing, tuning and repair of motors; maintenance and repair of electricity generators; maintenance and repair of parts and fittings for boats; maintenance of parts and fittings for commercial motor land vehicles; machinery installation, maintenance and repair; natural gas refuelling service for motor vehicles; providing information relating to the repair or maintenance of power generators; polishing (cleaning); repair or maintenance of power generators; repair or maintenance of telecommunication machines and apparatus; repair or maintenance of vessels; repair or maintenance of electric motors; rental of tools, plant and equipment for construction, demolition, cleaning and maintenance; rental and leasing of tools and equipment for repair and maintenance of vehicles, engines, motors and machines; rebuilding engines that have been worn or partially destroyed; rental of machines, tools and apparatus for building construction; reconditioning of vehicle engines; reconditioning of industrial machinery; reconditioning machines, motors and engines that have been worn or partially destroyed; repair of power generating apparatus and installations; repair and maintenance of electric vehicles; repair or maintenance of power distribution or control machines and apparatus; repair of electrical equipment and electrotechnical installations; repair of energy supply installations; repair of filters for machines, motors or engines; repair or maintenance of measuring machines and instruments; technical support services, namely, technical advice related to the installation of generators, marine engines and motors; tuning of engines; vehicle battery charging; vehicle cleaning; vehicle fueling services; vehicle maintenance; vehicle repair services.

Class 38: Advisory and consultancy services relating to wireless communications and wireless communications equipment; computer-aided transmission of messages and images; communication by radio; communication via computer terminals, by digital transmission or by satellite; communications via multinational telecommunication networks; electronic transmission of data and documents via computer terminals and electronic devices; electronic transmission and streaming of digital media content for others via global and local computer networks; electronic transmission of messages and data; electronic exchange of data stored in databases accessible via telecommunication networks; internet communication; information transmission via electronic communications networks; interactive delivery of video over digital networks; maritime radio-telephone network services; network transmission of sounds, images, signals and data; providing access to telecommunication networks; provision of access to an electronic marketplace [portal] on computer networks; providing email notification alerts via the internet; paging services; providing voice communication services over the Internet; rental of access time to global computer networks; telematics services; telephone communication services provided for hotlines and call centers; transmission of information through video communication systems; transmission of information by electronic communications networks; transmission, reception and processing of coded and emergency signals; telecommunication access services; transmission of messages; wireless communication services; wireless broadband communication services.

Class 39: Distribution of energy; storage of electricity; distribution and transmission of electricity; electricity distribution; electricity supply services; GPS navigation services; marine transport; management of vehicular traffic flow through advanced communications network and technology; navigation services; navigation (positioning, and route and course plotting); public utility services in the nature of electricity distribution; providing transport and travel information via mobile telecommunications apparatus and devices; providing information about travel, via the Internet; route planning [navigation services]; storage of watercraft, yachts, boats and water vehicles; transportation logistics; transportation information; travel information; traffic information services.

Class 40: Air and water conditioning and purification; custom assembling of materials for others; custom assembling of electronic components for communication devices; custom construction of machines; custom manufacture of boats; custom construction of power generators and engines; custom building of motor vehicles; custom manufacturing services for others in the field of propulsion systems for motors and engines; custom manufacturing of propulsion systems for thruster units for others; consultancy services relating to the generation of electrical power; generating of electricity; generation of power; production of hydroelectric power; rental of electric power generators; rental of power-generating equipment; rental of equipment for the treatment and transformation of materials, for energy production and for custom manufacturing.

Class 42: Advisory services relating to computer software; computer programming for data processing and communication systems; computer programming consultancy; computer programming; consultancy in the field of energy-saving; computer software consulting; computer software design; consultancy relating to technological services in the field of power and energy supply; creation, maintenance and adaptation of software; creation of control programs for electric operation control and drive modules; customized design of computer software; creating of computer programs; computer software design and updating; computer software installation and maintenance; computer-aided design services; cloud hosting provider services; development of energy and power management systems; design and development of computer software for logistics, supply chain management and e-business portals; design and development of computer hardware and software; development, updating and maintenance of software and database systems; design services; design services in the field of naval shipbuilding; design and development of wireless data transmission apparatus, instruments and equipment; design of engineering products; design and development of navigation systems; design and development of energy management software; design of mechanical and micromechanical components; design and development of software in the field of mobile applications; electronic data storage; electronic monitoring of power generators, industrial engines and engines for off-road vehicles using computers or sensors, and preparation of technical reports relating thereto; electronic storage of data and information relating to the monitoring of marine engines and motors using computers or sensors; engineering design services; industrial analysis and research services; marine engineering [design and development of watercraft propulsion, on-board systems and oceanographic technology]; maintenance of software for Internet access; monitoring of computer systems to detect breakdowns; monitoring of computer systems for detecting unauthorized access or data breach; machine condition monitoring; meteorological information; professional consultancy relating to marine technology; providing meteorological information; providing information about industrial analysis and research services; providing information in the field of product design; providing technological information about environmentally-conscious and green innovations; product testing; product safety testing; programming of energy management software; provision of technological consultancy in the field of the shipping industry; quality testing of products for certification purposes; research in engine construction; software as a service [SaaS]; software authoring; technical consulting in the field of environmental engineering; technical consultancy services relating to marine engineering; testing of apparatus in the field of electrical engineering; technical testing services; updating of computer software; vehicle engine design services; installation, maintenance and repair of software for computer systems; computer services concerning electronic data storage.

Class 7: Construction machines including excavators, wheeled excavators, crawler excavators, compact excavators, loaders, dumping machines, wheel loaders, compact wheel loaders, motor graders, backhoe loaders and structural parts of all the aforementioned goods; motors and engines (except for land vehicles) including marine engines, engines for industrial, agricultural and forestry machines, stationary combustion engines, turbines, electric motors as well as structural components for all such engines; generators, including, generators of electricity, electric generators and alternators, high-frequency generators, power generators for vehicles and solar-powered electricity generators; parts, fittings and accessories to all the aforementioned goods.

Class 12: Vehicles, including cars, vans, sport-utility vehicles (including golf carts), buses, trucks, tractor units/prime movers, on and off road vehicles, dump trucks and parts, including components, and accessories to these items which do not pertain to other classes.

Class 4: Electrical energy; engine oils; fine oils for motors; greases for technical purposes; hardened oils [hydrogenated oils for industrial use]; industrial oils; lubricants; lubricating oils and greases; lubricating oil for motor vehicle engines; motor spirits; motor oils; non-chemical additives for oils and fuels; non-chemical additives for fuels, lubricants and greases; oils for engines; penetrating oils; industrial oils being quenching oils; industrial greases.

Class 7: Anti-pollution devices for motors and engines; alternators; air compressors; air filters for engines; air filters for motors; actuating mechanisms for controlling rudders; actuating mechanisms for operating rudders; belts for engines; ball-bearings; belts for machines; bearings for transmission shafts; brakes for machines; boat engines; boat motors; bilge pumps; camshafts for vehicle engines; clutches, other than for land vehicles; clutches for machines; couplings, other than for land vehicles; couplings for machines; connecting rods for machines, motors and engines; cranes; circulating pumps; crankcases for machines, motors and engines; cooling radiators for motors and engines; catalytic converters for motors and engines; cylinders for motors and engines; control mechanisms for machines, engines or motors; control cables for machines, engines or motors; compressors as parts of machines, motors and engines; diesel engines for machines; diesel engines not for land vehicles; drive chains for machines; drive belts for motors, other than for land vehicles; drive shaft couplings, other than for land vehicles; direct current motors; DC generators; electricity generators; electric power generators for ships; electric motors for machines; emergency power generators; electric power generators for emergency use; engine bearings; electric pumps; electronic ignitions for vehicles; electric motors, not for land vehicles; engines for marine use; exhausts for motors and engines; electric drives for motors [other than for land vehicles]; electric drives for machines; electric propulsion mechanisms for water vehicles; engines and motors for the generation of electricity; electric generators; electrical engines, other than for land vehicles; electric motors, and their parts, not for land vehicles; engines for boats; fuel injection devices for internal combustion engines; fan belts for motors and engines; fuel injectors; fuel systems for internal combustion engines; fuel and air mixture regulators being parts of internal combustion engines; flexible couplings [parts of machines]; fan belts for land vehicle engines; fans being parts of machines; fuel injector parts for land and water vehicle engines; filters for cleaning cooling air, for engines; fuel filters; fuel filters for vehicle engines; filters [parts of machines or engines]; filters for motors and engines; engine fuel pumps; fuel economisers for motors and engines; gas converters; gasoline engines, not for land vehicles; gaskets for internal combustion engines; gearboxes other than for land vehicles; generating sets for use with engines; gear levers other than for land vehicles; gear transmissions, other than for land vehicles; gears for machines; generators of electricity; hydroelectric installations for generating electricity; haulage apparatus [mining]; hydraulic accumulators being parts of machines; hydraulic engines and motors; hydraulic controls for machines, motors and engines; internal combustion engines for boats; internal combustion engines for power generation, other than for land vehicles; igniting devices for internal combustion engines; ignition wires for motor vehicles; ignition wires for vehicle engines; ignition magnetos for engines; joysticks being part of machines, other than for game machines; linear motors; marine engines; mufflers for motors; mobile electric power generators; motors and engines (except for land vehicles); mufflers for motors and engines; machine coupling and transmission components, except for land vehicles, and parts therefor; mechanical seals [machine parts]; mechanical engine parts for land vehicles; motors for boats; oil filters for motors and engines; oil drain pumps; power transmission belts for industrial machines; pulleys; pulleys being parts of machines; pistons for internal combustion engines; pistons for engines; pump impellers; pump control valves; pumps for cooling engines; pumps as parts of machines, motors and engines; pressure controllers [regulators] being parts of machines; power transmission parts [other than for land vehicles]; power trains for sea craft; power transmission couplings [other than for land vehicles]; power transmissions and gearing for machines [not for land vehicles]; push rods for engines; pneumatic controls for machines, motors and engines; pneumatic pumps; radiators [cooling] for motors and engines; reduction gears other than for land vehicles; roller bearings for machines; springs being parts of machines; sparking plugs for internal combustion engines; silencers for motors and engines; starter motors; starters for engines; shafts for pumps; speed governors for machines, engines and motors; self-regulating fuel pumps; speed change gears being parts of machines; torque converters, other than for land vehicles; thrusters [marine propulsion apparatus]; transmission shafts, other than for land vehicles; transmissions for machines; valves as machine components; water pumps for use in motors and engines.

Class 12: Apparatus for locomotion by land or water; autonomous land vehicles; autonomous vehicles; anti-theft devices for vehicles; boat rudders; ship propellers; screw-propellers for boats; propellers for boats; boats; couplings for land vehicles; clutches for land vehicles; clutch linings for land vehicles; disengaging gear for boats; driving motors for land vehicles; driverless transporter vehicles; dump trucks; diesel motors for land vehicles; engines for land vehicles; electrically powered motor vehicles; electric drives for land vehicles; electric steering gears [for vessels]; fuel cell electric cars; ferry boats; gearboxes for land vehicles; hybrid vehicles; hydrogen fueled cars; hydraulic torque converters for land vehicles; hydraulic circuits for vehicles; land vehicles; motors for land vehicles; off-road vehicles; power clutches for land vehicles; propeller shafts for boats; power take-off shafts for land vehicles; propulsion mechanisms for land vehicles; powertrains, including engines and motors, for land vehicles; remote control vehicles, other than toys; steering gears for ships; steering wheels for vehicles; steering gears and rudders [for vessels]; tractors; trimming vanes in the nature of trim tabs for boats; thrusters for vehicles; vehicle joysticks; vehicle propellers; yachts.

Class 37: Advisory services relating to the installation of generators; anti-rust treatment for vehicles; battery charging service for motor vehicles; charging of electric vehicles; shipbuilding; maintenance and repair of watercraft, yachts, boats and water vehicles; custom construction of ships; electric appliance installation and repair; emergency vehicle repair services; fueling of hydrogen gas for vehicles; fire alarm installation and repair; HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) installation, maintenance and repair; information and consultancy services relating to vehicle repair; inspection of vehicles prior to maintenance; installation, maintenance and repair of computer hardware for telecommunications systems; installation of electricity generators; installation, repair and maintenance of condensing apparatus, steam condensers, radiators for motors and engines, air reheaters, boiler tubes; inspection of vehicles prior to repair; installation, maintenance and repair of computer network and information technology equipment; installation of energy-saving apparatus; interference suppression services for electrical apparatus; installation of theft prevention devices; installation of electric light and power systems; installation, maintenance and repair of computer hardware; installation, maintenance and repair of catalytic converters; marine construction; maintenance and repair of ships; maintenance and repair of energy generating installations; maintenance, servicing, tuning and repair of motors; maintenance and repair of electricity generators; maintenance and repair of parts and fittings for boats; maintenance of parts and fittings for commercial motor land vehicles; machinery installation, maintenance and repair; natural gas refuelling service for motor vehicles; providing information relating to the repair or maintenance of power generators; polishing (cleaning); repair or maintenance of power generators; repair or maintenance of telecommunication machines and apparatus; repair or maintenance of vessels; repair or maintenance of electric motors; rental of construction and demolition tools, machines and equipment; rental and leasing of tools and equipment for repair and maintenance of vehicles, engines, motors and machines; rebuilding engines that have been worn or partially destroyed; rental of machines, tools and apparatus for building construction; reconditioning of vehicle engines; reconditioning of industrial machinery; reconditioning machines, motors and engines that have been worn or partially destroyed; repair of power generating apparatus and installations; repair and maintenance of electric vehicles; repair or maintenance of power distribution or control machines and apparatus; repair of electrical equipment and electrotechnical installations; repair of energy supply installations; repair of filters for machines, motors or engines; repair or maintenance of measuring machines and instruments; technical support services, namely, technical advice related to the installation of generators, marine engines and motors; tuning of engines; vehicle battery charging; vehicle cleaning; vehicle fueling services; vehicle maintenance; vehicle repair services.

Class 4: Industrial oils and greases, including penetrating oils (also being lubricants) and wax; lubricants, including lock lubricants; lubricating oils; dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions; fuels (including motor spirit) and illuminants; candles and wicks for lighting; dust controlling compositions; electrical energy; industrial waxes and fluids; automotive greases; automotive lubricants; automotive lubricating compounds; engine oils; non-chemical additives for engine oils; marine greases; marine oils; solid, liquid and gaseous fuels; non-chemical additives for motor fuels.

Class 7: Machine tools, power-operated tools; motors and engines, except for land vehicles, including marine engines, aircraft engines, engines for industrial, agricultural and forestry machines, stationary combustion engines, turbines, electric motors; machine coupling and transmission components, except for land vehicles, including power transmissions, gearboxes/transmissions, reverse gears for machines, reduction gears, reduction gears for machines and engines, control mechanisms for machine gearboxes, shaft connections, couplings and clutches, exhausts, couplings and transmission belts; agricultural implements, other than hand-operated hand tools, including cultivators, harvesters, disk harvesters and seeders; incubators for eggs; automatic vending machines; agricultural, earthmoving, construction, oil and gas extraction and mining equipment; dispensing machines; power-operated lubricant dispensers for machines; emergency and rescue machines and machine tools; wheels and tracks for machines; industrial robots; machines and machine tools for treatment of materials and for manufacturing; moving and handling equipment; pumps, compressors and blowers; sweeping, cleaning, washing and laundering machines; generators, including generators of electricity, electric generators and alternators, high-voltage generators, power generators for vehicles and solar power generators; regulators being parts of engines and motors; air cleaners (air filters) for engines and anti-pollution devices for motors and engines; carburettors, converters for liquid fuels, injectors, injection pumps, fuel pumps, speed governors, injection nozzles and nozzle holders, machine valves, fuel vaporizers, starters, ignition systems, ignition coils, glow plugs, spark plugs, spark plug connectors, magnetos, silencers/mufflers and spark arresters for combustion engines; fuel filters; oil filters, air filters for engines; rolling bearings, plain bearings, shafts, shaft seals, gearwheels, drive wheels, speed change gear, pulleys, drive chains and belts, springs, filters, pumps, regulators, relief valves, controls, fans and fan belts, all for engine cooling radiators; cooling fans, cooling radiators, starters, fuel feed apparatus, oil cooling apparatus, oil tank cups, brakes, caps for cooling radiators, accelerators, hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic reservoirs, hydraulic filters, hydraulic motors, hydraulic pipes, hydraulic valves, boost units for hydraulic transmission, all for machines, hydraulic cylinders and motors, cooling radiators, silencers/mufflers, spark eliminators, power transmissions; engines and motors; power transmission take-off units for motor vehicle engines, for use as prime movers; inboard/outboard drive units and sailing boat drive units for inboard engines; hydraulic pumps and motors and components thereof; bushings and bearings for use as parts of machines; pneumatic valves, hydraulic cylinders, control valves and braking valves, all being parts of machines; exhaust-gas turbo-chargers; exhausts, exhaust cowls, compressed air reservoirs, compressed air cylinders and compressed air motors, anti-pollution devices (parts of exhaust systems for vehicles or parts of engines and motors); compressors, compressed air brakes, compressed air reservoirs, compressed air cylinders and compressed air motors, bilge pumps; engine gaskets for vehicles; metal and plastics working machines; machines for the chemical industry, for agriculture, mining, textile machines, machines for the beverage industry; construction machines; machines for the automobile industry; electric power tools and their plug-in tools; electric can openers; hydraulic lift jacks, body and frame aligners; packing and labelling machines, conveyors, conveyor belts; loading and handling machines for pressing plants and foundries and machines for the tooling of blanks; loaders and excavators, as well as parts and fittings therefor; earth moving machines, including wheeled excavators, compact wheel loaders, crawler excavators, compact excavators, wheel loaders, motor graders, backhoe loaders and drive units; hydraulic lifting apparatus, cranes, winches; bucket, grapple and fork type implements for machines; wood working machines, including delimbing, slashing, and debarking equipment; teeth and cutting edges for machines; car vacuum cleaners; car washing machines; vehicle washing installations; vehicle parking carousels; vehicle conveyors, vehicle lifts; engines for water vehicles; engines for air vehicles; engines for model vehicles; gearboxes/transmissions other than for land vehicles, transmission shafts, other than for land vehicles, differential gears, other than for land vehicles, drive gears, other than for land vehicles, drive shafts, other than for land vehicles, drive wheels, other than for land vehicles, speed change gears, other than for land vehicles, gear change selectors, other than for land vehicles; axles, other than for land vehicles, shafts, other than for land vehicles and couplings, other than for land vehicles, machine coupling and transmission components, other than for land vehicles, pneumatic or hydraulic linear actuators, other than for land vehicles, electric motors for machines, hydraulic actuators, other than for land vehicles, and parts therefor; parts, components, and accessories to other vehicles than land vehicles, namely motors, electric motors, turbines, starter motors, combustion engines, starting devices for internal combustion engines; parts, fittings and accessories for the above-mentioned goods; starter motors, starting devices for internal combustion engines; mechanical control apparatus for engines, motors and machines; fans and fan belts for vehicle engines and motors.

Class 9: Scientific, research, laboratory, navigation, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, audiovisual, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, detecting, simulating, testing, inspecting, life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling the distribution or use of electricity; apparatus and instruments for recording, transmitting, reproducing or processing sound, images or data including radio apparatus, video screens, tape players, loudspeakers, amplifiers, telecommunication equipment, car telephone installations, compact disc players, telematic terminals, distress signal terminals, navigation and radar terminals, GPS devices, traffic control systems, telematic control units; transport supervision system, locating devices, toll terminals for electronic toll detection in traffic, black box (accident data monitoring and recording device), auto-computers and on-board computers; recorded and downloadable media, computer software, blank, digital or analogue recording and storage media; video game cartridges; video game programs; video game software; mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; cash registers, calculating devices; computers and computer peripheral devices; diving suits, divers' masks, ear plugs for divers, nose clips for divers and swimmers, gloves for divers, breathing apparatus for underwater swimming; fire-extinguishing apparatus; magnets, magnetizers and demagnetizers; navigation, guidance, tracking, targeting and map making devices; optical devices, enhancers and correctors; recorded content; safety, security, protection and signalling devices; scientific and laboratory devices for treatment using electricity; electric and electronic apparatus and instruments, namely electric batteries, charging devices, battery testers, electric mountings, electric accumulators, electric conductors, electric compasses, electric circuit breakers, commutators, electric condensers, electric wiring harnesses, capacitors, relays, electronic time relays, switches, fuses, electrical contacts, electric cables, coaxial cables, electric fuse boxes, electrical sensors, electrical sockets, printed electrical circuits, integrated circuits; leads for electric, electronic and optical signals; electric cable connectors, extension cable reels; transformers; electronic control apparatus for lighting; sensors, detectors, switching devices/switch boxes, solar cells and solar panels for the production of electricity; analysers for motor vehicles, namely for exhaust gas analysis, soot particle analysis, brake function analysis, diagnostic instruments and equipment for simulations, engine testers, workshop test devices; power supply devices, electronic signal filters, semiconductor components, optoelectronic devices for controlling light; testing apparatus; highway emergency warning equipment; warning triangles; warning lamps; jumper cables; starter cables; safety nets; interference suppressors, aerials/antennas; gauges, measuring instruments and apparatus, including such for fuel, oil pressure, tyre pressure, compressed air, temperatures, amperage, speed and engine revolutions; mileage recorders, odometers, tachometers; voltage regulators, voltmeters; time recorders, rudder indicators, instrument panels and clusters, dipsticks, thermostats, signal lamps; dynamometers, brake testers, electrical control and testing instruments and apparatus for vehicles, engines/motors and machines, including for drive units and construction machines; automatic alarm units, anti-theft warning devices, electronic anti-theft devices, including vehicle immobilizing units; electronic parking assistance systems; warning reflectors; electronic monitors for engines and motors; electronic control devices for production technology and servo drives, programmable controllers; tape measures; thermometers; compasses; clothing and footwear for protection against accidents, special clothing as lifesaving equipment, workmen protective face-shields, protective eye pieces and masks; optical apparatus and instruments, including binoculars, magnifying glasses, spectacles, sun glasses and goggles, optical lenses, sun-proof optical lenses, ophthalmic frames; cases for sunglasses; cases for spectacles; straps for sunglasses; spectacle straps; carrying cases adapted for recording media, included in this class; laptop cases; computer cases; tablet computer cases; mobile phone cases; mobile phone straps; lambda probes; mobile telephone mounting equipment; electronic control apparatus for engines and motors; automatic steering apparatus for vehicles; electric linear actuators for land vehicles.

Class 12: Vehicles and conveyances; apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water; air and space vehicles; land vehicles; water vehicles; parts and fittings for vehicles; vehicles, including cars, vans, sport-utility vehicles (including golf carts), buses, trucks, tractor units/prime movers, on and off road vehicles/dump trucks and parts, including components, and accessories to these items which do not pertain to other classes, including vehicle chassis, vehicle bodies, braking installations, brake calipers, draw bars, bumper bars, clutches, engines, electric engines; parts, components, and accessories to land vehicles, namely motors, electric motors, turbines, combustion engines; gearboxes/transmissions for land vehicles, transmission shafts for land vehicles, differential gears for land vehicles, drive gears for land vehicles, drive shafts for land vehicles, drive wheels for land vehicles, speed change gears for land vehicles, gear change selectors for land vehicles; axles for land vehicles, shafts for land vehicles and couplings for land vehicles, machine coupling and transmission components for land vehicles, steering gears for land vehicles, steering units for land vehicles, hydraulic steering units for land vehicles, and parts therefor; parts, fittings and accessories adapted for land vehicles, included in this class, namely air pumps, anti-dazzle devices, anti-theft devices and alarms, steering locks, security systems for vehicles, other than locks, trailer hitches, power take-offs, springs, shock absorbers, bearings, ball joints; vehicle wheels, and parts and fittings for land vehicles, included in this class, namely wheel bearings, wheel trims, balance weights for wheels, engine mountings, tanks and fuel tanks, engine noise shields, protective covers, radiator grilles, front grills, fluid reservoirs; parts and fittings for land vehicles, namely air deflectors, direction indicators, hatches, upholstery, handles for doors, hoods, horns, hubs, hub caps, hydraulic circuits, tyres, non-skid devices for tyres, mud flaps, brakes, servobrakes and compressed-air brakes, antilock brake systems, brake pads and brake linings, bumpers, mudguards/fenders, cabs, cab tilt mechanisms, reversing alarms, parts, including components, and accessories to vehicles, namely mechanical controls, head rests for seats, arm rests, doors, seats, safety-seats, personal safety restraints seats, safety seats for children, tables for seats, seat covers, headrest covers, seat belts, devices for collision protection, parking assistance systems, sliding roofs, sun roofs, vehicle steering columns, steering wheels, steering linkages, stabiliser bars, suspensions; parts and fittings for land vehicles, namely suspension struts, leaf springs, coil springs, air springs for vehicle suspension components for cushioning driver's seats and cabs, suspension lowering outfits, torsion bars, tow bars, windows, window winding mechanisms, power windows, windscreens/windshields (also of safety glass), windscreen/ windshield and headlight wipers, wiper blades, vehicle window blinds, driving mirrors, mirrors (retrovisors), tank caps; parts and fittings for land vehicles, namely cover caps for extra headlights, luggage restraints for vehicles, luggage nets, luggage carriers, wheel carriers, bicycle carriers, parts, components and accessories to vehicles namely surfboard carriers, boat carriers, mud-guards, snow chains, pet screens, stone screens, storage screens, roof racks and ski racks, stowage boxes, deposit boxes, stowage compartments, trim panels, spoilers, side and rear skirts, safety cushions, air bags, breakdown cases, holders for mirrors, sun shades, spare wheel holders, spare wheel covers, ashtrays for vehicles; restraint systems for motor vehicles, namely belt tensioners and airbags with built-in sensors; tires, pneumatic tires; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; baby carriages; covers for baby carriages; wheelchairs for transporting invalids; baby, infant and child seats for vehicles; bicycles; rudders, propellers, trimming vanes, steerage units, steering wheels and fittings for boats as well as component parts of these items; air pumps as vehicle accessories; dumper bodies; vehicle dynamics control systems; traction control systems; steering gears for vehicles; hydraulic linear actuators for land vehicles.

Class 35: Advertising; business management; business administration (including bookkeeping); office functions; marketing and promotional services; business analysis and information services, and market research; business assistance; auctioneering services; organisation of promotional programs, business management advisory services, compilation of statistics, in particular relating to the design, development, manufacture, sale, distribution, repair or maintenance of vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), and of parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid; business management of logistics for others; business management and administration in the field of transport; reservation of garage services [administrative services]; data processing; data processing services provided by data processing centres; retail services and wholesale in respect of vehicles, engines/motors including drive units and construction machines, as well as of parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid goods, and of tools and workshop equipment; retail and wholesale services in relation to chemicals for use in industry, science and photography, as well as in agriculture, horticulture and forestry, unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics, fire extinguishing and fire prevention compositions, tempering and soldering preparations, adhesives for use in industry, putties and other paste fillers, biological preparations for use in industry and science, detergents for use in manufacture and industry, filtering materials [chemical, mineral, vegetable and other unprocessed materials], salts for industrial purposes, starches for use in manufacturing and industry, unprocessed synthetic resins; retail and wholesale services in relation to paints, varnishes, lacquers, preservatives against rust and against deterioration of wood, colorants, dyes, inks for printing, marking and engraving, raw natural resins, coatings, thinners and thickeners for coatings, dyes and inks; retail and wholesale services in relation to perfumery, essential oils, bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use, cleaning, polishing, scouring and abrasive preparations, toiletries, abraders; retail and wholesale services in relation to industrial oils and greases, wax, lubricants, dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions, fuels and illuminants, candles and wicks for lighting, dust controlling compositions, electrical energy, waxes and fluids; retail and wholesale services in relation to common metals and their alloys, ores, metal materials for building and construction, structures and transportable buildings of metal, non-electric cables and wires of common metal, small items of metal hardware, metal containers for storage or transport, safes, building and construction materials and elements of metal, containers, and transportation and packaging articles, of metal, doors, gates, windows and window coverings of metal, metal hardware, unprocessed and semi-processed materials of metal, not specified for use; retail and wholesale services in relation to machine tools, power-operated tools, motors and engines, except for land vehicles, machine coupling and transmission components, except for land vehicles, agricultural implements, other than hand-operated hand tools, incubators for eggs, automatic vending machines, agricultural, earthmoving, construction, oil and gas extraction and mining equipment, wheels and tracks for machines, generators of electricity, industrial robots, machines and machine tools for treatment of materials and for manufacturing, moving and handling equipment, pumps, compressors and fans, steamrollers, parts, fittings and accessories for machines, machine tools and poweroperated tools; retail and wholesale services in relation to hand tools and implements, handoperated, cutlery, razors, food preparation implements, kitchen knives and cutting implements, hand-operated tools and implements for treatment of materials, and for construction, repair and maintenance, hygienic and beauty implements for humans and animals, lifting tools; retail and wholesale services in relation to scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments, apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity, apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images, magnetic data carriers, recording discs, compact discs, dvds and other digital recording media, mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus, cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment, computers, computer software, fire-extinguishing apparatus, apparatus, instruments and cables for electricity, diving equipment, information technology and audio-visual, multimedia and photographic devices, magnets, magnetizers and demagnetizers, measuring, detecting and monitoring instruments, indicators and controllers, navigation, guidance, tracking, targeting and map making devices, optical devices, enhancers and correctors, recorded content, safety, security, protection and signalling devices, scientific and laboratory devices for treatment using electricity, scientific research and laboratory apparatus, educational apparatus and simulators; retail and wholesale services in relation to apparatus and installations for lighting, heating, cooling, freezing, steam generating, cooking, drying, ventilating, water supply and sanitary purposes, filters for industrial and household use, flues and installations for conveying exhaust gases, air conditioning and purification equipment (ambient), igniters, industrial treatment installations, lighting reflectors, regulating and safety accessories for water and gas installations; retail and wholesale services in relation to vehicles, apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water, conveyances and parts, fittings and accessories therefore; retail and wholesale services in relation to precious metals and their alloys, jewellery, precious and semi-precious stones, horological and chronometric instruments, jewellery boxes and watch boxes, key rings and key chains, and charms therefor, ornaments, made of or coated with precious or semi-precious metals or stones, or imitations thereof, time instruments; retail and wholesale services in relation to paper and cardboard, printed matter, bookbinding material, photographs, stationery and office requisites, except furniture, adhesives for stationery or household purposes, drawing materials and materials for artists, paintbrushes, instructional and teaching materials, plastic sheets, films and bags for wrapping and packaging, printers' type, printing blocks, bags and articles for packaging, wrapping and storage of paper, cardboard or plastics, decoration and art materials and media, filtering materials of paper, stationery and educational supplies; retail and wholesale services in relation to unprocessed and semi-processed rubber, guttapercha, gum, asbestos, mica and substitutes for all these materials, plastics and resins in extruded form for use in manufacture, packing, stopping and insulating materials, flexible pipes, tubes and hoses and fittings therefor (including valves), and fittings for rigid pipes, all non-metallic, adhesive tapes, strips, bands and films, clutch and brake linings, insulation and barrier articles and materials, seals, sealants and fillers, elastomers, mineral fibers, polyester, semi-worked plastic substances, carbon fibre, cellulose acetate, glass fibre and glass wool; retail and wholesale services in relation to leather and imitations of leather, animal skins and hides, luggage and carrying bags, umbrellas and parasols, walking sticks, whips, harness and saddlery, collars, leashes and clothing for animals, pelts, wallets and other carriers; retail and wholesale services in relation to mirrors, picture frames, animal housing and beds, containers, and closures and holders therefor, non-metallic, displays, stands and signage, non-metallic, furnishings, ladders and movable steps, non-metallic, statues, figurines, works of art and ornaments and decorations, made of materials such as wood, wax, plaster or plastic, door, gate and window fittings, non-metallic, fasteners, non-metallic, locks and keys, nonmetallic, mooring buoys, non-metallic, valves, non-metallic; retail and wholesale services in relation to household or kitchen utensils and containers, cookware and tableware, except forks, knives and spoons, combs and sponges, brushes, except paintbrushes, articles for cleaning purposes, unworked or semi-worked glass, except building glass, glassware, porcelain and earthenware, stoneware, articles for the care of clothing and footwear, cosmetic and toilet utensils and bathroom articles; retail and wholesale services in relation to ropes and string, nets, tents and tarpaulins, sails, sacks for the transport and storage of materials in bulk, padding, cushioning and stuffing materials, except of paper, cardboard, rubber or plastics, raw fibrous textile materials and substitutes therefor, bags and sacks for packaging, storage and transport, slings and bands, unfitted coverings; retail and wholesale services in relation to textiles and substitutes for textiles, household linen, curtains of textile or plastic, fabrics, filtering materials of textile; retail and wholesale services in relation to clothing, footwear, headgear and belts; retail and wholesale services in relation to lace and embroidery, ribbons and braid, buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles, artificial flowers, hair decorations, accessories for apparel, sewing articles and decorative textile articles, charms [not jewellery or for keys, rings or chains], hair ornaments, hair rollers, hair fastening articles, needles and pins for entomology; retail and wholesale services in relation to carpets, rugs, mats and matting, linoleum and other materials for covering existing floors, wall hangings [non-textile], floor coverings and artificial ground coverings, wall and ceiling coverings; retail and wholesale services in relation to games, toys and playthings, scale model vehicles video game apparatus, gymnastic and sporting articles and equipment, golf balls, decorations for christmas trees, fairground and playground apparatus, festive decorations, party novelties and artificial christmas trees; all services including online services.

Class 36: Insurance, warranty, financing services, including hire-purchase financing and lease-purchase financing services, in particular relating to vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction, transport, agricultural and forestry machines), to parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid, and to tools and workshop equipment; automobile lease-purchase financing; financing relating to cars; insurance of cars; lease-purchase-financing of vehicles and conveyances, apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water, air and space vehicles, land vehicles, water vehicles, vehicles, including cars, vans, sport-utility vehicles (including golf carts), buses, trucks, tractor units/prime movers, on and off road vehicles/dump trucks, bicycles; lease-purchase financing of motors, including electric motors; lease-purchase financing of engines, including marine engines, aircraft engines, engines for industrial, stationary combustion engines, engines for model vehicles; lease-purchase financing of machines, including agricultural and forestry machines, turbines, dispensing machines, generators of electricity, industrial robots, machines for treatment of materials and for manufacturing, sweeping, cleaning, washing and laundering machines, electric generators and alternators, high-frequency generators, power generators for vehicles, metal and plastics working machines, machines for the chemical industry, for agriculture; lease-purchase financing of machines, including mining, textile machines, machines for the beverage industry, construction machines, machines for the automobile industry, packing and labelling machines, loading and handling machines for pressing plants and foundries and machines for the tooling of blanks, loaders, dumper bodies, excavators, hydraulic lifting apparatus, cranes, winches, wood working machines, vehicle conveyors, vehicle lifts; financing and insurance services relating to vehicles and conveyances, apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water, air and space vehicles, land vehicles, water vehicles, vehicles, including cars, vans, sport-utility vehicles (including golf carts), buses, trucks, tractor units/prime movers, on and off road vehicles/dump trucks, bicycles; financing and insurance services relating to motors, including electric motors; financing and insurance services relating to engines, including marine engines, aircraft engines, engines for industrial, stationary combustion engines, engines for model vehicles; financing and insurance services relating to machines, including agricultural and forestry machines, turbines, dispensing machines, generators of electricity, industrial robots, machines for treatment of materials and for manufacturing, sweeping, cleaning, washing and laundering machines, electric generators and alternators, high-frequency generators, power generators for vehicles, metal and plastics working machines, machines for the chemical industry, for agriculture; financing and insurance services relating to mining, textile machines, machines for the beverage industry, construction machines, machines for the automobile industry, packing and labelling machines, loading and handling machines for pressing plants and foundries and machines for the tooling of blanks, loaders, dumper bodies, excavators, hydraulic lifting apparatus, cranes, winches, wood working machines, vehicle conveyors, vehicle lifts; financial services relating to the maintenance of vehicles; financial management of warranty programmes relating to outboard motor and engines; warranty insurance services for outboard motor and engines; financial affairs, including credit card services; issuing of debit and credit cards; monetary affairs; financial, monetary and banking services; fundraising and financial sponsorship; issuance of prepaid cards and tokens of value; safe deposit services; valuation services; appraisal of used automobiles; real estate affairs; real estate investment.

Class 37: Alarm, lock and safe installation, maintenance and repair; cleaning and care of fabric, textile, leather, fur and goods made thereof; computer hardware and telecommunication apparatus installation, maintenance and repair; glazing, installation, maintenance and repair of glass, windows and blinds; HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) installation, maintenance and repair; tyre maintenance and repair; vehicle repair, maintenance, refuelling and recharging; servicing of machine tools; maintenance and repair of machines and machine tools for treating and processing metals; repair or maintenance of metalworking machines and tools; installation, servicing, repair, inspection prior to maintenance and repair, restoration, maintenance, fuelling, reconditioning, tuning, cleaning, painting, polishing and washing services in relation to vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction, agricultural and forestry machines), power hand tools, workshop appliances and devices, or parts, fittings and accessories (including telecommunication equipment) for the aforesaid; maintenance and repair of vehicle tyres; changing of wheels and replacement of wheels; wheel repair; vehicle window replacement services; installation of windows in motor vehicles; upholstering of vehicle seats; installation of theft prevention devices; electrical installation services; installation of electric and electronic equipment in automobiles; information and consultancy services relating to vehicle repair; emergency road side assistance (repair of vehicles and machines); roadside assistance (repair and servicing) for vehicles; rental of tools and workshop equipment for use in repair and maintenance of vehicles, engines/motors and machines; rental of tools, plant and equipment for construction, demolition, cleaning and maintenance; vehicle maintenance equipment (rental of -); rental of car-washing apparatus; rental of construction machines and apparatus; excavating machines (rental of -); earthmoving machines (rental of -); rental of steamrollers; rental of heavy construction equipment; rental of mining machines and apparatus; cleaning machines (rental of -); rental of road sweeping machines; rental of industrial cleaning machines; ironing machines (rental of -); rental of abrasive cleaning apparatus; rental of cleaning and washing and drying machines and equipment; rental of cleaning apparatus; rental of underwater abrasive cleaning apparatus; rental of backhoes; rental of hammers; rental of drills; cranes (rental of -); rental of oil well drilling tools; rental of hand and power tools for use in repair and maintenance of vehicles, engines/motors and machines; rental and maintenance of work platforms for use in repair and maintenance of vehicles, engines/motors and machines; rental and leasing of machinery for automotive repair and construction; leasing of building machinery; leasing of construction machines and equipment; leasing of tools and equipment for use in repair and maintenance of vehicles, engines/motors and machines; repair, maintenance and overhaul of motor vehicles in motor-sport events; reservation of garage services for the maintenance and repair of motor vehicles; marine construction; shipbuilding; rental of engines/motors and drive units for building, construction and mining machines and apparatus, car-washing apparatus, excavating machines, earthmoving machines, steamrollers, cleaning machines and apparatus, road sweeping machines, ironing machines, washing and drying machines, drills, cranes, oil-well drilling tools.

Class 39: Transport; packaging and storage of goods including storage of vehicles, vehicle parts and wheels; travel arrangement and tourist information services relating to travelling; rental of vehicles; rental services related to transportation and storage; transport information, advice and reservation services; rental of means of transportation including vehicles and apparatus for locomotion by air, land or water; distribution by pipeline and cable; vehicle parking and storage; rescue, recovery, towing and salvage services; vehicle transport services; car sharing services; salvaging, transportation, warehousing and rescue services and emergency vehicle towing services; rental of means of transportation; rental of transporting machines; rental of trucks, traction vehicle and trailers; rental of vehicles equipped with lifting platforms; rental of tractors; rental of aircraft engines; rental of loading-unloading machines and apparatus; rental of vehicle parts; leasing of vehicles; leasing of vehicle parts; providing information relating to car rental services; pick-up and drop-off of cars in the nature of rental of cars; consultation in the field of traffic and transport, including via mobile telematics applications; transportation and warehousing logistics services; fleet management services in the nature of tracking and monitoring of vehicle fleets; providing transport and traffic information via a service and alarm center with telematic assistance, in particular tracking, locating and monitoring of land vehicles, air vehicles, watercraft and locomotion systems, the load thereof as well as of engines/motors and machines (including drive units and transport machines) as well as intervention and help for persons and vehicles in the case of accident, breakdown, raid or theft; vehicle location services; tracking of passenger or freight vehicles by computer or via GPS; traffic information and control services; route guidance services; providing vehicles for tours and excursions; services for the garaging of vehicles; loading and unloading of vehicles; rental of engines/motors and drive units for vehicles and machines.

Class 40: Rental of equipment for the treatment and transformation of materials, for energy production and for custom manufacturing; recycling and waste treatment; textile, leather and fur treatment; engraving, surface treatment and finishing, of metals, plastics, textiles, glass, wood, leather, rubber and of ceramics, in particular for use for vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), and for parts, fittings and accessories thereof; custom assembling and manufacturing of motor vehicles; recycling, incineration and destruction, in particular of vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), and of parts and accessories thereof; sorting of waste and recyclable material, in particular from vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), and from parts and accessories thereof; consultancy in the field of recycling.

Class 4: Industrial oils and greases, including penetrating oils (also being lubricants), wax; lubricants, including lock lubricants; lubricating oils; dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions; fuels (including motor spirit) and illuminants; candles and wicks for lighting; dust controlling compositions; electrical energy; industrial waxes and fluids; automotive greases; automotive lubricants; automotive lubricating compounds; engine oils; non-chemical additives for engine oils; marine greases; marine oils; solid, liquid and gaseous fuels; non-chemical additives for motor fuels.

Class 6: Common metals and their alloys, ores; metal materials for building and construction; transportable buildings of metal; non-electric cables and wires and cable terminals, and speedometer cables of common metal; safes; building and construction materials and elements of metal; containers, of metal, for storage and transport; doors, gates, windows and window coverings of metal; metal hardware; structures and transportable buildings of metal; common metals, unwrought or semi-wrought; ironmongery and small items of metal hardware, including locks, latches, metallic tubes, metallic hoses, metallic valves for pipes, pipes, pipe connections, screws, bolts, nuts, rivets, washers, lock washers, spring washers, flat washers, chains (except drive chains for vehicles), plugs, split pins, shims, spacer rings, bushings, clamps and clips, woodruff keys, screw unions, spring bolts, shackles, ball joints, hinges, brackets, tanks for liquids, tank accessories, nipples, fuel cans, ladders; ironmongery and small items of metal hardware, including handles, metallic signs, wire baskets, metal wires, badges for vehicles, fasteners, tow ropes of metal, canisters, badges, keys, key blanks, non-luminous signs, boxes, luggage labels, ornaments; vehicle ramps of metal; vehicle registration plates of metal; model cars [ornaments] made of common metal.

Class 7: Machine tools, power-operated tools; motors and engines, except for land vehicles, including marine engines, aircraft engines, engines for industrial, agricultural and forestry machines, stationary combustion engines, turbines, electric motors; machine coupling and transmission components, except for land vehicles, including power transmissions, gearboxes/transmissions, reverse gears, reduction gears, gearbox controllers, traction control systems, vehicle dynamics control systems, shaft connections, couplings and clutches, exhausts, couplings and transmission belts; agricultural implements, other than hand-operated hand tools, including cultivators, harvesters, disk harvesters and seeders; incubators for eggs; automatic vending machines; agricultural, earthmoving, construction, oil and gas extraction and mining equipment; dispensing machines; dispensers; emergency and rescue machines and machine tools; wheels and tracks for machines; industrial robots; machines and machine tools for treatment of materials and for manufacturing; moving and handling equipment; pumps, compressors and blowers; sweeping, cleaning, washing and laundering machines; generators, including generators of electricity, electric generators and alternators, high-frequency generators, power generators for vehicles and solar power generators; electronic regulators for engines and motors; air cleaners (air filters) for engines and anti-pollution devices for motors and engines; carburettors, converters for liquid fuels, injectors, injection pumps, fuel pumps, speed governors, injection nozzles and nozzle holders, machine valves, vaporizers, starters, ignition systems, ignition coils, glow plugs, spark plugs, spark plug connectors, lambda probes, magnetos, silencers/mufflers and spark arresters for combustion engines; fuel filters; oil filters, air filters for engines; rolling bearings, plain bearings, shafts, shaft seals, gearwheels, drive wheels, speed change gear, pulleys, drive chains and belts, springs, filters, pumps, regulators, relief valves, controls, fans and fan belts, all for engine cooling radiators; cooling fans, cooling radiators, starters, fuel feed apparatus, oil cooling apparatus, oil tank cups, brakes, caps for cooling radiators, accelerators, hydraulic pumps, hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic reservoirs, hydraulic filters, hydraulic motors, hydraulic pipes, hydraulic valves, boost units for hydraulic transmission, all for machines, hydraulic cylinders and motors, cooling radiators, silencers/mufflers, spark eliminators, power transmissions; engines and motors; power transmission take-off units for motor vehicle engines, for use as prime movers; inboard/outboard drive units and sailing boat drive units for inboard engines; hydraulic pumps and motors and components thereof, air pumps as vehicle accessories; bushings and bearings for use as parts of machines; pneumatic valves, power steering systems, control valves, braking valves; exhaust-gas turbo-chargers; exhausts, exhaust cowls, compressed air reservoirs, compressed air cylinders and compressed air motors, anti-pollution devices (parts of exhaust systems for vehicles or parts of engines and motors); compressors, compressed air brakes, compressed air reservoirs, compressed air cylinders and compressed air motors, bilge pumps; engine gaskets for vehicles; metal and plastics working machines; machines for the chemical industry, for agriculture, mining, textile machines, machines for the beverage industry; construction machines; machines for the automobile industry; electric power tools and their plug-in tools; electric can openers; hydraulic lift jacks, body and frame aligners; packing and labelling machines, conveyors, conveyor belts; loading and handling machines for pressing plants and foundries and machines for the tooling of blanks; loaders, dumper bodies, excavators as well as parts, including components, and accessories to such products; earth moving machines, including wheeled excavators, compact wheel loaders, crawler excavators, compact excavators, wheel loaders, motor graders, backhoe loaders and drive units; hydraulic lifting apparatus, cranes, winches; bucket, grapple and fork type implements for machines; wood working machines, including delimbing, slashing, and debarking equipment; teeth and cutting edges for machines; car vacuum cleaners; car wash facility; vehicle washing installations; vehicle parking carousels; vehicle conveyors, vehicle lifts; engines for water vehicles; engines for air vehicles; engines for model vehicles; gearboxes/transmissions other than for land vehicles, transmission shafts, other than for land vehicles, differential gears, other than for land vehicles, drive gears, other than for land vehicles, drive shafts, other than for land vehicles, drive wheels, other than for land vehicles, speed change gears, other than for land vehicles, gear change selectors, other than for land vehicles; axles, other than for land vehicles, shafts, other than for land vehicles and couplings, other than for land vehicles, machine coupling and transmission components, other than for land vehicles, manual and power steering apparatus, other than for land vehicles, power steering systems, other than for land vehicles, hydraulic steering systems, other than for land vehicles, as well as component parts of these items; parts, components, and accessories to other vehicles than land vehicles, namely motors, electric motors, turbines, starter motors, combustion engines, starting devices for internal combustion engines; parts, fittings and accessories for the abovementioned goods.

Class 9: Scientific, research, laboratory, navigation, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, audiovisual, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, detecting, simulating, testing, inspecting, life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling the distribution or use of electricity; apparatus and instruments for recording, transmitting, reproducing or processing sound, images or data including radio apparatus, video screens, tape players, loudspeakers, amplifiers, telecommunication equipment, car telephone installations, compact disc players, telematic terminals, distress signal terminals, navigation and radar terminals, gps devices, traffic control systems, telematic control units; transport supervision system, locating devices, toll terminals for electronic toll detection in traffic, black box (accident data monitoring and recording device), auto-computers and on-board computers; recorded and downloadable media, computer software, blank, digital or analogue recording and storage media; video game programs, software and cartridges; mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; cash registers, calculating devices; computers and computer peripheral devices; diving suits, divers' masks, ear plugs for divers, nose clips for divers and swimmers, gloves for divers, breathing apparatus for underwater swimming; fire-extinguishing apparatus; magnets, magnetizers and demagnetizers; navigation, guidance, tracking, targeting and map making devices; optical devices, enhancers and correctors; recorded content; safety, security, protection and signalling devices; scientific and laboratory devices for treatment using electricity; electric and electronic apparatus and instruments, namely electric batteries, charging devices, battery testers, electric mountings, electric accumulators, electric conductors, electric compasses, electric circuit breakers, commutators, electric condensers, electric wiring harnesses, capacitors, relays, electronic time relays, switches, fuses, electrical contacts, electric cables, coaxial cables, electric fuse boxes, electrical sensors, electrical sockets, electrical lighters, printed electrical circuits, integrated circuits; leads for electric, electronic and optical signals; cable connections, cable drums; transformers; electronic headlamp beam adjustment; sensors, detectors, switching devices/switch boxes, solar cells and solar panels for the production of electricity; analysers for motor vehicles, namely for exhaust gas analysis, soot particle analysis, brake function analysis, diagnostic instruments and equipment for simulations, engine testers, workshop test devices; power supply devices, electric filters, semiconductor components, optoelectronic components; testing apparatus; highway emergency warning equipment; warning triangles; warning lamps; jumper cables; starter cables; safety nets; interference suppressors, aerials/antennas; gauges, measuring instruments and apparatus, including such for fuel, oil pressure, tyre pressure, compressed air, temperatures, amperage, speed and engine revolutions; mileage recorders, odometers, tachometers; voltage regulators, voltmeters; time recorders, rudder indicators, instrument panels and clusters, dipsticks, thermostats, signal lamps; dynamometers, brake testers, electrical and mechanical instruments and apparatus for control and testing for vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines); automatic alarm units, anti-theft warning devices, electronic anti-theft devices, including vehicle immobilizing units; electronic parking assistance systems; warning reflectors; electronic monitors for engines and motors; electronic control devices for production technology and servo drives, programmable controllers; tape measures; thermometers; compasses; clothing and footwear for protection against accidents, special clothing as lifesaving equipment, workmen's protective face-shields, protective eye pieces and masks; optical apparatus and instruments, including binoculars, magnifying glasses, spectacles, sun glasses and goggles, lenses for lamps, sun-proof optical lenses, ophthalmic frames; cases for sunglasses; cases for spectacles; straps for sunglasses; spectacle straps; storage boxes for recording media, included in this class; laptop cases; computer cases; tablet computer cases; mobile phone cases; mobile phone straps.

Class 12: Vehicles and conveyances; apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water; air and space vehicles; land vehicles; water vehicles; parts and fittings for vehicles; vehicles, including cars, vans, sport-utility vehicles (including golf carts), buses, trucks, tractor units/prime movers, on and off road vehicles/dump trucks and parts, including components, and accessories to these items which do not pertain to other classes, including vehicle chassis, vehicle bodies, braking installations, brake calipers, draw bars, bumper bars, clutches, engines, electric engines; motors, electric motors, turbines, starter motors, combustion engines, starting devices for internal combustion engines; gearboxes/transmissions for land vehicles, transmission shafts for land vehicles, differential gears for land vehicles, drive gears for land vehicles, drive shafts for land vehicles, drive wheels for land vehicles, speed change gears for land vehicles, gear change selectors for land vehicles; axles for land vehicles, shafts for land vehicles and couplings for land vehicles, machine coupling and transmission components for land vehicles, manual and power steering apparatus for land vehicles, power steering systems for land vehicles, hydraulic steering systems for land vehicles, as well as component parts of these items; parts, including components, and accessories to these items which do not pertain to other classes, including air pumps, anti-dazzle devices, anti-theft devices and alarms, steering locks, vehicle immobilizing units, trailer hitches, power take-offs, springs, shock absorbers, fans, fan belts, level regulators, bearings, ball joints; wheels, parts, including components, and accessories to these items which do not pertain to other classes, including wheel bearings, wheel trims, balance weights for wheels, engine mountings, tanks and fuel tanks, engine noise shields, protective covers, radiators grilles, front grills, fluid reservoirs, parts, including components, and accessories to vehicles, namely deflectors, direction indicators, hatches, upholstery, handles for doors, hoods, horns, hubs, hub caps, hydraulic circuits, tyres, non-skid devices for tyres, mud flaps, brakes, servobrakes and compressed-air brakes, antilock brake systems, brake pads and brake linings, bumpers, mudguards/fenders, cabs, cab tilt mechanisms, reversing alarms, parts, including components, and accessories to vehicles, namely mechanical controls, head rests for seats, arm rests, doors, seats, safety-seats, personal safety restraints seats, safety seats for children, tables for seats, seat covers, headrest covers, seat belts, devices for collision protection, parking assistance systems, sliding roofs, sun roofs, vehicle steering columns, steering wheels, steering linkages, stabiliser bars, suspensions; parts, including components, and accessories to vehicles, namely struts, leaf springs, coil springs, air springs for vehicle suspension components for cushioning driver's seats and cabs, suspension lowering outfits, torsion bars, tow bars, windows, window winding mechanisms, power windows, windscreens/windshields (also of safety glass), windscreen/ windshield and headlight wipers, defrosting systems for windscreens, wiper blades, vehicle window blinds, driving mirrors, mirrors (retrovisors), tank caps, parts, components and accessories to vehicles namely cover caps for extra headlights, luggage restraints for vehicles, luggage nets, luggage carriers, wheel carriers, bicycle carriers, parts, components and accessories to vehicles namely surfboard carriers, boat carriers, mud-guards, snow chains, pet screens, stone screens, storage screens, roof racks and ski racks, stowage boxes, deposit boxes, stowage compartments, trim panels, spoilers, side and rear skirts, safety cushions, air bags, breakdown cases, holders for mirrors, sun shades, spare wheel holders, spare wheel covers, ashtrays for vehicles, mobile telephone mounting equipment; restraining systems for installation in motor vehicles, namely belt tensioners, airbags and sensors; tires, pneumatic tires; adhesive rubber patches for repairing inner tubes; baby carriages; covers for baby carriages; wheeled chairs for invalids; baby, infant and child seats for vehicles; bicycles; rudders, propellers, trimming vanes, steerage units, steering wheels and fittings for boats as well as component parts of these items.

Class 14: Precious metals and their alloys; jewellery, precious and semi-precious stones; cuff-links, tie clips, coins, medals, lapel pins, pins, rings and bracelets; jewellery boxes and watch boxes; key rings and key chains, and charms therefor, key fobs, key ring pendants and pins; ornaments, made of or coated with precious or semi-precious metals or stones, or imitations thereof; time instruments; horological and chronometric instruments, including clocks and watches, travel alarm clocks; model vehicles [ornaments] and other decorative goods made of precious metal.

Class 16: Paper and cardboard; paper cubes and notes; pennants (paper); printed matter, including books, instruction books, (computer / computer software) manuals, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, calendars, posters, stickers, banners and pennants of paper, country and road maps, spare parts lists, maintenance manuals, advertising materials, printed publications relating to automotive subjects; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery, including pens and pencils; office requisites, except furniture, including pen stands, letter holders, storage boxes for recording media (included in this class) and paper knives; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; drawing materials and materials for artists; paintbrushes; instructional and teaching materials; plastic sheets, films and bags for wrapping and packaging, including plastic carrier bags; printers' type, printing blocks; bags and articles for packaging, wrapping and storage of paper, cardboard or plastics; filtering materials of paper; stationery and educational supplies; vehicle bumper stickers; car stickers; money clips.

Class 18: Leather and imitations of leather; animal skins and hides; pelts; luggage and carrying bags including suitcases, travelling bags, sport bags, rucksacks, knapsacks, trunks, handbags, briefcases, document cases, conference folders; wallets, purses; cosmetic cases; tool bags, sold empty, tool pouches, sold empty; key cases; card cases; luggage tags; shoulder belts, fitted belts for luggage; boxes of imitation leather; umbrellas and parasols; walking sticks; whips, harness and saddlery; collars, leashes and clothing for animals.

Class 20: Mirrors, picture frames; animal housing and beds; containers, not of metal [storage, transport], closures, not of metal, for containers; point-of-purchase displays [furniture], display stands, and signboards of wood or plastics; furniture; furniture fittings, not of metal; inflatable pillows; ladders and movable steps, non-metallic; statues, figurines, works of art and ornaments and decorations made of wood, wax, plaster or plastic, included in this class; door, gate and window fittings, non-metallic; fasteners, non-metallic; locks and keys, non-metallic; mooring buoys, non-metallic; valves, non-metallic; locks (not of metal), for vehicles; air cushions, not for medical purposes; non-luminous signs; vehicle registration plates (not of metal); emblems, not of metal, for vehicles; novelty badges (non-metallic) for vehicles; plastic ramps for use with vehicles; storage racks to hold vehicle mats; storage boxes for recording media (included in this class), boxes, canisters; seat cushions, pillows; window shades; indoor blinds [roller]; non-metal clamps; grommets made of plastics; non-metal pipe fasteners; cable fasteners, connectors and holders, non-metallic; all aforesaid goods also as parts and fittings of vehicles; model cars [ornaments] made of plastic; model cars [ornaments] made of plaster; model cars [ornaments] made of synthetic resin; model cars [ornaments] made of wood; model cars [ornaments] made of wax.

Class 21: Household or kitchen utensils and containers, including glasses, drinking vessels and barware, mugs, cups, bowls, vases, carafes, cooling bags, drinking bottles, bottle openers and trays, glass stoppers; cookware and tableware, except forks, knives and spoons; combs and sponges; brushes, except paintbrushes, washing brushes and brush-making materials; articles for cleaning purposes including cleaning utensils for vehicles, in particular sponges, car wash leather, cleaning cloths and hand operated cleaning devices; steel wool; automobile oil funnels; unworked or semi-worked glass, except building glass, including glass and safety glass for vehicles; glassware, porcelain and earthenware, stoneware; plate glass for cars; clothes brushes, clothing stretchers, shoe brushes, shoe shine cloths, shoe stretches; cosmetic utensils; toilet utensils; model vehicles [ornaments] made of glass; model vehicles [ornaments] made of porcelain; model vehicles [ornaments] made of earthenware; model vehicles [ornaments] made of terra-cotta.

Class 26: Lace and embroidery, ribbons and braid; buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles; thimbles; artificial flowers; hair decorations; parts of sewing kits and decorative textile articles for the hair; charms [not jewellery or for keys, rings or chains]; hair ornaments, hair rollers, hair fastening articles; needles and pins for entomology; sewing kits.

Class 28: Games, toys and playthings, including models, scale model vehicles, toy model hobby-craft kits, radio controlled toy model cars, ride-on toy vehicles and machines, plush animals, games equipment, balloons, beach balls, inflatable toys, inflatable swimming floats, inflatable beach balls; video game apparatus; gymnastic and sporting articles and equipment, including clubs, gloves, bags and balls for golf, sports racquets, and fishing tackle; fairground and playground apparatus; decorations for Christmas trees; party novelties and artificial Christmas trees; novelty masks; playing cards; golf bags.

Class 35: Advertising; business management; business administration (including bookkeeping); office functions; marketing and promotional services; business analysis and information services, and market research; business assistance; auctioneering services; organisation of promotional programs, business management advisory services, compilation of statistics, in particular relating to the design, development, manufacture, sale, distribution, repair or maintenance of vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction machines), and of parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid; business management of logistics for others; business management and administration in the field of transport; reservation of garage services [administrative services]; data processing; operation of data processing centres; retail services and wholesale in respect of vehicles, engines/motors, drive units and construction machines, as well as of parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid goods, and of tools and workshop equipment; retail and wholesale services in relation to chemicals for use in industry, science and photography, as well as in agriculture, horticulture and forestry, unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed plastics, fire extinguishing and fire prevention compositions, tempering and soldering preparations, adhesives for use in industry, putties and other paste fillers, biological preparations for use in industry and science, detergents for use in manufacture and industry, filtering materials [chemical, mineral, vegetable and other unprocessed materials], salts for industrial purposes, starches for use in manufacturing and industry, unprocessed synthetic resins; retail and wholesale services in relation to paints, varnishes, lacquers, preservatives against rust and against deterioration of wood, colorants, dyes, inks for printing, marking and engraving, raw natural resins, coatings, thinners and thickeners for coatings, dyes and inks; retail and wholesale services in relation to perfumery, essential oils, bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use, cleaning, polishing, scouring and abrasive preparations, toiletries, abraders; retail and wholesale services in relation to industrial oils and greases, wax, lubricants, dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions, fuels and illuminants, candles and wicks for lighting, dust controlling compositions, electrical energy, waxes and fluids; retail and wholesale services in relation to common metals and their alloys, ores, metal materials for building and construction, structures and transportable buildings of metal, non-electric cables and wires of common metal, small items of metal hardware, metal containers for storage or transport, safes, building and construction materials and elements of metal, containers, and transportation and packaging articles, of metal, doors, gates, windows and window coverings of metal, metal hardware, unprocessed and semi-processed materials of metal, not specified for use; retail and wholesale services in relation to machine tools, power-operated tools, motors and engines, except for land vehicles, machine coupling and transmission components, except for land vehicles, agricultural implements, other than hand-operated hand tools, incubators for eggs, automatic vending machines, agricultural, earthmoving, construction, oil and gas extraction and mining equipment, wheels and tracks for machines, generators of electricity, industrial robots, machines and machine tools for treatment of materials and for manufacturing, moving and handling equipment, pumps, compressors and fans, steamrollers, parts, fittings and accessories for machines, machine tools and power-operated tools; retail and wholesale services in relation to hand tools and implements, hand-operated, cutlery, razors, food preparation implements, kitchen knives and cutting implements, hand-operated tools and implements for treatment of materials, and for construction, repair and maintenance, hygienic and beauty implements for humans and animals, lifting tools; retail and wholesale services in relation to scientific, nautical, surveying, photographic, cinematographic, optical, weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments, apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity, apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images, magnetic data carriers, recording discs, compact discs, dvds and other digital recording media, mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus, cash registers, calculating machines, data processing equipment, computers, computer software, fire-extinguishing apparatus, apparatus, instruments and cables for electricity, diving equipment, information technology and audio-visual, multimedia and photographic devices, magnets, magnetizers and demagnetizers, measuring, detecting and monitoring instruments, indicators and controllers, navigation, guidance, tracking, targeting and map making devices, optical devices, enhancers and correctors, recorded content, safety, security, protection and signalling devices, scientific and laboratory devices for treatment using electricity, scientific research and laboratory apparatus, educational apparatus and simulators; retail and wholesale services in relation to apparatus and installations for lighting, heating, cooling, freezing, steam generating, cooking, drying, ventilating, water supply and sanitary purposes, filters for industrial and household use, flues and installations for conveying exhaust gases, air conditioning and purification equipment (ambient), igniters, industrial treatment installations, lighting reflectors, regulating and safety accessories for water and gas installations; retail and wholesale services in relation to vehicles, apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water, conveyances and parts, fittings and accessories therefore; retail and wholesale services in relation to precious metals and their alloys, jewellery, precious and semi-precious stones, horological and chronometric instruments, jewellery boxes and watch boxes, key rings and key chains, and charms therefor, ornaments, made of or coated with precious or semi-precious metals or stones, or imitations thereof, time instruments; retail and wholesale services in relation to paper and cardboard, printed matter, bookbinding material, photographs, stationery and office requisites, except furniture, adhesives for stationery or household purposes, drawing materials and materials for artists, paintbrushes, instructional and teaching materials, plastic sheets, films and bags for wrapping and packaging, printers' type, printing blocks, bags and articles for packaging, wrapping and storage of paper, cardboard or plastics, decoration and art materials and media, filtering materials of paper, stationery and educational supplies; retail and wholesale services in relation to unprocessed and semi-processed rubber, gutta-percha, gum, asbestos, mica and substitutes for all these materials, plastics and resins in extruded form for use in manufacture, packing, stopping and insulating materials, flexible pipes, tubes and hoses and fittings therefor (including valves), and fittings for rigid pipes, all non-metallic, adhesive tapes, strips, bands and films, clutch and brake linings, insulation and barrier articles and materials, seals, sealants and fillers, elastomers, mineral fibers, polyester, semi-worked plastic substances, carbon fibre, cellulose acetate, glass fibre and glass wool; retail and wholesale services in relation to leather and imitations of leather, animal skins and hides, luggage and carrying bags, umbrellas and parasols, walking sticks, whips, harness and saddlery, collars, leashes and clothing for animals, pelts, wallets and other carriers; retail and wholesale services in relation to mirrors, picture frames, animal housing and beds, containers, and closures and holders therefor, non-metallic, displays, stands and signage, non-metallic, furnishings, ladders and movable steps, non-metallic, statues, figurines, works of art and ornaments and decorations, made of materials such as wood, wax, plaster or plastic, door, gate and window fittings, non-metallic, fasteners, non-metallic, locks and keys, non-metallic, mooring buoys, non-metallic, valves, non-metallic; retail and wholesale services in relation to household or kitchen utensils and containers, cookware and tableware, except forks, knives and spoons, combs and sponges, brushes, except paintbrushes, articles for cleaning purposes, unworked or semi-worked glass, except building glass, glassware, porcelain and earthenware, stoneware, articles for the care of clothing and footwear, cosmetic and toilet utensils and bathroom articles; retail and wholesale services in relation to ropes and string, nets, tents and tarpaulins, sails, sacks for the transport and storage of materials in bulk, padding, cushioning and stuffing materials, except of paper, cardboard, rubber or plastics, raw fibrous textile materials and substitutes therefor, bags and sacks for packaging, storage and transport, slings and bands, unfitted coverings; retail and wholesale services in relation to textiles and substitutes for textiles, household linen, curtains of textile or plastic, fabrics, filtering materials of textile; retail and wholesale services in relation to clothing, footwear, headgear and belts; retail and wholesale services in relation to lace and embroidery, ribbons and braid, buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles, artificial flowers, hair decorations, accessories for apparel, sewing articles and decorative textile articles, charms [not jewellery or for keys, rings or chains], hair ornaments, hair rollers, hair fastening articles, needles and pins for entomology; retail and wholesale services in relation to carpets, rugs, mats and matting, linoleum and other materials for covering existing floors, wall hangings [non-textile], floor coverings and artificial ground coverings, wall and ceiling coverings; retail and wholesale services in relation to games, toys and playthings, scale model vehicles video game apparatus, gymnastic and sporting articles and equipment, golf balls, decorations for Christmas trees, fairground and playground apparatus, festive decorations, party novelties and artificial Christmas trees; all services including on-line services.

Class 36: Insurance, warranty, financing (including hire purchase and lease purchase financing services and leasing), in particular relating to vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction, transport, agricultural and forestry machines), to parts, fittings and accessories for the aforesaid, and to tools and workshop equipment; automobile lease-purchase financing; financing relating to cars; insurance of cars; lease-purchase financing of vehicles and conveyances, apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water, air and space vehicles, land vehicles, water vehicles, vehicles, including cars, vans, sport-utility vehicles (including golf carts), buses, trucks, tractor units/prime movers, on and off road vehicles/dump trucks, bicycles; lease-purchase financing of motors, including electric motors; lease-purchase financing of engines, including marine engines, aircraft engines, engines for industrial, stationary combustion engines, engines for model vehicles; lease-purchase financing of machines, including agricultural and forestry machines, turbines, dispensing machines, generators of electricity, industrial robots, machines for treatment of materials and for manufacturing, sweeping, cleaning, washing and laundering machines, electric generators and alternators, high-frequency generators, power generators for vehicles, metal and plastics working machines, machines for the chemical industry, for agriculture; lease-purchase financing of machines, including mining, textile machines, machines for the beverage industry, construction machines, machines for the automobile industry, packing and labelling machines, loading and handling machines for pressing plants and foundries and machines for the tooling of blanks, loaders, dumper bodies, excavators, hydraulic lifting apparatus, cranes, winches, wood working machines, vehicle conveyors, vehicle lifts; financing and insurance services relating to vehicles and conveyances, apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water, air and space vehicles, land vehicles, water vehicles, vehicles, including cars, vans, sport-utility vehicles (including golf carts), buses, trucks, tractor units/prime movers, on and off road vehicles/dump trucks, bicycles; financing and insurance services relating to motors, including electric motors; financing and insurance services relating to engines, including marine engines, aircraft engines, engines for industrial, stationary combustion engines, engines for model vehicles; financing and insurance services relating to machines, including agricultural and forestry machines, turbines, dispensing machines, generators of electricity, industrial robots, machines for treatment of materials and for manufacturing, sweeping, cleaning, washing and laundering machines, electric generators and alternators, high-frequency generators, power generators for vehicles, metal and plastics working machines, machines for the chemical industry, for agriculture; financing and insurance services relating to mining, textile machines, machines for the beverage industry, construction machines, machines for the automobile industry, packing and labelling machines, loading and handling machines for pressing plants and foundries and machines for the tooling of blanks, loaders, dumper bodies, excavators, hydraulic lifting apparatus, cranes, winches, wood working machines, vehicle conveyors, vehicle lifts; financial services relating to the maintenance of vehicles; warranty programme services relating to outboard motor engines; financial affairs, including credit card services; issuing of debit and credit cards; monetary affairs; financial, monetary and banking services; fundraising and financial sponsorship; issuance of prepaid cards and tokens of value; safe deposit services; valuation services; appraisal of used automobiles; real estate affairs; real estate investment.

Class 37: Alarm, lock and safe installation, maintenance and repair; cleaning and care of fabric, textile, leather, fur and goods made thereof; computer hardware and telecommunication apparatus installation, maintenance and repair; installation, maintenance and repair of glass, windows and blinds; HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) installation, maintenance and repair; tyre maintenance and repair; vehicle repair, maintenance, refuelling and recharging; servicing of machine tools; maintenance and repair of machines and machine tools for treating and processing metals; repair or maintenance of metalworking machines and tools; installation, service, repair, inspection, restoration, maintenance, fuelling, reconditioning, diagnostic tuning, cleaning, painting, polishing and preservation services in relation to vehicles, engines/motors and machines (including drive units and construction, agricultural and forestry machines), power hand tools, workshop appliances and devices, or parts, fittings and accessories (including telecommunication equipment) for the aforesaid; vehicle tyre fitting and repair; changing of wheels and replacement of wheels; wheel repair; vehicle window replacement services; fitting of windows in motor vehicles; upholstering of vehicle seats; installation of theft prevention devices; electrical installation services; installation of electric and electronic equipment in automobiles; information and consultancy services relating to vehicle repair; emergency road side assistance (repair of vehicles and machines); roadside assistance (repair and servicing) for vehicles; rental of tools and workshop equipment; rental of tools, machines and equipment for construction, demolition, cleaning and maintenance purposes; vehicle maintenance equipment (rental of -); rental of car-washing apparatus; rental of construction machines and apparatus; excavating machines (rental of -); earthmoving machines (rental of -); rental of steamrollers; heavy plant hire; rental of mining machines and apparatus; cleaning machines (rental of -); rental of road sweeping machines; rental of industrial cleaning machines; ironing machines (rental of -); rental of abrasive cleaning apparatus; rental of cleaning and washing and drying machines and equipment; rental of cleaning apparatus; rental of underwater abrasive cleaning apparatus; rental of tools; rental of backhoes; rental of hammers; rental of drills; cranes (rental of -); rental of oil well drilling tools; rental of hand and power tools for use in repair and maintenance of vehicles, engines/motors and machines; rental and maintenance of work platforms; rental and leasing of machinery for automotive repair and construction; leasing of building machinery; leasing of construction machines and equipment; leasing of tools and workshop equipment for vehicles, engines/motors and machines; looking after and overhauling of motor vehicles in motor-sport events; reservation of garage services; marine construction; shipbuilding; rental of engines/motors and drive units for all the above-mentioned machines and apparatus.

Class 39: Transport; packaging and storage of goods including storage of vehicles, vehicle parts and wheels; travel arrangement and tourist information services relating to travelling; rental of vehicles; rental services related to transportation and storage; transport information, advice and reservation services; rental of means of transportation including vehicles and apparatus for locomotion by air, land or water; distribution by pipeline and cable; vehicle parking and storage; rescue, recovery, towing and salvage services; vehicle transport services; car sharing services; salvaging, transportation, warehousing and other rescue services and operations in an emergency and provision of this; rental of means of transportation; rental of transporting machines; rental of trucks, traction vehicle and trailers; rental of vehicles equipped with lifting platforms; rental of tractors; rental of aircraft engines; rental of loading-unloading machines and apparatus; rental of vehicle parts; leasing of vehicles; leasing of vehicle parts; providing information relating to car rental services; retrieval and drop-off of cars; consultation in the field of traffic and transport, including mobile telematics applications; logistic services; vehicle fleet management, fleet control; telematic assistance via a service and alarm center for transport and traffic, in particular checking (supervision), positioning and (remote) control/automatic control of land vehicles, air vehicles, watercraft and locomotion systems, the load thereof as well as of engines/motors and machines (including drive units and transport machines) as well as intervention and help for persons and vehicles in the case of accident, breakdown, raid or theft; vehicle location services; tracking of passenger or freight vehicles by computer or via gps; traffic information and control services; route guidance services; providing vehicles for tours and excursions; services for the garaging of vehicles; loading and unloading of vehicles.

[1] In this decision, any reference to a section or regulation is a reference to a section of the Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth) ('Act') or a regulation of the Trade Marks Regulations 1995 (Cth) ('Regulations'), unless otherwise stated.

[2] The Opponent relies upon Australian trade mark registrations as well as protected internation trade marks as the basis for the ground of opposition, hence the nomination of both s 44 and reg 4.15A. As the terms are substantively identical for all relevant purposes and for ease of reading, I have referred only to s 44 in this decision. However. those references to s 44 should be taken as a reference to reg 4.15A where the mark relied upon by the Opponent is a protected international trade mark.

[3] Food Channel Network Pty Ltd v Television Food Network GP [2010] FCAFC 58, [32] (Keane CJ, Stone and Jagot JJ).

[4] Telstra Corporation Limited v Phone Directories Company Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 156, [133] (Besanko, Jagot and Edelman JJ).

[5] Southern Cross Refrigerating Co v Toowoomba Foundry Pty Ltd [1954] HCA 82, [2] (Kitto J).

[6] According to reg 21.6 a declaration under the Act must be in an approved form, one of the requirements of which is that the person making the declaration states their position within the company on behalf of whom they make the declaration. Whilst I do not consider that 'Authorised Signatory' sufficiently identifies the declarant's position, the declaration is otherwise substantively compliant and, as will be seen, this issue does not materially affect the outcome.

[8] Polo Textile Industries Pty Ltd v Domestic Textile Corporation Pty Ltd [1993] FCA 203, [27] (Burchett J), cited in Goodman Fielder Pte Ltd v Conga Foods Pty Ltd [2020] FCA 1808, discussing the 'term of art' at [275]-[286] (Burley J).

[9] See, eg, Registrar of Trade Marks v Woolworths Ltd [1999] FCA 1020, [37] (French J); Caterpillar Loader Hire (Holdings) Pty Ltd v Caterpillar Tractor Co. [1983] FCA 143, [150] (Lockhart J).

[10] [1963] HCA 66, [12] ('Shell').

[12] [2023] HCA 8 (Kiefel CJ, Gageler, Gordon, Edelman and Gleeson JJ) ('Self Care').

[13] [2023] FCA 482, [55] (citations omitted).

[16] See, eg, Starr Partners Pty Ltd v Dev Prem Pty Ltd [2007] FCAFC 42 (Lindgren, Emmett and Finkelstein JJ).

[17] A translation endorsement appearing in the particulars of some of the Opponent's marks indicates that VOLVO is a Latin word meaning 'I am rolling', however Latin is no longer a familiar language for most Australians.

[18] Protiviti Inc v Probiti Pty Ltd [2005] FCA 1114, [22]-[23] (Heerey J).

[19] London Lubricants (1920) Limited's Application (1924) 42 RPC 264, 279 (Sargant LJ); see also Combe International Ltd v Dr August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel [2021] FCAFC 8, [69] and [76] (McKerracher, Gleeson and Burley JJ).